Jordan the Deposit Number at the National Library (2015/3/1000) INTEGRATED INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK for SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT in JORDAN

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2015/3/1000) INTEGRATED INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN JORDAN

INTEGRATED INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT

FINAL REPORT Prepared for the Ministry of Environment and the United Nations Development Programme

August 2014 PREFACE The “Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management” is a unique and comprehensive report prepared by the Ministry of Environment in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme and with the support of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The report aims to provide an update for the situation in Jordan with regards to desertification and Sustainable Land Management (SLM), review the conditions since the preparation of the Integrated Finance Strategy (IFS) in December 2008, and bring forth a firm basis for work on the next Jordan National Action Plan (JNAP). Moreover, the report outlines the country’s progress in tackling desertification and in pursuing SLM. This is covered in terms of Jordan’s obligations to the UNCCD, the JNAP, related national obligations to climate change and biodiversity conservation, and a review of national sectoral plans and policies that are relevant to SLM. Hence, It is aspired to be used as a guide and a thorough reference that can pave the way towards the sustainable management of land in Jordan. In this regard, it is imperative to acknowledge the invaluable contributions from all institutions and individuals towards the preparation of this report. Particular appreciation is given to the chair of the National Committee of Desertification, Eng. Ahmad Qatarneh, and the members of the committee for ensuring the technical quality of the report. This effort was highly supported by the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation and enhances the strategic partnership between all partners towards the implementation of SLM. Further tribute is dedicated to the team of consultants who guided the preparation of the report and provided constructive inputs and peer review comments that significantly shaped this report. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Meaning EMPs Environmental Management Plans EPF Environmental Protection Fund EPI Environment Performance Index ESIA The Environmental and Social Impact Analysis ESIP Environmental Strategy Implementation Plan ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ETFRN European Tropical Forest Research Network ECU Environmental Compensation Unit EUROPEGAP European Good Agricultural Practice FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FD Forestry Department FGEF French Global Environment Facility FIELD Financial Information Engine on Land Degradation FRB French Foundation for Biodiversity Research GBD General Budget Department GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GCEP General Corporation of Environmental Protection GDCWG Government-Donor Coordination Working Group GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gases GIS Geographic Information Systems GIZ German International Cooperation GM Global Mechanism GOJ Government of Jordan HCST Higher Council for Science and Technology HFDJB Hashemite Fund for the Development of the Jordan Badia HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HQ Headquarters HSBC Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation HUDC Housing and Urban Development Corporation ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICI The International Climate Initiative IDRC The International Development Research Center IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFS International Foundation of Science IFS Integrated Financing Strategy IIF Integrated Investment Framework IMF International Monetary Fund Abbreviation Meaning IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JAZPP Jordan Arid Zone Productivity Project JBRDC Jordan Badia Research and Development Center JCO Jordan Cooperative Organization JEF Jordan Environment Fund JES Jordan Environmental Society JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JNAP Jordan National Action Plan JOHUD Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development JOSCIS The Jordan Soil and Climate Information System JREEF Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund JRV Jordan Rift Valley JSDCBD Jordanian Society for Desertification Control and Badia Development JVA Jordan Valley Authority KFAS Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences KFW The German Development Bank MAB Man and Biosphere Program MD Meteorological Department MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MENA-DELP Middle East and North Africa Desert Ecosystems and Livelihoods Program MIT Ministry of Industry and Trade MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOPIC Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation MOE Ministry of Environment MOEd Ministry of Education MOF Ministry of Finance MOMA Ministry of Municipal Affairs MOSD Ministry of Social Development MOT Ministry of Transport MOTA Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation NA 21 National Agenda 21 NAP National Action Plan NAPs National Action Plans NBSAP The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCARE The National Center for Agriculture Research and Extension NCARTT The National Center for Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer NCB The National Coordinating Body Abbreviation Meaning NCB National Committee for Biodiversity NCCC The National Committee on Climate Change NCCD The National Committee for Combating Desertification NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment NDP National Development Plan NEAP The National Environment Action Plan NEEDS National Environment and Economic Development Study NERC The National Energy Research Center NES The National Environment Strategy NFCD National Fund to Combat Desertification NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NITC National Information Technology Center NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administartion NPRRD National Program for Rangeland Rehabilitation and Development NRA Natural Resources Authority NPRS National Poverty Reduction Strategy NSAD National Strategy for Agriculture Development NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Counil NSMLUP National Soil Mapping and Land Use Project NTS National Tourism Strategy NWS National Water Strategy NYS National Youth Strategy OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries PA Protected Area PACD Plan of Action Combat Desertification PMU Project Management Unit PoWPA Programme of Work on Protected Area PPPs Public Private Partnerships QIZ Qualified Industrial Zones REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RJGC Royal Jordanian Geographic Center RSCN Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature SABEQ The Sustainable Achievement of Business Expansion and Quality SCCF The Special Climate Change Fund SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SEAs Strategic Environmental Assessments SGP Small Grants Programme SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SLM Sustainable Land Management Abbreviation Meaning SNC The Second National Communication SOER State of the Environment Report SPS Science for Peace and Security SRMP Sustainable Rangeland Management Project TOR Term of Reference TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training Fund TWAS Third World Academy of Science UK United Kingdom UNCCD United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCOD United Nations Conference on Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UOJ University of Jordan USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture WAJ Water Authority of Jordan WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WFP World Food Programme WGF Wallace Global Fund WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund Copyright © 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission for Ministry of Environment and United Nations Development Programme.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the report is the work of an independent team of authors sponsored by UNDP. REPORT STRUCTURE

1 Introduction 13 1.1 Preparation of the Draft IIF 13 1.2 Purpose of the Draft IIF 13 1.3 Draft IIF Report Structure 14 2 Desertification 15 2.1 Definition 15 2.2 Process, Causes and Indicators of Desertification 16 2.3 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 16 2.4 Other Key Global Environmental Obligations 19 3 Country Description: Jordan 20 3.1 Demography 20 3.2 Economic Development 20 3.3 Environmental Profile 21 3.4 Land Use Coverage 26 4 Desertification in Jordan 29 4.1 Reasons for Desertification 29 4.2 Water Resources 29 4.3 Activities Most Affecting Desertification 31 4.4 Economic Cost of Environmental Degradation 34 4.5 Current Status of Desertification in Jordan 34 5 Desertification and SLM Plans and Policies 36 5.1 National Reports on UNCCD Implementation 36 5.2 National Strategy and Action Plan to Combat Desertification 2006 37 5.3 Integrated Financing Strategy 38 5.4 Obligations for Conventions on Climate Change and Biodiversity 39 5.5 National Sectoral Plans and Policies Relevant to SLM 42 5.6 Important Desertification and SLM Projects 50 6 Potential JNAP Project Stakeholders 56 6.1 Government Agencies and Ministries 56 6.2 Semi-governmental Agencies and Research Institutes 59 6.3 Non-governmental Organisations 60 7 Review of SLM Funding 63 7.1 National Policy and Planning Framework 63 7.2 General Budget Preparation Process 65 7.3 Public Budget Funding Allocation 66 7.4 Project Funding Priorities 66 7.5 Domestic Funding Sources 67 7.6 International Donor Agency Funding 70 7.7 Innovative Sources of Funding 85 7.8 Private Sector Funding and Support 90 8 Key Issues for SLM Project Implementation 93 8.1 Constraints and Opportunities for Project Funding and Implementation 93 8.2 Key Issues Undermining Desertification and SLM Plans 96 9 Project Prioritisation 99 9.1 National Strategy and Action Plan to Combat Desertification 99 9.2 IFS Assessment of Project Priorities 99 9.3 UNDP, GEF, and MOE Assessment of Research Priorities 101 9.4 Additional Projects for Consideration in a Revised JNAP 103 10 Implementation Plan 106 10.1 Revision to JNAP 106 10.2 NCCD the Key Implementing Agency 106 10.3 Coordination Framework for UNCCD, UNFCCC and CBD Projects 106 10.4 Need for Regular Plan Review 107 10.5 Monitoring Indicators 107 10.6 Implementation Framework 109

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 - JNAP Programmes and Projects 120 APPENDIX 2 - IFS Recommendations for Additional Projects 138 APPENDIX 3 - Mission Meetings and Activities 148 APPENDIX 4 - IIF Action Plan Report 155 APPENDIX 5 - Bibliography 160 FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Map of Jordan Showing Key Topographical Features 22 Figure 3.2 Vegetation and Rainfall Map for Jordan 23 Figure 3.3 Key Threats to Biodiversity 25 Figure 3.4 Land Uses in Jordan (Based on NSMLUP) 26 Figure 5.1 Summary of Main Outcomes and Outputs of IFS 39 Figure 5.2 National Sectoral Plans and Policies Relevant to SLM 43 Figure 5.3 Land Regions in Jordan (NSMLUP) 52 Figure 5.4 Summary of Key Projects to Desertification and SLM 54 Figure 7.1 Potential Domestic Donor Funding Sources for SLM 68 Figure 7.2 Potential International Donor Funding Sources for SLM 71 Figure 9.1 IFS Project Prioritisation of JNAP 100 Figure 9.2 Criteria for Prioritising Research Areas of the Three Rio Conventions 102 Figure 9.3 Prioritised Desertification Research Topics 103 Figure 10.1 Potential Indicators of Desertification Process 108 INTRODUCTION 13 a continuing participatory a continuing based on process results well as fieldwork,lessons learned as from formulation Project and studies. of research through be done has to and implementation communities relevant the with consultation set out the practical and and needs to steps desertification combat be taken to to measures objectives main The of ecosystems. specific for are: UNCCD) to (according these programmes those factors identify which have To 1. desertificationformulate to to contributed and necessary it; measures combat to feasible stakeholders of different specify the roles To 2. and decision makers in the process; integrated establish early systems, warning To 3. programmes, and sub-regional with regional seasonal and inter-annual consider would that predictions; and climate combat to measures appropriate identify To 4. desertification with particularon a emphasis and the alleviation approach community-based of poverty. an importance will place IIF document The on the to SLM approach an overall incorporating on measures than focusing JNAP rather revised desertification combat to as such. SLM leads not would that in ways the use of resources to effects on the productivity of negative have policies national SLM into Mainstreaming land. and planning, and the regulatory, and strategies in be instrumental budgetary would processes implementation. UNCCD for securing resources Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Purpose of the DraftPurpose IIF Preparation of the IIF Preparation

Under Article 5 of the UNCCD (1994), affected Under Article (1994), affected 5 of the UNCCD successful prepare to required are countries desertification combat to plans and programmes Accordingly, the effects of drought. and mitigate through be updated should these programmes • To provide a firm basis for work on the nextfor a firm basis provide To • as financing opportunities well as for JNAP, obligations the country’s to SLM, in response Combat to Convention Nations the United to of the The preparation Desertification (UNCCD). start JNAP is due to revised in early 2014. • To review the conditions since the preparation preparation the since the conditions review To • (IFS) in Strategy Finance of the Integrated a provide IFS aimed to The 2008. December to approach and coordinated comprehensive that financing and project implementation desertification combat would and promote stable a more provide SLM, and in doing so to and financing in this area investment for climate and, Jordan; for • To update the situation in Jordan with regards regards with in Jordan the situation update To • the first desertificationto following and SLM Desertificationfor for Action Plan National in 2006. (JNAP),Jordan prepared which was on project of progress included an update This in JNAP; implementation The Draft IIF is intended to fulfill the following following fulfill the to Draft IIF is intended The objectives: 1.2 held in late 2013 to discuss the content of the discuss the content 2013 to held in late following finalised was document The Draft IIF. all from received of comments a review stakeholders. 1.1 in prepared Management Sustainable Land (IIF) was for Framework Investment Integrated The the Ministry by 2013 December (MOE) with the support Nations of the United of Environment mid in the period mid 2013 to between Draft prepared IIF was The (UNDP). Programme Development subsequently was A workshop comments. 20 stakeholders for roughly to 2014. It then circulated was 1. INTRODUCTION Draft IIF Report Structure Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development The results of the main prioritisation exercises of the main prioritisation exercises results The been undertaken desertification have that for the JNAP) to (and relevant projects in Jordan outlined in Sectionare 9. Section 10 then covers a revised for requirements the implementation the for possible recommendations some JNAP, plan, and the of a revised and monitoring review Implementation Framework. The principal stakeholders and agencies that are are principal that stakeholders and agencies The desertification in combating Jordan in involved dealt with in Sectionare 6. Section the 7 reviews financing of SLM public sector and government with donor agency together in Jordan, funding and the possibilities (domestic and international) The funding. SLM of sources innovative for sector involvement private greater for potential The is also assessed. in project implementation to primary relate and key issues that constraints SLM are for project funding and implementation dealt with in Section 8. Section 5 outlines the country’s progress in progress Sectioncountry’s the outlines 5 tackling desertification and in pursuing SLM. to obligations of Jordan’s in terms is covered This of the IFS, the preparation the JNAP, the UNCCD, change climate to obligations national related conservation, and biodiversity and a review are that sectoral and policies plans of national briefa also is description of There SLM. to relevant some important desertification and SLM projects in Jordan. Sectionbriefly3 then in describes situation the economic demography, to with regards Jordan land and profile its environmental development, specific desertification more The use coverage. in Section covered are in Jordan conditions the most it, for 4, including the key reasons activities status. damaging current and the The global concerns in combating desertification in combating global concerns The Section in 2, starting covered definition with a are desertificationof and looking and its causes at the setting up of the Subsequently, processes. with other related is described together UNCCD the especially relevant, are that global initiatives the conservation and of biodiversity policies for and mitigation change climate for the measures adaptation. 1.3

INTRODUCTION 14 DESERTIFICATION 15 in 1977, and subsequently in the revised World World revised in the and subsequently in 1977, latter The 1997). Desertificationof Atlas (UNEP, issues, environmental to included references about surrounding concerns incorporating change and the availability climate biodiversity, that land show Atlas World Maps the in water. of lost. of being or is in the process has been lost, maps of desertificationGlobal or national are the about obtaining information useful for desertification of status attention to bring and to tends content maps’ The the problem. to sometimes be can it however, indicative, be a because of their production at inaccurate, desertification combat to Plans scale. large whilst a scale Thus, detailed maps. more require of 1:50,000 enables prioritization the regional at tool a planning provides 1:1,000 at scale a level, level. or village the local at be useful would that still lack these including Jordan, countries, Many detailed maps. such as poverty Social conditions, and economic had a major impact have security, and lack of food of desertification. and control on the process risk at of povertyOver one billion people are of the decreasing and malnutrition as a result In productivity agricultural of soil conditions. desertification that estimated 2005 the UNCCD worldwide. directly affects 250 million people annual costs estimated the UNDP, to According to US$40 of desertificationrange from currently US$45 billion. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Definition

The spatial distribution spatial of desertificationThe has maps, in several and presented been identified Map of DesertificationWorld initially in the UN However, it is important understand that to However, conditions desertification, although it produces deserts,similar to in hyper-arid does not occur deserts. Desert condition, is a natural expansion The periods of shrinkage. by often followed based on year of desert to area year varies from patterns. short-termprecipitation and weather of desert oscillation The is not the basis area of process damaging more the assessing for desertification.Geological States As the United «the presence 1998) explains: Survey (Walker, desertof a nearby to has no direct relationship desertification.» conclusion, desertificationIn in which ecosystems process is a deterioration the leading to lose the ability survive, thereby to the and therefore land, reduction of productive output. loss of land with economic Land degradation refers to the reduction, or to refers Land degradation productivity or economic of of biological loss, It is land and forest/woodlands. agricultural land total one-thirdthat estimated world’s of the desertificationsurface by (Barrow, is threatened billion 5.2 the of 70% roughly that and 1994), hectares of drylands use have in agricultural about 30% of comprises This been degraded. an being lost at with topsoil land area the earth’s of 24 billion tons. annual rate «Desertification is land degradation in arid, semi- «Desertification arid, in degradation land is arid and dry from sub-humid resulting areas and variations including climatic factors various activities”. human Desertification is seen as the main environmental problem affecting natural resources in arid, semi- in arid, resources natural affecting problem Desertification environmental main as the seen is factors and human induced the is of climate interaction The arid and dry sub-humid zones. climatic was ‘desertification’ term The known as desertification. process land degradation main cause of the held in (UNCED), Rio de and Development on Environment Conference Nations at the United defined ‘the Earth Summit’), in 1992 (otherwise and is as follows: Janeiro known as 2.1 2. DESERTIFICATION United Nations Convention to to Convention Nations United 2.3 In a 1977, Establishing UNCCD: to Background on Desertification Conference Nations United produce to in Nairobi convened was (UNCOD) coordinated and comprehensive, an effective, land of problem the addressing for programme of Action the Plan proposed UNCOD degradation. However, Desertification Combat to (PACD). severely was of PACD the implementation in 1991, the and, resources limited by hampered (UNEP) Programme Environment Nations United of land degradation the problem that concluded semi-arid and dryin arid, sub-humid had areas intensified. tackle to question of how desertificationThe UNCED which adopted for a major concern was The decrease in soil depth; decrease The Indicators: 1) Physical and fertility; matter organic decline in soil and compaction; in soil crusting increase in frequency and severity appearance/increase of salinity and dunes; degree of dust and sand alkalinity;quality and water ground decline in quantity; seasonalityof springs increased and relative the in alterations and, streams; small change). (Albedo reflection of land Indicators: 2) Biological cover in vegetation decrease The a) Vegetation: in crop and above-ground decrease biomass; and, yield; changes in key species (biodiversity); and reduction bank. of the seed deterioration any b) Animal:the distributionin key Changes of species and their frequency; in the alterations in changes and, animals; domestic of number yield. and livestock composition herd Changes in land Indicators: 3) Social/Economic variations or the use of water; use patterns in and increases patterns in settlement in population alterations and, abandonment; structure. and demographic Desertification (UNCCD) Combat scale. Thus, the selection of indicators to assess assess the selection to of indicators Thus, scale. desertification or measure the consider must the sensitivity change; and, character to of the area; interpretation analysis, accuracy of measurement, selection should The of indicators and comparison. groups: main three be divided into Process, Causes and Indicators of and Indicators Causes Process, The identification of key indicators of key indicators identification The Indicators: any for monitoring is a first step of degradation of desertification. and rate changes in the status the on dependant are indicators These the scale of monitoring, character, environmental Some and characteristics of the ecosystem. be useful could such as wind erosion, indicators, at little value have but would level, the regional at the extent and where example, for the village level, but valuable, be more number of gullies would at a national significance any not register would In many Mediterranean countries, including including countries, Mediterranean In many of desertification the process has been Jordan, changeable socio-economic by exacerbated growth, population such as high conditions recreation, and tourism industrialactivity, agricultural urbanization, and intensive and, patterns use land in Changes development. profitable more towards the move example, for additional placed have systems, agricultural in arid and resources on limited pressures through loss of vegetation The semi-arid areas. cause is seen as a major example, for overgrazing, and (Conacher in these areas of land degradation Sala, 1998). There are two major causes of two are There Causes: human and, desertification: natural-physical; includes climatic former The factors. induced climate and of periodic droughts conditions in some and, and disasters fires natural change, Human factors often relate locust invasion. areas, resources of natural the mismanagement to and and can include poor land management export-import fragmentation, poverty, policies, and changeable socio-economic conditions. have to considered generally Human factors are desertificationof impact process more the on influences. than the natural-physical Desertification is a process that involves involves Desertification that process a is Process: soil degradation, of vegetational a combination salinity soil increased wind, and water by erosion compaction soil and to in addition and alkalinity, important Locally processes formation. crust of soil and contamination also include the levels of groundwater lowering groundwater, in soil function changes and damaging and quality. 2.2 Desertification Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION 16 DESERTIFICATION 17 SLM is a comprehensive approach to tackling to approach the SLM is a comprehensive with the potential challenges of land degradation in of making and lasting differences significant through that, systems use land of adoption the enables practices, management appropriate and social maximise the economic land users to • To identify the factors contributing to the factors to identify contributing To • formulate to desertificationorder step in as a first necessary it; measures combat to feasible of different roles the respective specify To • decision makers; stakeholders and integrated early establish warning systems, To • programmes, and sub-regional with regional climate and inter-annual seasonal consider that predictions; and combat to measures appropriate identify To • desertificationparticular with emphasis on with dealing approach a community-based poverty alleviation. the heart implementation, lie at of UNCCD NAPs further Action which are by strengthened levels. and regional sub-regional at Programs The Implementation: for UNCCD Resources developing affected that states Convention adequate “mobilize country authorities should return, and in for their NAP” resources financial “mobilize countrydeveloped should Parties grants including resources, financial substantial in support loans, and concessional of the with [multilateral in collaboration programs Environmental agencies such as] the Global Bank, and the United World the (GEF), Facility (UNEP)’ Programme Environment Nations the mobilise funding, In to order (UNCCD). to set up the Global Mechanism (GM) Convention projects of financing the effectiveness increase tackleto desertification.for GM actsfocus as a applying a network of partners, to committed combating to and know-how their resources SLM that to ensure have desertification. NAPs policies national into integrated principles are planning as regulatory, as well and strategies, secure to in order and budgetary processes, implementation. UNCCD for resources measures to be taken to combat desertification combat taken to be to measures UNCCD to the According ecosystems. in specific are: main objectives(1994), the of NAPs Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Article and Programmes: Plans National Action affected countries that states 5 of the UNCCD desertification and publicise by must prepare combat to actionnational programmes desertificationdrought. the effects of and mitigate Strategy the National be done through would This DesertificationCombat to and ActionPlan for which is the main instrument (NAP) process, the national at of the UNCCD implementation a through updated be to required are NAPs level. public participatorycontinuing and also process and studies. of research results the following by the must be closely linked to preparation Their sustainable policies for of national formulation and should spell out the practical development The The and Objectives of UNCCD: Purpose key objectivedesertification combat to is UNCCD the of at all its effects levels mitigate and to with and support cooperation international from seek would partnership UNCCD arrangements. in the sustainable development promote to as land productivity, by improving areas affected conservation, the rehabilitation, as through well water and land of management sustainable and living improved lead to would This resources. in particular conditions, community the level. at framework an integrated offers Convention The cooperative a long-term secure to can help that action national implementing towards approach Itlocal and sets out a democratic programmes. a new «forge to: which is designed approach, level the international governments, deal between practitioners and development community, to ‘Down 1995 Secretariat local people» (UNCCD Why It Is CCD, Earthto the – A Simplified Guide Is Important What Necessary and Different and It’).About a new, integrated approach to the problem, the problem, to approach integrated a new, sustainable actionemphasising promote to It also the community level. at development to Assembly General Nations United the on called Desertification Combat to a Convention establish the 1992, In countries. December affected for and adopted the UN agreed of General Assembly which the UNCCD, form 47/188 to resolution and entered 1994 (in Paris), in June adopted was Hashemite The 26, 1996. on December force into one of the first 50 was Kingdomof Jordan 21st on the Convention the ratified that countries of October 1996. activities focused on socio-economicactivities focused conditions, povertyespecially cause of reduction, as a root desertification. Because desertification remains a a is donors, for and, concept poorly understood agendas, highly on funding not rate does that term funding target. attractive an it does not form tackling land degradation programmes Thus, as a key theme that SLM incorporate need to desertification. combating to contribute would povertydirectly addressing by issues Therefore, of set integrated an incorporate would SLM base resource activitiesdeal with the natural to upon. dependent are local communities that a varietyIFSs must identify of domestic and in this and, financing sources international attracted increasingly are donors context, co-financing to oftenexpect and most that with other sources mobilised from are resources used is funding additional that presumption a programme Thus, fill gaps in financial needs. to all activitiesplanning is crucial in outlining that financing appropriate need funding before project that requires This sought. can be sources specify particularprogrammes financing needs in all of financing sources, available match to order budgetary within national operate which would priorities. donor-funding capacities and follow implementation a decade of UNCCD Following Session Conference the Eighth of the experience, Strategic Ten-year a in 2007 adopted of the Parties enhance (2008-2018) to and Framework Plan strategy This of the UNCCD. the implementation objectives: on achieving four focused of affected the living conditions improve To • populations; of affected the condition improve To • ecosystems; effective global benefits through generate To • and, implementation; UNCCD support would that mobilise resources To • building by implementation programme partnershipseffective and national between actors. international New Approach to Financing Desertification: Financing The New Approach to funding projects seeks to to new approach tackling by of problems a range root address – and environmental economic issues – social, and via a chain of activities within an integrated and Multilateral programme. comprehensive in this approach adopted donors have bilateral fund those activities to reflect national that order priorities programme. as part of an overarching In the case of desertification,forms the SLM of a breadth principle incorporates that core Within Within Strategies: the Financing Integrated spirit the of environment, this changing called Effectiveness on Aid Declaration Paris through aid effectiveness «improving for strategies development countries’ strengthening aid with aligning frameworks, and operational This country duplication”. eliminating priorities, UNCCD on mainstreaming focus GM to prompted processes programming development issues into support the and to through countries affected Strategies Financing of Integrated development funding long-term their meet would that (IFS) the that and policy proposed GM has needs. support to IFS be an instrument governments for UNCCD resources in mobilising financial Specifically, the country at implementation level. report Session of the Seventh to in GM’s as stated in 2006, the (COP) of the Parties the Conference broadening to “contribute to intended IFSs are specific beyond of planning processes the scope coordinating sectors and include comprehensive financing different between arrangements The mechanisms.” and instruments sources, the improve be to prime objective would a stable and create and to climate investment ultimately would that enabling environment in SLM. investments increase In Jordan, the GM and the Ministry the GM and In Jordan, of Planning (MOPIC), in Cooperation and International partnership with the Ministry of Environment in November an agreement into (MOE), entered support to GM from the use of grants 2004 for the country its commitments in implementing In 2006, the MOE prepared June UNCCD. towards to ActionPlan and Strategy National Jordan’s DesertificationCombat (JNAP). benefits while maintaining or even enhancing the enhancing or even while maintaining benefits supportecological functions of the land resources. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION 18 DESERTIFICATION 19 people suffering from hunger (Target 2), the 2), the hunger from suffering people (Target track’; ‘on be to considered is progress the principles of 9 (‘integrating Target • For country into policies development sustainable be to this is considered and programmes’), on track’; ‘potentially environmental Goal 7 (‘ensuring • For sustainability’), considered were targets two 10 (‘halving Target made progress. have to 2015 the proportionby of people without drinking safe to water’)sustainable access had by 11 (‘achieving Target 2002. by been achieved at of lives in the improvement 2020 a significant considered was slum dwellers’) least 100 million of Jordan’s in terms on track’ ‘potentially be to proportion; and, also suggests good progress data • Available particularlyis being made, the concerning areas protected land, of forested protection water improved to and access biodiversity, for sanitation. and safe sources and The CBD: UNFCCC to Commitments (GOJ) of Jordan not only Government has ratified (on climate but also the UNFCCC the UNCCD, both in 1993. change) and the CBD (on biodiversity), compliance Jordan’s for point MOE is the focal The with these Rio Earth Summit Conventions. often are objectives of the Conventions The projects and programmes thus, and, interlinked also be would with CCD compliance outlined for objectives. CBD and tackling in effective UNFCCC commitment a demonstrates ratification While the is compliance legislation, international to a country well is doing in of how measure real As Jordan Conventions. fulfilling goals set in the a high a semi‐aridis characterised climate, by of water and a scarcity on rainfall dependence those of one be to considered is it resources, by climate highly affected are that countries to threats change impacts to as exposed as well desertification. mention not to its biodiversity, emissions of greenhouse the country’s Although change is climate low, relatively are gases (GHG) ecosystem the since Jordan to threat major a still highly are resources productivity and water of this All cycle. on the hydrological dependent policies underlines the importance of integrating desertification,combat to protect and proposals change. climate counter and to biodiversity, Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Other Key Global Environmental GlobalEnvironmental Other Key • In terms of ‘eradicating extreme poverty and ‘eradicating • In of terms halving the proportion 1) by (Goal of hunger’ of less than US$1 per day people on incomes halving the proportion 1), and by of (Target The eight goals have been furtherbeen have goals sub-divided eight The set and dates with 48 indicators, 18 targets, into as MDGs use 1990 data their achievement. for These 2015. the goals by attaining baseline for either directlycase of Goals (as in the goals are dealing with to related 1, 7 and 8), or indirectly, set The MDGs have the causes of desertification. effortsof the needs meet the to unprecedented progress, accelerate to In order poorest. world’s (in June 2005) Ministers agreed the G8 Finance Bank, the World the funds to enough provide to (IMF), and the African International Monetary Fund an additional US$40- cancel Bank to Development the of members by owed debt in billion US$55 allow to in order Countries, Indebted Poor Heavily social welfare to resources allocate re them to of the MDGs review A comprehensive programmes. set in of the global targets achievement measure to in 2004 2000 will be conducted in 2015. However, MOPIC and by a report (prepared produced Jordan achieving its MDGs. towards UNDP) on its progress progress of Jordan’s in terms key conclusions The as follows: were 8. To pursue a global partnership development. for To 8. 7. To ensure environmental sustainability; environmental and, ensure To 7. 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; combat To 6. 5. To improve maternal health; maternal improve To 5. 4. To reduce child mortality reduce rates; To 4. 3. To promote gender equality and empowering gender equality and empowering promote To 3. women; 2. To achieve universal primary universal achieve education; To 2. 1. To eradicate extreme poverty extreme eradicate and hunger; To 1. Obligations The Goals: Development Millennium Millennium international eight Goals are (MDGs) Development the out by set were goals that development Millennium in 2000, Nations Summit of the United MillenniumUN the of adoption the following least and at member states 189 UN All Declaration. to agreed have organisations 23 international as follows: which are 2015, these goals by achieve 2.4 Economic Development Development Economic 11,460 persons per km2. Zarqa Governorate 11,460 persons per km2. Governorate Zarqa density highest population with has the second than 6,460 persons per km2. more In contrast, have and Mafraq Governorates the Ma’an 5km2. per person of one densities population In one person per 3km2. at it is lower Ruwaished Highin the most fertile densities population Irbid extending from in the highland areas, in north resulted Karak to the mid-south, have in on land use. serious pressures 3.2 in a country rates Rapid growth population put severe have resources natural of limited Unemployment on Jordan. pressure economic problem, and growing has been a continuing high. unacceptably and poverty remain levels advantage regional comparative Jordan’s, with its highly developed rest to continues economy, tourism strong human resources, to and clear commitment stable government, GDP growth market-oriented reform. economic of 6.7% during an average from has decreased 2.3% in 2010, with sectorthe period 2000-2008 to being: manufacturingcontributions (17.1%); (3.0%); mining construction (4.8%); agriculture servicewith the the balance and, (2.1%); sector 2010). (73%) (MOPIC + MOF, at 1.6% of stood grants, after budget deficit, The GDP in 2004 when industrial production increased

COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN DESCRIPTION: COUNTRY Demography

3.1 4.14 million in to 586,000, 1952 from since almost tenfold has increased of Jordan population The of 2.8% has rate growth natural current country’s The in 2006 (SOER, 2006). 5.6 million 1994, and to for actualgrowth figures However, 3.6% in 1996. from after 2000, a decrease since constant remained This refugees. of of the influx because growth natural for those than higher consistently been have in 1948 and 1967), the waves refugees (with major Palestinian of the influx has been principally due to of labour immigration pattern a continuous War, during Gulf the 1991 expatriates of Jordanian return refugees conflict 600,000 of the Syrian during estimated which time an the result recently, more and, or in temporary GOJ been living in urban areas camps. have population) 10% of Jordan’s (constituting – (MOPIC of 2013 end the by million one riseto could population refugee Syrian the that estimated October 2013). 3. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Jordan’s population is highly urbanised. In is highly urbanised. population 1952, Jordan’s in urban lived the population 40% of almost nearlyreached had figure the 2006 by but areas rural- has been due to This 83% (SOER, 2006). refugees. and the influx of to-urban migration IrbidUrban within Amman, inhabitants and 3.4 million for account now governorates Zarqa Two 63% of the population. comprising people, in the capital with 55% of million people live of only 48km2), (an area Amman them in Central than densitywhich has a population of more The consequence of this has been that a large large a of this has been that consequence The proportion is less than 14 of the population between old (37.3%) with those aged years 2006). (SOER, 59.6% comprising 64 and 15 has imposed an of youth predominance This example, on families with, for burden economic of employable percentage low a comparatively has growth demographic people (67%). Jordan’s sharpa mortality in fall by boosted been also and child mortality, especially infant rates, has This II. War World the end of which followed nutrition,in improvements to due largely been and programmes, immunisation expanded and sanitation water, safe to access greater health services. an at Infant which was mortality, birthslive 1000 of 160 per in alarminglyrate high in 1998, 1970 and, by halved 1950, then roughly births 20 per 1000 live (UN just over at stood 1950–2050, 1998 Revision). Prospects Population

COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 20 COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 21 Environmental Profile Profile Environmental 3.3 89,000sq. country’s The Description: Geographical topographic three km divided into can be broadly Environmental of Corporation (General regions 1998): - GCEP, Protection (JRV):Valley JRVThe Rift extends Jordan The • in the northTiberia the Gulf of to Lake from and the Red Sea in the south and is Aqaba 30kms from width ranges The 375kms in length. The Tiberia. 4kms to Araba near Lake Wadi in to improve (for example from 44/80 in 2002 to in 2002 to 44/80 from example (for improve to economy of the key strengths The 2003). 34/102 in the qualitylie in the system, the educational of good engineers, and of scientists availability and the judicial independence infrastructure, efficiencyintellectual and system, of the legal to GOJ intends The property protection. greater through economy the national improve the technology, information into diversification Aqaba (QIZs), the Qualified Zones Industrial expanding by and (ASEZ), Zone Special Economic tourism. World the to According Poverty Indicators: was 2004 in Bank,Jordan povertythe for level 733,000 which included US$280/person/month, of a poverty form rate to incidence citizens a Human With 21.3% in 1997). from 14.2% (down Index and a GDP of 0.729 in 2004 Development (MOPIC + of US$3,636 in 2008 per capita income of among the group is ranked 2010), Jordan MOF, with a Medium Development countries Human in 2004 was rate unemployment The Index. 18.8% 14.5% in 2003 and from 12.5%, a decrease participation of female percentage The in 1993. 11.2% in 2003 (up from was in the labour force 6% during 1991-1994). around stands at on health care expenditure Total medical system country’s The GDP. 9% of total region. as one of the best in the is regarded hub a medical become is striving to Jordan high- relatively the Middle offering East by for rates. inexpensive comparatively at quality care health sector The has witnessed a significant health Prevailing in medical facilities. expansion arisen in the country principally problems have of a pollution and the consequences water from as an increasing as well system, poor sewerage of air pollution. incidence Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Current economic challenges facing the country economic Current its dependence reduce include the need to the budget deficit, reducing aid, on foreign promote to incentives investment creating growth economic and increasing job creation ranking Jordan’s Notwithstanding this, rates. Index continues in the Global Competitiveness During the last ten years the GOJ has undertaken the GOJ has During years the last ten reforms of economic a wide-ranging programme World (in conjunctionthe and IMF the with These living standards. increase to Bank) in order economic improve helped to have measures and to the debt burden, reduce productivity, trade Liberalised investment. foreign attract more membership Jordan’s led to have conditions with the accord trade WTO (2000), a free of the with agreement USA (2000) and an association agreements as similar the EU (2001), as well consequence, a As countries. Arab other with sector one of the agricultural is now Jordan’s whilst Agriculture, least subsidised in the world. is still the main the GDP, to in its contribution low plays and hence development rural for driver security. and food in employment a key role use of pesticides and the increased However, practice still represents fertilizersin agricultural groundwater soil conditions, to a major threat has of water scarcity The and human health. undergo has had to the agriculture that meant structural reviews. continuous by 12.1%. The labour force is estimated to amount amount to is estimated force labour The 12.1%. by sector by divided is which (2003), million 1.36 to industry 5%; agriculture 12.5%; and, as follows: principal The services estimates). (2001 82.5% pharmaceuticals, mining, are industriesin Jordan manufacturing light and refining, petroleum main income the represents Agriculture tourism. (National about 15% of the population for source has there 2001). However, Rangeland Strategy dependency upon importsbeen a growing to needs leading consumption meet the country’s deficits. budget national in increase an to sector case in the energy is especially the This on reliance increasing has been an there where Al at main gas field The importing oil and gas. energy only 7% of the country’s Reesha produces commercial in has been found Oil shale needs. extract in hand to It and plans are this. quantities will sources energy renewable that anticipated is demand. energy total 10% of Jordan’s provide with mountains generally ranging in elevation in elevation ranging generally with mountains although (ASL), 1,500 meters 1,200 to from Jabal Um Dami is 1,854m at the highest point region This Rum area). Wadi Mountain (in the 50kms. 30 to Elevations extends in width from the Eastern the east towards to gradually drop the JRV. Desert towards the west and sharply to with winter climate mild relatively is a There occasional Higher receive elevations rains. Fourth National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Jordan. Prepared Diversity: on Biological Prepared Report National Jordan. Fourth on Implementation of the Convention • The Mountainous Region: This region forms forms region This Mountainous Region: The • and boundarythe eastern Valley of the Rift Gulf of Aqaba the to Tiberia Lake extends from Jordan Valley, the Dead Sea and Wadi Araba Araba Wadi the Dead Sea and Valley, Jordan Dead SeaThe is sited included in this zone. are on earth point less than -41m the lowest at at in the JRV rainfall is 200-300mm (BSL). Average 50-100mm in the Valley, in the Jordan per year Araba. Wadi Dead Sea, and less than 50mm in Source: by the Ministry 2009) by (March of Environment Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Figure 3.1 - Map of Jordan Showing Key Topographical Features Topographical 3.1 - Map Key of Jordan Showing Figure

COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 22 COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 23 50-200mm of annual rainfall. of the key feature Generally, Conditions: Climatic hot between is the contrast climate the country’s variable winters. and cool summers, uniform dry, October is between season with and May rainy The between experienced 80% of the annual rainfall results Most and March. December precipitation across depressions the passage of frontal from has been there However, the Mediterranean. from annual rainfall. in Jordan’s decrease a progressive Amman at recorded the pattern example, For Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Fourth National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Jordan. Prepared Diversity: on Biological Prepared Report National Jordan. Fourth Source: on Implementation of the Convention the Ministry 2009) by (March of Environment Figure 3.2 - Vegetation and Rainfall Map for Jordan and Rainfall 3.2 - Vegetation Figure • The Eastern Desert: Eastern The known Also as the Badia • Bedouin), this area (and primarily by occupied the east of the Mountainous Region. lies to and is land area 85% of Jordan’s It covers a drycharacterised Most by and hot climate. but in the south it is or hilly, is flat of the zone between Badia experiences The mountainous. winter snow. Average annual precipitation annual precipitation Average snow. winter 600mm in the northernvaries from highlands region This 100-300 mm in the south. to population. 90% of Jordan’s accommodates to enforce environmental laws and regulations. and regulations. laws environmental enforce to inspection MOE has intensified then, Since on check industrialon to facilities campaigns regulations with environmental their compliance treat to new techniques also introduced and has In also 2008 Jordan waste. medical and solid reduce started to use unleaded fuel in order to air pollution. the at are supply of water problems The with some concerns, of environmental forefront beyond being exhausted aquifers groundwater quantity (causing both rates recharge natural and quality issues). Surface supplies water health and and present also inadequate are broadly is water Demand for concerns. welfare GOJ The 50%. outstrip supply by to estimated and resources water prioritisedlong has scarce most as one of its land degradation consequent 20 ) 3.1, Page ( Figure problems. pressing geographical and Biodiversity:Ecology Jordan’s and varied topographical climate location, and in a varied flora resulted have conditions species as of many existence and the fauna In 1977, IUCN-WWF being endemic and/or rare. conservation of habitats 12 different identified the network comprise importance, which now In Birdlife 2000, (PA). areas protected of Jordan’s the Society Royal the and International for and (RSCN) identified Conservation of Nature as globally important in Jordan 27 areas declared currently are There (RSCN, 2000). regions bird in reserves designated natural national seven namely: Dana, Jordan, Shaumari, Azraq, Mujeb, reserves more Rum. Five Wadi Dibeen and Ajloun, and being established (SOER, 2006) in Burqu’, are also are There Valley. in the Jordan others four reserves and one in the rangelands 28 grazing Notwithstandingmarine this, reserve Aqaba. at in population increase dramatic the country’s to biodiversity. threat a significant constitutes population highlights and research Most literature cause of environmental as the root increase 1998). (GCEP, in Jordan problems Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development The Environmental Police Unit was established was Unit Police Environmental The in 2009, in conjunction with a unit in the MOE, Jordan was was Jordan Management: Environmental in the 2008 70th among 149 countries ranked Index (EPI) and was Performance Environment of 76.5% in the study based score an overall given six established across tracked on 25 indicators health; air policy environmental categories: and biodiversity resources; pollution; water climate and, resources; natural productive habitat; rankingwith its 2005 in compares This change. continues Jordan countries. 133 among 64th of to in the region be one of the lead countries to protection environmental adopt comprehensive It embarked has numerous on measures. activities rehabilitate, protect, level to national including water the environment, and enhance solid waste air quality enhancement, resources, of as the protection as well management, and biodiversity. resources ecological There are long summers extending from the long summers extending from are There which end of September, the to middle of May with daytime a peak during August reach and an 36°C often exceeding temperatures or more a month than 32°C. For of more average the summer drybefore hot and dry season, air produces pressure, the desert, low by from drawn that the south or southeast winds from strong wind This strength. gale force sometimes reach large (the khamasin) by accompanied is usually humidity to in relative dust clouds and a drop 15°C rise in temperature. about 10% and a 10°C to more or a day typically windstorms for These last of many failure in the frequent and can result In addition, the shammal wind crops. rainfed the northfrom between and northwest occurs characterisedis and September and by June drynessThe of the shammal breezes. nighttime moderate that temperatures causes high daytime 20 ) 3.1, Page after ( Figure sunset. Airport shows that average annual rainfall during rainfall annual Airportaverage that shows century half of the the first and then was 320mm and 1990’s. during 285mm 1980’s the to dropped and cool moderately have months winter The 13°C, about averaging weather, cold sometimes with January typically month. coldest being the with occasional during the winter occurs Frost northernand western the Amman, in snow highlands.

COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 24 COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 25 - - conditions in the last two decades have resulted resulted have decades two last in the conditions in both distribution and decrease in a gradual Duringlast century, the densityplants. of these and fauna species of flora Jordanian native many extinct, become including some species have For and common. widespread once were that 425 species of birds 15 of Jordan’s example, as being globally threatened. categorised are has mainly wildlife decline in the country’s The Root Cause encroachment; Agricultural use strategies; No applied land on conservationNo guideline policies de with agencies; velopment - urban expan infrastructure and Unregulated sion; and, agency. management No clearly mandated use strategy; land Lack of comprehensive No conservation‐orientated policies or extension services; farmers between and gov coordination Weak ernment agencies; and, demanding crops. High water use; agrochemical Excessive agrochemicals; Inadequate guidelines on use of and, Minimal treatment; sewage on industrial effluent. Inadequate controls on industrial emissions. Inadequate controls infrastructure. Lack of treatment and, of laws; Inadequate enforcement populations. Declining bird of regulations; Inadequate enforcement land; and, Lack of grazing livelihoods. alternative Limited of regulations; Inadequate enforcement - communi subsistence fuel supplies for Limited ties; and, livelihoods. Lack of alternative - of regu Inadequate planning and enforcement lations. - govern between strategy Lack of coordinated and users; ment (EIAs); of regulations enforcement Weak conservation technologies; Lack of water and, demanding crops; High water supply and demand. between No coordination Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Threat Fragmentation of habitats Fragmentation development agricultural Inappropriate pollution Water pollution Air Solid waste pressure hunting Excessive grazing pressure/over grazing Excessive cutting wood Deforestation, development tourism Unregulated Over‐extraction of water Plant diversity in Jordan has declined dramatically has declined dramatically in Jordan diversity Plant The extinct become in the wild. and some have encroachment habitat this are for key reasons development, urban and agricultural by the and deterioration, rangeland deforestation, are There resources. depletion of major water in Jordan some 485 species of medicinal plants with preventative shrubs and trees) (herbs, drought However, health value. and/or curative Figure 3.3 - Key Threats to Biodiversity to Threats 3.3 - Key Figure Land Use Coverage Land Use Land use coverage in Jordan falls into five five into falls Jordan in coverage use Land non-cultivated (DOS, 2003): categories broad (1.89%); forests (93.30%); urban areas rangelands surfaces(1.50%); water (Dead Sea Gulf of and lands (2.61%). agricultural – 0.62%); and, Aqaba to a reflects, coverage of this land use form The most and, soils topography, climate, extent, large resources. of water the availability importantly, 3.4 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Fourth National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Jordan. Prepared Diversity: on Biological Prepared Report National Jordan. Fourth Source: on Implementation of the Convention the Ministry 2009) by (March of Environment (Based on National Soil Mapping and Land Use Project). Figure 3.4 - Land Uses in Jordan Figure affected large mammal populations. Some 46 mammal populations. large affected of four species, 11 bird of mammals, species of marine fish, two six of freshwater reptiles, of marinevertebrate four and invertebrates IUCN (2009 threatened nationally are species destruction from of has resulted This report). of invasive introduction and ecosystems, habitats hunting. and increased species,

COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 26 COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 27 pines and eucalyptus woods. pines and RangelandsRangelands: in arid and semi-arid majority the vast take up of Jordan’s regions of roughly population a low have They land area. (roughly in 170 communities 185,000 living sq.km persons per two and 2.5% of Jordan’s Rangelandspopulation). can be subdivided the Badia semi-desert/aridinto and that areas, steep characterised which is by of the steppes, most However, topography. and rough slopes aridthe in zone, located are rangelands the of Officially important which provides grazing. state- the Badia) are (especially the rangelands but in practice tribal Bedouinsowned control and claim ownership. local for of income is the major source Livestock Goat owners and sheep in this area. communities the to according moved traditionally have eastern between and water of fodder availability springand (during winter the regions grazing farmingmountainous and seasons) and western by-products and crop on grass graze to regions The (during seasons). autumn summer and within located are rangelands highest productive grassland (steppe zone the 100-250mm rainfall and brush). In barley is sometimes this area, adequate Rainfall is rarely fodder. for cultivated at or, and failure crop a reasonable produce to With is common. growth vegetative limited best, the of tractorsthe introduction early in the 1950s, the steppe in of tillage and plowing expansion and land ownership Increasing lands increased. principally because also arose, territorial disputes has been result The resources. forage of limited been have vegetation of steppe areas large that the carrying and destroyed capacity of the has been much reduced. rangelands does not support rainfall low The Agriculture: the in areas for except agriculture, good rainfed rainfed The northern highlands. and western sector agricultural can be sub-divided fruit into dominating crops with tree and field crops, trees the western land in sloping and steeply hilly steep often too Slopes are highlands plateau. even production or other annual crops cereal for wheat However, with soil conservation measures. has slopes and there some steep on is grown groves. expansion of olive also been significant GOJ by has been encouraged that is a trend This Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Forests in Jordan consist of natural and planted and planted natural of consist in Jordan Forests and include windbreaks that woodlands In the northernshelterbelts. they highlands, El Wadi some 80kms extend for in length from the south in Kuffrein Wadi in the northArab to of west to east from width maximum a with composition 25kms Forests’ area. in the Ajloun and coniferous, deciduous, evergreen, includes Reforestation of oak and wild olive. forests mixed with planted now areas large reclaimed has since Forests are found found are Forests and Woodlands: Forests and of Ajloun primarily zone in the high rainfall 20-30% have governorates (these two Jerash agro- by been altered and have coverage) forest of coverage Jordan’s and cutting. forestry systems twice a century at woodlands estimated ago was (Tilawi, 21 also area Agenda 1995). Jordan today’s less than 0.5% is now cover forest out that pointed (MMRAE, 2002). area land total country’s of the and, fragmented are these areas Furthermore, little with degraded are protected, mostly whilst key priority emerging An regeneration. natural areas in watershed of forests is the protection four are There slope erosion. reduce to in order some 35,000ha reserves totaling forest national Yarmouk), Dana, Dibben and (Ajloun, in Jordan the RSCN in conjunction managed by which are Forestry with the Ministry (MOA) of Agriculture Department and the MOE. (FD), Although urban areas constitute a constitute urban Urban Areas: areas Although in it is concentrated of land, very small coverage in Amman, zone rainfall high productive most the Irbid, Urban and Salt. Madaba, Jerash Ajloun, accelerating an at continuing also is expansion rangelands, marginal into and is spreading rate along the Mafraq and eastwards to Ma’an from In communities, addition large border. Syrian and Reesheh, Ruwaishad such as Azraq,Safawi, areas. within the Badia rangeland all grown have these provided have agencies Government necessarythe with communities infrastructure further the services,thereby encouraging of these settlements. and expansion development of the growth for the main driving force However, Population change. is demographic settlements Bedouin nomadic in the Badia has changed from permanent residential more to communities urbanise and keen to are that communities dependency and livestock any on grazing reduce breeding. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Other irrigated areas are found mostly in the south mostly in the found Other are areas irrigated upper Dead in the and south east of Amman Sea leading of the valleys basin. In many groundwater springs are Valley, the Rift the highlands to from are There fruit and vegetables. irrigate used to and, valleys in many alluvial areas only limited gently small, is pumped to water increasingly, the above heights considerable sloping land at kindThis of production can be seen streambed. Hass. Al Wadi Mujib Al and Wadi in Most irrigated agriculture is located in the is located Most agriculture irrigated mostly transported via with water Valley, Jordan although some areas the King Canal Abdullah from irrigated are the valley in the south of are Most of the crops sources. groundwater citrus and including trees, and fruit vegetables In northernthe wheat bananas. part valley, the of soils and depends on stony is typically grown extent on supplementary a large to irrigation sprinklersby In during the yield formation. the deep groundwater areas, Disi and Mudawwara plants forage the irrigation of wheat, is used for agriculture is also irrigated There and potatoes. soils of northernon the basalt plateau Jordan, In these areas, such as in Mafraq Governorate. has resources the abstraction of groundwater often for zone, the steppe into rapidly expanded the production of fruit crops. under projects such as the Zarqa Basin Project Project Basin projectsthe Zarqa under such as On the Project. Highlandand the Development of Irbid, land of the plains Madaba,undulating is the major Shoubak wheat and Tafila Karak, sorghum, of tobacco, some planting with crop, and chickpea. of lentil crops and other summer

COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: JORDAN 28 DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 29 of water is considered to be the single most to is considered of water growth the country’s important to constraint supply. renewable with demand far exceeding at is assessed amount annual renewable total The surface is from 505mcm of which 780mcm, water basins), and 275mcm dams and water (from harvesting Water resources. groundwater from Groundwater 32mcm. about projectscontribute in Jordan. 70% of potable water provide sources over- were It aquifers that has been estimated leading to about 60mcm in 2006 pumped by in groundwater decline severe a continuingly (SOER, 2006). levels of the availability to use varies according Water surface However, conditions. climatic supply and of population demand has risen as a result Hence living standards. increasing and growth than faster growing is demand water municipal because of capacity and and, growth population actual In met. demand is never supply constraints, agricultural used for of 590mcm was 2006 a total about 64% of the total purposes (representing use), with domestic/municipal demand water 270mcm (32%), and industrial consuming activities taking 36mcm (4%), most of which was and potash production. phosphate used by by deficit is made up consumption The in a resulting highland aquifers, overdrawing basins and declining many table in water lowered demand gap between The quality in others. water the to rationing is oftensupply and by with dealt sectors domestic and the agricultural through intermittent providing and by supply, rotating services during the dry (June–August). months Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Water Resources Water Reasons for DesertificationReasons for

Jordan has very Jordan limited Demand for Water: of rates lowest the of one with resources water at (currently in the world consumption water water 150m3 per capita per annum). Available fall with population to continue resources about to drop to projected are and growth 2025, which 90m3 per capita per annum by in the category Jordan of absolute place would scarcity The shortage water conditions. 4.2 In terms of land mismanagement, farmers have In farmers have of land mismanagement, terms erosion- cultivating to example, for resorted, or tropical into hillsides and moving prone yields usually crop where arid areas marginal (IUCN, UNEP, years sharply after just a few drop Irrigated 1991). highlands and the Jordan WWF, by increasing also been affected have Valley Al to According soil salinity and alkalinity. (between zone Hadidi (1996), the transition sub-humideast and the in aridareas areas risk a high to has been exposed in the west) of desertificationexpectedto lose its is and Other time. productivity activities over that include degradation land to contributed have claims on land register to in order plowing vegetation of natural overgrazing ownership, woodcutting and excessive in the rangelands, sub-sections following The areas. in forested of the principal detailed review include a more causes of desertification in Jordan. climatic changes have led to increasingly increasingly led to changes have climatic has all of which and droughts, periodicrainfall desertification.exacerbated

4.1 desertification country of the (roughly 90% suffered have arid and semi-arid areas Most of Jordan’s The primary is increasing. the threat that indicated studies have ‘drylands’) and several is classified as country a modern inhabited a sparsely into from development been the rapid cause of this has food for the demand increased has boom population Jordan’s industrialand society. agricultural land has and agricultural extended boundaries, their and villages have towns cities, Many and land. factors, In these human induced to addition areas. residential into transformed been increasingly 4. DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 4. DESERTIFICATION and quality in aquifers, thereby leading to to leading thereby and quality in aquifers, desertificationincreased in this area. the second basin is Yarmouk Basin: 2. Yarmouk and is recharged resource water ground largest the northernfrom and southern mountains high rainfall parts with relatively of Syria volumes fluctuationrainfall The in intensities. basin have Yarmouk in the and over-pumping reserves. in depleted resulted of the main is one This 3. Azraq Basin: most of which supplies basins, groundwater growth The Municipality. Amman to the water after the 1970s in the Azraq of agriculture area in abstraction twice the amount at resulted being taken. yield of groundwater of safe led to aquifer the shallow from Over-pumping and levels declines in groundwater substantial main of the basin’s Two quality. in water a drop almost dried affected up and this has oases have system. ecological the area’s networks wastewater Piped Wastewater: Treated with population serve 60% of Jordan’s roughly are There using septic tanks. the remainder of which the plants than 30 treatment more two-thirds Authority operates Water Jordan (SOER, 2006). Khirbit is the largest Samra As in the country of generated 75% and treats then discharged is water Treated wastewater. irrigation, mostly or used for watercourses into quantity is Wastewater Valley. in the Jordan and in population with the growth increasing By systems. of the sewerage the development reach to is projected population when the 2025, of the population million, the percentage ten to services increased with sewerage will have use is treatment wastewater Jordan’s 65%. over with ponds, stabilisation primarily done through evaporation through loss of water a consequent This in the effluent. salinity levels and increased deal with the to in order be addressed needs to wastewater. of treated on the reuse constraints ponds stabilisation convert to plans GOJ The expand to and plants treatment mechanical into other plants. is being desalination Water DesalinatedWater: of as an important source considered future projects are main desalination two The supply. Lajoun. Other Az and Al in Abu Zeigan smaller settlements. supply remote plants desalination The Amman-Zarqa Basin Amman-Zarqa The Basin: 1. Amman-Zarqa basin water is the primary ground renewable in the most urbanised and is situated in Jordan urbanisation, part Intensive of the country. leakagesewage septic tanks and broken from with over- contributed, networks have sewer quantity depletion in water rapid to pumping, Abstraction from half of Abstraction from Resources: Water Ground yields. safe basins has exceeded water Jordan’s been have aquifers the main in levels Water with some over-exploitation declining from in deterioration considerable showing aquifers that aquifers Those quality salinity. due to water are: overexploitation most from suffer Yarmouk River flows have more than halved than halved more have River flows Yarmouk of the number principally due to the 1970s, since further witnessed flows Base river dams in Syria. 1990s and early due to 2000s in the late drops of Use the heavy abstraction groundwater. of basin has in the Amman-Zarqa groundwater and water River levels Zarqa reduced greatly also primarily discharge consists of effluent currently Similar conditions plants. treatment three from Wadi such as the observedare flows, in wadi abstractionthe groundwater of where Arab, Al of the discharge reduced has greatly aquifers springs. Surface water resources Surface resources Resources: water Surface Water basins, 15 major among distributed are Jordan in those groups: three into which can be classified the Red the Dead Sea; Sea; into into drain that desert into eastwards drain those that and, primaryThe of surface source water mudflats. Zarqa the by followed River Yarmouk is the between basin is shared Yarmouk The River. of the long-term with one third and Syria Jordan The flow surfaceaverage Jordan. runoff being in major a once which was of the River Jordan, of releases the control prior to resource water in 1964, has dropped Israel by Tiberia Lake from during the flooding season except significantly when the lake is full. Reclaimed wastewater has been increasingly increasingly has been Reclaimed wastewater from is also supplied Water irrigation. used for is also There plants. desalination than ten more per water 75mcm of desalinate to a proposal Dead the Sea part as 2006) (SOER, from annum of the Red Sea-Deadof the implementation Sea canal project. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 30 DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 31 that provided the land with a resting (fallow) (fallow) land with a resting the provided that were Animals a year. period of about six months beginning autumn and the the end of by moved where ranges, the Badia to seasons of winter of and availability warmth relative was there dried and the fodder When fodder. early-growth then animals east, in the reduced was availability which by areas the western to returned were available. grazing be abundant would time there degraded being now are rangelands However, off-road activitiesby such as overgrazing, of routes, nature driving of the random because use of excessive patterns, cultivation inadequate depleting soil conditions, thereby fuel, for wood rights, land establish to practicethe plowing of and growth of population and the pressures the reduction led to has This urban expansion. (and an increase cover and vegetation of plant large of species); a transition plant in noxious annual ranges; to ranges perennial from areas of soil and the loss in soil erosion an increase fertility; runoff; through water loss of rainfall the salinitydeclining and in water an increase frequency of more aquifers; water underground of wildlife the disappearance and, wind storms; deterioration The reductiona biodiversity. and in wildlife in the quality affected has of rangeland between because of the competition there as (such with other herbivores sheep/goats has that seed-eating and rodents) birds gazelles, (and thus herbivores for sources food reduced predators). for sources the loss of food the importance of GOJ has long recognised The their conservation. and the need for rangelands established in the reserveswere first The manage and improve protect, earlyto 1940s and development research through rangelands 28 designated are there activities. Currently, range reserves range and nine cooperative able to if these reserves were Even reserves. the sustainable use of rangelands, to contribute in still be limited would area their total currently area the rangeland to comparison land traditional Furthermore, being degraded. be unable may systems management resource of overuse prevent adapt fast enough to to resources. conservation projects SLM and environmental adopt the traditional begun to have in Jordan Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Activities Most Affecting Activities Most Affecting Traditional Traditional Practices: Agricultural Rangeland been have rangelands practicesthe in grazing for allowed that based on a nomadic system Livestock of forage. regeneration the natural cycle grazing a natural follow used to owners The extension of rainfed cultivation areas into into areas cultivation extension of rainfed The meet the demand so as to zones, rainfall low land in accelerated has also resulted food, for with barley-cultivation being degradation, growth The there. the most unsuitable crop part farming eastern the irrigated in of the of irrigation projects numerous where country, on pressure more has placed been initiated, have in an increased supplies and has resulted water into sector investment Private risk of salinity. water irrigation intensified projects has led to especially in the zones, rainfall demand in low land sloping Traditionally, areas. eastern Badia’s lines. contour using the natural by cultivated was mechanised soil preparation nowadays, However, common the verticaland are slopes of plowing risk. in erosion increases with consequent Rainfed and Irrigation Agricultural Activities: Activities: and Irrigation Agricultural Rainfed farms managed are privately In the highlands, private from typically groundwater by irrigated in publicly managed irrigation system The wells. Yarmouk the from uses water Valley the Jordan Expansion wastewater. recycled as well as River, 30 in the last be rapid supply has had to of water increase the dramatic irrigate to in order years from of the highlands areas in the agricultural in 2004. 43,000ha an estimated 3,000ha in 1976 to and exploitation fuel wood clearing, Agricultural in further has resulted deforestation, overgrazing resources, timber the loss of valuable soil erosion, areas. watershed and damage to 4.3 Desertification The principal environmental concern for for concern principal environmental The According projectsbrine is desalination disposal. an estimated Master Plan, Water the National to is stored groundwater of saline fossil 12,000mcm Some saline springs aquifers. deep in Jordan’s JRV in the and deep wells and its tributaries could fresh supply to treatment for also be considered 40mcm per annum roughly Currently, water. augment to is produced water of desalinated and a furtherdomestic supply is used for 9mcm purposes. agricultural Industrial growth in Jordan has in Jordan IndustrialIndustrial Activities: growth including problems environmental severe led to and air pollution, and uncontrolled water Solid and liquid wastes disposal. waste hazardous industries with and disposed of by produced are pollution has This treatment. protective limited impact had a tremendous sensitive on biodiversity the these concerns, address to In order areas. sectors, development other and industrialsector, environmental adopt strictlyneed to enforced Impactcertification, Assessments Environmental Management Plans and Environmental (EIAs) The during construction and operation. (EMPs) as the introduction as well and EMPs, use of EIAs as (SEAs) Assessments Environmental Strategic of plan preparation part or area-based of regional the impact of control significantly help to would Center industrialProduction activities.Cleaner A initiative the under Jordan in established been has Society in Jordan of the Environment of the Friends of the RSCN and others. with the collaboration extracted for the construction extracted sector for and for export. the principal is mineral Phosphate and Abyad Wadi the Badia (Russaifa, mined in (in Rashadiyah),Hasa, and cement although obtained. also are Khaldiyah) and aggregates the south east of Azraq to a site Oil is drilled at mining and the and gas in Reeshah. Exploration, manufacturinghave commodities of mineral destructionpollution, environmental in resulted effects on wildlife negative the landscape and to Tailing surface and biodiversity vegetation. mining plants from emerging and seepage often occurs This resources. water also pollute permits, of exploration the issuance through without and mining rights licenses exploitation poorlyas applied well as plan, mining proper a during measures protection environmental activitiesmining and mines small in (especially quarries). in with mining concessions One of the problems been have may although agreement is that Jordan companies the GOJ and mining between reached impacts from on dealing with environmental activities measures, operational and mitigation Most fulfilment. of evidence little has been there has been a general there example, for evidently, of environmental with the enforcement problem quarry exposed of works after remediation areas has expired. a mining concession Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Mining for minerals has been Mining minerals Mining Activities: for Currently, undertaken in Jordan. centuries for are ore iron and phosphates potash, copper, More recently there has been a move to return return to has been a move there recently More land management of communal this form to conservation principlesapply its to and to and the concept Itsustainable land use. follows of equity in the planning and management applicable be could and areas protected of or indeed settlements existing either close to hima The nomadic areas. and isolated in rural as being a successful regarded is now system conservation with nature means of integrating the for Union International The activities.human a (IUCN) has adopted Conservation of Nature to as a way and Lebanon in Jordan hima approach and land management both sustainable achieve used are that areas conservationbiodiversity for in Jordan, Thus, production. food primarily for recently have the IUCN in conjunction with MOA for Revivingthe Hima Project implemented Sites River Basin area. in the Zarqa communities four Himas have operated according to customary to according operated Himas have been practices and most have management a particular and for, by, administered consensually village or tribe with well-established hierarchal a local village head or led by systems governance purpose any sheikh. for be established A hima may could it so good, common the to contributes that conservation either biodiversity be managed for of natural use or the sustainable agricultural It a as adopted has been traditionally resources. which has been passed on through of life, way form and practiced natural as a the generations However, existence. and communal of livelihood and pressures population modern technology, have land ownership of private the growth of hima. the application eroded hima system of resource tenure. Hima has been tenure. resource of hima system Arabian the in years 1400 than more practicedfor protected a to refers in Arabic, and, Peninsula to it can relate Whilst area. or protected place forms of different management the communal in it has typically use of agricultural evolved reserve or a piece a rangeland signify meaning to is leftof land that in unused on a seasonal basis regeneration. environmental for allow to order hectares to a few from in size can range areas The kilometres. of square hundreds

DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 32 DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 33 negative impact indeed loss and on biodiversity negative activities.of land use compatibility on the there schemes development large for Similarly, No. Law under Environmental is an obligation has not been but this conduct to 12 (2006) EIAs, of SEAs use The the MOE. strictly by implemented as a means of in Jordan has not been adopted planning decisions. land use regional informing has growth population inability for plan The to conflicts and the regional by been exacerbated principally from refugees, of influx consequent refugees impacts of Palestinian the cumulative of Jordanian the return in 1948 and 1967, more and, War during the 1991 Gulf expatriates This conflict. Syrian fleeing the refugees recently, resources on scarce pressure has put substantial desertification to and directly contributed in the roughly in 2013 that UNHCR estimated country. the country had entered refugees 600,000 Syrian with population), 10% of Jordan’s (constituting and 35% in some 65% living in urbanareas been settled in the northern Most have camps. Jordan’s of Irbid, Mafraq (where governorates and in is situated) camp Za’atari refugee largest Amman. refugees has had a significant influx of latest The the UN example, For impact on the economy. (in Support found Host Communities Platform crisis refugee Syrian the that 2013) November of farmland in the abandonment has resulted in the northern parts of because of Jordan and also because of insecurity along the border, resources as more a reduction in irrigation water Livestock domestic use. for been allocated have border the Jordan-Syria-Iraq across movements had a particularly have effect on area significant insecurity continued in The the Badia rangelands. movement the cross-border that has meant Syria in areas grazing winter from of Bedouin herders has Iraqin Jordan and grazing summer to Syria crisis has resulted The disrupted. been severely abandoning their Syrian in the nomadic herders on the round all-year and remaining pastures in north-westernrangelands Iraq and north- of further with the consequence Jordan, eastern and land degradation. overgrazing rapidly increased Construction activities have In the addition to in the northern governorates. and extra floors, constructionbuildings, new of Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Population Growth, Refugee Influx and Influx Refugee Growth, Population Development DevelopmentPressures: land is subject weak Jordan to throughout Thus, and enforcement. controls use planning and urban has expansion growth population land strategic by (or controlled) not been driven development use planning or indeed effective growth Development and enforcement. control sprawl uncontrolled has been characterised by has had a This and unauthorised construction. Thus, carryingbe beneficially Thus, would capacities cause vehicles Rum (where Wadi in implemented can crowds (where and Petra serious land erosion) beauty).scenic the to appreciate difficult make it little experience has been there in Petra, However, whilst in Dana, for capacity, visitor of regulating of carrying the implementation example, capacity as it is straightforward, be more limits is likely to although However, base. level visitor a lower at some protection provide does legislation tourism importance, it does not of archaeological sites for is also There important habitats. do so for natural impacts environmental of the little awareness such approaches alternative of and tourism of as eco-tourism tourism. or community-based attractions (such In the Badia, archaeological Azraq, Amra, Moshatta, Disi, Harraneh, in as significant provide and Um Jemal) could Burqu’ and local communities, for incomes alternative the conservation of natural for also incentives and heritage resources. The tourism sector tourism has The Sector Activities: Tourism is and years during the last ten rapidly grown exchange. of foreign generator the largest now in hotel an increase with has come growth This infrastructure, constructionassociated and unplanned and largely rapid a which has led to with significant of facilities development sustainabilityThe of the impacts. environmental industrytourism threatened as a whole is also is the fundamental environment the natural since the this end, To tourism. of Jordan’s resource of carrying application effective capacity to contribution positive make a key would Carrying conditions. capacity can environmental of and level by the number of visitors be defined can absorb causing without a site development and social natural, the to changes unacceptable and without negatively environment cultural enjoyment. affecting visitors’ Current Status of Status Current 4.5 of desertification, status In of the current terms major the country four can be divided into as follows: zones has area Badia, Semi-aridThis and Arid Areas: of desertificationseen high rates and can The area. as a highly affected be considered characteristics of desertificationzone in this the cover, of vegetation the absence are and the high desertpredominant pavements, desertification has The process content. salt annual rainfall low by also been accelerated with Saudi borders the eastern (<100mm). At sand dunes, by covered are areas large Arabia, Ghadeer Rum, Wadi particularlyof areas the in Desertification in Jordan terms of inadequate solid waste collection, waste solid inadequate of terms land reduced with turn is in associated that The 0.11% of GDP. at estimated was prices, in illness impacts resulted that of air pollution 0.69% be and mortality to estimated were linked of land degradation costs The of GDP. in rangeland both declines to predominantly to calculated quality soil salinity and were underlined the costs These be 0.60% of GDP. importance achieving of means a as SLM of need to and the sustainability, economic political pursue it as a priority within Jordan’s agenda. Bank study in 2010 took World updated An and longer- both immediate account into for damage lasting impacts of environmental of cost the total estimated This 2006. the year be in the range to degradation environmental of JD237 million, with an average of JD143-332 of GDP in million (US$360 million), or 2.35% 2006. If the impactof emissions on the global then the total be added, to were environment and the global community Jordan to cost (US$590 be JD393 million as a whole would most important The was contributor million). of 1.15% for which accounted pollution, air supply, impact water The of inadequate GDP. the second formed and hygiene sanitation representing factor 2006, in significant most of the improper cost The about 0.81% of GDP. by followed third, ranked disposal of solid waste soil conditions damage to the environmental zone. and the coastal Economic Cost of Environmental of Environmental Cost Economic A World Bank study in 2004 estimated that the that Bank study in 2004 estimated World A degradation of environmental cost economic 3.1% of GDP annually comprising was in Jordan Water of JD205 million (US$300 million). a total impactpollution had the most significant on of 0.71–1.24% with a cost health and quality of life and potable water to lack of access The of GDP. conditions inadequate and resulting sanitation, high levels a direct link to provided of hygiene damage in monetaryThe of illness and mortality. 4.4 Degradation The northern governorates have also been also northern have The governorates water on pressure experiencinggrowing solid waste and communal systems treatment furtherrefugees places influx of The facilities. sewage incomplete on an already pressures tanks, of septic the overuse includes This system. constructed or managed, often inadequately into seepage of wastewater increased leading to In a Azraq the basins. area water underground constructed being is camp refugee new major is little on-the-ground there where of indication Similarly, systems. treatment wastewater proper strain disposal is under severe solid waste inadequate camp where especially in the Za’atari pollution the lead to rubbish disposal is likely to manage Mafraq has had to supplies. of local water since in solid waste 50% increase an estimated to resources insufficient with crisis, Syrian the rubbish in illegal has resulted This deal with this. disposal and burning inappropriate dumping, soil water, to which in turn contributes of waste, and air pollution. extensions have been added to existing buildings. buildings. existing been added to extensions have great has been there example, In for Mafraq, and monitoring governorate’s on the pressure the to keep up with staff control development urban and which has expansion, growth town’s has increased This sprawl. an unsustainable to led on in pressure and resulted water demand for already is network that infrastructure aging the example. with leakages, deal struggling to for water that concern is there specifically, More Refugee Camp Syrian abstraction the Za’atari at is accommodated) are 170,000 roughly (where has been used by that aquifer depleting the local large-sale and communities rural farms irrigated in these areas. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 34 DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN 35 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development North East (Lake Tiberia to DeadNorth to Tiberia Sea): This (Lake East zone Valley in the Jordan areas includes irrigated in the northTiberia to Lake and extends from different are There the Dead Sea in the south. other zones from and land use features climatic irrigation dominates. supply through and water Desertification of soil rates by high is characterized irrigationpractices, of improper salinity as a result of fertilisation and land abandonment high rates of the process Generally, in the southern areas. by socio- desertification has been accelerated improper factors income, economic such as low and overgrazing. land management, Mediterranean Semi-aridMediterranean and Dry Sub-humid is relatively in this zone rainfall Areas: Annual under developed soils have high and existing Nevertheless, human conditions. humid climate urbanisation activities cutting, such as woodland accelerated have and land fragmentation of Particularfeatures desertification in this area. of high rates areas, forest this include receding of urbanised the expansion areas erosion, water a reduction in areas), (especially in high rainfall and soil compaction and matter, soil organic deterioration. This area is viewed is viewed area This Area: and Rangelands Steppes of the Badia in which a zone as a transitional the that 2000) indicated project (JAZPP, previous activity agricultural of barley cultivation intensive takingand irrigation was and furthered place in of degradation features The desertification. of erosion rates been the higher have this zone accumulation substantial the wind and water, by the soil surface, silt on of calcareous the low and a thin coverage of plants, germination rate and poor overgrazing caused by of vegetation by is also affected area The distribution. rainfall soil surface high rates is liable to that crusting the uncontrolled and caused by of erosion and vehicles. herds of grazing movement has this area much of Notwithstanding this, of resilience a high degree exhibit been seen to areas especially within protected and recovery, Bakri reserves and rangeland (Al Zanat, and Abu 2005). Al Sheikh, Bayer and Mudawwara. Other Mudawwara. and Sheikh, Al parts Bayer with almost desert with pavement covered are of existence the for except cover, plant no visible waterways. species along some plant document’, in which the country›s vision was document’, clearly reflected; be to strategy, mobilisation • A resource would as partprepared of the NAP process, part an effective form implementation of the phase; be practical with prioritised NAP would The • projects as part set out, of a consultative decision-making process; of desertification and review assessment • An project needs in terms identify would control and best practice examples were of those that This be unsuccessful. those likely to discounting had been startedprocess with the first and the Reports National second on the Implementation defining the towards and contributed of UNCCD and, priority programmes; be carried out to would consultation • Public build long-term to key stakeholders, identify mobilise support, to create commitment, and to action. for consensus ReportIn National 2007 a third on the UNCCD This the MOE. by prepared Implementation was which of the JNAP, reported on the preparation in 2006 (see sub-section produced was below). sector national numerous the Itreviewed also had been prepared, and plans that strategies SLM and environmental to relevant which were

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES AND SLM DESERTIFICATION National Reports on UNCCD Implementation ReportsNational on UNCCD

5.1 were workshops and campaigns awareness in 1996, of the UNCCD ratification the GOJ’s Following first National the NAP (JNAP). produced In 2000 the MOA of Jordan’s preparation the carried out for (NES) in 1992 Strategy Environment the National followed This Report Implementation. on UNCCD combat projects to that (NEAP) in 1996. It Action Plan recommended Environmental and the National desertificationfocus on a participatory povertycommunity approach, local empowerment, alleviation, reportThe also management. conservation and environmental for of resources and the allocation institutions: the Higher two by and coordinated be managed implementation UNCCD that proposed for Corporation General the and body, autonomous an as Protection, Environment for Council GCEP set up the National former The became the MOE. which later (GCEP), Protection Environment the JNAP. and implement coordinate, prepare, Body (NCB) to Coordinating 5. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development • The NAP would be a ‘project support‘project be a NAP would The • Notwithstanding Reports, National the two the at the UNCCD actual implementing means for the be done through would level the national Convention The (NAP). Action Plans National desertificationby affected countries required through NAPs and implement develop to of process preparation The partnership building. principles: the following on based be would NAPs In 2002 a second National ReportIn National second 2002 a on UNCCD this time by prepared, Implementation was included that progress which outlined GCEP, Committee of the National the establishment The Desertification Combating (NCCD). for (No 12) of 2000 Law important Environmental (No 20) had been Law and the Agricultural sector national strategies and several adopted, and agriculture) water (such as for prepared were awareness Environmental 5.2 below). (see Figure under the guise of the continued programmes Ministry the media and (MOEd), of Education of international coordination The universities. effortsto support was the implementation efforts MOPIC, while national by being organised reportThe GCEP. be managed by to continued review did acknowledge a comprehensive that being projects were various UNCCD of how had not been way in an integrated implemented of practical and nor had the formulation done, progress. implementation monitor to indicators

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 36 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 37 resources. JNAP described the areas most JNAP described the areas resources. by desertification affected country in the and of it; features the causes and identified • A socio-economic description of Jordan economy, include the demography, to structure and a sector analysis; administrative • A summary framework, as of the legislative desertification land degradation, to relevant resources, of natural and the management the deficiencies and gaps in and an outline of legislation; zones • A description of the geographical by desertification affected and their key and, indicators; and projects • A description of programmes desertification,would combat to which the sustainable to approach an overall form of land and management development importance JNAP placed on resources. had not yet land that for measures preventative been degraded. Six programmes Implementation Programmes: tackle described set out to in JNAP that were were: They desertificationcountry. in the 1. Setting up a Desertification Information (DIS); System prediction and desertification2. Drought control; 3. Capacity building and institutional development; in ecosystems of degraded 4. Restoration and forests; rangelands and, management; Watershed 5. development 6. Human, social and economic initiatives. projects several were these programmes Within included a description that of their justification, agencies, activities, implementing proposed budget estimates. and outline projectduration, Desertification, Combating for HigherThe Council the primary was based in the MOE, coordinating agencyand implementing of the programmes on JNAP updates and it provided and projects, institutions and government to implementation projectsand are programmes JNAP NCCD. the Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development National Strategy and Action Strategy National • A description of Jordan to include a brief to • A description of Jordan and natural climate of the country’s analysis • An introduction that included a definition of that introduction • An desertification and the purpose of JNAP within of the UNCCD; the context Reportin prepared was JNAP Structure: and articles directives with UNCCD accordance parts: the following divided into and was • To outline measures needed to combat combat needed to outline measures To • desertification,drought the effects of mitigate effective the misuse of land through and avoid be supported would This action all levels. at and partnership cooperation international by approach as partarrangements of an integrated in achieving sustainable development to areas. affected • To ensure that JNAP preparation included a included JNAP preparation that ensure To • participatory commit would that approach and, project implementation; stakeholders to • To highlight desertification highlight as a national To • national JNAP into priority integrate and to policies; government The overall objective of JNAP was to to objectiveJNAP was of overall The Objectives: programmes development integrated provide and on local communities focus would that under the in areas conditions environmental objectivesThe specific desertification. of threat were: JNAP was prepared by the by prepared JNAP was of the JNAP: Purpose projectsMOE and outlined for and guidelines action.national It integrated set out an aimed to desertification combat plan to and development environmental associated of deal with a range to comprehensive first country’s the was and issues JNAP described the institutional do so. plan to the NGOs responsible of government, framework dealing with desertification outlined for issues, an approach and addressed the objectives, required and the problem the dealing with to desertification.activities combating for 5.2 Desertification 2006 Combat Plan to conservation. A fourth Report National on the in 2011, submitted Implementation was UNCCD the in implementing the progress which outlined IFS. of the projectsJNAP 2006 the outcome and for SLM as a means to combat desertification. The desertification. combat to SLM as a means for combating SLM and viewed therefore strategy desertification as part and scope, of the same poverty with as one tool alleviation regarded IFS The land degradation. mitigate which to a for pursuing a guiding framework offered fund SLM-related to resources mix of financial It and projects. also identified programmes identification, barriers in resource potential and recommended and disbursement, allocation these barriers. a number of actions overcome to the following: of the IFS comprised content The in which context of the national • A review including the institutional, set, the JNAP was The financial and financial setting. legislative, related land degradation to allocated resources provide to assessed in order activities were and sources potential funding, for a context the at how This looked final destination. resource institutional setup affected national mobilisation; were implementation • Barriers strategy to the strengthening for and steps highlighted One of explored. were enabling environment in the in the IFS lay the key recommendations as SLM programme of an umbrella development all sectors; SLM across mainstreaming for a tool examined, was public budgeting process The • in which the structure of including the ways decision-making the budget process within resources; the distribution of public affected • Donor priorities and funding modalities understand how so as to looked at were be enable SLM to could donor programming A comprehensive component. a mainstream which would prepared, donor matrix was of suitable the identification serve for as a tool project implementation; external partners’ were of financing sources • Non-traditional as partexisted some of which identified, of the therefore and were conventions, sister UNCCD›s of sources ‘innovative’ Others easily accessible. had not been used that identified funding were activities and, in Jordan; environment-related for set out that action• An prepared plan was resource key actions improve needed to action The plan is organised mobilisation. Integrated Financing Strategy Financing Integrated This represented a shift a in donor financing that represented This issues into UNCCD on mainstreaming focused processes. programming development national It support aimed to of resources the mobilisation 5.3 the hindered have constraints Several and in Jordan, of the UNCCD implementation this Given in particular. JNAP implementation and MOPIC, in GM of the UNCCD situation, an partnership into entered with the MOE, the receipt 2004 for in November agreement support GM to in from Jordan of a grant UNCCD. towards its commitments implementing partwas the A significant of this agreement Strategy Financing of the Integrated preparation developed IFS was The 2008. (IFS) in December under the supervision and GM in of MOPIC, MOE, with the NCCD. close consultation Monitoring and evaluation of JNAP progress and and progress of JNAP Monitoring and evaluation impacts the subsequent interventions of from tasks would be future programmes the different not actually although these were of the MOE, would be an importantThis part specified. provide as it would of JNAP implementation, of the modification mechanism for a review and the establishing priorities, programmes, activities implement need to on feedback based affected in the most local communities from it was that JNAP is of outcome positive The areas. for the form basis a useful could that a first step NAPs. of future preparation A review of national policies and legislation and legislation policies national of A review desertification combating was to relevant several which identified undertaken JNAP, by in important and, contradictions omissions, combating regarding disincentives cases, some desertification It degradation. land and including policies, some that recommended and land use be agriculture those on water, one of the weaknesses of JNAP However, revised. comprehensive no overall was there that was set out that implementation for programme In projects. and programmes the for timelines been and plans had not addition, programmes prioritised. provided in Sectionprovided of this report, 10.6 and the each 2012) for March (up to achieved progress in yellow. highlighted has been Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 38 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 39 Obligations for Conventions on Conventions for Obligations 5.4 change) (on climate the UNFCCC GOJ ratified The The in 1993. and the CBD (on biodiversity) point focal as the designated has been MOE Rio Earthall three with compliance Jordan’s for the UNCCD. for including Summit Conventions, often are Conventions objectives of the three The projects and programmes Thus, interlinked. also be could with UNCCD compliance outlined for and CBD objectives. in tacklingeffective UNFCCC commitment a demonstrates ratification Whilst Climate Change and Biodiversity Biodiversity and Change Climate Outputs: as part funds of revolving of poverty4.1 Use areas; schemes in rural alleviation co-finance SLM to swaps of debt 4.2 Use programmes; mechanisms, change of climate 4.3 Use in particular change fund, special climate (especially for and CDM fund, adaptation efficiencyprojects); and water reforestation Compensation Environment from 4.4 Financing Unit; and, Fund. Environment 4.5 Jordan Report IFS Final 2008) (December Source: the Parties of Session Eighth of the Conference The Plan Strategic Ten-year a in 2007) adopted (COP.8 on which focused (2008-2018), and Framework objectives: strategic achieving four of affected the living conditions improve To 1) populations; of affected the condition improve To 2) ecosystems; global benefits through generate To 3) and, of the UNCCD; implementation in support of mobilise resources To 4) building by of the Convention implementation partnershipseffective and national between actors. international the GM, and by advocated approach The the IFS, is viewed the GOJ through by adopted ten-year with UNCCD’s as being fully consistent attempts one of the first and constitutes strategy of JNAP with it. the implementation aligning at Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Outcome 4: Enhanced Mobilisation of Innovative Mobilisation of Innovative 4: Enhanced Outcome of Financing Sources 3.2 Support MOPIC in enhancing effectiveness mechanism. coordination of donor-government 3.1 Enhance stakeholder knowledge3.1 Enhance of donor and country preparation, modalities, strategy partners; international new potential and, Outputs: Outcome 3: Enhancing Resource Mobilisation from Mobilisation from 3: Enhancing Resource Outcome External Sources 2.3. Promote private sector investment in sector investment private 2.3. Promote companies private SLM activities targeting by their CSR policies. through 2.2. Capacity building of local authorities to and, of local resources; mobilisation enhance 2.1. Capacity building of relevant agencies agencies 2.1. Capacity building of relevant and budget preparation in setting priorities, project implementation; Outputs: Outcome 2: Enhanced Mobilisation and Allocation Allocation Mobilisation and 2: Enhanced Outcome Resources of Internal 1.4. Enhanced awareness of importance of awareness 1.4. Enhanced including decision-makers, SLM targeting parliamentary and MOF. GBD committees, should be a major instrument tools Economic raising. awareness for 1.3. Consolidated development and development 1.3. Consolidated policies; and, of related implementation 1.2. Enhanced institutional framework; 1.2. Enhanced 1.1. Enhanced legal framework for resources resources for legal framework 1.1. Enhanced mobilisation; Outputs: Outcome 1: Enhanced Enabling Environment for Environment Enabling 1: Enhanced Outcome Jordan Mobilisation in Resource Figure 5.1 - Summary Figure and Main of Outcomes Outputs of IFS according to four main outcomes with with main outcomes four to according summarised are These outputs. associated actionThe included plan below. 5.1 in Figure activities, priorities, indicators, responsibilities, and risks/assumptions budgets for estimated It form of outputs. would the implementation IFS implementation. for point the main reference related to climate change and the mitigation of and the mitigation change climate to related GHG; and, eligible be projects which could identify To • furtherfor GEF or other donor by funding organisations. of inventory an updated SNC provided The with vulnerability and together GHG emissions sectors. to according assessments adaptation report climate The priorities the national set for change-related actions the and outlined change climate combat effortsto future country’s of sustainable the achievement and ensure Jordan’s level. the national at development has enabled Protocol Kyoto of the ratification Development Clean of advantage take to it which the three for projects, Mechanism (CDM) enabling activities are: conservation• Energy and improved in buildings; control temperature in the of solar and wind energy • Use and areas; rural of remote development to and action plans relevant • Inventories obligations. communication UNFCCC Designated National Authority: A national Authority National Designated the committee, project develop to has been formed (DNA), DNA The the CDM. for and initiatives proposals the Secretary by is chaired of the MOE General from secretaryand has representation general ministries: Ministrythe following of Energy (MEMR), MWI, Ministryand Mineral Resources (MOT), MinistryTransport MOPIC, MOA, of of (MIT),Trade Industry Ministry and of Finance Antiquities and Tourism (MOF), Ministry of Security General of Public Director The (MOTA). Scientific of the Royal Society and the President The also be members of the DNA. would Change Unit within the Monitoring and Climate act of the MOE would as Directorate Assessment backup to and technical a permanent secretariat entered Protocol The project proposals. review has then Jordan since 2005 in February force into under the CDM in started mobilise resources to a number of projects. develop to order and Economic National Environmental Development Study (NEEDS): In 2010 a report May and Economic Environmental on the National • To mobilise additional resources for projects for mobilise additional resources To • • To enhance knowledge and awareness on knowledge enhance and awareness To • change and the climate to issues related reduction of GHG emissions; • To develop and enhance national capacity national to and enhance develop To • the UNFCCC; to commitments meet Jordan’s In 2006, the MOE prepared the Second National the Second National In 2006, the MOE prepared (SNC) Communication on GHG emissions that for measures and mitigation set out adaptation fulfill to designed SNC project was The Jordan. the following: Within Change: Within for Climate the Convention the third was Jordan UNFCCC, of the context in Protocol country the Kyoto Arab ratify to the submitted Jordan January this, to 2003. Prior report in 1998, Communication National First measures implementation to which responded of included an inventory This UNFCCC. the for industry, all sectors: energy, GHG emissions from institutions government transport, agriculture, development. and residential • Community-Based Rangeland• Community-Based Rehabilitation Programme. • Rehabilitation of Biodiversity/Water Harvesting • Rehabilitation of Biodiversity/Water and, and Soil Conservation in Senfha/Tafileh; • National Programme for Rangeland for Programme • National Rehabilitation and Development; • Sustainable Rangeland Management; • Conservation of Agro-biodiversity; Jordan prepared the for Biodiversity: prepared Jordan Convention and Action Plan Strategy Biodiversity National fulfill its obligations to in order (NBSAP) in 2002 the projects some of Although under CBD. compliance full been implemented, outlined have financial, of in terms initiatives more has required capacitytechnological and technical, scientific, framework the legislative However, building. be is seen to in Jordan implementation for institutional improve to measures weak,are as in out set were projectsSpecific coordination. as CBD obligations, meet to in order NBSAP follows: to international legislation, compliance is the is compliance legislation, international to country a well is fulfilling the of how measure real in the Conventions. goals set Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 40 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 41 of rangelands, forest and arid lands. A furtherA aridand lands. 17 forest rangelands, of sectorto water the in identified projectswere the Redinclude Dead Sea Sea to canal project, loss reduction and improvements schemes water wastewater from recycling water supply, water to and a dam construction programme. plants, primarily MWI by be implemented would These and JVA. tryingis MOE The high-level obtain to the NEEDS ministries to from commitment in be required would which funding for projects, obligations. meet its UNFCCC to Jordan for order most of the projects GEF funded and Previously, Potential change. climate to related programmes sources local from come would sources financing fund, energy renewable public budget, (national sector), the private and from fund, privatization and the Fund (such as the Arab sources regional agencies international Islamic Bank), and from include the Special to funds, (such as the UNFCCC Fund). and the Adaptation Change Fund Climate the UNEP and Bank, UNDP, World In addition, GEF, On the multilateral also been identified. CDM have Commission European levels, and bilateral USAID, Bank (EIB), (EC), Investment European Agency International Development Canadian Agency Japan International Cooperation (CIDA), potential as identified been also (JICA)have of funding. sources for principalthe responsible is MOPIC body in conjunction the with planning and, strategic debt-swap that concluded have MOF, and MOE be a viable option for would environment for Jordan’s to as a response Consequently, Jordan. environmental adopt international to desire the donor and conventions, agreements convert to community has been requested projects environmental debt to part of Jordan’s In in-country. 2013, the MOE produced executed Policyfor the Change Climate first National the period 2013-2020, which outlined sector-based set out some document This guidance. strategic impact vulnerability, mitigation; objectives for as follows: and adaptation; Objectives for Mitigation: of renewable the promotion • Strengthen efficiency and energy which energy in Jordan, impact a large on reduction of GHG will have emissions in the country; Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development In addition, eight proposed adaptation projects In proposed addition, eight for the agricultural by NEEDS identified were these projects implement would MOA sector. harvesting, include water which would 2020, by and the rehabilitation irrigation enhancement projects mitigation 17 proposed NEEDS identified 2020 in the energy by be implemented would that annual reduce which would sectors, and waste tonnes 2.761million an estimated emissions by energy the to Thirteenallocated projects, of CO2. These included CDM. benefit from would sector, wind farms and energy facilities, solar power efficiency would be implemented projects, which Research Energy MEMR and the National the by railway two also be would There (NERC). Center additional An the MOT. by projects implemented sector, the waste to allocated projects were four biogas of installation the require would which in landfills. plants Two key sectors were identified for mitigation mitigation for identified sectorskey were Two management and waste the energy measures, and resources whilst the water sectors, such crops, sectoragricultural (especially rainfed concluded were and field crops) as fruit trees be or to adaptation, be the main sectorsto for In to order change. climate to most vulnerable adaptation and these mitigation implement cost it would that estimated it was measures, and US$1.564 mitigation, US$3.345 billion for 2020. By it was 2050, by adaptation billion for would an additional US$4.5 billion that estimated for billion US$5 and mitigation, be needed for MOE has approached The projects. adaptation this. obtain funding for to the UNFCCC Development Study (NEEDS) for Climate Change Change Climate (NEEDS) for Study Development reportThis aimed the UNFCCC. to submitted was would support that needs financing identify to and mitigation of adaptation the implementation opportunities It provide would measures. plan. development the national inputs to for undertakenNEEDS was namely stages, in two During stocktakingthe consultation. and previous stocktaking stage the GHG inventories, national works, mitigation and adaptation institutional and strategies development the consultation For reviewed. were frameworks in involved were various stakeholders process stakeholders, national including discussions, experts high-level specialists. and sectoral level National Sectoral Plans and National • Establish a national institutional framework framework institutional a national • Establish change climate for the NCCC) (such as incorporates that and adaptation mitigation decision-makers, stakeholders and of a range and, the local community level; at including climate capacity the MOE for • Strengthen and new tasks its existing address change to which a for as part change policy, of climate be established at change unit would climate ministry. that and Research Education Objectives for Awareness, Change: Climate in Relation to portfolio on research Jordan’s • Strengthen bridge help to which would change, climate and policyresearch scientific the gap between makers; campaigns, awareness environmental • Promote as part of adaptation of the implementation all target which would measures, and mitigation stakeholders; and training the curricula• Develop of vocational reflect the needs so as to and higher education change. climate for set out as part objectives, These of National or reflect either overlap Change Policy, Climate desertification to as policies, those related the conservation as with objectives of for well fall within the principles three All biodiversity. underlines to the need therefore, This, SLM. of meet to and projects policies in order integrate UN Conventions. all three to obligations Jordan’s RangelandIndeed, a new National Strategy as part being developed is currently of the all and will take on board Strategy Agriculture Rio of the three Conventions. obligations relevant align 2014 so as to since JNAP is being updated 2008- (for Strategy Ten-year UNCCD’s the with 2018). A number of national sectoral strategies, plans sectoral strategies, A number of national in Jordan, been produced and policies have combating SLM, to to relevant all of which are to and indeed desertificationcountry, in the are These UNFCCC. and CBD under obligations it is However, 5.2 below. summarised in Figure management no solid waste that understood 5.5 SLM to Relevant Policies • Revise the Environmental Protection Law Law Protection • Revise the Environmental the include and strengthen 52 of 2006 to No. change articles;climate Objectives for Legal and Institutional Frameworks: Objectives for Legal • Promote access to national and international and international national to access • Promote including projects, for adaptation financing into considerations climate mainstreaming budget allocations. national • Strengthen the cross-sector approach to to approach the cross-sector • Strengthen institutional and the national adaptation Committee include the National to framework and its advisory Change (NCCC) and on Climate bodies; and research • Work towards integrating climate change climate integrating towards Work • adaptation sectors’ aspects relevant into policies and action plans; • Develop national and regional capacity to and regional national • Develop change risks; climate address • Increase scientific knowledge of climate • Increase scientific of climate knowledge change vulnerability and impacts on production, health, agriculture/food water, and desertification,biodiversity water with would This as the key sectors. and agriculture change climate include the link between risk; and disaster adaptation Objectives for Vulnerability, Impact and Objectives for Vulnerability, Change: Climate to Adaptation • Promote research, development, and development, research, • Promote measures. of mitigation transfer technology • Promote access to national and international and international national to access • Promote and carbon energy, for low financing and projects; and technologies environmental • Improve forest and rangeland management in management and rangeland forest • Improve GHG; storing capacity for increase to order • Integrate climate change perspectives into change perspectives into climate • Integrate strategies policies, and wastewater solid waste and action plans; • Develop and adopt strategies in the transport strategies and adopt • Develop efficiency energy low and sector promote to carbon transportation modes; • Complete the policy and legal framework for the policy for • Complete legal framework and efficiency energy and energy and renewable implementation, development, the strengthen (such as regulation of existing and enforcement building codes); green Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 42 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 43 Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration The strategy stressed the need for improved water resources management with particular emphasis on the resources water improved the need for stressed strategy The resources water Jordan’s protect Special to uses. emphasis given was future and sustainabilitypresent of and depletion. against pollution, quality degradation, with and supply management, of demand management adopt a dual approach would MWI The Water capabilities. management resource enhance to used increasingly being technology advanced the including the scheme for processes, peace with regional projects associated and wastewater be and due respect would special attention be accorded would Valley, Rift of the Jordan development and conservation. protection sharing, water as applicable to law of international the provisions to given to meet sector and policies water would seek in the GOJ that goals the long-term defined strategy The utility water and management wastewater irrigation, management, groundwater focuson would them efficiency and performance). improve to sector operation private to the transfer policies (encouraging Identified 41 environmental priority needs, which included those for cross-sectoral environmental environmental for cross-sectoral which included those priority needs, 41 environmental Identified directly were priorities actions. Three environmental management capacity building and 37 sectoral land; of forested (2) preservation of national land use planning system; SLM: (1) development to related land use planning. and regional (3) urban and, decisions and to policy and investment environmental guide the government’s to purpose was NEAP’s issues (as determined define the priority actionsfor dealing with the major environmental total) (19 in were: main recommendations The workshop). an intensive through reserves; manage the planned 12 nature RSCN to allow and network areas • Expand the protected support plans to management conservation; reserve • Develop habitat areas environmental of management and development the in involvement communitylocal Promote • reserves); (including nature • Undertake environmental awareness development; programmes to support conservation and impact and monitoring and, assessments; environmental • Pursue sustainable • Strengthen the enforcement of air pollution, pollution, soil erosion, water of water, such as over-pumping environmental in areas degradation legislation, especially to counter environmental of urban areas. expansion loss and the unauthorized biodiversity Catalogued environmental pressures and problems. Contained more than 400 specific recommendations recommendations 400 specific than more Contained and problems. pressures environmental Catalogued legal and conservation.Identified and protection actionsand suggested environmental in the field of priorities on cross-sectoral Focused priorities. sector as key in environmental institutional strengthening weak remain strategies and policies Linkages national with other management. resources as water such principles. of environmental integration cross-sectoral limited indicating for recommendations which included NES, countrycomplete first to was East in the Middle Jordan areas: strategic in the following protection environmental strengthening • Constructing a legal framework for environmental management, which of an environmental would and the creation the Ministry strengthening of Environment, include Policy, Environmental a National impact process; assessment • Setting up an institutional framework for environmental protection and conservation (Royal Society of Nature); the Conservation for the increasing and reserves nature new of creation the through areas protected for role the Expanding • managed areas; of existing and conservation scope environmental • Increasing environmental awareness through environmental/conservation education programmes; and, • Stemming population growth by striking a balance between population growth base. resource capacity of the natural and the carrying for the way NES paved The action. it did not set priorities for that of the NES was One of the weaknesses Protection Environmental for Corporation the General of 1995 and created (No.12) Law the Environment be MOE). to (later (GCEP) Year 1998 1996 1992 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Issued by Ministry of Water and Irrigation Ministry of Planning/ Ministry of Municipal and and Affairs Rural the Environment Ministry of Municipal and and Affairs Rural Environment Policy National Water Water National (NWS) Strategy National National Action Environmental Plan (NEAP National National Environmental (NES) Strategy strategy has so far been produced at the national level. level. national the at far been produced has so strategy SLM to 5.2 – National Sectoral PlansFigure Relevant and Policies Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration National Agenda 21 provided a framework document that stressed combating desertification combating as a national document that stressed a framework 21 provided National Agenda in the of all stakeholders involvement national for policy into and called its integration Proposed priority. management’ linking by resource ‘integrated and actions. Introduced implementation of programmes energy resources, agricultural management, land resource management, resource sectors of water resources. and mineral resources resource ‘integrated the issues within biodiversity integrate to of the NA 21 failed outline The few providing heritage’ and cultural ‘natural section, under biodiversity and placed management’ management. resource linkages with natural a and dryland and promoted issues, resources natural directly to related areas key NA 21 outlined several and environment to approach It outlined an integrated sustainability. participatory ensure to approach objectives of poverty and sustainable human development. alleviation incorporated that development desertification priority combating as a national for and promoted a framework NA21 provided and actions resources; rangeland for programmes It proposed policy. national into its integration conservation;conserving water biodiversity; desertification;conserving areas; combating forested legislation and land use policy, and networking; gathering data sustainable agriculture; for research and enforcement. effortscombating of national to the centre at human welfare for concerns NA 21 also placed desertification and with linkages desertification, migration between poverty food security, and factors. demographic Six key policy in the NRS as follows: set out Six key proposals • Participation needed of those using implementation; rangelands in policy formation, strategy development and sustainable in stake long-term a have users that so changed be to needs system tenure rangeland The • use; undertaken; properly be to needs conditions rangeland in uncertainty and change of management The • harvesting and the is required; of surface water sustainable use of groundwater The • and macro-economic fit with agricultural need to policies; and, the rangelands for • Proposals support user groups. rangeland • Government is needed for must be sustainable there is that of the strategy underlying assumption in each element The seminar from emerged proposals detailed more Subsequently, rangelands. the of use and management as follows: part of the NRS preparation, were discussions that • Enhancing biomass and of cover vegetative the rangelands to increase sustainable production of the rangeland; • Increasing sustainable livestock production through the introduction of husbandryimproved management; and stock stock, animal lots; and, and/or community fuel wood of energy sources alternative develop need to The • bio-diversity. protect to in order in the rangelands areas managing protected • Properly Policy objectives included improving social safety net for the poorest sections, improving employment employment sections, improving social poorest the safety for net objectives included improving Policy Poverty The healthcare. to access and ensuring education to access greater opportunities, providing “sustainable livelihoods” of the a clear understanding and appreciation does not reflect Reduction Strategy management. resources and natural between poverty and linkages eradication concept ‘sustainable of poverty a number did not tackle the link between issues but alleviation NPRS covered The developing a major gap in be to considered was This management. resources and natural livelihoods’ Report this. Development Human the NPRS although the Second National 2004 did address Year 2002 2001 and 2014 2001 Issued by The General General The for Corporation the Environment (now Protection MOE) Ministry of Agriculture (National Rangeland Strategy Committee) Ministry of Social Development Policy National Agenda Agenda National 21(NA 21) (Revised draft NRS (Revised draft in 2013 and prepared be launched with to adoption in a view to 2014) National Rangeland National (NRS) Strategy National Poverty Poverty National Reduction Strategy (NPRS) Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 44 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 45 Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration The National Population Strategy included seven strategic sections with one section strategic focusing on included seven Strategy Population National The Main objectives of this section included: resources’. and natural the environment ‘Population, supply and demand; water between • Reducing the imbalance the local and the local products; between demand for supply of food • Reducing the imbalance resources; of efficiency of local the level energy in the utilization • Increasing • Achieving a better balance between a high birth and, by is characterized rate; in the arid zone population population size and environmental conditions, where the • Achieving a better balance in the geographical distribution of the population areas. rural between urban and Proposed projects come under the five following categories which have strong linkages with SLM with principles: linkages strong have which categories following five the under come projects Proposed resources; and sustainable use of biological • Protection • Reducing the impact of mining on biodiversity; resources; of land use planning and water integration • Promoting and, system; within the existing land tenure • Development a biodiversity-oriented society. towards • Working on Biodiversity and was of UN Convention the obligations to in response formulated NBSAP was The goals strategic The conservation. biodiversity of national the implementation as a guide to developed of NBSAP were: in a sustainable manner; conserve and use biological resources biodiversity To • capability; management resource and increase the understanding of ecosystems improve To • agencies; across responsibilities and distribute resources manage natural To • • To maintain or develop incentives and legislation that supports and resources; the sustainable use of biological with other countries. conservation knowledge biodiversity share To • The NSAD (2000-2010) placed a stress on sustainable agriculture and protection of natural resources. resources. of natural and protection on sustainable agriculture a stress (2000-2010) placed NSAD The conservation in addition to and sustainable use most issues of biodiversity covered and Comprehensive following: the desertification.Proposed combating • Conservation of and land, water through natural sustainable vegetation activities that ensured long- production; agricultural term in conjunction biodiversity development; with sustainable agricultural Jordan’s of • Conservation • Improvement of the technical and managerial capabilities of their consequences; the adapt to changes and and environmental climate agricultural sector to cope with legislation current contravene which land agricultural on areas urban of expansion unplanned Halting • denial of services these buildings); land (through building on agricultural to of prohibiting • Combating desertification and protecting and, sustained development; secure to in order resources, the environment, agro- biodiversity and agricultural • Conservation of agricultural land by controlling soil erosion conservation measures. in practices agricultural and water improved steep mountainous areas, through Year 2002 2002 2002 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Issued by Higher for Council Population Ministry of Environment Higher Socio- Council economic Policy National National Population Strategy National National Biodiversity and Strategy Action Plan National Strategy Strategy National Agricultural for Development Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration The The 2006 National Energy Strategy focused on the It did not development sustainable energy. to of and the transition protection between environmental and linkages sources renewable and sustainable energy and sustainable protection change and the opportunitiesinclude issues of climate both environmental for for map road suitable a provide to considered is the strategy However, Protocol. the Kyoto through energy and consumption. production sustainable energy to: were strategy main goals of the energy The resources; local energy • Diversify demand; national to resources of local energy contribution the potential • Increase dependency• Reduce on oil imports; and, protection. environmental • Enhance The in 2007 by Sector prepared was 2007-2020 period the for of Energy Strategy Master updated An proposals the following obligations, change climate to not directly linked Whilst Commission. Royal measures: and some adaptation GHG mitigations to related were supply; oil and oil byproducts crude to • Alternatives • Proceed with a renewable energy law to stimulate the private sector to increase its investments in this field; electricity projects for wind energy • Implement generation; necessary projects; thermal solar energy studies for • Complete the industrial and transport studies on biogas fuel for sector;• Focus projects; and, energy aid renewable a fund to • Create Programmes. Efficiency Consumption Energy • Implement The NYS included nine themes including one on ‘youth and environment’. Key strategic objectivesof this strategic Key and environment’. NYS‘youth one on including themes nine included The theme included: • Enhancing environmental knowledge between youth and its accessibility to educational needs with a special stages of education; on early focus • Increasing the impact of youth in developing and implementing national and, environmental programmes; policies and • Maximizing the role of development. youth in sustainable use of environmental resources for socio-economic The NTS set out a mission that «Jordan will develop a sustainable tourism economy through a partnership a through economy a sustainable tourism develop will mission that set out a NTS «Jordan The of government, the private sector and civil society to expand employment, entrepreneurial opportunity, will be development tourism that stated The strategy revenue». state and social industry benefits, profits, by: sustainable and characterized sound policies; and adopting ecologically the environment • Preserving and, of the people and communities; • Respecting the lifestyles and cultures responsible business practices. for socially with the need • Balancing the principles of profits principles such as some basic carrying sustainable tourism consideration into does not take strategy The management of guidelines for developing resources, and sustainable use of natural conservation capacity, as assets. sites ecotourism and considering sites, heritage natural income‐ major a into tourism develop to initiatives private‐sector on relied 2004‐2010 for NTS The to need the address not did it ecotourism, on emphasis an placed NTS the Whilst sector. generating monitor or measure the impact of tourism on The for strategy did biodiversity, example. highlight the play. importance would community-based tourism that Year 2006 and 2007 2004 2004 Issued by The Royal Royal The and Commission the Ministry and of Energy Resources Mineral Higher Council for for Higher Council Youth Ministry of Tourism Policy National Energy Energy National Strategies National Youth Youth National (NYS) Strategy National Tourism Tourism National (NTS) Strategy Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 46 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 47 Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration Established a headed high by committee the Prime Minister on to mitigationfollow-up drought measures and capacity building of members. with emphasis on training standards and establishing supervise is to occurrence the effects aim of this strategy drought of The and capacity mitigation issues and drought on drought programmes Training declaring drought. for early of on the activation progress little was there However, in this strategy. included were building warning systems and identification of drought. regional nationaland networks monitoring/assessing for The National Agenda was a comprehensive political and socio-economic plan, which sought reform a comprehensive was Agenda National The period 2006-2015. the policies for broad-ranging for basis and consensual a consistent achieve to GDP reach to ambitious targets were the aim, although there was development Sustainable national a slashing of public of poverty, the rate reducing 2004), greatly 5% in and 2017 (from 2012 of 7-8% by and education. in spending on health care increases and significant debt and unemployment, as and Sustainability’ protection ‘Environmental address outlined to were A number of initiatives follows: sustainability; support to environmental and institutional framework the regulatory • Strengthening policies; management waste • Improving and, air pollution; improve to measures • Strengthening reserves. of nature management the effective • Improving sustainability arid/desertified including focused specifica and zones sectionItcontained environmental on on six issues including desertification and and desertification sustainable land management were: for sustainableproposals land management. In this respect policy and accordingly; and map these for desertification• Survey hazards and define criteria system; • Establish a desertification monitoring areas; socio-economic surveys• Conduct in drought-threatened and, areas; prone in drought incomes provide that could measures livelihood • Establish alternative desertification. and combating measures on soil protection knowledge • Document traditional Year 2007 2006 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Issued by Ministry of Agriculture National National Steering Agenda Committee Policy National Strategy Strategy National and Action Plan for Mitigation Drought National Agenda National Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration Jordan’s first SOER that complies with Article 4 of the Environment Protection Law No. 52 (2006) and No. Law Protection Articlecomplies with first SOER that Environment 4 of the Jordan’s ‘Drivers-Pressures- methodology latest (UNEP) Programme’s Environment Nations adopts the United information key present to principal objectives of the SOER were: The State-Impact-Response (DPSIR)’. to finally and, awareness; environmental raise 2006; to for in Jordan of the Environment on the State Database. of the Art a State Environmental towards contribute The final section outlined‘suggested some policies’ thatwould form part of covered objectives that strategic included seven This the 2007-2010. the MOE for by Plan, prepared Executive Strategic management waste quality, water gasoline), unleaded reducing by (mainly quality air to improvements combat to conservation, measures and biodiversity medical and chemical), nature hazardous, (solid, management clean industrydesertification, environmental production, enhance promote and green Fund. Protection and establish the Environmental The plan highlighted the socio-economic challenges in the Badia and their integration to natural resources resources natural to integration their Badiaand the socio-economicin the challenges highlighted plan The of income of sources diversification Proposed resources. and rangeland on water management with a focus and exploring alternative income earning possibilities in the from ease land degradation to and help on the rangelands Badia some pressures will reduce This keeping. to reduce dependence on livestock and environment’. It included nine specific‘youth themes including one theme on overgrazing. The NCSA was developed within the framework of a GEF initiative in order to assess capacity constraints assess capacityto constraints in order a GEF initiative of the framework within developed was NCSA The change climate on biodiversity, conventions environmental international three the implementing for the analysis and actions from evolving programmes and desertification. strategic It included suggested cross-cutting for capacity programmes six actionNCSA covers plan The capacity constraints. national of constraints: and networking; outreach management, • Knowledge transfer; and technology training Technical • mechanism; coordination a national and maintaining • Developing policy for making; research • Using and, mobilization; • Resource community empowerment. • Local the desertificationcovered to (that related that Those developed. projects were of 20 suggested A total were: conventions) environmental international of the three requirements system; management knowledge integrated • An programme; and networking outreach • A comprehensive programme; and education public awareness integrated • An assessment; • A technology-needs on priority concepts; technical programme training • A comprehensive institutions; implementing mechanism between • A sustainable coordination part as lands the degraded of of rehabilitation desertification and biodiversity, for directives Technical • EIA process; and desertification; biodiversity change for climate to measures adaptation for assessments • National • Market-based economic tools for environmental management for biodiversity, desertification and change; and, climate natural of management community for programmes innovation and building capacity Comprehensive • knowledge. based on traditional resources Year 2008 2008 2007 Issued by Ministry of Environment The Hashemite Hashemite The for Fund of Development Badia Jordan Ministry of Environment Policy State of the State Report Environment (SOER) Hashemite Fund Fund Hashemite of Development for Badia Master Jordan Plan National Capacity National Self for Assessment Global Environmental (NCSA Management Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 48 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 49 Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration The policy framework relates to country’s designated Protected Areas (PA) system. The key principles key The system. (PA) Areas Protected designated country’s to policy relates The framework as follows: behind the policy are framework priority; development is of the highest national major ecosystems of the country’s protection The 1. in global role an essential heritage and biological play diversity of natural of the areas 2. Conservation conservation; the nature towards responsibility identity cultural and maintaining towards heritage is a critical of cultural contribution 3. Protection development; tourism must include the participation resources and cultural of natural conservation and management The 4. and, of local communities; the local heritage so that and their cultural about ecosystems educated are citizens 5. It is critical that them. can benefit from population as follows: policies were Somekey of the PAs system; as part recognised be officially of the could and community managed areas 1. Private systems evaluation and monitoring economic and socio environmental change sensitive 2. Climate planning; PAs to parallel be put in place needs to and sustainable using ecotourism should be managed then the site activity, is a primary3. h tourism PA principles; tourism and, awareness; environmental increasing to a commitment will demonstrate 4. PAs each JPA. for will be prepared plan 5. A participative management Three national water master plans strategies have been produced since the first in 1998. In 2004 the the first since been produced have strategies plans master water national Three impact a focus of on environmental more which provided prepared Plan was Master Water National which 2008-2012, for plan strategic a Authority produced Water Jordan the Subsequently, before. than efficiency. focused on operational change obligations climate incorporated 2008-2022’, Life for ‘Water plan, water In 2008 a new national in future. resources water reduced especially the prospect for and policies, its strategy into The NSAD (2009-2014) focused on the role of agricultural development in conserving biodiversity, in conserving development biodiversity, agricultural of NSAD (2009-2014) focused on the role The were this end policies To desertification. combating and and soil resources water protecting production, fodder and grain increasing resources, of agricultural the protection towards oriented intensifying water harvesting/maintaining water resources to plant into (especially face research enhancing agricultural securityfamily food poverty, and limiting rural drought conditions, improving micro- (for Corporation Credit the Agricultural by supporting and initiated protection), programmes schemes, reforestation including protect forests, to also identified were Projects financing). credit and to expand and rehabilitate grazing lands in arid areas, as the development of water techniques and harvesting reducing water loss/enhancing irrigation channels. Agriculture was seen to be able to organic of the growth that recognised, this end it was To balance. and sustain the environmental renew effects the and biodiversity on negative chemicalits and usage reducing in role a play could farming balance. environmental prime responsibility have would and Guidance Research Agricultural for Center and the National MOA The receive would (ACC) Corporation Credit Agricultural The the projects and programmes. implementing for important increasingly an play to seen was sector private The support to funding micro-credit financing. development. resource including in water within the NSAD, development in agricultural role Year 2010 2004 and 2009 2009 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Issued by Ministry of Environment Ministry of Water and Irrigation/ Water Jordan Authority Ministry of Agriculture Policy Protected Areas Policy Policy Areas Protected Framework and not form (In draft adopted) yet National Water Master Water National Plans and Strategies National Strategy Strategy National Agricultural for (NSAD) Development Integration of SLM Principles/Key Points of SLM Principles/Key Integration in the Badia: in the south, the Al Jafr and Al Jafr and Al Al in the Badia: in the south, the Husseinieh sub-districts within the Ma’an north, in the and, ecotourism Governorate; a corridor along activities be implemented would east south Governorate, Azraq Al (in Zarqa from in the Area Protected the Burqu’ to of Amman) focus would which MafraqGovernorate), (in east BELP comprised communities. Ruwaished on Ar described below. project components three Ecotourism 1: Community-Centered Component expand project would The in the Northern Badia: northeastern into using ecotourism Badia by Azraqthe RSCN-managed Al and Shaumari reserves as a starting which a 250km from point, be developed corridor would long ecotourism Area. Protected the Burqu‘ incorporating Rangeland Management Adapted 2: Component Support Livelihoods in the and Alternative pilot would component This Southern Badia: models for management sustainable rangeland them directly involving by local communities of natural and implementation in the design In management. tandem with the resources would be geared investment component, first This options. livelihood alternative towards the project’s by implemented was component for Center the National agency, implementing and Extension Research (NCARE), Agriculture the for Fund the Hashemite who contracted Badia (HFDJB) of the Jordan Development and the community engagement execute to The ESIP constitutes a new NEAP to replace that originally prepared in 1996. The first ESIP was produced was produced first ESIP The in 1996. originally prepared that replace to a new NEAP constitutes ESIP The 2011-2013. covered version updated second period 2007-2010 and the the in 2007 for objectives: strategic issues and had outlined seven change tied in with climate ESIP has been The policies and implement (2) develop of sustainable development; the achievement to (1) contribute and develop (4) of legislation; inspection and enforcement monitoring, (3) enhance and legislation; (6) and education; public awareness (5) raise programmes; management information implement the and strengthen develop and (7) cooperation; and international regional national, promoting capacity of the MOE. to protect and desertification change by proposing climate the link between ESIP made second The sustainable desertification combat and promote and the conservation of biodiversity, ecosystems land management. More specifically the ESIP proposed a project in theZarqa River Basin as part of its meet the MDGs. to change and climate to adaptation Year 2007 and 2011 Issued by Ministry of Environment Important DesertificationProjects and SLM Policy Table taken from IFS report from and information. IFS taken (December with additional comments 2008) and updated Table Environmental Environmental Strategy Plan Implementation (ESIP) Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development The project focused on three ‘poverty pockets’ pockets’ ‘poverty on three project focused The • The area of rangelands (hectares) managed of rangelands area The • in a sustainable biodiversity- communities by Husseinieh. friendly Jafr and Al manner in Al • The amount of additional ecotourism-related of additional ecotourism-related amount The • Azraq/ along the Al communities for income corridor; Burqu‘ and Shaumari to BELP‘s primary to objective was BELP‘s development support and promote sustainable livelihoods through management ecosystem integrated participatory and capacity building approaches The Badia. of the Jordan in selected areas measured be would objective this of fulfilment key indicators: following the by Badia Ecosystem and Livelihoods Project: BELP is Project: and Livelihoods Badia Ecosystem projects under the one of five Middle East and North Desert Africa and Livelihoods Ecosystems funded by MENA-DELP, (MENA-DELP). Program Bank, started World in November GEF and the pilot projects 2011. It in national included four involved and Morocco and Jordan Algeria,Egypt, purpose of The knowledge sharing. regional desert livelihood improve to was MENA-DELP opportunities adaptation the increase and of desert responses and ecosystems communities change impacts. climate to There are a number of projects that have been undertaken which have shown some success in some success been undertaken shown have a number of projects that which have are There and conditions environmental improving summarised These are desertification. combating below. 5.6 NB: in normal text. shown and observation are in italics comments and additional shown are comments

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 50 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 51 assessment of rangeland resources, mapping mapping resources, of rangeland assessment and an resources, and water of vegetation socio-economic of analysis In conditions. harvestingof water implementation addition, were approaches and restoration techniques BDRP was important An from studied. outcome including local community capacity building, who were local communities from researchers to related studies pursue postgraduate able to desertification and dryland degradation. The Soil Project: National Mapping Use and Land Centre Geographic Jordanian the Royal MOA, Service carried out the Technical and Huntings SoilNational Project Mapping Land Use and maps were These during 1989-1995. (NSMLUP) land quality to in which the according prepared and chemical properties rainfall, of soil, physical evaluated. and land capability were temperature land different for coded A suitability was rating rainfed arable, typesutilisation including rainfed with and rangelands irrigation, forest trees, based on was approach The grazing. controlled socio-for factors not account and did biophysical aspects of economic scenarios possible the or policy options. and land use planning soils and and mapping of identification The in been seen as being useful land uses have linking to land character and usage in relation sensitivityto the soil’s desertification. Generally, on its physical, is widely dependant degradation Soil resilience quality. and biological chemical, condition and by its initial is highly affected details of soil types and Therefore, distribution. setting any needed before their distribution are monitoring to related programmes sustainable These land resources. of and management using the USDA produced soil maps were levels: at three system classification Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Badia Research and Development Program: Program: and Development Badia Research the Higher by Council implemented BDRP was (HCST) and Technology and Science for in the northernresearch significant attracted and northeastern parts where of the Badia, is less than 200mm and an arid climate rainfall the on focused research This predominant. is Conclusion from ESIA: The Environmental and Environmental The ESIA: from Conclusion Social Impact of BELP concluded (ESIA) Analysis from be highly positive the project would that if implemented standpoint an environmental BELP was its nature by Therefore, as planned. impacts the positive on in result expectedto of targeted and living conditions environment negative Some potentially beneficiaries. be expected to impacts were environmental temporaryand site-specific would and minor, the proposed implementing by be mitigated Socialand Management Plan Environmental part formed that ESIA, the of ESMP, The (ESMP). the implementation prior to be adopted to was and Training investment. subsequent of any be needed would capacity strengthening with selected project implementation through with compliance ensure to in order communities policies. the safeguard The beneficiaries of the project would include beneficiaries of the project The Jafr and Al Al Ruwaished, Ar of the communities benefit from knowledge would Husseinieh who management sustainable more implementing of on which resources, of the natural approaches would They dependant. were their livelihoods variety a income-generating of from benefit also local and on ecotourism activities, focused and, and processing; product development business micro for resources grant receive would management, rangeland adapted development, and fodder watering animal and improved production. Component 3: Project Management, Monitoring Management, 3: Project Component unit A project management and Evaluation: PMU The in NCARE. established was (PMU) steering level high a from guidance received in working technical a had group and committee support. alternative livelihoods work. The component component The work. livelihoods alternative sub-components: supported following the water management; harvesting; rangeland adaptive livelihoods. alternative and, (see Figure 5.3 5.3 (see Figure Soil maps at Levels 1 and 2 have been digitally been digitally 1 and 2 have Soil Levels maps at 18 land regions country the At level, converted. NSMLUP the by identified were can be drawn conclusions following The above). collected: the soil data from arid• Most with a high carbonate of the soils are matter; organic low and have content most of the • Sand and silt deposits dominate zones; rainfall low only small parts• Good quality soils cover of the by the spread been affected country and have of urbanisation; and, Figure 5.3 - Land Regions in Jordan (NSMLUP) 5.3 - Land Regions Figure Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Detailed maps at a scale of 1:10,000 that 3: Detailed a scale of 1:10,000 that maps at • Level selected parts of the countrycovered about (for of based on interpretations was This 1,000km2). 1:10,000 with at aerial photography panchromatic the basic mapping units. a soil series forming Maps at a scale 1: 50,000 that covered covered 2: Maps a scale 1: 50,000 that at • Level 9,000km2. based on panchromatic Maps were TM; imagery with Landsat merged SPOT digitally and, Reconnaissance maps at a scale of maps at 1: Reconnaissance • Level based was This the whole country. 1:250,000 for TM imagery and aerial of Landsat on the analysis photography;

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 52 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 53 US National Parks Service), whilst in Wadi Rum Wadi Service), Parks whilst in US National a conservation-oriented plan was management communities. with local prepared of a number is also implementing RSCN The are that areas for conservation programmes Conservationthe as such and attractions, tourism in Dibeen Nature Biodiversity of Sustainable Use build capacity to in project intends This Reserve. and conservation management planning. forest a to implement been Specific objectives have conservationeco‐tourism and plan management nature effective an develop plan; to development and, team; park management reserve and forest forest the regional a land use plan for produce to issue as RSCN is a key park. manpower Limited reserves a sixthto run and helps manages five (in Authority). Staff Regional Rum with Aqaba Wadi properly and unable to overloaded are resources all sites. for cover Management Project: Resource Agricultural Management Project Resource Agricultural The a community- incorporates II (ARMP-II) Phase which based participatory its core, at approach Resource Agricultural the builds on the first phase, Karakof Governorates the in ManagementProject started ARMP-II in 2003). (completed Tafila and The in 2015. be finished in 2005 and is due to GEF funders of the project are key international International for (US$6.4 million), the OPEC Fund million) and International (US$10.3 Development loan/ (IFAD) Development Agricultural for Fund of US$42 cost million), with a total (US$11.8 grant US$10 roughly GOJ is contributing The million. million and other beneficiaries/contributors are US$1.5 million. IFAD roughly provided have the project in conjunctionimplementing with partners principallyother executing in Jordan, but also MOPIC, MOE and MWI. the MOA phase of the project will benefit second The 135,000) or 75% households (population 22,300 of the Southern population rural of the total of Karak, Highlands governorates (and the three regions, poorest one of Jordan’s and Ma’an), Tafila and income security, water food, improving by under project is being implemented The levels. agricultural soil and water; components: seven new agricultural planting; tree development; community ACC); the (through finance rural roads; sustainable mainstreaming and, development; Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development MOTA has been pursuing has been Projects: MOTA Ecotourism specifically eco- and more sustainable tourism, sector. the tourism for forward as a way tourism, InNature the Dana this respect, it has adopted Reserve RCSN) as a model for (managed by Wetland AzraqThe in the country. other areas Reserve desert in the eastern of is another site which has for biodiversity, global significance in conservation and some success also achieved from financial assistance With terms. ecotourism facilities, bird-watching Azraq has developed GEF, with local programmes and education outreach and has established a number of communities, reserve-based socio-economicactivities, most Eco-tourism tourism. to related of which are the to also been introduced attractions have a wildlife In Petra, Rum areas. Wadi and Petra drafted in 2000 (with the plan was management Hammad Basin Development Programme: Programme: Hammad Development Basin with During1980s the GOJ in cooperation the made major stridesBedouin in grazing tribes, in the rangelands. management and wildlife Programme Hammad Basin Development The of startedsystem a implemented in 1987, which showing areas reserves whereby grazing rotating restricted from were of degradation signs the vegetational until some years for grazing of grazing establishment The restored. was cover a by reserves has been accompanied and wildlife conserve to biodiversity variety of programmes a new Subsequently, resources. and rangeland community- project of rangeland development Badia the by based reserves has been introduced (BRDC),which Center Development and Research NCARTTin conjunction with MOA, NCARE), (now and Lands and SurveyDepartment, has sought resource needs, issues of livestock address to depletion and land tenure. The importanceThe it that of this project was and digitised a useful mapped produced desertification. assessing for basis information other it incorporates is that required is now What assess desertification, useful to information the covering produced are detailed maps that is regularly country information entire and that updated. • A comprehensive and updated soil database is soil database updated and • A comprehensive an understanding maintain to in order needed of the desertification process. UNCCD Main Research Main Research UNCCD Theme* 1 and 2 1 and 2 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 2, 3 and 5 2, 3 and 5 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 1, 3, 5 and 8 1, 6 and 8 Project Date 1989-1995 1986-1990 Started in 1992 1995-2000 1998-2000 1998- ongoing Completed 2013 Completed 2008-2020 2009-2012 rural microfinance and aims to strengthen the to strengthen and aims microfinance rural also has There capacityinstitutions. local of (through emphasis on agro-biodiversity been an could that project One of the outcomes ICARDA). which tractor, Valiarana is the elsewhere be used yields by increase dramatically has been seen to the topography follow to deep furrows plowing land management to A hima approach of slopes. IUCN and the project in through will be adopted been have there Crisis, the Syrian NCARE. Since especially project implementation, to delays the decisions from 2013, whilst awaiting for contribution of the GOJ’s MOF on allocation project component seventh the project. A to Water and Sustainable Land (Mainstreaming startedManagement Practices) in mid-2009 and in mid-2015. It will be completed is funded by by implemented also and million) (US$6.445 GEF IFAD. Key ProjectKey Agencies MOA MOA MOA MOA HCST UOJ UOJ MOA (CIDA funded) (CIDA MOA MOA loan) (IFAD MOA and IUCN (EU MOA funded) MOE MOE, UOJ and NCAREMOE, UOJ Area All Jordan at scale of at Jordan All 1:250,000. High rainfall 1:50,000 at zone North Badia East North and North East Badia Badia Transitional Zone Badia Transitional (100-250 mm rainfall) Badia area (community (community Badia area participation). Badia area (community (community Badia area participatory- approach es). Four Communities in the Communities Four Area Zarqa Zarqa River River Zarqa Yarmouk Basin Yarmouk - Projects SLM Undertaken for and UNCCD National Soil Map National Project Use and Land (NSMLUP) Hammad Basin Projects Badia Research and Badia Research Program Development (BDRP) Jordan Arid Zone Pro Zone Arid Jordan ductivity Project Sustainable Rangeland Project Management (SRMP) National Program for for Program National Rangeland Rehabilita- tion and Development – Phase 1 (NPRRD) Reviving Hima Sites in Reviving Hima Sites Basin River Zarqa Rehabilitation of Zarqa of Zarqa Rehabilitation River Assessment of DesertiAssessment - fication Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Figure 5.4 – Summary of Key Projects Related to Desertification to Projects Related 5.4 – Summary and SLM Figure of Key Water is a principal project focus and includes is a principal project focus Water of springs, harvesting, maintenance water and the construction of canals, recycling, water project supportsThe loss. reduction of water In order to promote community development and community development promote In to order of management use and improved the efficient the project has adopted resources, water soil and participatorya community-based For approach. implement and elaborate communities example, programmes, development village their own poor and identifying and establish criteria for action Community households. disadvantaged The 55 villages. for been prepared plans have and financial support technical project provides conservation improved and water and soil for production. It participatoryagricultural promotes practices, management water sustainable land, monitoring. and environmental land and water management practices. practices. management water land and

DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 54 DESERTIFICATION AND SLM PLANS AND POLICIES 55 UNCCD Main Research Main Research UNCCD Theme* 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 2, 3, 4, 5 and 2, 3 and 5 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 Project Date 2009-2015 2009-2015 Ongoing Ongoing Started in 2011 (2013). A TOR is now under preparation for for under preparation is now TOR (2013). A planning and its spatial review a study to the to address in able being effectiveness the country is that pressures development start to be a good place in would This facing. planning spatial national into SLM integrating policies. Key ProjectKey Agencies GEF/IFAD, OPEC, MOA OPEC, MOA GEF/IFAD, MOE MOTA and RCSN MOTA MOE, GEF and World World MOE, GEF and Bank Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Area Southern Highlands North Badia East Dana, Azraq, Dibeen,Dana, Azraq, Rum and Petra Wadi Badia Projects SLM Undertaken for and UNCCD Agricultural Resource Resource Agricultural Project Management – Phase II (ARMP) Badia Restoration Badia Restoration Program Ecotourism Projects Ecotourism Badia Ecosystem and Badia Ecosystem Project Livelihoods (BELP) UN Habitat has prepared a Concept Note on a Note a Concept has prepared UN Habitat Planning Project Spatial for Strategy National There is a is There and Recommendations: Comments policy a clear national need for on SLM and with land use planning in the its integration be done as part could This the of country. conjunction five-year plans in with national on SLM and its policya national statement UNCCD, to obligations Jordan’s to relevance provide help to would This and CBD. UNFCC SLM that to approach national a cohesive all the throughout consistency provide would as as well policies, and sectoral plans national budgeting priorities. national for guidance Developing Policy- of Information:Source Developing and Procedures Guidelines, Research Oriented Support to Implementing Rio Conventions Tools for Triangle Science the by Prepared in Jordan. and Management (January Training Research and updated. 2012). Amended * Main areas of policy-oriented* Main areas research: 1- Mapping of desertification and degradation 2- Rangeland ecology, restoration 3- Sustainable Land (SLM) Management dimension of desertification 4-Political and 5- Socioeconomic processes desertification and desertification6- Droughts 7- Desertification, and change climate biodiversity and assessment. 8- Monitoring The MOE is responsible MOE is responsible The Ministry of Environment: and coordinating promoting, planning, for activitiesthe throughout environmental It in 1996 initially set up as GCEP was country. of 1995) and was Law (under the Environment then established as a ministry in 2003 when includes now This expanded. was its remit development, the pursuit of sustainable conservationnature and environmental and public awareness environmental protection; a of management the and, programmes; impact control and environmental for framework pollution, hazardous monitoring EMPs, (EIAs, For effects). disposal and environmental waste the quality the MOE monitors of surfaceexample, and industrial environment in the natural water in watercourses into discharged wastewater environmental for mandate its meet to order protection. coordinating of the national MOE leads two The Committee and the National bodies: the NCCD committees two These (NCB). Biodiversity for desertificationcombating for efforts coordinate through biodiversity of and the protection and strategies of national the implementation meeting Jordan’s for responsible plans and are is This and CBD. the UNCCD to obligations of Nature Directorate the MOE’s done through the both for point focal the as (DNP) Protection is also in charge which the CBD, and UNCCD plans for of environmental of the preparation

POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECTPOTENTIAL STAKEHOLDERS Government Agencies and Ministries Agencies Government

• Soil conservation, land reclamation and water • Soil and water conservation, land reclamation Extension harvesting its Agricultural (through Unit and the Seed Biodiversity Directorate, Centre). • Forest surveys, forest protection and fire fire and protection forest surveys, • Forest re-forestation seedlings production, fighting, and roadsides (including for programmes Department Forestry its (FD). through highways) protect to mandate FD has the national The do so; to role enforcement has a law and forests and, • Rangeland development and management and management • Rangeland development of Rangelands) with its Directorate (through regulation of annual plans, the preparation has MOA of reserveand protection areas. with projects in cooperation implemented such as the Sustainable donor agencies, the Rangeland Management Project, Desertification and the National Initiative Rangeland Rehabilitation and for Program Development; MOA has implemented a range of SLM projectsof range a has implemented MOA and activities: and plant resources. It also collects and maintains resources. and plant on agriculture data and economic statistical and on numbers in the Badia) (such as livestock Badia (through land use and land degradation Soil holds the Jordan MOA studies and research). (JOSCIS). System Information and Climate Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development MOA is responsible for formulating and implementing national agricultural agricultural national and implementing formulating for is responsible Ministry MOA of Agriculture: water, best use of land, the through growth agricultural achieve to in order policies and programmes 6.1 SLM and combating for responsibilities which cover agencies and ministries, Government desertification described below. are

Stakeholders that could participate in the implementation of the preparation and implementation and implementation participate of the preparation could that Stakeholders in the implementation and agencies and sub-divided described government below to JNAP are of a revised according part institutes, agencies (thus, semi-governmental the public sector),ministries, research funded by (NGOs). organisations and non-government 6.

POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS 56 POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS 57 It therefore collects public revenues, manages manages collectsrevenues, public It therefore and supervises disbursement the flow, the cash according public expenditure of national responsible MOF is regulations. financial to of the the preparation for GBD) the (through and ensuring funding annual budgets that and economic national match allocations of Furthermore, in charge it is financial policies. of funding the allocation for requests examining can and agencies governmental all by submitted It has a key role requested. amend the amounts reviewing by expenditure public in monitoring reports monthly submitted the financial are that ministries. government by and Irrigation: MWI is responsible Ministry of Water policy and planning, formulation the overall for resources the water for development strategy the ministry national Thus, oversees sector. activities in the following: and surface development, • Groundwater water abstraction the irrigation use and sets limits for of water; resources water of the national • Formulation plan; development basins and for balance • Determines the water and, transfers; possible inter-basin for for with neighbouring countries • Negotiates of use and the implementation water shared resources. water joint sector, resources other agencies in the water Two (WAJ) Authority of Jordan Water and namely the actexecuting as Authority(JVA), Valley Jordan the of under the umbrella bodies and operate of Minister of MWI heads their boards The MWI. directors. for is responsible WAJ Authority Jordan: of Water services and sewage water throughout providing This resources. water managing and for Jordan principal activities: includes the following and determining • Conserving resources, water their use; priorities for capacity increasing new resources, • Developing quality;and improving pollution; from water • Protecting meet to • Outlining plans and programmes needs; future Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development MOPIC is responsible for for MOPIC is responsible Ministry and International of Planning Cooperation: nature conservation, the protection of natural conservation, of natural protection the nature of use of best determination the and resources, sufficient does not have the MOE However, land. the coordination manage be able to to resources to both obligations fulfill Jordan’s to of inputs Conventions. MOF is responsible for the for MOF is responsible Ministry of Finance: fiscal policy. of government implementation MOPIC has established a Government-Donor MOPIC has established a Government-Donor (GDCWG) to Group Working Coordination on and discussion integration greater enable key priority sectorsdonors and the major with SLM has direct links to group The stakeholders. and sub-groups through of water concerns poverty alleviation/ environment, agriculture, and investment. and trade local development, ministryThe project deadlines and that ensures to related those including met, objectivesare Department Projects receives MOPIC’s the MDGs. and monitors requests, financing and studies funding with follow- received have projects that up reports, field visits and direct liaison with Section and Environment The parties. executing Section of MOPIC’s and Agriculture Water the Department of follow-up Projects in charge are SLM. to projects and activities related coordinating development planning and socio-and planning development coordinating international integrate and to policies, economic development with Jordan’s donor financing primarythe is MOPIC priorities. for catalyst networking and liaison among international and governmental local ministries, donors, and coordination the funding for institutions monetaryof national policy with development It obtains and and programmes. strategies manages the necessary development funds for and technical grants loans, projects through in conjunction and the with the MOF assistance, General Budget Department MOPIC also (GBD). manages domestic and external public debt with with the GBD during the It coordinates the MOF. in Budget Capital of the National preparation with long and short- compliance ensure to order and programmes. strategies development term ministryThe a primary play would in JNAP’s role its through and implementation programming ministries. links with donor agencies and other ecotourism, in order to protect natural resources resources natural protect to in order ecotourism, to and sensitivity, environmental of areas and attraction market this a growing as develop with RCSN the in works MOTA visitors. for reserves, nature of designated management attractions. also tourism which are Ministry Resources/Natural and Mineral of Energy Authority:Resources part NRA forms of the MEMR undertaking for and is responsible following the activities: and energy and developing • Investigating resources; mineral resource mineral administering and Overseeing • and regulations; laws prospecting for • Issuing permits and licences rights mineral and the associated and mining, certificates; activities• Supervising in all hydrocarbon concessions; including granting Jordan, collecting dams and water for sites • Identifying harvesting water and groundwater ponds for mining use); (for recharge • Supporting projects; and, soil rehabilitation opportunities in mining. investment • Promoting Developmentand Urban Corporation: Housing Strategy Housing the National HUDC implements drafting the necessary for and is responsible Ithousing legislation. carries out surveys for and areas residential new of development the housing determine to conducts studies in order and random reduce HUDC also seeks to needs. illegal building construction, provide and to It of housing. with suitable standards residents of housing and the residents loans for facilitates projects. urban development The and Recommendations: Conclusions own their have describedministries above donor and links to funding resources internal be directed towards all of which could agencies, policies and project Their SLM projects. a bearing on issues of have implementation MOPIC and SLM and desertification.However, with their direct (and the GBD links to MOF, donor agencies and line ministries) would in overall role coordination a strong have and implementation. JNAP programming MOTA is and Antiquities: MOTA Ministry of Tourism policy tourism the for and for responsible heritageand archaeological of sites of protection importance. Ministerial policy is increasingly especially tourism, sustainable towards geared Ministry supervises MOMA Affairs: Municipal of all municipality to administration. activitiesrelated projectsIt and local development implements the activities and plans of councils coordinates line with national bring them into to in order ministryThe provides policy. development guidance financial and administrative technical, to in order municipal councils for and advice and laws with national they comply that ensure regulations. Ministry of Social Development: MOSD carries the to related out activities and programmes and poverty local societal development family, on human focus with a strong alleviation, the adoption Since objectives. development Bank/ World the by Agenda of the New Policy has (including MOSD) the government IMF, the infrastructure provide to been required projectsrather developmental implement to have roles them. Greater than solely executing societycivil and NGOs to to given been therefore more projectsMOSD providing with implement financial providing such as by of an enabling role, sections the poorer of society. to assistance JVA is charged with the is charged Authority: JVA Valley Jordan resources water and of agriculture development the which extends from Valley, Riftin the Jordan the north River in the Red Sea to in the Yarmouk dams and rivers, south. It area’s manages the resources; and land water protects reservoirs, use agricultural for resources water develops of irrigation channels), (including the provision industrial and municipal domestic, as for as well generation in hydropower activities; invests and, conservation. and water • Regulating the use of water, reducing water water reducing use of water, • Regulating the its waste. loss and controlling • Undertaking research and studies into water • Undertaking water and studies into research and, quality standards; • Constructing, operating and maintaining and maintaining operating • Constructing, projects; public sewerage • Regulating the construction of wells, drilling the construction• Regulating of wells, drilling rigs; and licensing exploratory wells Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS 58 POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS 59 The ACC was originally originally was ACC The Corporation: Credit Agricultural body in 1959, funded through set up as a government been and has since Bank of Jordan, the Central facilities with small-scale credit Itprivatised. provides of the the development to the aim of contributing environmental conservation the Badia. BRDC of environmental a partnership of is the result HCST and between Society Geographical Durham and Royal UK’s the It working has been on the Badia University. 1993 since Program Development and Research development sustainable promote to in order desertification BRDC combat and to in the area. on both human information of has a database activities resource, in the Badia and on its natural of decision- a range to available which is made It local communities). makers (including acts as of policies an advisory the preparation body for in the Badia. and strategies of Nature: Union for the Conservation International global oldest and largest IUCN is the world’s founded and was organisation environmental It1948. in authoritya leading is the global on and sustainable development. environment IUCN’s to Conserving is central biodiversity this is fundamental how mission and addressing change, the global challenges of climate to It security. and food sustainable development, organisations of 1,200 member is comprised agencies 200 government including over by and is funded than 900 NGOs, and more donor and multilateral bilateral governments, and sector corporations, private agencies, IUCN has OfficialThe Observer foundations. Its HQ is the UN General Assembly. at Status worldwide offices in Geneva with numerous the is located there where including in Amman covers Asia, which West for Office IUCN Regional In the IUCN Jordan, in the region. 13 countries a number of SLM- implemented has recently the in hima projects reviving including related River Basin (www.iucn.org). Zarqa and Research for Agricultural National Center Extension: NCARE carries out studies and activitiesimplements in order in the rangelands increase of the area, the management improve to livestock), productivityagricultural (especially for desertification, combat use, conserve water conservation, soil biodiversity, protect improve and conserve resources. the natural HCST Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Semi-governmental Agencies Agencies Semi-governmental for Science and Technology: Higher Council BRDC is and Development Centre: Badia Research on the integrated focuses that centre a research and community development, management, and Research Institutes and Research and semi- institutes research numerous are There in the involved are agencies that government described Those and SLM sector. environmental the best known. probably are below established in 1987 as an independent was and agencyfunded science all for government Council The activities technology in Jordan. base and technology build a science aims to countrythe undertake to and for research activityand development in line with national HCST membership objectives. development and MOA includes MOPIC, MOF, representation in the Badia been involved MEMR. HCST have 1993. since Program and Development Research 6.2 MOSD should play a key role in incorporating in incorporating role a key MOSD should play environmental into more poverty alleviation the strengthening and therefore projects, and improvements livelihood link between an have MOTA Similarly, SLM. promoting important the connection in enhancing role resource natural ecotourism, between in livelihoods and alternative conservation agencies such Government sector. the tourism also should and MEMR HUDC WAR, JVA, as of JNAP implementation the effective ensure sectorplans within their own of operations. The prime responsibility for the technical technical the for prime responsibility The SLM and desertification of coordination the MOE and its with still rest projects would UNCCD Jordan’s in fulfilling responsibilities is MOE the However, obligations. CBD and to resources sufficient mobilise unable to would need and requirements fulfill these further support. and MWI In MOA addition, the on influence a strong also have would probably would MOA implementation. JNAP’s comprehensive hold the most to continue therefore SLM. It to would relevant database the information for be responsible probably be critical would that system management JNAP projectin monitoring and programme effectiveness. Non-governmental Non-governmental 6.3 Organisations NGOs in Jordan well-run several are There SLM, in activelybeen involved have that protection, conservation, nature environmental desertification,and combating workat the which Some on projects and initiatives. community level are known, examples, of the better of numerous described below. operates JCO Organization: Cooperative Jordan projects in a and executes cooperatives 200 over University has been established in order to to order in has been established University in desertification conduct disciplines. research Environment and Water Institute Land, of The (The close has maintained University) Hashemite District it conducts Zarqa ties with water, where and its impact research, and air pollution soil, the Institute of Similarly, on land degradation. Albayt (Al and Space Environment Water, Land, links with Mafraq District has strong University) it undertakeswhere studies on surface and pollution, desertification water and ground harvesting. water Jordan and Recommendations: Conclusions bodies and institutes of research has a range help in SLM and desertification could that organisations These project implementation. links between stronger provide would and policy research environmental (and ACC The level. the national at formulation a critical role play agencies) would other credit small business and micro-credit in providing poverty alleviate help to order in funding the necessarylink incorporate and be able to be does lacking seem to is What with SLM. in SLM and sector involvement private more sector private Thus, desertification projects. support offer projectsto could organisations SLM models for of best practice in the form contributions making by financial compliance, providing by programmes, environmental to (in management, training technical sub- and also by and research), technology for projects staff some trained contracting example. for organisations, community and to sector involvement private fields where The be particularly be in water could useful would and food conservation, energy recycling, production, example. for Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development A number of the country’s A number of the country’s universities: Jordan’s undertake universities research and studies the Thus, desertification to and SLM. related of Agriculture Faculty of Jordan’s University has a department of the management for been has which resources, environmental The on projects in the Badia area. involved Research Environmental for Queen Rania Centre Technology) (Jordan of Science and University The on desertificationalso works projects. Yarmouk Desertification for Chair at UNESCO ICARDA aims to improve the sustainable improve aims to ICARDA of incomes productivity systems, of agricultural farmerssmallholder dry living on and in lands the nutrition and national ecosystems, fragile based science through securityfood strategies new crop includes identifying This solutions. farming and practices for improved varieties, and socio- management, resources natural and policyeconomic support options to countries ICARDA’s Currently, security. their food improve to portfolio is part research strategic of a long-term on improving focuses plan (2007–2016) that among and livelihoods incomes, productivity, (http://www.icarda. resource-poorhouseholds. org/) International Center for Agricultural Research in Research Agricultural for Center International the Dry in 1977 established was Areas: ICARDA such agencies supportedand is one of 15 the by Agricultural on International Group Consultative is a global partnership which Research, of poverty, rural reducing to dedicated organisations health improving security, food increasing and nutrition, sustainable and ensuring better is an ICARDA resources. of natural management agency working research agricultural in the arid North Asia, Africa, West of and semi-arid areas It undertakes and the Caucasus. Asia, Central and activities develop to and research training methodologies, research new technologies, test and policy options for institutional innovations, dry-area worldwide. countries agricultural sector and its increase in productivity. in productivity. sector increase and its agricultural (from sources funding different has corporation The and is active assistance) international and national financial supportand providing to those in training small provides ACC The livelihoods. with agricultural businesses and and small micro facilities for credit NGOs. for

POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS 60 POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS 61 establishing and managing nature reserves. reserves. nature and managing establishing to laws government enforce to RSCN helps for programmes run breeding wildlife; protect raise illegal hunting; control species; endangered promote and, issues; awareness environmental It manages resources. the use of sustainable including reserves, nature national Jordan’s RamsarDana and the Azraqsite) (a designated principles Ecotourism reserve. rangeland reserve nature into incorporated been have and conjunction in management with MOTA, the of awareness increase to used been has this upgrade and to impacts on biodiversity, tourism of RSCN The capacity level. the local building at distribution and on the status keeps a database country the and animals throughout of plants risk. species at identify to Itin order carries out including as part programmes, public awareness school curriculum, reflectof the national that and it seeks concerns environmental the latest of voluntary the development encourage to conservation. (http:// nature for organisations www.rscn.org.jo) Society: Environmental Jordan established JES was protection environmental promote in 1988 to pollution. It largest the is currently and prevent issues and on environmental NGO operating in water its activities awareness include raising technologies of new usage and the introduction especially in arid areas. resources, water save to in providing public involvement JES encourages public solutions and thus raises environmental community action and promotes at awareness protection environmental towards the local level and conservation. (http://www.jes.org.jo) SocietyJordanian for Desertification and Control established in Badia Development: JSDCBD was desertificationon research in specialises and 1990 projectsIt on the Badia. in works and to aims the productivity by develop of the rangelands and enhancing their plants forage protecting JSDCBD also with special nurseries. propagation and the conservation, of loss, the rate researches soil fertility resources, water cover, of vegetation and the sustainable use of land resources. the Society public awareness raises Moreover, desertification, from the about the threats of the Badia, the use condition environmental for plants wastewater treated around of areas Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Royal Society RSCN Nature: of Conservation the for Royal conservation in nature record has had a strong it since in Jordan of wildlife and the protection 320 staff set up in 1966. Itwas of over has a team in conservation, and also outreach operates that is a business unit Jordan Wild ‘Wild Jordan’. with income-generatingof RSCN, which promotes local skillson build that and the programmes such as reserves, of the nature potential tourism handicrafts production. RSCN is the most active and legislation, wildlife of the NGOs in enforcing JOHUD also hosts two main national organisations: organisations: main national JOHUD also hosts two which is Commission, Population the National population-related for point focal the national and activities; the Jordanian and, research the highest Women, for Commission National issues. policymaking national on women’s forum the UN National prepare JOHUD has helped to Reports.Human Development • Micro-credit the Small through schemes supports that Center Business Development especially women. entrepreneurs, low-income • Medical, dental and family planning services and family planning dental • Medical, its clinics; and, through • Agricultural projects such as dairy • Agricultural and food and vegetable raising livestock processing, growing; • Literacy classes, vocational and business skills’ skills’ and business vocational • Literacy classes, training; • Social, health, and environmental awareness awareness health, and environmental • Social, programmes; • Women’s and youth support and youth services; Women’s • • Early childhood education (pre-school• Early education childhood and nurseries); Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Fund Hashemite Jordanian in 1977 established Development: JOHUD was leading of Jordan’s as one and is recognised social development. in integrated advocates services: the following JOHUD provides variety of topic areas. Its activitiesvariety primarily areas. of topic are poverty in rural alleviation towards directed This management. resource better through areas reserves rangeland establish helping to includes to farmers in rural credit financial and providing use of better promote to in order communities resources. natural Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development There There and Recommendations: Conclusions Jordan well-establishedNGOs in many are of participating a long experience have that in desertification especiallyprojects, in and experience research Their the Badia. beproject used in JNAP to should continue the help strengthen and to implementation SLM projectslink with policy formulation. NGO involvement more should incorporate the social and poverty from and experience and such as with JCO sector, alleviation establish a direct and seek to link JOHUD, for improvements livelihood between conservation environmental communities, resources. and the sustainable use of natural Hashemite Fund for the Developmentthe the of for Fund Hashemite in 2003 established Badia: HFDJB was Jordanian where 2006, in Badia the in operations began and socio-economic the improve to the fund seeks poverty to contributing done by is This conditions. reduction, unemployment and alleviation inhabitants the skillsdeveloping of the Badia’s a variety capacities through and building their as supportingas well projects, of development sportssocial, and cultural, various scientific, HFDJB assesses The capacity building activities. environmental and economic, social, the Badia’s establish a clear philosophy to in order conditions of the development plan for and comprehensive a direct approach, approaches: with two the area and in the design in which the fund is involved indirect an of projects; and, implementation with in which it seeks collaboration approach, organisations international and national other (http://www.badiafund.gov.jo/en/node/318). reforestation programmes and the rehabilitation and the rehabilitation programmes reforestation (http://www. sites disposal waste of solid jordandesert.org.jo)

POTENTIAL JNAP PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS 62 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 63 the sector plans, and this is perhaps and this is most the sector plans, the lack of project by easily demonstrated the to obligations Jordan’s between integration coordinated where and CBD, UNFCCC UNCCD, duplication avoid help to would implementation of effort resources. and financial policy and implementation Jordan’s In general, policy; hierarchy: has the following framework Thus, project. and, strategy; plan; programme; using poverty example, as a topic alleviation structure: is the following there 2006–2015 Policy: Agenda National Sector National - Poverty Strategy: Plan Reduction Strategy Plan Human Development National Plan: Capacities National Strengthening Programme: Implementto and Monitor the MDGs and Gender Equality of MDGs in the Localisation The Project: of Zarqa Governorate the relevant to submitted are proposals Project departments mainstream to in MOPIC in order Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development National Policy and Planning Framework Policy National

A range of sectoral development plans and plans sectoralof development range A the followed that produced been have strategies 5.2). (see Section Agenda National 5.5 and Figure into incorporated are programmes Project-based which pursue plans, these sectoral development sustainability. of environmental degree a strong of implementing record the track However, sectoral plans has not been good, national resources financial principally because of limited There capacity. human resources and weak has also been little SLM policy linkage across A Ministry Unit Performance Government of as partof the Office set up, subsequently was the assist to in order Minister, of the Prime report and monitor Ministers of on to Council Agenda. of the National the implementation key performance be done through would This policies consistent achieve so as to indicators by changes in not be affected would that It regularly. be updated and could government MOPIC also prepare that should also be noted Action Plans Development three-year National policy reflectfocus national that and priorities, and donor agency investment on international funding. • Promoting the effective management of nature reserves. of nature management the effective • Promoting • Strengthening measures to improve air pollution; and, improve to measures • Strengthening • Improving waste management policies; management waste • Improving • Enhancing the regulatory and institutional framework to support environmental sustainability; support to • Enhancing the regulatory institutional framework and environmental 7.1 which was Committee, Steering Agenda the National by prepared was Agenda National The from representatives comprised Committee The 2005. in February Decree Royal established by The parties. and political media, the sector, private the society, civil parliament, government, achieve political and socio-economic aims to plan that is a comprehensive reform Agenda National the period Sustainable 2006-2015. for policies broad-ranging basis for and consensual a consistent by of 7-8% a GDP attain to targets ambitious with aim, albeit the overall was development national a slashing of public debt and of poverty, rate a much-reduced 5% in 2004), and 2012 and 2017 (from A number of and education. on health care in spending increases and significant unemployment, as follows: and sustainability’, protection ‘environmental address also outlined to were initiatives 7. REVIEW FUNDING OF SLM outlined some recommendations for for IFS outlined some recommendations Since the Since and Recommendations: Comments comments of the IFS, the following completion of a new the implementation to be relevant would related initiatives that were allocated significant significant allocated were that initiatives related which could NDP, in the 2007-2009 budgets donor for leveraging as co-financingbe used support, included: quality projects (JD10 protection million/ Water • US$15 million); projects (JD5 protection million/ • Ecosystem US$7.5 million); resources water of alternative • Development (JD15 million); million/US$22 (JD3 demand management million/ Water • US$4.5 million); (JD3 million/ resources • Renewable energy US$4.5 million); and practices (JD15• Sustainable agricultural million/US$22 million). The to policy (in relation national development desertification)follows: combating as into of a regulatory regime integration The 1. on SLM; law one comprehensive strategies of cross-sectoral consolidation The 2. for a unified programme and policies into inclusion in the NDP; desertification combating as a 3. Promoting priority the NDP; for linkages of strong between development The 4. and policy-making;research scientific information adoption of a centralised The 5. and updating compiling, for system including on information, disseminating and resource implementation UNCCD/JNAP mobilisation; and financial institutional, administrative, 6. An its role strengthens that the NCCD for mandate activities mechanism for to as a coordination desertification;combat and monitoring of an adequate development The 7. assessing the mechanism for and evaluation of project implementation. effectiveness Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development The (2007-2009): The National Development Plan The themes. 2007–2009 included seven NDP for a budget allocated theme was environment this period, of JD32 million (US$48 million) for was (US$375,000) of which only JD250,000 desertificationspecific to projects. directed of arid projects included a periodicThese review mapping; the establishment and semi-arid area surveys unit; economic of a monitoring of areas the documentation and, of land degradation; links the However, of desertification processes. JNAP and specific these measures between be weak, to appeared project implementation the to strengthen the need confirming thereby Other SLM- capacity. project coordination MOE’s 7. Through a direct appeal to the Royal Court. Royal the a direct appeal to Through 7. 6. By justifying the need for an SLM project to an SLM project to 6. By justifying the need for of Ministers; and the Cabinet 5. By including SLM programmes/projects into into 5. By including SLM programmes/projects the NDP; 4. Through a direct appeal to the NDP Executive the NDP Executive a direct appeal to Through 4. Committee; 3. By incorporating SLM programmes/projects SLM programmes/projects 3. By incorporating plans; sectoral development into 2. Through the technical committees, by by committees, the technical Through 2. an SLM programme; justifying the need for 1. As part of sectoral strategies, by giving priority giving by part1. As of sectoral strategies, SLM projects; to SLM project funding can be integrated at almost almost at SLM project funding can be integrated the three-year NDP planning stage into any methods: the following through process development programmes, avoid duplication, duplication, avoid programmes, development then are Sectoral plans benefits. maximise and which is Committee, Executive MOPIC’s to sent the three-year National preparing for responsible NDP incorporates The (NDP). Plan Development and projects, of sectoral programmes the content methods of implementation, and defines The funding sources. and budgets, estimated be a dynamic and three-year aims to plan needed urgently allows that document flexible of subject the Council be added, to projects to NDP the to Amendments approval. Ministers’ and Decree Royal through can be incorporated and is closely year one takes roughly the process the budget cycle. linked to

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 64 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 65 and the Bureau of Accounting and Audit. MOF and Audit. of Accounting Bureau and the fiduciaryhas a special revenue for responsibility Group Consultation with the and coordination Prime the by headed is which Policy, Fiscal on Consultation The Minister MOPIC. and includes limit and informally sets the budget Group members Cabinet between disputes any resolves and MOF. of cost the main source are Line agencies leaders The operations. government for estimates of each line agency and permanent (ministers request much to how determine secretariats) information where units, their operational for on project performance or financial transactions projects development proposed Where arise. administrative one than more involve plans or jurisdiction, in has a key role then MOPIC and loans grants the requisite for negotiating MOF has also been implementing funding. for a change in their budgetary since approach oriented ‘results towards 2007 with a move delivery measure to intends This budgeting’. visions, a particular to stated ministry’s according and projects, programmes, objectives, strategic performance indicators. annual budget The Budget Development Process: Januarycycle runs from and the December to is as follows: process budget development departments• Ministries and government outline their budget priorities and policies for the end of February; by GBD review is Paper and Policies • A Budget Priorities of the Council to and submitted prepared after amendments which is approved Ministers, end of March; the by is prepared • A public budget framework which for in early medium term the May, for departmentsgovernment submit budget mid July; by GBD) (to proposals and a then reviewed are • Budget proposals the end of GBD at by is prepared Budget Circular August; and ministries/ is issued Budget Circular The • submit their to departments required are in line with this budget proposals medium term end of September; the by Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development General Budget Preparation Budget Preparation General The GBD’s role is fundamental as it examines, as it examines, is fundamental role GBD’s The funds for requests approves and coordinates and, Cabinet for submission their priorto includes This approval. legislative subsequently, the annual funding requests, reviewing the MOF, agencies, with executive interacting • Ensuring that requests for budget allocations budget allocations for • Ensuring requests that policies. with economic compatible are • Examining project programmes that need to need to that • Examining project programmes and be implemented; • Assessing departmental requests for financial departmental• Assessing for requests allocations; • Proposing budget allocations that are linked to linked to are that budget allocations • Proposing policy;national • Preparing Jordan’s annual budget; Jordan’s • Preparing The public budget is the main source of national of national public budget is the main source The and Budget preparation financing in Jordan. an is which GBD, the through done is assessment entity MOF. within administrative autonomous whose the GBD, 39 of 1962 regulates No. Law and authorities are: duties, main tasks, 7.2 Process The issue of responsibilities for project for issue of responsibilities The and level the national at implementation to be continued has project specific level Thus, problematic. criticalremains and ministries and other project government clear have agencies need to implementing for carrying out and financial mandates roles SLM projects. The NCCD and other national and other national NCCD The 6 above: • Point obligations Jordan’s to relevant committees should be Rio the three Conventions to environmental, one national into combined for responsible or SLM, committee/agency avoid to in order project implementation and funding duplication. overlap JNAP: policies national far as As 3 above: • Point concerned, are funding priorities and donor to incorporate effective be more it would desertification combating to projects related link this with a SLM project and to focus into and, poverty alleviation; Project Funding Priorities Funding Project 7.4 prioritiesfunding the for reviewed IFS The during periodthe 1997-2007. projectsJordan in It of the 198 project activities that concluded was on-going and planned), completed, were (that 49 were during this period, analysed which were and povertyin the sustainable development the highest (registering area thematic alleviation following The number of activities per area). financing of project to according breakdown IFS: activities by derived was and Poverty Sustainable Development 24.70% Alleviation: Management and Irrigation: 22.40% Watershed In terms of the GBD allocation of funds in 2013 in funds of Inallocation GBD the of terms protection environmental areas, thematic for budget allocated total 1.1% of received as government as far However, expenditure. ministrythe MOE is concerned, allocation million) for JD1.5 million (US$2.25 received and JD1.9 million I) (Part expenditure current II), (Part expenditure capital for million) (US$2.8 (US$5.1 of JD3.4 million a total providing thereby of the amount a tiny represents This million). for billion) (US$11.2 billion of JD7.45 budget total was MOA agencies. ministries government and million) million (US$82 JD54.7 of a total allocated is This MWI. (US$140 million) to and JD93.2 million budget where less than IFS findings in 2008 even of the ministries to linked many for allocations MOSD and MOA, desertification as MOT, (such 1.5% and 0.8% between received MOE) including budget. I operational Part of the total play Budgets: MunicipalitiesMunicipal in Jordan and in community development a critical role They of local services the provision and facilities. key entry considered for points therefore are combating to resources channeling financial desertification for SLM. Municipal budgets and In MOMA. October by year, of each controlled are instructsMOMA managers of each the financial Aqaba Amman, Greater municipality (except Regional and Petra Zone Special Economic a draft on budget based prepare Authority) to Financial of expenditure. years two the previous review Division Councils MOMA’s at controllers them them or return these budgets and approve adjustment. for Public Budget Funding Budget Funding Public Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development • Part II is allocated to capital expenditures, such capital expenditures, to II is allocated • Part construction, which can as building and road It growth. economic in generating be effective budget. 20% - 33% of the total comprises • Part I of the budget is allocated to current/ to I of the budget is allocated • Part office such as salaries, expenditure, operational component This and debt servicing.equipment, cannot serve as an entry JNAP funding, for point units or staff within a ministryunless dedicated on a desertification- workingare exclusively the In this case, example. project, for related of an indirect source would become costs staff JNAP funding; and, Jordan’s national budget consists of two main of two budget consists national Jordan’s sections: 7.3 Allocation Once the final the Once of the Budget: Approval Legislative and the Senate budget report Parliament to is sent Financial then the Designated approval, for its the reports and provides reviews Committee on each then votes Parliament The comments. is process of the budget and the same chapter vote may undertakenLegislators Senate. the in financial package if against the Government’s it does not include the projects or support the Parliament’s they deem necessary. policies that budget Minister’s the Prime approve to failure which of no confidence, a vote constitutes Under resign. to the government require would the King dissolve would such circumstances, vote The new elections. and call for Parliament decrease or increase usually hinges on whether to both the Parliament Once budget bill. the total it is then the budget, approve and the Senate the to Minister thereafter and Prime the to sent and finally promulgated. approval royal King for the budget to can be made No amendments approval. after royal • The Budget Law must be ratified by the end of must be ratified Law Budget The • December. • The Final Budget Law is submitted to to is submitted Law Budget Final The • the at approval for and the Senate Parliament end of October; and, • The Draft Budget Law is prepared and is prepared Draft Law Budget The • for Board the Consultative to presented and approval; amendments discussion,

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 66 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 67 provided in Figure 7.1. in Figure provided Efficiency and Energy Energy Renewable Jordan as a public-has been established JREEF Fund: the from directors board (five institution private sector) the private from public sector and four diversify energy, renewable promote to in order efficiency. energy and pursue sources energy sector to the private encourage fund aims to The GHG reduce and to energy in renewable invest the following established JREEF was emissions. be in 2007 and would Law Renewable Energy by: financed budget; the public from • Contributions and public agencies from and donations • Grants donor agencies; and, the funds activities. from • Income generated JEF has been set up Fund: Environment Jordan support the MOE with technical by the from of Business Expansion Sustainable Achievement is which and Quality programme, (SABEQ) the from fund emerged This USAID. funded by of 2006. JEF Law Protection Environmental following: the from financing is derived the public from contributions • Government’s budget; public from and donations • Grants and donor agencies; organisations violations; environmental collected from • Fines and licenses the MOE from collected by • Fees permits; as products as well from and concessions Taxes • and donations; grants any activities the fund’s from • Income generated conservation for which can be reinvested purposes; and, CDM. from selling carbon credits from • Shares of the implementation enhance to JEF intends by: legislation environmental the towards assistance financial • Providing technology; environmental latest • Supporting the achieve help to projects that resources of natural sustainable development priorities; environmental and national Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development There are a number of Jordanian sources sources number of Jordanian a are There SLM and be used for could of funding that desertification projects and some of these comprehensive A more described below. are is also of domestic funding sources appraisal 7.5 Domestic Funding Sources 7.5 Domestic Funding The breakdown above demonstrates the clear demonstrates above breakdown The management/ watershed priority towards which irrigationagriculture, and sustainable absorb allocation. 84% of the funding together externalthat During 2000-2007, IFS found nearly 82% provided funding allocations during time, this requirements of financing from coming of almost 18% with the balance activities in the watershed For domestic sources. from funding and irrigationmanagement sector, 97% provided sources) external(or international for external funding Similarly, financing. of total areas forested the conservation of rangelands, in a similar proportion parks and national resulted of funding (92%). Internal (or domestic) sources and surveys 86% of (forming on research focused development sustainable financing), sector’s this and poverty (78%) and capacity alleviation Innovative (45%). awareness and building one per cent roughly provided funding sources capacity building and awareness. for of the total Research and Surveys:Research 0.16% Sustainable Development and Poverty Poverty and Sustainable Development 1.05% Alleviation: Capacity Building and Awareness: 1.05% Capacity Building and Awareness: Rangelands, Forested Areas and National Parks Parks and National Areas Rangelands, Forested Conservation: 4.78% Sustainable Agriculture: 19.00% Sustainable Agriculture: Watershed Management and Irrigation: 65.01% Watershed during this areas thematic financing of The sources) period and international domestic (both picture with the clearer an even provides breakdown: following Rangelands, Forested Areas and National Parks Parks and National Areas Rangelands, Forested Conservation: 11.60% Research and Surveys: and Research 13.10% Capacity Building and Awareness: 13.60% CapacityAwareness: Building and Sustainable Agriculture: 14.60% Agriculture: Sustainable Website http://hcst.gov.jo/ Maximum Grant Size Up to JD Up to 1,000,000 Targets Jordanian Jordanian Researchers and governance institutions are modernised in are institutions and governance take advantage to communities allow to order opportunities;of the renewed biomass production, plant plant in increase • An those of to mammal diversity species and small pre-Gulf Crisis levels; • Re-establishing of population a sustainable and, in the rangelands; gazelles of Badia the social welfare • Promoting Bedouin’s the reviving by communities artstraditional livestock, increasing and crafts, and dairy cooperative products through support would This tourism. activities. EPF was The Fund: Protection Environmental of Law the Environment established through to aim is The in April launched 2010. and 2006 social, support funds to secure environmental, the MOE stimulate and to policies, and economic It is also sector. in the environmental investment support to sector designed projects that private and regulations environmental with comply resources. sustainable use of natural promote primary The of the EPF is from source funding via the CDM, principallycarbon through trading rights of GHG polluting the sale of Jordan’s and governments international emissions to the from Roughly 5% of revenue companies. for In this way, the EPF. to CDM is transferred US$1.5 million from the EPF received example, Thermal the Aqaba from selling carbon credits first Jordan’s was which project, Station Power the CDM. Other through registered venture from collected include fines financing sources donor agencies, from grants industries, violating support EPF is used to The the and taxation. Unit. Police Environment Areas Related Research Research Related National research research National and development priorities Main Focus

Improve practical research areas areas practical research Improve the country developing for

Area CD CC, BD, Funding Sources Funding The Higher Council Higher Council The Science and for (HCST) Technology Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Figure 7.1 – Potential Domestic Donor Funding Sources for SLM Sources Domestic Donor 7.1 – Potential Funding Figure • Growth in local employment rates as the rates in local employment • Growth economic, and the social, recovers rangeland • The restoration of the rangeland’s former former of the rangeland’s restoration The • of water productivity and the development harvesting; Jordan Jordan Fund: Compensation Environment its damage to the environmental reviewed the influx especially from resources, natural of 1990- Wars after the Gulf of refugees, this 1991 and 2003. In 2005, following June of the United Council the Governing assessment, awarded Commission Compensation Nations the funding towards million US$160.6 Jordan of its terrestrial and restoration rehabilitation the had been damaged by that ecosystem implementation Project in-migration. refugee started a from it is understood in 2011 and in September representatives with MOA meeting this fund US$135 million of roughly 2013 that cut-off of ECF the by used date be to remains towards directed been has money ECF 2025. habitats of rangeland supporting the restoration ECF cooperative The and conserving wildlife. on focuses MOE, the by developed programme, the following: achieve and aims to the Badia area JEF was launched in July 2011 and since then has in July 2011 and since launched JEF was or ecological new for applications been receiving sustainable projects. • Raising awareness in environmentally friendly environmentally in • Raising awareness its socio and demonstrating technology importance. economic • Strengthening agency cooperation to support agency to • Strengthening cooperation sustainability;environmental and, • Promoting investment in environmentally in environmentally investment • Promoting initiatives encouraging and friendly technology the quality of local sustainable improve to products;

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 68 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 69 Website http://www.badiafund.gov. jo/en

http://www.mohe.gov.jo/ Mohe/tabid/36/language/ en-US/Default.aspx Maximum Grant Size Fund has roughly has roughly Fund US$135 million be to remaining 2018. used by Jordanian researchers JEF started end of July 2011. for Applications funding being received.

Targets Academic staff staff Academic - and gradu research ate students Jordanian researchers. Academic staff staff Academic - and gradu research ate students Areas Related Research Research Related - environ Agricultural, and tourism mental project activities. research Funds land combat to and degradation conserve biodiversity in the Badia as well as studies on the impactpotential of change on climate land resources. towards Assistance - tech environmental - environmen nology, tal sustainability and awareness. raising projects for Funding promote help to that energy, renewable effi- pursue energy ciency diversify and to sources. energy Management of Management bio-ecosystems, conservation of genetic endangered deserti- resources, and control fication mitigation, drought impacts of climate and change on water environment of areas on Emphasis and interest national energy, e.g. priority, energy renewable and water. activitiesResearch be funded either may directly or through implementation contain projects that components. research - Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

JEF receives funding from the funding from JEF receives and dona- grants public budget, public organisations tions from as a as well and donor agencies, variety of other sources. agency JREEF is a public-private the private encourage aims to that en- in renewable invest sector to GHG emissions. reduce and to ergy - produc of rangeland Restoration biomass in plant tivity; increase species and production, plant pre-Gulf to levels; diversity Crisis of welfare social promoting and, Badia communities. is to mission of HFDJB The establish sustainable development Badia through in the Jordanian active participationthe local of and the implemen- communities social of environmental, tation activities, while and economic and respecting the maintaining and habits. culture prevailing plications domains. plications promote, is to mission of DARs The of the development facilitate encourage, academic research, as as well regulate coordinate, support in all means the different of research. kinds (a) secure to Goals of the EPF are support- funds to the govern social environmental, ment‘s policies; and (b) and economic in the MOE investment stimulate sector in Jordan. environmental The fund aims to develop human develop aims to fund The - and infrastruc resources research country's boost the in a bid to ture in environment competitive ap and tech water, ecological,

CC BD, CC, CD CC, BD, CD CC, BD, CD CC, BD, BD, CC, CD CC, BD, BD, CC, CD CC, BD, CD CC, BD, Area Funding Sources Funding Scientific Research Scientific Research Support Fund/ Ministry of Higher Education The Hashemite Fund Fund Hashemite The of Development for Badia the Jordanian Environment Jordan Fund Renewable Jordan and Energy Energy Fund Efficiency Environment Environment Compensation Fund Environmental Environmental Fund Protection Deanships of Research Academic Universities at Policy-oriented National Priority Research Topics in Climate Change, Biodiversity and Combating and Combating Biodiversity Change, in Climate Topics Priority Research Policy-oriented National Source: 2013). Supplemented the MOE (February and by the UNDP/GEF DesertificationPrepared (2013-2020). by additional information. project was conservation work for the Dana the conservationproject was for work sustainable Reserve, promoted which Wildlife activities and such as ecotourism development farming as part organic management first of the Dana With reserve in Jordan. a wildlife plan for of funded the rehabilitation GEF also as a model, Azraq The project reduced Azraqthe wetlands. extraction into water the balance and recycled of in a revival resulted which ponds and marshes, biodiversity. part of the area’s a Small Grants also been operating GEF have which 1992, since Jordan in (SGP) Programme and NGOs for funding providing on focuses key the 2002, to Up communityorganisations. for then, the focus Since on biodiversity. was focus degradation land has shiftedSGP allocations to Phase Operational into and SLM. SGP is moving areas focal June 2014) with the following 6 (from as key priorities):(the first two • Persistent organic pollutants in the Jordan Valley; Valley; in the Jordan pollutants organic • Persistent • Biodiversity; and, change. • Climate a maximum funding up to SGP provides The typically are of US$50,000, although grants Each US$28,000 - US$43,000. between allocated roughly to US$200,000 is allocated roughly year takes process approval grant The projects. ten a by with funding approved six months up to and approvals Committee Steering National Of priorities. national those towards oriented through grants received successfully have that further the for 40% reapply some grants SGP, year. following policy-level and significant EU has provided The towards is directed support that Jordan strategic for and sustainable development, democratisation, projects EU the of Most diversification. economic partnership in implemented been with have has supported the MOA FAO MOPIC and MOSD. and action plan strategy a national in developing as funding a as well management, drought for Bank World The management. forest for strategy has had a long history with Jordan of cooperation and has supported of SLM-related a wide range such as the Conservation of Herbal programmes, • International water resources (Aqaba and Jordan Valley); Jordan and (Aqaba resources water International • • Sustainable land management; International Donor Agency International Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development To date, only the UNDP has provided direct only the UNDP has provided date, To framework, UNCCD under the resources financial GEF has been initial studies. principally for projects biodiversity several in funding involved World in conjunction with the and, in Jordan and Bank,co-funded Badia Ecosystem the (BELP) (see brief description Project Livelihoods in Section of a GEF-funded example 5.6). Another Multilateral Multilateral Donor Agency Funding: Multilateral longstanding provided donor agencies have project support SLM and for in Jordan have Those agencies that desertification projects. been the most active environmental in assisting included the EU, have in Jordan programmes for International Union Bank/IMF, World the Arab (IUCN), UNDP, Conservation of Nature Development, Agricultural for Organization for Fund International FAO, UN UNEP, UNESCO, Care GEF and (IFAD), Development Agricultural Fund Council Gulf Cooperation The International. Jordan also be an importantmay source. future 2011, which was in May join the GCC applied to membership accession for and a plan approved, is in place. A comprehensive summary of potential A comprehensive projects for donor funding sources international the to relevant those for especially Jordan, in 7.2. in Figure provided is Rio Conventions, three has been an there each of the Conventions For link and to research emphasis on the need for change, the effects of climate mitigating this to slowing and biodiversity, loss of the reducing to of desertification.the rate Funding donor agency international The community in types different provided has traditionally Jordan softof project support of grants, in the form and direct budget assistance technical loans, conservation and support environmental for funding can be sub-dividedThis SLM projects. and bilateral donor agencies multilateral into of foreign A review agencies. aid national or that 2009 showed in commitments assistance World the USA, from donors were top Jordan’s to Donor will refer agencies Bank, France. and sectoral national and NDP, Agenda, National the prioritieson deciding when plans and strategies financial assistance. for 7.6

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 70 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 71 Website - http://www.akglobalfoun dation.org/ Maximum Grant Size Targets wastewater treatment facilities, and community and facilities, treatment wastewater demand management. in water involvement its activities on water- concentrated GIZ has conservation, resource environmental related JICA has also degradation. and land protection financial and technical significant provided variety a namely water of sectors, for assistance development, agricultural and wastewater, family planning protection, environmental tourism and health, industrial development, and poverty JICA’s development alleviation. focus to has tended programme environmental conservation, development, resource water on focus with a demand management and recycling the community level. at amount total The Donor Trends: Assistance Foreign donor by Jordan to allocated assistance of foreign million US$1374.7 to agencies in 2009 amounted 2008). In with US$1137.5 million in (compared US$615.52 was assistance foreign 2004, total of the amount years five in Consequently, million. doubled. than more has aid donor international grants between Inbreakdown the of terms US$697.85 to amounted and soft grants loans, 2008), in million US$719 with (compared million soft increased loans for whilst in 2009 the total (in US$418.5 million US$676.85 million from to 2008). In fact, 2004-2009, soft between loans whilst five-fold period, during that increased 50% (MOPIC, 2010). roughly by grew grants trend has been an increasing there Furthermore, support the state for towards assistance in foreign aid 25% of total be around to budget (estimated deficits and significant cover to in 2009) in order support to public sector reforms. Areas Related Research Research Related Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

The A&KGF supports A&KGF projects The in four the world throughout conserva general - areas: key tion; community conservation preservation wildlife education; and historical and research; protection. monument

Area CD BD, CC, Funding Sources Funding Abercrombie & Kent & Kent Abercrombie Global Foundation (A&KGF) Aid from the USA has increased significantly significantly the USA has increased from Aid in programme duringUSAID the and 2004-2009 funding in five top the in ranks currently Jordan In 2007, US$254 million agency. that for levels 2008 and by USAID, by Jordan to provided was US$363.5 million, or one-third to this increased Given year. that for assistance foreign total of been the most critical have resources water that this has been development, aspect of Jordan’s donor much of the bilateral for the prime focus USAID has financed Thus, activity. funding community action projects dealing with water socio-economicconservation and alternative which included the construction livelihoods, central of low-cost and low-maintenance There are a are There Donor Agency Funding: Bilateral donor agencies or bilateral number of national projects in funded environmental have that States the United included have These Jordan. (USAID), Development International Agency for Japanese Agency (AFD), Development the French Agency (JICA), the International Cooperation Bank (KfW),German Development the Swedish Agency Cooperation International Development the Canadian Dhabi Fund, the Abu (SIDA), the Agency (CIDA), International Development formerly (GIZ, German International Cooperation DepartmentGTZ), the UK International for and the Fund, the Kuwait (DFID), Development Agency Danish International Development (DANIDA). and Medicinal Plants Project and the Jordan and the Jordan Project and Medicinal Plants in Management Project Ecosystem Integrated GEF with (implemented Valley Riftthe Jordan and RSCN). Figure 7.2 – Potential International Donor Funding Sources for SLM Sources Donor International Funding 7.2 – Potential Figure Website http://www.biodiversa. org/ http://www.humboldt- foundation.de http://www.mellon.org/ - http://www.conservation leadership programme.org/ http://www.fbbva.es/ TLFU/tlfu/esp/microsites/ premios/fronteras/index. jsp http://twas.ictp.it/prog/ meetings/support-for- international-scientific- meetings http://www.aaas.org/ Maximum Grant Size Over US$200 Over million each awarded year US$12,500 Targets Individuals and organisations - national of any ity. - Areas Related Research Research Related Thematic areas include areas Thematic and conservaecology - climate tion biology; change; and develop cooperation. ment Biodiversity dynamics; solutions innovative conserva the use, - for tion and sustain- of able management biological resources. Research fellowships fellowships Research awards and research to researchers allow to Germany to come on a research work with project together - a host and collabora partner. tive Supports- initia with long time tives horizons - Main Focus

The BP Conservation Program Program BP Conservation The have teams that to awards offers with leader- been identified biodiversity for ship potential developing conservation and are small-scale through their skills practical conservation projects. The BBVA Foundation awards awards Foundation BBVA The and innovative recognize in several advances fundamental and culture, of science, areas collaboration. - research BiodivERsA encourages countries in different ers working - pursue projects on an inter to than national rather national the provides network The scale. focus and networking funding, opportunities biodiversity for on efficiently work to researchers a variety of projects. The Foundation makes grants grants makes Foundation The museums in higher education, and art conservation, perform- ing arts, conservation and the and scholarly environment, and information communications technology. The Foundation supports foreign Foundation The and academics, students, during their doctoral candidates it promotes and in Germany stay between academic cooperation and scholars German scientists abroad. from Initiatives AAAS International goals, support strategic three - inter which serve promote: to cooperation; scientific national capacity-building and workforce and sustainable enhancements; development. TWAS makes grants to support to grants makes TWAS of high- the organisation and regional international level activities scientific in developing financial offering by countries work conferences, for assistance and special symposia, shops, meetings held in these countries.

BD CC CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CD BD, CC, Area Funding Sources Funding BP Conservation BP Conservation Program American Association American Association of the Advancement for Science (AAAS) -- Foundation BBVA of in Frontiers Awards Knowledge BiodivERsA European BiodivERsA European Biodiversity Observa- tion Network Alexander von Hum- von Alexander boldt Foundation Mellon W. Andrew Foundation Academy of Sciences for of Sciences for Academy the World Developing for -- Grants (TWAS) Meetings. International Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 72 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 73 - Website http://www.cepf.net/ Pages/default.aspx http://www.cargill.com/ corporate-responsibility/ community-engagement/ charitable-giving/ corporate-giving/ index.jsp http://conservationre search.wordpress.com/ www.conservation.org/ http://cfhfoundation. grantsmanagement08. com/ Maximum Grant Size Over US$200 Over million each awarded year. US$5,000 Generally US$25,000 or less - Targets From small From agencies to international organizations. Regional, Regional, and national global nonprof its and NGOs. Organisations and individuals Governments, nonprofit organisations, universities, and businesses, - local communi ties Organisations whose activi- directof are ties and immediate to benefit developing countries. - Areas Related Research Research Related Target direct global Target ben- environmental efits. Supports research that Supports that research be ineligible for might - conven funding from tional sources strategic, Provide technical financial and support, and research Field assistance technical conserve to help that and ecosystems biological protect and technical diversity, in training scientific conservation and pro tection of resources. - - Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

A joint initiative between between initiative A joint The Conservation International, - Facil Global Environment the MacArthur Foundation ity, Bank. SupportsWorld and the projects such as managing of and coordinating areas protected training; corridors; biodiversity trans-boundary prior- planning; ity build- setting and consensus indigenous ing; strengthening and facilitating organisations; partnerships the private between areas. sector and protected The Conservation, Food and Food Conservation, The supports Foundation Health primary in three programmes conservation, fields of interest: and health. Conservation food, ecological help improve grants in conditions and environmental world. the developing The Foundation awards seed seed awards Foundation The conserva- promote money to use of tion and enlightened resources; natural renewable in research related encourage deepen the biological sciences; - understanding of the relation man and the ships between the and address environment; of overpopulation. problem is International Conservation applies in- that a corporation economics, in science, novations and policy and community and participation plant protect to Its mission is to animal diversity. living herit- conserve the Earth’s and to global biodiversity, age, human socie that demonstrate harmoniously live able to ties are with nature. Cargill supports programs to supports to programs Cargill supply and food a safe ensure stew responsible demonstrate resources. of natural ardship

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD BD CC, BD, CD BD, CC, Area CD BD, Funding Sources Funding Conservation and and Conservation Foundation Research - Interna Conservation tional (CI) and Food, Conservation, Foundation Health - Part Ecosystem Critical (CEPF) nership Fund Cargill Corporate Giving Corporate Cargill Website http://www.earthwatch. org/ http://darwin.defra.gov. uk/ http://www.energyglobe. - com/en/award-partici pation/ http://dubai-award. dm.gov.ae http://www.packard.org/ (http://www.giz.de/en/ home.html Maximum Grant Size Average of Average US$85,000 US$10000 No limit No € 1.8 million supportson 17 average projects per year. Targets Individuals, Individuals, organisations, and NGOs, government agencies. Private sector Private International, International, or national, regional organisations. Areas Related Research Research Related Ecosystem ser- Ecosystem change, climate vices, and cultural oceans, heritage. Sustainable use of resources. natural Capacity building, Capacity building, research, training, the to projects related - Biodiversity Conven - tion, and environ and education mental awareness. - Main Focus

The Energy Globe Award is Globe Award Energy The conserve and projects that for or that resources, natural protect energy. renewable employ via the Clean trading Carbon Mechanism (CDM), Development selling of polluting through gases to of greenhouse rights and governments international companies. Earthwatch supportsEarthwatch long-term that research field scientific most pressing tackles the world’s Every problems. environmental grants awards Earthwatch year £3.8 million (US $6 of over million) in support of as many projects around as 70 research the world. The DIABP was established to established to DIABP was The the best practices with recognize the impactpositive on improving in- These living environment. which initiatives clude successful and a demonstrable 1) have tangible impact on improving the quality 2) are of life; people’s partnerships of effective result and private, the public, between civic sectors of society; and 3) are economically, culturally, socially, sustainable. and environmentally Objectives are to stimulate sus- stimulate to Objectives are tainable production processes, while conserving biodiversity and support level grassroots in in- with active role initiatives and advocacy. lobby ternational GIZ projects include economic and governance development; - reconstruc democracy; security, health and security, tion, food - and environ basic education; resource protection, mental conservation, and climate change mitigation. The Darwin funds partThe Initiative - UK institutions nerships between in develop and institutions biodiversity for ing countries conservation and sustainable use of resources.

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC CC BD, CC BD, CD BD, CC, BD, CD BD, Area BD - Funding Sources Funding Energy Globe Award for for Globe Award Energy Sustainability David and Lucile Pack and Lucile David Foundation ard - Protec Environmental tion Fund Earthwatch Institute Earthwatch Deutsche Gesellschaft - Zusam Internationale menarbeit (GIZ) Dubai International Best for Practices Award (DIABP) Darwin Initiative: Research Conservation and Capacity Building Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 74 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 75 - Website http://www.fondationbio diversite.fr/ http://www.cirad.fr/ - http://www.fondation ensemble.org/concourira. php http://www.fordfound.org/ http://www.semide. net/thematicdirs/ news/2011/03/call-dem- - onstration-projects-sus tainable-water-integrated- management Maximum Grant Size Budget of €214 million in 2010 Targets Research Research centres, universities, international organisations, - and research ers. Research Research centres, universities, international organisations, - and research ers. Small NGOs, Small NGOs, and other non-profit organisations. - cent Research - universi ers, NGOs, ties, international and national organisations, researchers. - govern NGOs, agencies, ment and institutes in universities EU countries ENPI- and, South countries (includes Jordan). Areas Related Research Research Related Research and trials, and trials, Research dissemina- training, tion of information, and innovation, appraisals Promotes conservation Promotes and wise use of forests in and woodlands - and subtropi tropical cal countries. the reduce to Projects of of consumption rate and/ resources natural - or pollution, protec tion of the natural projects environment, or creating aimed at - environ increasing awareness. mental Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

The FRB funds proposals in biodi- FRB funds proposals The FRB at Projects research. versity institutions, French led by are international open to and are participation. CIRAD is a French agricultural agricultural CIRAD is a French with working center research natural issues, environmental and the management, resource main global issues concerning agriculture. Foundation Ensemble supports Ensemble Foundation implement individuals that projects in developing innovative the fight reconcile to countries - against poverty with environ protection. mental is working Foundation Ford The policies that flawed address to can limit poor people›s access they resources the natural to land depend on and can foster Grants and conflict. speculation advocacy, support research, among organisations networking increase to and communication activities and training awareness socially just cli- plus promoting meet change policies that mate poor. the needs of the rural - com for ETFRN is a forum European between munication EU in- researchers, organisations, concerned and others stitutions, and subtropical with tropical ETFRN is not a research. forest but they funding organization funding relevant links to provide ETFRN provides information. web- relevant to easy access such on topics based information water, forests, change, as climate and biodiversity. - govern water are areas Focus change; and climate water ance; demand water financing; water and efficiency;management municipal municipal waste; and industrial wastewater; emissions.

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, Area CC - - Funding Sources Funding Foundation Ensemble Foundation for Foundation French Biodiversity Research Ford Foundation Ford Agricultural French for Center Research Develop International ment European Tropical - For Tropical European Network est Research (ETFRN) European Commission Commission European Manage Water (EC) -- - in the Mediter ment ranean. Website - http://www.climatefund supdate.org/listing/gef- trust-fund - http://www.monell vetlesen.org/vetlesen/ default.htm http://www.ideawild.org/ - http://www.gbif.org/com munications/news-and- events/ebbe-nielsen-prize/ http://sgp.undp.org/ http://www.ffem.net Maximum Grant Size Grants range range Grants US$10,000 from over to US$1million. US$1,500 US$30,000 Average grant grant Average >€1million & averaged about 12% of project total cost. Targets Individuals of nationality. any Researchers Educational Educational and scientific institutions, and a few conservation NGOs. Research uni- centres, NGOs, versities, international and national organisations, researchers. - Interna national, tional, and regional, local institutions. Areas Related Research Research Related Measures that mini- that Measures change mise climate reducing damage by the risk, or the adverse of climate effects, change. The FGEF supports FGEF The and - protec the promotes tion and conservation - of the global environ in developing ment - coun and transition Majority of total tries. project funding should other sources be from (including locally). - - - Main Focus

Idea Wild provides equipment equipment provides Wild Idea and supplies in support of conservation in biodiversity countries developing The Global- Biodiversity Informa The the Ebbe administers tion Facility - a prom to awarded Nielsen Prize who combines ising researcher and biological biosystematics informatics. diversity GEF’s Small Grants Program aims Program Small Grants GEF’s environmental global deliver to FocalAreas benefits in the GEF conservation, of biodiversity pro change mitigation, climate waters, tection of international of land degradation prevention (primarily desertification and and elimination deforestation), pollutants organic of persistent community-based through approaches. area Change GEF Climate help develop objective is to and in transition ing countries the overall to contribute to The objective of the UNFCCC. fund does not support strictly sup but may projects, research a research port have projects that component. - Founda Vetlesen G. Unger The marine for grants tion makes conservation, earthand ocean and change, climate sciences, Most management. wildlife their have recipients grant in the USA. principal offices The FGEF supports FGEF The and promotes and conservation the protection in of the global environment - coun and transition developing Majority project of total tries. other funding should be from (including locally). sources

BD CC BD CC, BC, CD BC, CC, CC, BD CC, CC Area Funding Sources Funding Global Biodiversity Facility: Information - in Biosystem Research atics GEF & UNDP Small (SGP) Program Grants Idea Wild: Equipment Equipment Wild: Idea in Support- of Conserva tion Research GEF Trust Fund - Climate - Climate Fund Trust GEF Area Focal Change G. Unger Vetlesen Vetlesen G. Unger Research Foundation: Grants - Global Environ French Facility ment Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 76 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 77 Website http://www.bmu- klimaschutzinitiative.de/ en/news http://www.ifs.se/ https://www.innocentive. - com/ar/challenge/over view/9932695 http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev- 54473-201-1-DO_TOPIC. html http://www.bmu- klimaschutzinitiative.de/ en/news Maximum Grant Size US$1,000 to US$1,000 to US$10,000 Targets Scientists at the Scientists at beginning of their research careers. Researchers In developing In developing and newly industrialised countries, as as well in countries transition economies. Areas Related Research Research Related Support climate measures, protection adaptabili- improving ty consequences the to change, of climate and conserving and using climate-relevant which merit areas protection. Thematic areas include areas Thematic - and conser biodiversity and agriculture vation; and water sciences; food forestry; soil resources; products; ma- natural animal rine resources; husbandry; and several others. Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

The IDRC provides funding for funding for IDRC provides The developing from applied research IDRC and Canada. countries and biodiversity for grants makes needs of the genetic resources; and in degraded poor who live adapta- ecosystems; fragile change; and climate tion to to other themes related several conservation. for Foundation IFS (International young to grants Science) makes - universi to attached scientists institu- research national ties, and research-oriented tions, countries. NGOs in developing 250 new grants over Normally, in a large made each year are in number of eligible countries and the Middle East, Asia, Africa, America. Latin The International Climate Climate International The climate (ICI) finances Initiative and projects in developing countries, newly industrialized in transition as countries as well ICI focuses on The economies. a climate-friendly promoting climate for measures economy, the and for change adaptation or sustainable use preservation of carbon reservoirs/Reducing Deforestation from Emissions (REDD) Degradation and Forest In collaboration with the World World with the In collaboration InnoCentive Institute, Resources the best ideas for awards makes platforms on communication connect with that communities organisations public and private community problems regarding change. climate to related - Environ German Federal The Ministryment supports climate projects in developing protection - the Interna through countries Initiative. tional Climate

BD BD, CC BD, CC, BD CC, CC Area CC - Funding Sources Funding - -- Com InnoCentive from munications About Communities Change. Climate International Climate Climate International - (Previ Initiative as the ously known Climate International Initiative) Protection - Founda International Science: tion for for Grants Research Professionals Young International Develop International Center: Research ment and Grants Research Fellowships Information Climate Climate Information Initiative - Website http://www.thelawrence foundation.org/ http://www.leverhulme. ac.uk/ http://www.jrsbdf.org/v3/ home.asp http://www.jica.go.jp/ english/index.html http://www.kfas.org http://www.ifs.se/ Maximum Grant Size Average Average about award US$12,000 Typically £250,000 over or three two Some years. funded for £250,000 to a £500,000 for period of up to years. five >US$1 million US$12,00 be (may renewed twice). - Targets Researchers Universities in the UK and countries in the where, opinion of the Board, Trust of the provision fund- research ing is seriously limited. Non-profit Non-profit institutions. JICA conducts assessments with the government of the partner country. Regional and national and researchers institutions. Young develop Young ing country scientists. Areas Related Research Research Related The grants provide provide grants The support the for salaries of research staff engaged on plus as- the project, directly costs sociated the research to related proposed. JICA topics include: include: JICA topics gender, governance; in developing women poverty countries, - reduction, environ management, mental environment natural conservation, educa - energy, tion, water, and economic mining, policy. Environmental The Program Research - focus is on environ sustainability, mental conservation, and of management biodiversity. Can be used to be used to Can tools basic purchase conductneeded to project: a research - expend equipment, and able supplies, literature. - Main Focus

The Trust makes awards for the for awards makes Trust The and educa- support of research individuals tion. It emphasizes all subjectand encompasses financial provide Awards areas. and support innovative for projects of high original research the choice quality and potential, of theme and the design of the with the lying entirely research applicant. The foundation is focused foundation The support to grants on making educational, environmental, health, human services, and Both programme other causes. made. are grants and operating geographic do not have They restrictions on grants. The JICA works to promote eco promote to JICA works The in nomic and social development JICA works countries. developing cooperation technical through programs, trainee projects, aid, grant studies, development citizen disaster, emergency relief participation, and follow-up participation. promote Goal is to KFAS technological and scientific, within the intellectual progress and the region. of Kuwait State Supports in basic and research applied sciences. - Founda Biodiversity J.R.S. The tion supports focus projects that synthesising, on collecting, biodiversity and disseminating focus is biodiversity The data. and technology informatics, collecting for and approaches biological- informa interpreting tion. IFS (International Foundation Foundation IFS (International council of Science) is a research operations with international build the and the mission to capacityscientific of developing to related in sciences countries of the sustainable management resources. biological and water

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD Area Funding Sources Funding Leverhulme Trust Leverhulme Japanese International Japanese International Agency Cooperation for Foundation Kuwait of the Advancement Sciences Foundation Lawrence - Biodiversity Foun J.R.S. on Research dation: Biodiversity Informatics - Founda International tion of Science (IFS) Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 78 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 79 Website - http://www.mbzspeciescon servation.org/ - http://www.national geographic.com/explorers/ - grants-programs/conserva tion-trust/ http://www.macfound. org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/ b.3599935/k.1648/ John_D__Catherine_T_ MacArthur_Foundation. htm - http://www.lindbergh foundation.org/docs/index. php/our-grants http://www.unesco. org/new/en/natural- sciences/environment/ ecologicalsciences/man- andbiosphere-programme/ awards-and-prizes/ - http://www.mava-founda tion.org/index.html - http://www.levinsonfoun dation.org Maximum Grant Size US$15,000 to US$15,000 to US$20,000 US$50,000 to US$50,000 to US$1,5 million Up to US$25,000 US$10,00 US$5,000 US$10,000 to US$20,000 Targets Organisations Organisations and individuals. Citizens of all Citizens are countries eligible to apply. Young researchers. - Interna national, tional, and regional, local institutions. Individuals and groups. - Areas Related Research Research Related Supports projects focused on all kinds and animal of plant species. Fund offers access access offers Fund scientists young for women) (especially research advanced to facilities. the to Funding includes environment - of ecosys protection and biological tems alternative diversity; and conversion energy the oil economy; from agriculture, alternative eco and local green nomic development. - Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

The trust fund supports trust The - conser projects and individuals vation to contribute who significantly and sustainable preservation and cultural, use of biological, resources. historical Broad range of topics including of topics range Broad land- large conservation across scapes and seascapes and building local institutional capacity in and civil society for government conservation. biodiversity spe for grants provides Fund The recognize cies conservation; to leaders in the field of species elevate conservation; and to the importance of species in the conservation debate. Funds grants to develop a more a more develop to grants Funds in sustainable world, ecological abil- a greater which people have ity and opportunity determine to the future. directions for MAB provides awards in support awards provides MAB - natu on ecosystems, of research and biodiversity. resources ral is focused on the program The of or preservation management - and success the environment of biosphere ful management reserves. Nature for Foundation Mava The - train research, for grants makes management and integrated ing, of the biodiversity maintain to - ecosys and aquatic terrestrial priorities for Its funding tems. the are world the developing Basin the and Mediterranean Africa. West of zone coastal The Charles A. and Anne Morrow Morrow A. and Anne Charles The makes Foundation Lindbergh and education research for grants conservation of in agriculture, minimi- waste resources, natural and other themes. zation,

BD CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD BD BD Area CD BD, CC, Funding Sources Funding National Geographic Geographic National Society Conservation Trust Mohamed bin Zayed Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Research Wildlife Fund: and Conservation Man and the Biosphere Man and the Biosphere Young (MAB)/ Program Scientists Awards - Con Foundation: Mava and servation Research Capacity Building (West - and Mediter Africa ranean) Levinson Max and Anna Foundation McArthur Foundation and Sus- Conservation tainable Development Lindbergh Foundation. Lindbergh - Website http://www.nsf.gov/ funding/pgm_summ. jsp?pims_id=503618 http://www.nato.int/ science http://www.ofid.org/ http://www.ptes.org/ http://www.nationalgeo graphic.com/field/grants- programs/ http://www.climate.noaa. gov/opportunities/ http://www.nserc-crsng. gc.ca/ Maximum Grant Size Typically up to up to Typically US$100,000 per year. £2,000 to £10,000 US$12,000 to US$12,000 to US$20,000 US$50,000 and US$200,000 per year. Targets Universities, in- Universities, and stitutions, researchers. Scientific and researchers conservation in the workers - UK and interna tionally. Universities, Universities, non-profits, and scientific firms, research labs. research Canadian institutions - and research plus ers, special funds to international and researchers institutions. - - Areas Related Research Research Related Biodiversity discovery. Sustainable develop is a priority. ment Surveys and research of endangered - applied con wildlife; servation in the field; and environmental education. Funds high-priority Funds science, climate decision assessments, support research, education, outreach, and capacity-building activities. security, Energy issues, environmental of water management and non-renewable desertifica - resources, and tion, land erosion, sustainable develop ment. ------Main Focus

port food assistance, of technical to and contributes research, aid, of other develop the resources lutionary history in of organisms systems. natural in sup grants provides fund, The institutions whose work ment countries, benefits developing Endangered for Trust Peoples The of pro on a range Species takes - and threat jects endangered for ened species and their habitats in the UK and worldwide. The Systematics and Biodiversity Systematics The supportsScience Cluster research understanding of advances that and evo systems, the diversity, The SPS Program supports SPS Program The technicalpractical and scientific scientists among cooperation its and and experts NATO from grants SPS offers The partners. partner in NATO scientists to Dialogue and Mediterranean is among these (Jordan countries on collaborate to countries) topics. priority research op A number of international through portunities available are and scholarship pro NSERC grant through facilitated or are grams, with other research agreements in Canada funding organizations NSERC has and in other countries. projects basic research, invested partnerships involving between postsecondary and institutions and the training. industry, NOAA conducts and supportsNOAA observa - research, climate information modeling, tions, assessments, management, decision supportinterdisciplinary education, outreach, research, partnershipand stakeholder development. The National Geographic Society Geographic National The grants hundred several awards exploration, for each year The and conservation. research, programs Society's grant-making support- conser in wildlife work marine biology, ecology, vation, and sustainable agriculture, themes. other environmental

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC Area Funding Sources Funding - Interna for OPEC Fund tional Development Natural Sciences and Natural Research Engineering (NSERC) Council - Endan for Trust Peoples Wildlife Species: gered Conservation, Research, Education National Oceanic and National - Adminis Atmospheric Climate (NOAA) tration Office Program - Science for NATO and Security Peace (SPS) Program and NSF - Systematics Biodiversity Science Cluster National Geographic Geographic National Society: for Grants Field Conservation Studies Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 80 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 81 Website http://www.swbg-conser- vationfund.org/ http://www.sida.se/ English/ http://www.ramsar.org/ cda/ramsar/display/main/ main.jsp?zn=ramsar& cp=1-63-68-59_4000_0_ - http://www.rockefeller foundation.org/ http://www.rgs.org/ HomePage.htm http://www.rufford.org/ http://www.nacsj.or.jp/pn/ Maximum Grant Size US$15,000 to US$15,000 to US$25,000 US$40,000 Various £500 to £15,000 £20,000 to £30,000 ¥50,000 to ¥50,000 to ¥150,000 - Targets Non-profit Non-profit organisations and accredited universities and research centres. ap Joint plication with Swedish researchers. Individuals, Individuals, government and agencies, NGOs. Organisations - and research ers. Individuals go (most grants - UK nation to Societyals, and/ members, or students UK at registered universities). Small to medium-sized organisations. Applications Applications outside from Japan need to referrals have a scientist/ by environment in Japan. group Areas Related Research Research Related The long-term goal long-term The to contribute is to mutual scientific and socioeconomic of the development involved countries funding of through research collaborative projects of high qualityscientific and mutual relevance. Climate change and its Climate effects on developing countries. surveys; Ecological studies of particular climate environments; change; and others. - Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

The SeaWorld and Busch Gardens and Busch Gardens SeaWorld The is a non- Fund Conservation for charitable organization profit Fund The conservation. wildlife species focuses on international protection; habitat research; and rehabilitation; animal rescue and conservation education. Links Research Swedish The research foster seeks to Program in researchers ties between in with researchers Sweden Asia, and North the Middle East and other (MENA), region Africa the from Researchers countries. must submit involved countries on projects of applications joint Grants Research mutual interest. three for normally awarded are are and Planning Grant years) for is awarded Funding one year. both basic and applied research. The Royal Geographical Society Royal The geographical for grants makes teach- and fieldwork, research, essentially themes are Grant ing. the all aspects history, of natural and interactions world, physical with human populations. is an Foundation Rufford The trust grant-making independent Foundation The based in the UK. funding on nature concentrates conservation projects in develop ing countries. The Ramsar support Small Grants The conserva- projects in wetlands tion and wise use in developing countries. is a Foundation Rockefeller The - global foun knowledge-based, to with a commitment dation and enrich and sustain the lives of poor and excluded livelihoods the world. people throughout The Pro Natura Fund grants grants Fund Natura Pro The in include survey research support of species conservation; on research research; ecological research; alien species; wildlife - of environ and dissemination (books, knowledge mental etc.). websites,

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD, CD BD, BD CC BD, CD BD, CC Area BD Funding Sources Funding Swedish Research Links Research Swedish (SIDA) Program Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller Geographical Royal Society: for Grants Field Conservation Studies Foundation Rufford and Busch SeaWorld Conservation Gardens Research Wildlife Fund: and Conservation Ramsar Small Grants Fund Pro Natura Fund: Fund: Natura Pro and Research Wildlife Conservation Website http://www.grants.gov/ search/search. do?mode= VIEW&oppId=92473 http://www.toyota- global.com/sustainability/ corporate_citizenship/ - environment/toyota_en - vironmental_activi ties_grant_program/ http://www.dfg.de/ http://www.daad.de/ http://www.idrc.ca http://www.isdb.org/ http://www.sdc.admin.ch/ Maximum Grant Size Targets Open to appli- Open to in Japan, cants - and interna tional partners in collaboration with Japanese groups. Young Young researchers. Scholars from all disciplines and countries. Researchers Associations - and govern ments. Public and pri- Public partners. vate Areas Related Research Research Related Climate change, water, water, change, Climate - environ ecosystems, economics, mental and demand, water management. Climate change and change and Climate environment. Main Focus

The themes are biodiversity biodiversity themes are The to conservation and measures global warming. counter Grants Water USAID-MENA has a applied training, for Program and information research, transform to dissemination and management, policy, water capabilities within the Middle and NorthEast Africa. The Islamic Development Bank Development Islamic The development economic fosters of member and social progress - and Muslim com countries as munities individually as well with the in accordance jointly principles of Shariah (Islamic Bank has equityThe capital Law). projects loans for and provides and provides and enterprises to member financial assistance and social economic for countries development. IDRC supports research in IDRC supports research promote to countries developing The and development. growth focused on IDRC funds research povertyreducing and creating and resources to equitable access applied research The services. - exist funded directly addresses in problems ing or emerging countries. developing - Foun Research DFG (German The in all research promotes dation) - and the humani fields of science Scientific and academic ties. the advancement for excellence, - Interdisci researchers. of young plinary are and internationality of DFG. in the work elements key supports- DAAD the interna The and of students tional exchange are programs Funding scholars. all disci- scholars from open to in the world plines and countries Germany. or from visits to for SDC’s development cooperation cooperation development SDC’s activities building sustain- aim at so countries ability in developing can be helped to countries that help themselves.

CC, BD CC, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CD BD, CC, Area CC - Funding Sources Funding - Deutsche Forschun The gsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Agency Inter for U.S. Development national Grants. Water -- MENA - German Aca The Servicedemic Exchange (DAAD) International The Research Development (IDRC) Center Develop Islamic The Bank ment - Corpora Motor Toyota - Environ Toyota tion -- Activities Grants mental Program. Swiss Agency- Devel Swiss for - and Coopera opment tion (SDC) Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 82 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 83 Website http://www.adaptation- fund.org/ - http://www.volkswa genstiftung.de/index. html?L=1 http://www.fundsforngos. org/latest-funds-for-ngos/ usaid-funding-opportu- - nity-biodiversity-under standing-infrastructure- landscape-development- program/ http://darwin.defra.gov. uk/apply/main/ - http://www.protectedar eas.org/ http://portal.unesco.org/ science/en/ev.php-URL_ ID=5879&URL_DO=DO_ TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201. html Maximum Grant Size US$5,000 Targets Government Government organisations include that national ministries, development and institutes, local authorities. Young researchers. Junior and sen- ior scientists. - Areas Related Research Research Related Eligibility for grants grants Eligibility for countries, extends to partywhich are the to with Protocol, Kyoto emphasis on develop are that ing countries particularly vulnerable effects the adverse to change. of climate Research on Research natural ecosystems, and biodi- resources, versity. Main Focus Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

The Volkswagen Foundation Volkswagen The financial supportto aca - provides demic institutions in Germany, and as other countries, as well projects for funding is available Another in all disciplines. important part of its mission is support provide aspiring for to promote academics, young and to exchange, international the structural- enhance condi and higher research tions for education. The Adaptation Fund (AF) makes makes (AF) Fund Adaptation The projects and programs for grants the adverse address that and risks posed by, impacts of, include Themes change. climate resilience increase to measures of droughts, against the threats etc., coastal erosion, flooding, impacts they and the negative fisheries, cause agriculture, for aspects and related supply, water of community livelihoods. UNESCO's Natural Sciences Sector Natural UNESCO's and fellowships, grants, offers environment to related prizes include They and conservation. the Man and the Biosphere Scientists Awards, Young (MAB) other with several together of awards. categories - UK DepartmentThe Environ for Affairs and Rural Food, ment, biodiversity for grants makes in support in- of three research conventions. ternational is a global action PoWPA The - establish comprehen plan to managed and effectively sive, sustainably funded protected in each country. networks area support to In order improved a number of implementation, conservation NGOs, international and the GEF agreed UN agencies, provide to a program develop to for financial assistance targeted implementation. PoWPA USAID funds programs to to programs USAID funds in approaches and test develop - and plan regulatory, the policy, the threat reduce to ning realm to development of infrastructure ecosystems. high-biodiversity

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD BD Area BD - Funding Sources Funding Volkswagen Foundation Volkswagen UK Darwin Initiative. Work of UNDP Program Areas on Protected - Educa Nations United and Scientific, tional, Organization: Cultural and Fellowships Grants Science in Conservation Nations United Convention Framework - Change on Climate Fund Adaptation - Agency Inter for U.S. Development national -- Biodiversity and Develop Infrastructure ("BUILD"). ment Website http://wbi.worldbank.org/ wbi/topic/climate-change http://www.whitleyaward. org/ http://www.vetiver.com/ TVN_vetfund4.htm http://programs. wcs.org/Default. aspx?alias=programs.wcs. org/grants http://www.wgf.org/about Maximum Grant Size Up to £30,000 Up to US$10,000 to US$15,000 US$20,000 US$50,000 average, from range US$2,000 to US$400,000. Targets Programme Programme to prefers support non- NGO, profit, non-academic organisations. Students from from Students developing countries in enrolled a masters, or DVM PhD, programme. Research Research institutions. Areas Related Research Research Related - protec Environmental tion. Research projects Research support the WCS conservationpriorities. support to Projects the Biodiversity global and Convention include areas warming mitiga- adaptation, tion, and capacity building. Natural resources. Natural - - Main Focus

Activities supported the by promote Program Small Grants of dialogue and dissemination about international information These activitiesdevelopment. and conferences most often are special publications, seminars, or other audio-visual materials, efforts networking innovative gener- small organisations that through to fund ally find difficult programme their regular budgets. ness of the serious problems ness of the serious problems facing ecosystems. engages in science, WCS The and the conservation, education, support and aquariums of zoos and of wildlife the protection for is WCS wild lands worldwide. a partner in the Conservation and it also Program, Leadership in the form sponsors small grants fellowships. of research for grants Bank makes World The conserva- sustainability, forest and tion of critical ecosystems, and manage protection related and natural of biodiversity ment resources. Wide range of awards for nature nature for of awards range Wide conservation projects worldwide. aim of the common have They the benefits of wild- promoting conservation to and habitat life in which the local communities Foundation The work. applicants public aware raise also seeks to The Fund supports Fund activitiesThe at level, national the global and local or significant and considers the offering initiatives regional broader leverage to potential or global impact. Bothnational grants. one-year and multi-year

CC, BD, CD BD, CC, CC, BD, CD BD, CC, BD CC, BD CC, Area CD BD, CC, Funding Sources Funding World Bank Small World Program Grants - Conserva Wildlife Wildlife tion Society: - and Conserva Research tion World Bank World - Founda Laing Whitley tion Wallace Global Fund Global Fund Wallace (WGF) Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Policy-oriented National Priority Research Topics in Climate Change, Biodiversity and Combating and Combating Biodiversity Change, in Climate Topics Priority Research Policy-oriented National Source: by 2013). Supplemented by the UNDP/GEF and the MOE (February DesertificationPrepared (2013-2020). additional information.

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 84 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 85 Jordan has been a member of the World Trade Trade World the of member a been has Jordan (WTO) Organization April when 2000 since some or exempt minimise began to the GOJ taxes. friendly products from environmentally has government the In sector, the agricultural were which subsidies, abandoned or reduced agricultural and other fodder to allocated of the membership products Jordan’s prior to WTO. tailored increasingly be could measures Taxation or reductions tax exemptions SLM in so far as to support to nature on incentives focus better could conservation and sustainable environmental of taxes a range to relate could This activities. and sales inheritance, income, levied on land, promote biodiversity, protect to in order taxes IFS The and conservation. sustainable uses, the tax system for some measures recommended sustainability, environmental promote could that such as the following: contribute individuals that for exemptions Tax • support voluntary to to work conservation and sustainability;environmental use businesses that for incentives Tax • friendly technology; environmentally that buildings to • Linking sales tax exemption facilities such as solar panel saving energy have and heat collection devices, water heating, systems; isolation to land activities, rates tax differential • Applying impacts; varying and, which have environmental on electricity taxes consumption. • Additional ecosystem users for Charging Systems: Charging services a means of and products presents conservation. In supporting resource natural can charging example, for areas, protected concession fees, typically include entrance and hunting, attractions, tourism for payments for all levied currently Entryfees are fees. fishing Azraq, Dibeen, (Ajloun, reserves in Jordan nature MujibRum) and Al and Shaumari,Fenan, Dana, and Jordanians US$1.5-US$4.5 for between range depend fees Hunting foreigners. for twice that the and species, the year, the of time the on these from revenue The be hunted. quantity to community assistance, can be used for charges the running of or indeed for marketing, tourism the reserves. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Innovative Sources of Funding Sources Innovative The The Exemptions: and Tax System Taxation in is progressive tax system income Jordanian In levels. rises taxation in line with income that also applies rate tax of form tiered this Jordan, which and sale of property, the registration to although floorspace building with increases from exempted are 120m2 than less of units a sliding scale of taxation is there tax. Similarly, (based on electricity taxes Car consumption. pricing and a vehicle tolls, road size), on engine time and car (depending on location, system to as so implemented been also type)have consumption. petrol reduce Financial Incentives in Water Management: WAJ in Water Incentives Financial in tariff system a progressive has adopted This water. use of wasteful discourage to order 20m3/ to tariffminimum base a with up operates economical an be to considered is which month, the amount, this Beyond consumption. of level depending progressively increases of water price additional Furthermore, of usage. on the level increases. consumption the as added are taxes in effective be quite has been seen to This in the domestic use of water wasteful reducing the IFS report this that noted However, sector. to with regards be reviewed needed to system some is still showing as it sector, the agricultural of charging. form this to ‘resistance’ Economic Mechanisms and Financial Mechanisms and Financial Economic in Jordan Instruments 7.7 IFS report of financial flows The set out a review that concluded and initiatives SLM-related to to a large of financing are sources innovative innovative several are There extent untapped. be could that mechanisms and instruments of these and some SLM in Jordan applicable to described below. are Linking SLM and combating desertificationLinkingto and combating SLM JNAP make help to would poverty alleviation them. to projects attractive more The international and domestic donor domestic and international The role crucial a play clearly would agencies in supporting of the implementation funded already have Many JNAP projects. in Jordan. programmes environmental Conclusions and Recommendations: and Conclusions projects; energy, transport, forestry industry, projects; energy, activities and, matters; management and waste their diversify to countries assist developing to bid this submit a due to are MOPIC economies. a project dealing with money for SCCF for year project would The new irrigation technology. US$2 providing GEF with million US$4.5 cost US$1.5 million (as million, NCARE providing would contributions inputs) and other kind’ ‘in would IFAD of US$1 million. make up the balance example Another agency. be the implementing ‘Adaptation WHO and UNDP SCCF is a in Jordan in which commenced project, Health’ Protect to 2007. the proceeds comprises (AF) Fund Adaptation The transactions of levy adaptation the of share 2% (a Mechanism - CDM). of the Clean Development ‘concrete to finance specifically It created was in projects and programmes’ adaptation Protocol. the Kyoto up to signed that countries of the costs defray to fund is intended This climate actionsadaptive carried reduce out to National change impacts.Jordan’s MOPIC, as manages US$8 the AF, Implementation Entity for during Jordan for has been allocated million that has reportedis it there that However, 2010-2014. one although been little project funding activity, Government has been the UNDP and example resources water for financing of Spain providing climate for adaptation aimed at management River the Zarqa change impacts on focusing basin. to refers This MitigationChange Funds: Climate or GHG emissions, reducing to related the costs them. Mitigation funding enhancing the sinks for countries in helping developing a key role plays environmentally more to transition the make to production and of energy sustainable systems the same time addressing whilst at consumption, priorities security of energy and the development date majority funding to The of climate poverty. activities, mitigation towards has been directed particularly economies emerging in fast-growing and Turkey, such as India, China, South Africa, rapidly. growing are emissions where Mexico, for has been a lack of financing there However, use mitigation which could countries, developing to pursue low-carbon development finance poverty. energy and address pathways Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development These These Funds: Change Adaptation Climate reduce the need to to funds relate adaptation UNFCC climate. the in changes vulnerabilityto amount these changes to for the costs estimates up US$28 billion – US$57 billion per year to for the finance of disbursement The 2030. to funds: five is done through costs adaptation 6.5% of (comprising Fund the Adaptation (15%); Change Alliance funds); Global Climate (23.5%); Pilot Fund Countries Developed Least (44.9%); and, Resilience Climate for Program (10.1%). Change Fund the Special Climate for (SCCF), Fund Change Climate Special The the Marrakesh Accords, from arose example, four lists 2001) and specifically (November activities be supported could that this fund, by namely: technological measures; adaptation The UNFCCC has specific financial instruments has specific financial instruments UNFCCC The climate deal with mechanisms to and economic can Jordan a signatory UNFCCC, As to change. projects funds for these investment to gain access change climate mitigate that or programmes its consequences. to and/or aid adaptation Financial MechanismsFinancial the Rio under Conventions Environmental fines Environmental Charging: Penalty for disincentive a provide to intended are activities damaging and should environmentally of non-compliancecost reflect the to be set of sanction. element and an Money from raised to fund environmental be used fines should to broadly, more and, restoration site clean-ups, MOE have The projects. support environmental guide violation environmental published an national to activities lists all illegal that related out the penalties and legal and sets legislation enforcement The violation. each to textsrelevant and the imposition of of non-compliance, implementing a strong necessitates penalties, monitoring as an effective as well agency, Unit Police the Environment this end, To system. additional although in 2006, established was to in order needed qualified personnel are system monitoring the environmental enhance be used penalties should Money from in Jordan. support to running of nature the operational for incentives offer and to example, for reserves, their working improve to in order forestry rangers conditions.

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 86 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 87 production and that for environmental environmental for production and that conservation its back to land bringing or in Market and product demand value state. natural likely to likely factors the most are that are to enabling the owner from land usage prevent Additional conservationimplement measures. to lack of access be the likely to are constraints and knowledge; poverty; resources credit, and, principally of outright the lack insecurity, tenure occur these constraints Where of land. ownership significant be will there then area, wide a over on land use sustainability and activitiespressure and land degradation to lead in turnthat would would Subsequently, desertification problems. poverty. of rural level an increased lead to and where arise, In these conditions cases where undertake willing to are land owners conservation be used then public funds could or SLM measures, these practices are land in cases where private for provide be expected to would that implemented In conditions. environmental a service or improve the by is represented ‘demand’ the this situation decide what need to which would government, kind a public good of activities constitute would public subsidy These and justify public funding. the following and funding schemes can include forms: is a guarantee This Easements: • Conservation which is in private of land, a piece that environmental can only be used for ownership, or conservation a right of way, or as purposes, part It form example. would of the land title for landowner with the existing with agreement the conservationand is often applied to of The importance. ecological of or areas forests or tax incentives tax break a receive may owner in return. Set-asides: A portion• Farmland of agricultural or is kept in non- land is left uncultivated with the use under an agreement agricultural is typicallyThis used in the European landowner. Union (as part Agricultural of the Common is surplus there in cases where Policy) farm made not to are production and payments Instead the land is used is set aside. the land that ecologically increase and to attract wildlife to areas. attractive require would This Investments: • Co-financed promote to incentives government-funded Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Public Subsidy or Payment Schemes: This Subsidy or Payment Public could it is almost where be applicable in situations to example, for farmers, rural impossible for of agricultural costs absorb both the total Other Mechanisms Financial The Climate Funds Update (http://www. Update Funds Climate The is an independent climatefundsupdate.org/) on the information provides that website initiatives. finance climate international The disbursement of financing for REDD+ projects of financing disbursement The funds: the following is done principally through 24.1% of funds); (comprising Fund the Amazon Carbon Forest (4.3%); Fund Basin Forest Congo (5.6%); – ReadinessFund Facility Partnership (14.3%); Norway’s Program Investment Forest (37.6%); Initiative and Forest Climate International the time for the UN REDD (4.1%). However, and, not be applicable to schemes may these being, least in the short at Jordan, as medium term, to industrythe forest sector and emissions is limited small. are Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Reducing Emissions from a number of to REDD refers Degradation: Forest gas greenhouse activities reducing aimed at degradation, forest deforestation, emissions from conservation, of management sustainable forest carbon of forest and the enhancement forests, and multilateral major bilateral Seven stocks. to created been recently have funding initiatives support Deforestation from Emissions Reduced plus conservation Degradation and Forest to is allowed finance and private (REDD+). Public REDD+ projects. implement The disbursement of the finance for mitigation mitigation for of the finance disbursement The the Clean funds: three through is done costs 66.6% of funds); (comprising Fund Technology Fund Trust GEF and, 4 (10.2%); Fund Trust GEF In 6 (55%). Jordan, Fund Trust GEF 5 (14.5%), through allocated been have funds mitigation (CTF), which Fund Technology the Clean reduce in projects that supports investment of project of this form Examples GHG emissions. include a number of Jordan in implementation oil use to fuel from switched that plants power and the Samra) and Al gas (such as Aqaba natural biogas generates now which plant, Ghabawi Al produce to waste organic landfill collectedfrom electricity. development or investment projects. Thus, debt is debt Thus, projects. investment or development reflect to in order value than its face less at priced country an indebted the risk be able not that may back. the debt pay Debt programmes to swap repay to countries and poor assist developing initiating by obligations financial or debts their support would that projectsor programmes the Thus, sustainability. global environmental some of the debt swap to country offers creditor projects local in the debtor for it holds in return for the benefits provide which would country, poverty and/or education health, environment, these of implementing cost The alleviation. the national deducted be from projects would bilateral usually make Governments debt. has used this Jordan debt swaps. for agreements as such various agencies, mechanism through Department Forestry in order the MOE’s through supportto forestry sustainable management. the Paris to according signed Debt are swaps types with two debt used: Club Proceedings for debt swap and, development; for swap mechanism, a separate Each involves investment. being the most development for with debt swap projects. financing environmental applicable to a for used in Jordan has been successfully This number of projects the coordination and needs for Thus, MOPIC. and of MOF approval and agreed Committee the Jordan-France example, in France debt to Jordan’s reduce in 2001 to of the the enlargement implementing for return creditor many are There Plant. Treatment Ma’an for their credits swap to volunteer that countries projects in Jordan. development typically swaps debt follows for process The these steps: choose would government GOJ as debtor The 1. its General Budget. projects from development the GOJ ministries, with related In cooperation each project for submits a brief description for countries; creditor country then study the would 2. A creditor be would projects and choose those that the debt; swap to appropriate to 3. Both parties an agreement then sign would 50% (normally up to a discount the debt at swap debt); of the original the approved then finance 4. GOJ would Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Debt swaps involve Debt involve swaps Programmes: Debt Swap local for discount, a at debt, foreign exchanging Fees: Environmental Breaks, Tax • Taxes, be levied on bad land may taxes Environmental SLM. help encourage to use practice in order Dot Schemes in Germany such as the Green per unit of packagingimpose a payment in reductions in solid waste. encourage to order from discharge on the effluent Charges been users have domestic and industrial water clean-up projects and water finance used to soil China’s at the source. effluents reduce for developers charge fees control erosion in Brazil Some states damage. environmental to value-added according allocate tax revenues “ecological an criteria through environmental VAT ”. The Subsidies: The • Government government those direct subsidies to provides SLM policies or other who implement beneficial measures, environmentally treatment (such as water example for soil bulbs and energy-efficient light plants, subsidies could These conservation equipment). of non-monetary be in the form arrangements, and the assistance, technical such as providing supply of seeds and plants. Payments for Proven Investments in Land in Land Investments for Proven • Payments a provides government The Conservation: already based on the investments payment conservation unit per purposes, made for policy is wastelands’ ‘four China’s of area. the of this mechanism where a variation makes in-kind of land government payments preserving to those who commit soil rights to resources. activities that would not otherwise be feasible. otherwise not activities would that be feasible. or activities land usage would be funded The to of public or communal be to be considered or re-forestation programme a Thus, benefit. be publicly would zone ecological a wetland funded as part used development of a mixed part as of a public- Alternatively, example. for it project investment, venture or joint private of such an area cost the capital be that could in the public good is be is deemed to that sector but the on-going the private borne by of the responsibility becomes of it management the public authority.

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 88 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 89 the original capital remains invested. RSCN’s RSCN’s invested. capital remains the original an of an example is Nature for Fund Jordan to in 2003 created which was fund, endowment support to revenue of annual a source provide capital fund’s The costs. operational the agency’s management under a professional is invested agency to annually is distributed and the return areas, protected of the costs the running fund education programme, species the endangered activities, socio-economicand awareness and other aspects many and community initiatives, work. of the RSCN’s Bioprospecting: Bioprospecting involves of the use into research conducting scientific markets that in commercial genetic resources horticultural, cosmetic, meet pharmaceutical, goal of The needs. or agricultural botanical, of genetic bioprospecting is the identification develop to used be could that resources meet productsviable that commercially for incentives and provide needs consumer example, conservation.biodiversity In for Jordan, are JBRDC NCARE, and Scientific the Royal Society, extract aim to in projects that medicinal involved can be Revenue plants. native from ingredients herbs the sale of medicinal and obtained from support or indeed could that plants research of protected costs the operational to contribute areas. Training and Education and Vocational Technical TVET set up in 2008 to was The Fund Fund: efficiency the and quality technical improve of with the private in collaboration skills training, new or expanded create to and in order sector, fund aims to The opportunities.employment support and education and vocational technical sector institutions. private and public in training needs’ for training financing It provides curriculum demand-driven training, assessments, and equipment, materials training development, and on-the-job of trainers, the training training. TVET has supported projects in several The Fund sectors. and tourism the agriculture Products Eco-labeling and and Certification of labeling the ecological to relates This Services: and certification of products and services, which the production processes that buyers assures a neutral have or the services offered, involved, conditions. effect on environmental or positive Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Endowment funds can be Endowment Funds: Endowment resources. public and/or private set up from fund earned on an endowment interest The conservation while purposes, for used be can Soft loans involve and Micro-lending:Soft Soft Loans loans involve at much lower or forms of payment flexible activitiesfinance help that to rates interest both conservation and economic value provide organic Ecotourism, to beneficiaries. benefits and the sustainable extractionfarming, of forest of these activities. In examples products are such as a number of agencies, are there Jordan and JOHUD’s Corporation Credit the Agricultural that Center, Small Business Development support small and micro-businesses through programmes. credit Fair trade is a growing, international international is a growing, trade Fair Trade: Fair producers that ensure which aims to movement, products sold. get a fair deal for in poor countries goods that for price a reasonable means This and enables a living production costs to relate and which contracts, reflects long-term income, Support security producers. real for provides the knowledge and improve is also needed to sales. skills increase businesses and develop to has been one of the movement Trade Fair The facing problems most powerful to responses consumers It provides commodity producers. with an opportunity power use purchasing to of in favour balance the trading influence to set up in 2005 was Jordan Trade Fair the poor. RSCN and the JOHUD, between an alliance by the the IUCN. In funding from mid-2006, seed move to Britishoperation Embassy enabled the of a fully independent the development towards understood it is now However, entity. fair trade has closed down. Jordan Trade Fair that There are some cases where an NGO can offer to offer can NGO an cases where some are There project will and the GOJ a development finance swap to in order the project value refund to agree helps mechanism financing This debt. its of some of local projects establish a number to Jordan the same time. at and debt swapping 5. The creditor country then exchanges the the country then exchanges creditor The 5. debt after the appropriate ensuring that agreed has been made. investment project/s and submit financial reportsproject/s and submit financial to the country;creditor and, Private Sector Funding and and Sector Funding Private There appears to be little private sector be little private to appears There in SLM and desertification projects involvement agency donor to relative especially in Jordan, that is a conclusion This project funding. Oriented Research Policy both the IFS and the (2013) Tools and Guidelines Procedures Priorities of Law Companies Jordan’s made. documents state amendments subsequent 1997 and its must companies shareholder listed publicly that to profits of their percentage a fixed allocate and research supportingscientific universities, Some already companies training. professional or fund communityenvironmental health, no financial with poverty programmes alleviation their environmental improve to in order returns Social meet Corporate and to credentials Responsibility targets. (CSR) allocates MinesCompany Phosphate Jordan The communities and to 2% of its profits roughly mining its projects close to environmental of amount a fixed HSBC provides investments. which initiatives, environmental to its budget to sent funding proposals selected from are supports Company Potash Arab The bank.the such as funding student community initiatives, and its investments close to scholarships in areas Jordan The loans. agricultural to contributing by lump Refinery also provides Company Petroleum projects. environmental sum funding for be in SLM could sector involvement Private made more are if the conditions increased of the regulatory especially in terms attractive, tax incentives. greater and through frameworks factthe to that IFS report The referred does not contain legislation environmental private the role of for the provisions specific a public sector perspective the MOE’s From sector. Department a national Forestry has initiated encourage to project order in reforestation of areas Thus, sector participation.private who companies private to allocated are forest and irrigation maintenance, undertake fencing, tax granted they are and in return improvements, incentives. break more offer could sector organisations Private of projects in the form support environmental to making compliance, SLM practicefor best models 7.8 Support Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development 3. Industrial such as exporter/ organisations Good Agricultural (eg: European groups retailer (EUROPEGAP). Practice 2. NGOs such as the Forest Stewardship Council Council Stewardship 2. NGOs such as the Forest or Alliance; and the Rainforest 1. International bodies such as the International Movements Agriculture of Organic Federation for and the International Organization Standardization; • Certification a that requires This Schemes: a that party third assurance written provides or service with certainproduct, process complies is certifiedverification by Compliance standards. by and approved recognised which are methods, These standards a third-party certification body. can be established through: Products are sold to consumers consumers sold to are Labels: Products Marketing • support to that suppliers who prefer or retailers example, For managers. good environmental are conserves forest Alliance valuable the Rainforest sustainable farming practices promoting land by tea in the and black Ivory cocoa Coast, coffee, for the is example Another and Kenya. Ethiopia voluntary Ghana partnership that agreements with signed recently and the Republic of Congo exportstimber that legally ensure are to EU the entry the harvestedallowed can be and into all that stipulates agreement The market.EU that timber products must be harvested in ways EU is engaged The forests. the country’s protect in other similar agreements for in negotiations Gabon, Ecuador, Cameroon, including countries, and Vietnam. It can be an effective method of promoting It promoting method of can be an effective the conservationSLM and Perhaps practices. of best-known this is the application of example harvesting timber sustainable environmentally which Products on a global scale. implemented certifiedofficially been environmentally- as have friendly products and services often can gain certain to markets, access treatment, preferential pay willing to are as consumers prices, and better the transaction is via an them. However, for more than directly the between rather intermediary, and the seller. buyer

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 90 REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 91 The The notion of integrating SLM and poverty-related issues into SLM and poverty-related of integrating and loans has long credit providing the criteria for part integral an of micro-lendingbeen services Bank in the Grameen by initially heralded were that has mushroomedThis Bangladesh during the 1990s. found experience, Bank’s in Grameen globally and, bank lending than traditional profitable be more to of integrating the concept services. However, bank lending has mainstream SLM principles into the prospects for case, In Jordan’s not taken root. There There Projects: have Based Tourism Community of the successful examples been numerous tourism of community-based implementation adopted which have worldwide, initiatives three-way partnership the between approaches public sector government (local and national (comprising agencies), community groups and the and NGOs) village representatives but trade the travel sector from (mostly private In local companies). fact, by also represented projects tourism are community-based few sector involvement without private successful project not only funding but as they provide knowledgealso market-based can support that and trade travel Thus, sustainability. long-term market advice can contribute operators tour such a project in it, and indeed a stake for tourism including a community-based as by funding by or indeed itineraries project on tour sector Private improvements. environmental SLM is often towards directed investment as seen is it as ventures tourism these in initiatives of a project. continuity the long-term the key to in DevelopmentAid: Sector Involvement Private in global development sector involvement Private in rapidly markets has grown emerging aid for sector private are there Thus, years. the last ten Economic Women’s Walmart’s such as initiatives 10,000 Goldman Sach’s Initiative, Empowerment Global Initiative, the Clinton Initiative, Women the Bill of course, and, Foundation the Rockefeller (BMGF), which is and Melinda Foundation Gates The in the world. foundation private the largest primary support aim of BMGF is to health care and in June 2013 it was poverty, and reduce The on a budget of US$38.3 billion. draw able to in agricultural has been involved foundation and water as in as well projectsworldwide, initiatives. sanitation for SLM: Sector Incentives Credit Private Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development The concept of PPPs was successfully introduced introduced successfully was of PPPs concept The urbanand regeneration development for UK the in projects in the early 1990s with the City Challenge a three- incorporated PPPs These Partnerships. areas partnership selectedway regeneration for and local businesses, local authorities, between local businesses had a clear The community groups. and a direct interest in these areas stake investment During project work, their revival. promoting in technical some funding, they typically contributed expertise and management know-how (sometimes also were They teams). to project staff seconding approaches market-based realistic provide able to This and implementation. project development to in the UK since has been taken forward approach improvement centre town then and applied to strategies, regeneration and rural regional schemes, projects. renewal and area-based Public-private sector Partnerships: Public-private Public-Private an effective become partnerships have (PPPs) infrastructure implementing mechanism for This projects worldwide. and environmental can apply the resources of collaboration form and private and capabilities of both public which and initiatives, sectors environmental to if the partnershipsstrengthened extended are public sectorThe include local communities. to project for conditions enabling the provide can sector can private whilst the implementation expertise, technical the investment, provide and skilled employees. marketing know-how, an and NGOs can fulfill communities Local combined with local role monitoring effective Consequently, knowledge. environmental partnerships as possible in be as broad should the private including which all stakeholders, projectof decision- ownership take should sector, and outcomes. making as the process as well financial contributions to projects, providing providing projects, to contributions financial supporttraining in management, (such as expertise also and technical and research), skilledprojects offering to help run by staff example. for and community organisations, technologies new provide could Companies and skills of SLM, especially in the fields for conservation, energy and food recycling, water production. In supply advice addition, they could conditions, and market operations on for-profit help to order in destinations, tourism for as such SLM project costs. defray Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development effectively implementing SLM on a broader basison a broader SLM implementing effectively criteria if bank loan a major boost receive could and conditions environmental integrate could This impacts project development. potential into particularlya have importantcould thefor effect of and mitigation remediation environmental on water or indeed example, mining activities, for specific projects.use for

REVIEW OF SLM FUNDING 92 KEY ISSUES FOR SLM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 93 profile within the various national sectoral sectoral national various the within profile plans and strategies. Agency Overlapsin Responsibility:Government of responsibilities, and duplication is overlap There with a lack of claritycombined on mandates, ministries with dealing government between are there example, For matters. environmental establishment agencies dealing with the eight MOE, areas: of protected and management Authority, Resources Natural MOA, MOPIC, MOTA, HCST (on the Authority, Regional Aqaba JVA, Program), development and Research Badia plans authority prepare The to and the RSCN. SLM is also to relevant are that and strategies such institutions, dispersed amongst several and others. JVA, WAJ, MWI, MOA, as the MOE, these institutions also share Consequently, making it enforcement, law for responsibility revenues the of track keep to for the MOF difficult disburse these to effectively fines and from raised activities. protection environmental funds for and Policy Work Disconnection Between Technical Making: Both the NCSA report Capacity (National Global Environmental for Self Assessment the MOE by - prepared Management – Jordan Priority in 2007) and the Policy-oriented National Biodiversity Change, in Climate Topics Research Desertification Combating and - (2013-2020) in February UNDP/GEF and the MOE highlighted Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Constraints and Opportunities for Project Funding and Implementation Implementation and and Opportunities Funding Project for Constraints KEY FOR SLM PROJECT ISSUES IMPLEMENTATION

Increasing the Increasing Recommendations: of desertificationprioritisation could projects linking by them directly SLM to be achieved which as poverty alleviation, themes as well spectrum topic broader a to relate would donor agency to relevant is more that attract also would This funding objectives. budgetary government priority from greater project were especially if there allocations, and agriculture. management water to links evident more SLM themes should have These Desertification not Viewed as a Top Funding Top Desertification as a Viewed not Priority: Desertification as a not been placed has prioritybudgeting During2007-2009, in Jordan. on desertificationGOJ expenditure was projects million) total only 0.6% of the JD32million (US$48 reason One sector expenditure. environmental for not fully was the NCCD be that this could for not were JNAP initiatives and thus, operational Another (IFS, 2008). implemented being properly the subject of been that matter factor have could desertificationrecognised, been widely has not and, as such been accepted SLM has whereas a higher priorityfurthermore, at (in is placed level conjunctionwith poverty with donor alleviation) Country Assessment UN Common The agencies. has Framework Assistance and UN Development of natural management ‘sustainable to referred as one of the and the environment’ resources MDGs. to related priority and outcomes areas The reasons for the slow progress in implementing JNAP projects can be attributed to the reasons the reasons to JNAP projects can be attributed in implementing progress the slow for reasons The ‘recommendations’ in outlined are these constraints Opportunities overcoming for described below. (see Section 10.6). set out as projects in the Implementation and subsequently Framework below, 8.1 desertification to Jordan’s combat response to plan in national the definitive JNAP represented the in implementing progress only limited has been 2006, there Since UNCCD. under obligations and Training Research for Triangle the Science by A report set out. prepared were projects that and Procedures Guidelines, Research Policy-Oriented (‘Developing 2012 March Management in project on JNAP’s an update provided Support in Jordan’) to Implementing Rio Conventions Tools 1 in Appendix is shown (as been achieved have little seems to In essence, progress. implementation and projects. programmes under the plan’s in yellow) highlighted with progress 8. as stakeholders. The Policy-oriented National Priority Research Biodiversity and Change, Climate in Topics Combating the UNDP/ by prepared was which document, Desertification 2013, recommended February GEF and MOE in (2013-2020) coordinating should be a central there that Research the National such as organisation, of the be in charge which could Council, activities: following • Supporting between synergy the need for activities; priorities and research national and coordinating • Assessing capacity building needs; effective the • Establishing mechanisms for and reporting; of research coordination a participatory • Promoting between role activities; in research stakeholders with and networking • Coordinating partners develop to international in order and, programmes; in research synergy about research information • Centralising funding opportunities access to proposals • Building joint additional funding. separate maintaining for argument The each of the UN for committees national national with an overseeing Conventions a cohesive than rather forum, environmental Convention dealing with all three organisation depend on the need to could requirements, of the for each stakeholders different have likely it is although requirements, convention cover probably would most stakeholders that to need the Notwithstandingthis, three. all could stakeholders, different accommodate groups. working be dealt with through Desertification Comprehensive a of Lack Database: up-to-dateand detailed no is There database, land and monitor track which is able to The NSMLUP and desertification. degradation database has been the most comprehensive and (in 1995) but has not been updated produced country. for much of the detail is not in sufficient not but have Other exist databases information updated, in an integrated, together been brought information database Available form. and digital Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development There is a need to integrate integrate is a need to There Recommendations: and and project implementation research SLM that to approach a cohesive provide to to obligations Jordan’s incorporate would UNFCCC (UNCCD, Riothe three Conventions has been in Section discussed This and CBD). in and synergies clear overlaps are There 5. each of these of the subject for terms matter approach Jordan’s and thus, UN Conventions must avoid their obligations to and response and project allocations of resource duplication form in the be manifested could This objectives. environmental national of either an overall or Rio all three Conventions for forum umbrella the oversees body that coordinating a central dealing with the UNCCD, committees national is format Whichever and the UNFCCC. CBD, selected,decision makers, should include it agencies, of implementing representatives sector, private the ministries, government organisations and community-based NGOs, Framework: SLM Policy of an Integrated Lack sectoralof strategies, range a are there Whilst is no integrated there and plans, programmes national SLM. Furthermore, policy for framework and not consistent and plans are strategies synergies potential do not benefit from therefore similar activitiesbetween implemented increasingly An institutions. different by of funding of this in terms example evident is the lack programmes environmental for projects between in Jordan of coordination and biodiversity, change, climate under proposed to obligations to of desertification that (relevant respectively). CBD and UNCCD, the UNFCCC, 2013 the disconnection2013 the scientific/ between sectorstechnical policy-making and as being in funding and the main constraints one of environmental Thus, project implementation. oftensound on not based policy were decisions for basis a scientific and did not have research linkages weak to has been attributed This action. policy-makingand research scientific between between of coordination and a lack bodies, IFS also The agencies working in the SLM field. of application reactive on the commented only as being addressed policies with problems anticipation. any than through rather they arose to been seen and plans have strategies Thus, than the root rather the consequences address problems. causes of environmental

KEY ISSUES FOR SLM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 94 KEY ISSUES FOR SLM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 95 could be more readily coordinated with land coordinated readily be more could such institutions Alternatively, use planning. Scientific Royal the Library, National the as Society Geographic or the Royal Society, and be the database accommodate could and also revision, information for responsible and easy has free the public that ensure to It is also important it. that to ensure to access would the database supplied on information evaluation and monitoring the befor useful for all three Rio Convention requirements. Promote Public Capacity Sector to Insufficient agencies has in government training SLM: Staff efforts combat lead to to been sufficient not with This is especially so desertification and SLM. efforts with pursuing collaborative to regards has This institutions. and research universities the MOE but also applies by been recognised underlines situation This other ministries. to capacity to resources more allocate the need to set-up the institutional building and upgrading is also a lack There desertification. combating for of the importance all of SLM, at of awareness levels. Environmental in GapsContradictions and IFS undertookThe a detailed review Legislation: relevant where legislation and policies national of desertification. combating to several It identified and importantcontradictions, omissions, also recommended document The disincentives. water, on those including policies, several that In the case of be revised. and land, agriculture 2006, the IFS Law Protection the Environment some shortcomingscould hinder identified that following identified and mobilisation resource should be included in legislation: that areas an principle forms that pays polluter The • important recovery; cost mechanism for resource natural principle of avoiding The • lead to would that a threshold depletion beyond impacts; irreversible importance public between The of cooperation • sector;agencies and the private support to incentives use of economic The • than rather use, resource sustainable natural heavy require would that measures punitive enforcement; Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development This database should be kept and updated in one and updated be should kept database This updating be where in MOMA Itlocation. could regular information benefit from would municipalities and Jordan’s from provision information and also so that governorates, It is essential that It that is essential Recommendations: of the monitoring is continuous there desertification and in Jordan situation SLM whether a means of determining hence real would be the This effective. policies are in or failure in establishing the success test to UNCCD. obligations country’s fulfilling the for process and evaluation monitoring The desertification should combating be done to in order However, on an annual basis. for be a firm basis needs to this there achieve Currently, condition. baseline or assessment, different and many this does not exist The in existence. are databases information Management the IFAD/GEF IFS suggests that be a good foundation may System Information a Consequently, be established. this to for be must set up in system comprehensive step. a first as NCCD/UNCCD with the tandem be used as the to the indicators Thereafter, measuring desertification basis for in Jordan the Again, be determined. to need would the ongoing BELP that IFS recommended and evaluation and its monitoring programme in helping be a useful example would system this. achieve to 5. JSDCBD also has information collected for the collected for 5. JSDCBD also has information 1990. since Badia area 4. The University of Jordan (Faculty of (Faculty of Jordan University The 4. soil science on has a database Agriculture) servesThis as a guide area. the steppes covering and for optimal land uses in these areas for desertification and, monitoring; 3. The RSCN has a GIS database of wildlife and of wildlife has a GIS database RSCN The 3. vegetation; 2. The MOA also holds the Jordan Soil and holds the Jordan also MOA The 2. (JOSCIS); System Information Climate 1. The NSMLUP as the GIS database for soil, soil, for GIS database as the NSMLUP The 1. the by maps held geological and topographic of Land and Irrigation); (Directorate MOA that is useful for monitoring desertification monitoring for useful is is that from: sourced currently Key Issues Undermining Undermining Issues Key 8.2 that issues broad-ranging some also are There affect desertification it combat and the ability to as well basis, and institutionalised on a long-term dealt are These pursuing SLM. as the prospects for set out been subsequently and have with below as projects in the Implementation Framework (see Section 10.6). for Environmental Framework Need for a Strong of 2006 Law the Environmental Whilst Controls: and EMPs EIAs basis for outlined the legislative of these application be a rigorous to needs there To of their use. enforcement and a proper tools be a haphazard to best, at seems, there date schemes development for of EIAs application which would adoption of EMPs, and a weak impactsmitigate during project construction Environmental an is there Whilst operation. and be an appropriate also needs to there Unit, Police department be which would MOE, in the properly are with ensuring EIAs that charged and the regulations) undertaken to (according together implemented, are measures mitigation enforcement Currently, with the necessary EMPs. and implement long to take too procedures be seen to generally are measures punitive ineffective. plans also need to management reserves’ Nature with the appropriate be drafted and implemented plans should PA management staffing levels. zoning of activities and appropriate take account limit human activities to (preferably measures help to mechanism in order with a charging tourism of it). For fund the implementation sensitive ecologically in especially destinations, carryingof levels capacity need environments, the type based on are that be established to character, of attraction, the environmental private sector in environmental projects could projects could sector in environmental private made more are if the conditions be enhanced and regulatory if the legal especially attractive, this. encouraged incentives, and tax frameworks, support, more sector also offer could private The and skills, financial assistance of both in terms should be partThey projects. environmental to partnershipof broad-based also that operations sectorinclude the public and NGO/community organisations. Desertification and SLM Plans Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Weak Private Sector Investment into SLM: Private into Sector Investment Private Weak sector funding and support an SLM is at for the of involvement The embryonicin Jordan. level Environmental legislation legislation Environmental Recommendations: reviewed be comprehensively needs to it should example, For and consolidated. would penalties of that a system incorporate damage and provide environmental deter improvements environmental for incentives need may This and sustainable practices. from of revenue include the recycling to environmental back into fines or charges of it all allowing than rather improvements nature Thus, the treasury. be directedto into re-invested should be fines and charges park from resource that of operation the fund to Legislation derived. which the funds were of the the requirements address needs to supportto and Jordan’s Riothree Conventions Legislation in fulfilling them. obligations support sectorshould also seek to CSR. private In general, there is an ineffective deterrent deterrent is an ineffective there In general, damage or against environmental system when inadequate pollution. Some penalties are damage they with the environmental compared In addition, inconsistencies deter. to intended are seeks to that and ambiguities in the legislation for in loopholes similar issues result address is furtherThis undermined penalties. avoiding personnel capacity the poor and the weak by enforcement. of law record implementation • The need for a comprehensive legistaltive legistaltive a comprehensive need for The • Impacts Environemntal for framework Assessement. • The need for compulsory for need insurance The • those activities of high for deemed coverage risk. environmental • The role of civil society and environmental society of civil and environmental role The • and in monitoring; groups pressure • The introduction of penalties that would would of penalties that introduction The • compliance. ensure enough to be stringent and sanctions fines what exist do that Currently, with the severity often not commensurate are sufficient provide and do not of the offence caused; the damage for compensation • The possibilities of claiming compensation for for of claiming compensation possibilities The • damage; environmental

KEY ISSUES FOR SLM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 96 KEY ISSUES FOR SLM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 97 accommodate national population growth and growth population national accommodate structured be would development economic into forward and be taken level the national at plans. regional turn in act plans would as the regional The of the local plans the detail for framework sector sectorwithin which public and private proposed The be guided. would development (as described EMP framework SEA, EIA and land the into dovetailed be to need would above) should be In addition, there use planning system. and plans conservation area plans, area protected by the specific action plans as determined area this would All necessary. local authorities where planning and plan preparation forward require local and regional national, the at teams have would Inauthoritythere addition, levels. (and enforcement) control development be to monitor to in order the local level at teams with compliance and ensure development have would preparation Plan plans. approved procedures public consultation go through to attain to in order consensus strong and achieve legitimacy and community acceptance. enforced and rigorously legitimate a Without in conjunction with of land use planning, system impact and environmental an equally effective efforts in fulfilling obligations system, control CBD and as towards as well the UNCCD, towards Activities that be undermined. would UNFCCC ad hoc projects SLM through promote seek to no was if there be weakened to continue would coupled of land use planning system effective control. of development degree with a strong land and prime agricultural into Encroachment unplanned development and urban sprawl forests, projects whatever unabated continue would combat to implemented be successfully might desertification. executed In tandem with properly planning the proper come land use plans would and transport). utilities (for of infrastructure be the continued would this there Without dirty uncontrolled water, of over-abstraction of and the over-development discharge water increasing to contribute all of which would land, desertification. World the GOJ has obtained funding from The Agency for Development Bank and the French to Project Development and Local the Regional Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Need for an Effective System of Land Use Planning Land Use of System Need for an Effective land use A rigorous and Development Control: and regional the national, at planning system the levels plan for could that is needed, local level is experiencing Jordan that growth of population current deal with the able to be and would spatial A national of illegal development. pattern the National take its cue from plan, which would a provide to in order is required Plans, Year Five policies and plans for strategic foundation firm by followed be should This Jordan. throughout local at the more five-year plans and, regional plans municipal or local rural governorate, level, act implementation detailed would the as that uses to spatial planning for forward Thus, tools. Whilst the institution of a strict environmental the institution of a strictWhilst environmental significant require would impact in Jordan system to implement, resources human and financial desertification, funding for mean that it would be would plans change climate and biodiversity, projects and plans that Currently, effective. more to obligations meet Jordan’s to implemented are underminedbeing are Rio Conventions three the of a application the weak the same time by at controls. of environmental range broader SEAs should be implemented in tandem with in tandem with be implemented should SEAs plans and land use and area-based regional through preparation their inform help to would consideration and requirements consultation the the key identify help to would This of options. an them at address issues and to environmental end of the spectrum, the other At early stage. certificationcompanies of the environmental and industrial control activities help to would disposal and the waste solid discharges, effluent This, the local level. at and energy use of water deal with impacts help to could example, for with mining activities, industrial associated pollution, water and air to leading discharges resources. water of the over-abstraction and would deter which financial measures, Punitive funds recycle be used to could infringement, as such system, enforcement improved an into court. the adoption of a specific environmental need the would Oversight and enforcement and the local communities, of NGOs, cooperation public. general surrounding communities, and the ecological ecological and the communities, surrounding sensitivity of the area. The three key issues key three The Recommendations: a in Section have 8.2 outlined above very important bearing on SLM and the projectsof combat to implementation form three to need They desertification. specific projectsto be undertaken as part of JNAP (see Sectionthe revised 10.6). Regular Monitoring and Evaluation of Areas and Evaluation Regular Monitoring of Desertification: is It there that is essential of desertification monitoring continuous in a means of determining and hence Jordan would This effective. whether SLM policies are or failure in assessing the success test be the real to UNCCD. obligations country’s in fulfilling the factors of the and evaluation monitoring The with desertificationassociated should be done in order However, least. at on an annual basis, for firma be basis to needs there this achieve to it Currently, or baseline condition. assessment, the on above (see this does not exist appears that database). a detailed and comprehensive need for be established in this needs to Consequently, as a first step and UNCCD tandem with the NCCD be used would that with the indicators together measuring desertification.as the basis for promote regionally balanced local development, local development, balanced regionally promote would This municipalities. principallythrough municipal financial of the strengthening include coordination inter-municipal management, development of strategic take advantage to the to opportunities, as improvements as well control and development regulatory framework project will be implemented The mechanisms. Amman in conjunction with Greater MOMA by societycivil municipalities, other Municipality, and NGOs. organisations Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

KEY ISSUES FOR SLM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 98 PROJECT PRIORITISATION 99 IFS Assessment of Project of Project IFS Assessment 9.2 undertook IFS team The a project prioritisation and projects using the programmes exercise the and adopted JNAP had proposed that approach: following evaluation for criteria the on research Literature • for of best practice methodologies and a review this type of work; and of the JNAP document • A review the selection for establishing a framework criteria and analytical objectives; the • In-house sessions by brainstorming of criteria on the development team consultant and, and methods of quantification; session that additional brainstorming • An of MOPIC and representatives included the team and MOE. the adopted the team Based on this approach, prioritisation criteria: following (RM1, ‘Markers’ Rio three Conventions’ The 1. RM2 and RM3); (and whether the location 2. Geographical of high land project falls within an area Priorities Priorities priorities and the need to implement activitiespriorities implement and the need to in communities local from feedback on based the 2006 what However, areas. the most affected that step first a establish to was do did JNAP revised subsequent a useful basis for form would be prepared. plans to Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

PROJECT PRIORITISATION National Strategy and Action Plan to Combat Desertification Combat and Action Plan to Strategy National

9.1 The desertification action national combat to JNAP outlined projects in 2006. and guidelines for summarised in Section are structure and of the document objectives, of this document. 5.2 purpose, desertification combat a to deal with plan to and development It set out an integrated to aimed combat to aim with the UNCCD be aligned would issues that environmental of associated range plan comprehensive first country’s drought. was the desertification It the effects of mitigate to and do this. to 9. Monitoring and evaluation, in particular, would would in particular, Monitoring and evaluation, importantan be part implementation, JNAP of mechanism for a review provide as it would establishing of programmes, the modification The reasons for the lack of progress are numerous numerous are the lack of progress for reasons The and brieflyexplained in Section 8, most of which of JNAP. the content to not directly related are one of the weaknesses JNAP was of However, programme no comprehensive was there that set out timelines for that implementation for and nor had programmes the specified projects, In has plans been prioritised. addition, there and evaluation monitoring been no formalised in addressed be to needs This projects. JNAP of JNAP. the revised Each of JNAP’s six programmes included a number six programmes Each of JNAP’s in full provided of specific projects are and these progress implementation The 1. in Appendix in 2012 is highlighted March up to achieved has 2006, there can be seen, since As yellow. in carrying progress out JNAP’s been only limited there implementation What projects. proposed way, in a haphazard achieved has been was sectoral of other national principally as a result JNAP example, For plans and programmes. towards directed were 4 projects that Programme was of the Badia rangelands the restoration from arose which carriedECF financing, out with Similarly, Wars. the Gulf refugees from the influx of management 5 watershed the Programme partially NGOs, by projectswere implemented of the almost irrespective the MWI and MOA, JNAP. High High Hight Hight Hight Hight Medium Medium Priority (%) 74.75 73.42 77.67 72.33 69.67 67.75 66.33 61.67 Score Value Program 8. Likely environmental and social impacts. environmental 8. Likely impacts positive have assumed to were Projects ‘cumulative’ ‘indirect’ and according ‘direct’, to rankingof a corresponding given and were Those respectively. one, to three from points an impact on local have would projects that of the points double given were beneficiaries alone; benefits national have would those that desertification combating to contribution The 9. allocated criteria with points based on four was most (with the one as follows to four from of and enhancement importantresearch first): of strengthening knowledge base; awareness; or eliminating the regulatory and, framework; and, land degradation; decreasing capacityinstitutional implementing the of The 10. agency criteria: good research based on four was level sufficient development; and sound basis for of SLM and desertification; law of awareness policy and/or advocacy;enforcement SLM and, each. to allocated was One point record. track a given then criteria was Each of the above (5-10%) ‘medium’ (1-5%), ‘low’ ranking of relative and 4 1 Criteria In (10-15%). way, this ‘high’ and Criteria a 5% value; received above numbered and, a 10% value; 2,3,5,6, 9 and 10 received of 15%. the highest value 7 and 8 received Criteria of the IFS project prioritisation outcome The Program 5. Program Management Watershed 3. Program Capacity Building and Institutional Development Program 4. Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems of of Degraded Ecosystems 4. Restoration Program Rangelandsand Forests Program 4. Program of Rangelands of Degraded Ecosystems Restoration and Forests Program 3. Program Capacity Building and Institutional Development Program 6. Program Program Development Human, Social and Economic Program 1. Program (DIS) DesertificationSystem Information 5. Program Management Watershed Project House Roof Water Harvesting Water Roof House to Fund Establishing a National Desertification Combat Community Based RangelandCommunity Rehabilitation - Environ of Forest and Development Rehabilitation ment National Training Programs on Desertification Moni- Programs Training National and Control toring - of Com Socio-Economic Development Integrated of Jordan Lands munities in the Arid Establishing a Desertification Database on Soil Knowledge and Traditional of Documentation Conservation Water 2 3 # 1 4 5 6 7 8 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Figure 9.1 – IFS Project Prioritisation of JNAP Figure degradation); degradation); of priority SLM and level to attributed The 3. desertificationcombating planning in national poverty water, agricultural, the Thus, policy. and environmental/sustainability alleviation, Those ranking. equal sectors all received these sectors of two to related projects that double ranking points; received equal weighting which for content JNAP The 4. given; was of all six programmes project implementation for duration The 5. (short-term, Short long-term). medium-term, ranking the highest projectsterm received in projects and long term lowest, the points implementation reflect the perceived to order risks; projects Thus, budget required. estimated The 6. budget categories of the three with the lowest higher ranking US$1 million) received (up to than the highest budget category of US$3-US$5 ease based on the anticipated was This million. of implementation; were These outputs. and programme 7. Project capacity generation, revenue into categorised direct impact on SLM, sustainability, building for for a prerequisite were and those schemes that equal weighting; received four All other projects. exercise is presented in the table below. is presented exercise

PROJECT PRIORITISATION 100 PROJECT PRIORITISATION 101 Low Low Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Priority (%) 59.83 59.67 59.67 58.33 56.67 54.00 53.33 52.00 46.00 Score Value Program Desertification (with Guidelines, (2013-2020) Funding and Potential Tools Procedures, Support to Sources Implementation their in undertook Kingdomthe Hashemite Jordan of covered This prioritisation assessment. its own the three to related topics of research a review of stakeholders range The Rio Conventions. and significant was in the exercise involved ministries government included the following: MEMR, Ministry MWI, MOA, (MOE, of Higher and MOSD); and Scientific Research Education and a number of other universities state seven such as institutes research universities; private NCARE and BRDC; NGOs such as the JES, HCST, Botanic and the Garden RSCN, Royal JSDCBD, three and, Society Scientific Research; Jordan for Jordan’s to related groups research thematic and CBD. UNFCCC, the UNCCD, to obligations a set of developed GEF and MOE team UNDP, The prioritisation then presented criteria, which was six were There feedback. the stakeholders for to Rio the three Conventions, to main criteria related as follows: the Rio to Conventions; 1. Relevance 2. Sustainability factors; 3. Social factors; 4. Risk and urgency; 5. Opportunity; and, 6. Implementation factors. Each of the criteria was subdivided to form 23 sub- form subdivided to Each of the criteria was Program 1. Program (DIS) DesertificationSystem Information 3. Program Capacity Building Development and Institutional 5. Program Management Watershed 2. Program Desertification and Prediction Control Drought 1. Program (DIS) DesertificationSystem Information 6. Program Program Development Human, Social and Economic Program 2. Program and Desertification Prediction Control Drought Program 5. Program Management Watershed Program 5. Program Management Watershed Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Project UNDP, GEF and MOE Assessment Assessment GEF and MOE UNDP, Public Awareness Public and for Monitoring Framework DesertificationLegal Development around Belt Areas Green for Water of Reclaimed Use Areas in Arid and along Roads Villages Impacts of Drought Assessment Desertification Mapping - Communi for Training Comprehensive Modules for ties Centre for Drought Monitoring and Prediction (CDMP) and Prediction Monitoring Drought for Centre National Rainfall Water Harvesting for Project Water Rainfall National Farming Agriculture Artificial of Groundwater Recharge 9 # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 In February 2013, UNDP, GEF and MOE’s document document GEF and MOE’s In 2013, UNDP, February Topics PriorityResearch Policy-orientedNational and Combating Biodiversity, Change, in Climate 9.3 of Research Priorities of Research However, the downside of the IFS prioritisation the downside However, sessions only the brainstorming is that exercise outside the and MOE from MOPIC involved range than a broader rather team, consultant was In addition, the exercise of stakeholders. to be would need undertakenyears ago and five as part of the revised updated of the preparation JNAP. High priority projects were identified in order High in order identified priority projects were of importance Based Community as being: Water Rangeland House Roof Rehabilitation; to Harvesting; Fund a National Establishing Desertification; Combat Rehabilitation and, The Environment. of Forest and Development importance project of the IFS prioritisation was under the supervision prepared it was of that with and GM in close consultation MOPIC, MOE, as part also prepared of IFS was The the NCCD. focused a shift that financing approach in donor national issues into UNCCD on mainstreaming Project processes. programming development the JNAP to prioritisation directly related was projects outlined in 2006. IFS Final Report IFS Final 2008) (December Source: -weight Proposed Sub 8 8 7 7 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 100 Description The degree of relevance of this research area to Rio commitments and its Rio to commitments area research of this of relevance degree The obligations. national policies, national to is consistent area of which this research degree The gap analyses). to and action plans (compared strategies, of Rio thematic more or to link between field two capable this research Is groups? Is or fields? areas research other important initiate area to this research Is research? other superior to fundamentally considered area this research The degree that this research might impose impacts might systems on ecological this research that degree The etc). biodiversity, agriculture, (i.e. and evaluate monitor is able to area this research of which degree The sustainable development. The degree of which this research area reduces impacts, reduces exposure, exposure, impacts, reduces reduces area of which this research degree The or opportunities. resilience and enhances The degree of local involvement in this research area. in this research of local involvement degree The tasks? research in various women empower area Does this research research this end users can of which participate or benefit from degree The area. field. this research support of public to degree and acceptance The The degree of which this research area is beneficial to people of various to people of is beneficial area this research of which degree The and class. age, gender, - pres are risks that future potential any overcome area Does this research major and irreversible? becoming from minor and reversible ently What understood? area with the research the risks associated are well How outputs? in the research of uncertainties associated is the degree Is this research area very urgent (compare to the time frame of other na- the time frame to (compare very urgent area this research Is short- until and long-term present past or from recent tional projects from futures)? Are there any available sources of potential funds for this research area? this research funds for of potential sources available any there Are area? of opportunity a window this research currently implement to there Is How much will this research area contribute to overall community goals overall to contribute area much will this research How factors)? health, and other environmental gender, education, (poverty, Does this measure have a relatively low estimated cost of implementation of implementation cost estimated low a relatively have Does this measure weight)? has more cost (lower rela- benefits relative will bring high (i.e. effective cost area this research Is the costs)? to tive to resources) staff, technical, capacity a sufficient (information, there Is area? this research implement low (i.e. within local control area of this research the implementation Is other jurisdic- with, or action by, coordination means it requires weight tions)? on a and cooperation transfer technology promote area Does this research scale? regional Sub-criteria Relevance to Rio to Commitments Relevance Policies National to Consistency Capability of Rio Synergies ImportanceLogical Ecosystem Impact Ecosystem and Evaluation Monitoring Sustainability benefits - Com of Local Involvement munity Empowerment Women Users Role of End Acceptability Public Equity Risk Uncertainty Urgency Funding sources Funding of opportunityWindow Ancillary Benefits Cost Cost Effectiveness Cost Capacity Institutional and Transfer Technology Cooperation Weight 30 10 15 15 15 15 Total Policy-oriented National Priority Research Topics in Climate Change, Biodiversity and Combating Desertification Biodiversity and Combating Change, in Climate Policy-oriented Topics National Priority Research Criteria Rio Conventions Sustainability Factors Social Factors Risk and Urgency Opportunity Implementation Implementation Score Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Source: (2013-2020) (with Guidelines, Procedures, Tools and Potential Funding Sources to Support to Sources Implementation in the their Funding and Potential Tools Procedures, (2013-2020) (with Guidelines, and the Ministry the UNDP/GEF 2013). by (February of Environment KingdomHashemite Prepared of Jordan. groups with variable weights relative to their importance. These are provided below in Figure 9.2. 9.2. in Figure below provided are These importance. their to relative weights with variable groups Areas Research the Three of for Prioritising Rio 9.2 – Criteria Conventions Figure

PROJECT PRIORITISATION 102 PROJECT PRIORITISATION 103 88 85 84 83 82 81 80 76 76 75 74 73 72 70 69 67 67 66 65 64 Combating Desertification’ was seen as the top as the was seen Desertification’ Combating combating to prioritynational related it was as the livelihoods desertificationto improving and ‘Soil Conservation Measures of local communities. ‘Drought and Desertification’ Combat to also seen as high were and Mitigation’ Prediction summary The of research areas. priority research in Figure presented and their priorities are areas 9.3 below. Prepared by the UNDP/GEF and the MOE (February 2013). 2013). UNDP/GEF and the MOE (February the by Prepared Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Policy-oriented National Priority Research Topics in Climate Change, Biodiversity and Combating Biodiversity and Combating Change, in Climate Policy-oriented Topics National Priority Research Additional Projects for Consideration in a Revised JNAP in a Revised Consideration for Projects Additional 3.1. Water management and its roles in combating desertification in combating and its roles management Water 3.1. 3.2. Soil conservation measures to combat desertification combat to 3.2. Soil conservation measures mitigation 5.3. Drought approach) (holistic management participation5.4. Community and public awareness desertification in combating and capacity building roles Training 4.3. poverty desertification and rural links to approach) 5.2. Livelihood (holistic management and desertification). mechanism (Impacts feedback of land use change on droughts 6.1. Internal and selection tools. databases of suitable of suitable monitoring 8.1. Creation desertification approach) in combating (holistic management and roles 5.1. Indigenous knowledge processes 7.1. Linkages among land degradation of desertification1.1 Indicators mapping desertification for tools 1.2 Contemporary change effects on desertification) (climate 6.2. External forcing desertification combating 4.2. Institutional mechanism for and NAP UNCCD implementing for 8.2. Benchmarks and indicators approach) (community-based of non-equilibrium2.2. Use restoration rangeland models for management 3.3. Livestock 7.2. Soil carbon and soil erosion restoration rangeland of equilibrium models for 2.1. Use on desertification of the impacts4.1. Assessment structural of policies and economic programs There are a number of additional projects that should be considered for a new JNAP in addition to a new JNAP in addition to for should be considered of additional projects a number that are There be need to therefore and would not been fully implemented, in 2006, which have those proposed and plan (see Appendix need to A1-3). New projects would strategy a revised carried into forward the JNAP since been identified have (that and gaps in SLM implementation the constraints address discussed in Section as follows: are These 8 and are of 2006). 1. Desertificationtop funding priority; as not viewed agency in responsibility;2. Government overlaps 9.4 The UNDP, GEF and MOE prioritisation exercise represents a current and up-to-date a current of work piece represents GEF and MOE prioritisation exercise UNDP, The a broad done by was prioritisation exercise The Rio of the three Conventions. within the context than specific JNAP projects. rather areas on research of stakeholders but focused range Source: to Support Funding Sources their Potential Tools and DesertificationProcedures, (2013-2020) (with Guidelines, Kingdom Hashemite the Jordan. in Implementation of Figure 9.3 – Prioritised Desertification Research Topics 9.3 – Prioritised DesertificationFigure Research An assessment of research topics was undertaken was topics of research assessment An In relation Rio three Conventions. each of the for gathered were topics desertification, to research articles UNCCD, of the from the provisions and on Committee the of the Parties, the Conference the for the Committee and Technology, Science and Review Implementation of the of the Convention. assessed these research stakeholders then The a result, of criteria. set As against the agreed topics Management its Roles and in ‘Water the topic Appendix . They are summarised are They (Section 10.6). projects would be additional to those to be additional IFS projects would implementing agencies were proposed. proposed. agencies were implementing These an would have and in the JNAP 2006 identified with years, five of timeframe implementation the within priorityhigh initiated being measures priority medium the within measures year, first priority the within low and measures second, of this owner be the main would NCCD The third. its implementations. ensure and would strategy in full in covered projectsIFS are The within the Implementation2 and set out Framework High priority priority to levels. according below briefly and others described below are ‘outcomes’ as follows: listed, are for Framework Legal • Output 1.1: Enhanced Mobilisation (High Priority): This Resource would shortcomingsaddress in the environmental It include legislation. would and investment greater for Law the Environmental updating the updating Investment effectiveness; SLM principles; integrate to Law Promotion to legislation environmental consolidating penalty updating inconsistencies; remove for incentives and providing systems the reviewing and, investments; environmental sector adoption of CSR the private for incentives principles. Framework Institutional • Output 1.2: Enhanced sector agencies need (High Priority): Public and managing the capacities for develop to SLM. for mobilisation resource implementing are institutional strengthening of levels Three MOE and MOPIC (as the main for outlined, the NCCD IFS process), of the proposed drivers This and key line ministries and institutions. capacity address would project outcome these levels. building for Making• Output 1.3: Harmonised Policy and (High Priority): Implementation of SLM Initiatives linkages been few Jordan’s between have There policies and thus little SLM government national during opportunity and leveraging synergies for by be addressed would This implementation. into programme an SLM umbrella developing one package project initiatives. of cross-sectoral benefit analysis a cost It also require would support to mainstreaming of the programme of SLM and justify funding (as an urgent component). Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development 3. Disconnection between technical work and work 3. Disconnection technical between policy making; SLM policy framework; an integrated 4. Lack of desertification a comprehensive 5. Lack of database; 6. Insufficient public sectorpromote capacity to SLM; 7. Gaps in environmental contradictions and legislation; SLM; into sector investment private Weak 8. for framework a strong 9. Need for controls; environmental of land use system an effective 10. Need for and, control; planning and development of areas 11. Regular and evaluation monitoring of desertification. part is already Item of JNAP 2006 5 above 1) but has 1.1 and 1.2 of Programme (Projects be to and is considered not been implemented be able to to in order requirement an urgent combat in SLM and projects to assess progress desertification. in covered been fully Items 9, 10 and 11 have new the basis for Section represent 8.2 and would They as partprojects proposed of this document. projects in Section set out as proposed and 10 are (see as part of the Implementation Framework Section 10.6). new Items dealt with by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are set out This by IFS. identified project proposals ‘outcomes’ project four for recommendations of allocation effective a more lead to would that in project implementation and better resources These UNCCD. to obligations Jordan’s to relation in: improvements to relate resource for enabling environment The 1. mobilisation; resources; of internal allocation The 2. and, of external mobilisation resources; The 3. resources. of innovative application The 4. outputs identified the IFS each outcome, For set of activities, with and a recommended or ‘low’ ‘medium’ prioritisation according ‘high’, to urgency the time at depending on the perceived of financing is level estimated An of preparation. and possible (based on 2008 estimates) provided

PROJECT PRIORITISATION 104 PROJECT PRIORITISATION 105 form a significant contribution to environmental to environmental contribution a significant form output this Activities for projects. and SLM with JEF and establishing links include would making SLM projects. for submissions Capacity in Enhanced • Output 2.1: Stakeholders’ (Medium and Implementation Budget Preparation Priority). Capacity Enhanced Authorities’ • Output 2.2: Local Priority). for SLM (Medium Funds in Raising and Use of Local • Output 2.3: Increased in SLM (Medium Funds Private International Priority). Enhanced Stakeholders’ • Output 3.1: Local (Medium Sources Knowledge of External Funding Priority). Support to Funds • Output 4.1: Use of Revolving Priority). (Low SLM Activities The and Recommendations: Conclusions of SLM and desertificationIFS prioritisation by identified those on based projects was was exercise prioritisation The JNAP in 2006. MOPIC team, the consultant undertaken by priorityhigh four ranked which MOE, and was project prioritisation This projects. the under important prepared was it that in and supervisionguidance of MOPIC, MOE The with NCCD. and GM in close consultation exercise, GEF and MOE prioritisation UNDP, up-to-date more was on the other hand, Rio of the three and set within the context a also involved exercise This Conventions. but focused of stakeholders range broad than specific JNAP rather areas on research JNAP of the revised preparation The projects. both of these prioritisation take will need to assess their and to consideration into exercises of specific projects merits in light that have in 2006 and (as proposed been identified as well be implemented), which still need to projectsas new including those highlighted in Section 9.4. above Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development • Output 1.4: Decision Makers Enhanced • Output Enhanced 1.4: Decision Makers Importance of the (High of SLM Awareness major reforms, GOJ has launched The Priority): SLM. to linked been properly not have but these It is important makers understand decision that these linkages SLM is important and how for poverty and alleviation local development, be more they would a result, As sustainability. This activities. SLM for budgets increase likely to materials multi-media provide project would and undertake activities environmental raise to of SLM. help mainstreaming and to awareness Effectiveness Government • Output 3.2: Enhanced in Donor MOPIC (High Priority): Coordination improve to needs capacityorder building in and partnerships mobilisation (such resource project would This the GDCWG).as through and GDCWG procedures and improve review also support and would communication, the of external efforts sources to allocate NCCD’s funding. SLM Co-finance to • Output 4.2: Use of Debt Swaps been (High Priority): Debt have Activities swaps of funding in Jordan used source an effectively provide to adopted be increasingly and could output would This support SLM initiatives. for benefit could SLM projects that identify seek to of debt swaps. the potential from Opportunities• Output 4.3: Use of Financing from Priority): This Change Mechanisms (High Climate fulfill the opportunities seek to project would change those climate funding from SLM for for be appropriate would mechanisms that Change the Special Climate namely from Jordan, and the Clean Fund, the Adaptation Fund, be done would This Mechanism. Development raising, awareness of procedures, with a review to related specifically training and technical these funds. • Output 4.4: Use of the Environment ECF is The (High Priority): Fund Compensation and areas rangeland on rehabilitating focused for of financing source is a major potential this output would SLM activities. Activities for identifying procedures, of ECF’s include a review opportunities SLM activities eligible and the for submission of funding applications. Fund • Output Environment 4.5: Use of the Jordan established JEF will recently The (High Priority): Coordination Framework for for Framework Coordination • Deciding on the projects and programmes • Deciding on the projects programmes and in the those identified inclusion from for Implementation Framework; • Reviewing the prioritisation of the selected of within the context projects/programmes done and described in Section already work 9; outline objectives, estimates, • Revisiting costs project duration activities, expected outputs, and amending agencies, and implementing them accordingly; agencies, • Holding discussions with donor of and sources sector organisations private to funding (including those referred innovative in Section financing for 7) on the possibilities the selected projects; the project content, • Revising the proposed priorities and setting them out within an overall following programme work JNAP ten-year donor agencies, discussions with stakeholders, sector;and the private priority for projects, TORs detailed • Preparing implementation been selected for which have conjunction in with years, in the first two funding parties; and, interested following • Overseeing project implementation with funding agencies. agreement 10.3 Jordan’s coordinating for framework A its efforts and to the UNCCD, to obligations SLM and desertificationimplement projects, UNCCD, UNFCCC, and CBD Projects UNFCCC, UNCCD,

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION NCCD the Key Implementing Implementing the Key NCCD Revision to JNAP to Revision

Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development The key tasks for NCCD during the preparation of during the preparation NCCD key tasks for The be: likely to the new JNAP are projects for The NCCD is mandated to coordinate coordinate to is mandated NCCD The desertification in order and SLM issues in Jordan to obligations country’s fulfill the be able to to it has not that are indications The the UNCCD. undertakebeen able to effectively, this role is paid solely partlybecause representation This attendance. meeting occasional based on be to the NCCD the issue of the need for raises which would funded organisation, a properly If base. include some full-time staff and an office danger is a real this does not happen, then there and ineffective the new JNAP will become that during the next years. unimplemented ten NCCD, and the key stakeholders, would have have would and the key stakeholders, NCCD, The JNAP preparation. for the responsibility those from stakeholders should be drawn described in Section with a mix of government 6 agencies/research semi-government ministries, with some preferably, NGOs and also, institutes, ministry Government sector involvement. private MOPIC, MOE, should include the representation It that MWI, and MOMA. is suggested MOA, in the be 12 stakeholders involved could there under the supervision of the JNAP, preparation and ministries, with six government of the NCCD, the (including the other groups each from two be to sector). have Donorprivate agencies would perhaps via during the process, closely consulted MOPIC and the GDCWG meetings. 10.2 Agency

10.1 continuing fulfilling Jordan’s mechanism for be the principal implementation A new JNAP would it start is expected the plan to on revising work that early next Given year, the UNCCD. to obligations JNAP will set out SLM and desertification the is assumed that to be implemented need projects that 2015-2024. Section period set within from projects, 10.6 outlines some possible during the ten-year team. preparation the plan by consideration for the Implementation Framework, 10.

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 106 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 107 Section 2.2 below as proposed by FAO/ by as proposed 10.1 below Figure baseline of information. This has been discussed has been This of information. baseline Sections (see in this document 8.1) and and 5.6 in outlined in project proposals is also covered (see Section the ImplementationFramework of the and monitoring mapping The 10.6). desertification is an important process obligation fulfilled with be and needs to the UNCCD to the proposed actions hence immediate in Jordan, high priority of this project categorisation Without in the Implementation Framework. the desertification mapping of comprehensive of project activities the determination process, be would of programmes and the evaluation synergy the Furthermore, assess. impossible to is becoming Rio the three Conventions between important increasingly the need for hence and the identify to order in is essential coordination and desertification, change, effects (from climate impactson SLM and the land on biodiversity) process. degradation Indicators: Monitoring Potential causes and indicators the process, covers FAO to with desertification.According associated leading processes induced or natural the (1984), to be: desertification to estimated are cover; of the vegetative 1. Degradation erosion; 2. Water 3. Wind erosion; 4. Increased salinity; 5. Reduction matter; in soil organic 6. Soil crusting and compaction; and, or plants to toxic of substances 7. Accumulation animals. to be major considered four are first The and the last three processes determinative determinative The subordinate. be to seen are effects their because defined so are processes a major and they have widespread more are main indicators The impact on land productivity. and assessing desertification, monitoring for summarised are processes, to according grouped in have studies in Jordan UNEP (1984). Several furtheralso identified factorsvalid as being and assessing desertification monitoring for indicators either additional are These conditions. Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development (see Section In. 10.5 below) order Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Need for Regular Plan Review for Need 10.5 of project implementation evaluation The desertificationon combating can only be undertakenproperly with a comprehensive and an established database, information Not only would the impactNot only would of JNAP projects be assessed but to have being implemented and whether projects, future also the need for projects should be programmed previously also have will This or indeed dropped. amended strategy of the overall a bearing on the review this. needed to are and whether amendments assess need to would reviews annual Similarly, and preferred changes in funding allocations project compatibility review as to well as themes, JNAP This strategies. ten-year with the UNCCD’s primethe be responsibility would process review of NCCD. It is essential that the new JNAP, when prepared, prepared, when It the new JNAP, that is essential review continuous of subjectbe system a to should This its relevance. maintain to in order and updated be done on an annual basis the update to need reviews These accordingly. and of specific project implementation status to include an would have This their effectiveness. of SLM and desertification assessment updated accurately to in order in Jordan conditions this understand the changes, significant any accommodate to JNAP should also be re-issuedyears every five The horizon. plan ten-year continuing a with changes of the plan should incorporate revision strategy. the overall to 10.4 needs to be established in tandem with those those with tandem in established be to needs is This activities undertaken and UNFCCC. CBD for in Sectiondiscussed of Integrated ‘Lack 8.1 under Network’SLM Policy the possibilities at and looks which could forum, environmental a national for Rio all three to obligations Jordan’s coordinate or indeed the unification forum This Conventions. within logically committees, national of the three a provide would of the MOE, or under the guise and work coordination for mechanism clearer for priorityof national the identification areas long-term the for funding proper SLM. However, be to clearly have would of this forum operation provided. Studies and surveys in Jordan that looked at at looked that surveys and Studies in Jordan productivity remote from vegetation monitoring data low-resolution that shown have data sensing of assessment an accurate provide to is unlikely particularly and productivity, in cover vegetation data high-resolution of use The areas. rangeland imagery Bakri Al has been assessed by of SPOT vegetation monitor to (2005), Zanat and Abu reserves in a low productivity grazing in protected correlation a high Results showed zone. rainfall and biomass, of vegetation, the cover between Vegetation Index Differentiation the Normalized sensing remote assess to indicator (graphical the study recommended The measurements). vegetation monitoring for use of this technology these studies Whilst and productivity. cover important how of remote role the demonstrated SLM monitoring for was sensing technology desertification, in monitoring and hence more selectand identify to remotely is required research algorithms, image processing sensed indices, desertification to and GIS models relevant Centre The Jordan. in monitoring and assessment Earth for Observation Desertification Information Network (https://directory.eoportal.org/web/ eoportal/home), has been established by which and the Mediterranean on Africa focuses the EU, on satellite useful information Itarea. provides imagery techniques. sensing and remote Assessment Factor (Indicator) Assessment Factor (%); plants of perennial cover • Canopy and, vegetation; (%) of desirable and condition • Area productivity. Vegetation • of erosion; Type • (%); and area • Subsoil exposed • Soil (cm); thickness (% per year); area in eroded • Increase • Sediment deposition in reservoirs; (%); loss of storage • Annual of soil); (texture groups erosion Wind • and, (m/per second); 2m height • Mean annual wind speed at sand movement. of potential • Rate • Morphological indicators; • Soil ESP; EC and productivity); and, (% of potential yields • Crop area). affected• Surface (% of delineated adversely area Reduction of Vegetation Erosion Wind and Water Soil Salinity Desertification Process Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development FAO and UNEP indicators (1984) and UNEP indicators FAO Source: The selection of indicators for monitoring and monitoring selectionfor The indicators of of will depend on the availability evaluation and the sensitivity baseline data comprehensive Improvements of a particular change. to indicator productivityand conditions vegetation in Soil indicators. vegetation in be reflected would need a detailed soil would however, indicators, database. of Desertification Indicators Process 10.1 – Potential Figure 10. Reduction in soil organic matter and 10. Reduction matter in soil organic of soil microbiology. degradation 9. Alteration of soil spectral reflectance 9. Alteration and, sensed indicator); (remotely 8. Changes in seed bank structure and richness; 7. Soil compaction and crusting; 6. Soil salinity and groundwater; 5. Changes in rainfall patterns and distribution; patterns 5. Changes in rainfall 4. Accumulation of calcareous silt at the surface at silt of calcareous 4. Accumulation of the soils; 3. Reduction of forested areas; 3. Reduction of forested 2. Alteration of target and indigenous plant plant and indigenous of target 2. Alteration species; 1. Substantial reduction in plant cover and cover reductionin plant 1. Substantial productivity; or represent the detailing of elements identified identified of elements the detailing or represent and are: FAO/UNEP by

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 108 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 109 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development Implementation Framework Implementation All of the projects have been prioritised (and of the projectsAll have high priority into colour-coded accordingly) (blue). and low brown) medium (light (yellow), sets out the Implementation Framework The within which it the programme project name, key activities, objectives, relevant), is set (where project a broad the principal expected outputs, agencies, the key implementing duration, and some additional budgets, estimated on implementation. comments • Sub-section 3 – These are additional projects are These • Sub-section 3 – seek to that this IIF document by proposed issues outlined in Sectionaddress 8.2. • Sub-section projects proposed 2 – Additional certain address 2008 that IFS in December by as constraints, gaps in implementation described in Section 8.1 of this IIF document. 2; set out in full in Appendix IFS projects are The and, • Sub-section which are 1 - JNAP 2006 projects, have also described 1, that in full in Appendix or not carried out not been fully implemented all; at 10.6 review set out for projects are proposed The below ImplementationFramework the within as follows: sub-areas, three to according NCCD would need to establish a proper proper establish a to need would NCCD desertification for database the (see information in Section in 10.6) Implementation Framework to indicators appropriate the identify to order undertaking for adopted be and monitoring the of the duration throughout process evaluation the JNAP (2015-2024).

and garden irrigation garden and

bills

cost roof water collection system system collection water roof cost

MWI

Reduction of water water of Reduction

fund

Training on construction of low low of construction on Training

through MOA and and MOA through gardening and landscaping and gardening Management

a revolving revolving a Harvesting

implemented implemented NGOs and NCARE and NGOs years 2 to collect rainfall water for use in in use for water rainfall collect to High Watershed Watershed 2

areas

1,000.000 as as 1,000.000 House Roof Water Water Roof House

JNAP 2006 partly partly 2006 JNAP Promote roof collecting systems systems collecting roof Promote Programme 5: Programme

awareness in arid arid in awareness water harvesting water

US$

Project 5.3 of of 5.3 Project participation and and participation Establish a fund for house roof roof house for fund a Establish

Public Public

communities

rural communities rural

and training programmes for local local for programmes training and

alternative income source for for source income alternative

infrastructure; provide awareness awareness provide infrastructure;

introduce ecotourism as an an as ecotourism introduce

establish necessary facilities and and facilities necessary establish

communities Protect rangeland resources and resources rangeland Protect

through ECF through Ecotourism: identify suitable sites; sites; suitable identify Ecotourism:

standards for local local for standards

Programme Programme Forests

for rangeland management rangeland for rangelands increased living living increased

Research Research Rangelands and and Rangelands

and, training and capacity building building capacity and training and, and evaluation system for for system evaluation and conditions and and conditions Rehabilitation

through Badia Badia through MOI and BRDC and MOI 2,000,000 Ecosystems of of Ecosystems

establish national ranger systems; systems; ranger national establish and, develop national monitoring monitoring national develop and, 4 years 4 environmental environmental High Based Rangeland Rangeland Based 1

with constraints constraints with US$ MOE, MOA, MOA, MOE, of Degraded Degraded of

criteria for carrying capacity; capacity; carrying for criteria forage and livestock production; production; livestock and forage enhanced enhanced Community Community

implemented implemented Restoration Restoration

rangeland resources specifying specifying resources rangeland rangelands; stabilise rangeland rangeland stabilise rangelands; productivity, productivity,

JNAP 2006 2006 JNAP Programme 4: Programme

Restoration: survey and assess and survey Restoration: Restore productive capacity of of capacity productive Restore rangelands rangelands

Project 4.1 of of 4.1 Project

Improved Improved

aspects of rangeland resources rangeland of aspects

biological and socio- economic economic socio- and biological inventory of rangeland resources rangeland of inventory

compiling database on physical, physical, on database compiling Document and update update and Document

Inventory: collecting and and collecting Inventory:

Outputs Budget (1) Budget Agencies

Objectives Priority Programme Project # Activities Comments Duration

Expected Estimated Implementing

1– Implementation Framework (2015-2024): JNAP 2006 Projects 2006 JNAP (2015-2024): Framework Implementation 1– IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 110

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 111

communities

and training programs for local local for programs training and

resources infrastructure; provide awareness awareness provide infrastructure;

forests and near urban areas urban near and forests

monitor forest forest monitor of necessary facilities and and facilities necessary of

Promote ecotourism in ecotourism Promote

mechanism to to mechanism purposes; establishment establishment purposes;

of effective effective of suitable sites for ecotourism ecotourism for sites suitable

establishment establishment Ecotourism: identification of of identification Ecotourism: through ECF through

Guidelines on on Guidelines Programme Programme Forests

parameters

Research Research Rangelands and and Rangelands

and land use on forest resources forest on use land and the most relevant ecophysiological ecophysiological relevant most the Forest Environment Forest

through Badia Badia through 1,500,000 communities Ecosystems of of Ecosystems

Monitor the impacts of drought drought of impacts the Monitor patterns over seasonal gradient of of gradient seasonal over patterns 3 years 3 High of Development 4

with constraints constraints with US$ local and MOE MOA, Degraded

Monitoring: observation of daily daily of observation Monitoring: Rehabilitation and and Rehabilitation

implemented implemented Restoration of of Restoration

JNAP 2006 2006 JNAP Programme 4: 4: Programme feasibility.

Project 4.2 of of 4.2 Project of local species, socio-economic socio-economic species, local of

supervision of MOA of supervision schemes

conservation and sustainable use use sustainable and conservation

management plans under the the under plans management management management

plans taking into consideration consideration into taking plans

and development of local local of development and Best practice forest forest practice Best

develop local management management local develop

through local participation participation local through

and different forest groups; groups; forest different and

Encourage protection of forests forests of protection Encourage

forest areas, relevant stakeholders stakeholders relevant areas, forest

Forest Management: identify identify Management: Forest

needed. needed.

review to make adjustments as as adjustments make to review

to combat desertification. combat to mobilisation efforts, progress progress efforts, mobilisation

from different sources different from intensification of resource resource of intensification

mobilisation of financial resources financial of mobilisation of small grants to communities, communities, to grants small of

Contribute to the to Contribute Operation of NFCD (disbursement (disbursement NFCD of Operation

Development

clear legal status legal clear Desertification

(obtain official approval) official (obtain

implemented implemented Institutional Institutional

cooperation with GEF with cooperation 2,000,000 established with with established to Combat Combat to

international. Establish the NFCD at the MOE MOE the at NFCD the Establish

JNAP 2006 not not 2006 JNAP 2 years 2 High and 3

US$ MOE and HFDJB in in HFDJB and MOE on Desertification Desertification on National Fund Fund National

resources whether domestic or or domestic whether resources

Project 3.2 of of 3.2 Project

Capacity Building Building Capacity Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

National Trust Fund Fund Trust National Establishing a a Establishing

mobilisation of other financial financial other of mobilisation Programme 3: Programme

force, Provide funds that could lead to to lead could that funds Provide

Proposal development by task task by development Proposal

needs and concerns. and needs

made based on their priority priority their on based made

grants to communities can be be can communities to grants

building,

Provide mechanism for small small for mechanism Provide

Introduction and consensus consensus and Introduction

Outputs Agencies Budget (1) Budget

# Project Programme Priority Objectives Activities Comments Duration

Expected Implementing Estimated

impacts of desertification of impacts Production of awareness tool kit tool awareness of Production

understanding causes and and causes understanding

and activities and throughout the country the throughout

Coordinate efforts in in efforts Coordinate System (DIS) System

different schemes schemes different JSDCBD

Organise educational activities activities educational Organise

desertification

400,000 Information Awareness

undertaken through through undertaken JOHUD, BRDC and and BRDC JOHUD, 4 years 4 9

awareness towards towards awareness desertification

sustainable land use land sustainable US$ Desertification Desertification Public Public

JNAP 2006 partly partly 2006 JNAP MOE, MOA, MWI, MWI, MOA, MOE,

Increased public public Increased involved in combating combating in involved

Raise public awareness towards towards awareness public Raise Programme 1: Programme

Project 1.3 of of 1.3 Project

organisations and institutions institutions and organisations

roles in combating desertification combating in roles

Raise awareness at all levels of of levels all at awareness Raise

Identify target groups and their their and groups target Identify

technology

physical conditions physical

to modern technology modern to

compatible with modern modern with compatible

to existing social and and social existing to

and adapt traditional knowledge knowledge traditional adapt and

Identify successful techniques techniques successful Identify

information to be adapted adapted be to information

Conservation

Document traditional practices traditional Document

research centres research

Dissemination of collected collected of Dissemination

Management Soil and Water Water and Soil soil and water conservation water and soil

through NGOs and and NGOs through 200,000 HFDJB and BRDC

Medium Watershed Watershed Knowledge on on Knowledge 8 Document engineering aspects of of aspects engineering Document 3 years 3

2006 implemented implemented 2006 US$ Local farmers, MOA, MOA, farmers, Local

sustainable agriculture sustainable

Programme 5: Programme of Traditional Traditional of

and water conservation water and

inventory

Project 5.1 of JNAP JNAP of 5.1 Project

water conservation and and conservation water

Documentation Documentation

surveys to determine type of soil soil of type determine to surveys hydrological aspects and compile compile and aspects hydrological

knowledge for soil and and soil for knowledge

Conduct literature and field field and literature Conduct traditional knowledge for for knowledge traditional

Use of traditional traditional of Use

Define characteristics of of characteristics Define

of Jordan of

Program conditions in target areas target in conditions

Monitor selected indicators selected Monitor the Arid Lands Lands Arid the by MOSD MOSD by

techniques Development Improved logical logical Improved

Communities in in Communities and NGOs and years implemented implemented 5,000,000

and resource management management resource and High Economic 6

Development of of Development MOSD, MOMA MOMA MOSD, 7 to 5 JNAP 2006 partly partly 2006 JNAP US$

Improve arid land use practices practices use land arid Improve and Social Human, Outreach and training and Outreach

Socio-Economic Socio-Economic Project 6.2 of of 6.2 Project capita

Programme 6: Programme

Integrated Integrated Income improvement per per improvement Income Assess the community needs community the Assess

required technical equipments technical required

Define the training needs and the the and needs training the Define

Programmes 1 and 2). and 1 Programmes

the key reference for these issues these for reference key the at the MOE (part of of (part MOE the at

places the desertification unit as as unit desertification the places Desertification control control Desertification

University Control

and produce a strategic plan that that plan strategic a produce and Development

and the Hashemite Hashemite the and Monitoring and and Monitoring

agencies working in the field field the in working agencies implemented implemented desertification Institutional

Jordan Jordan $200,000 Desertification Desertification

4 years 4 governmental the for mandates 2006 not not 2006 for activities to combat combat to activities for High and 5

the University of of University the US Programmes on on Programmes

and technical meetings to define define to meetings technical and Project 3.2 of JNAP JNAP of 3.2 Project Build up institutional capacity capacity institutional up Build Capacity Building Building Capacity

cooperation with with cooperation Training Training

university. Conduct a series of workshops workshops of series a Conduct Programme 3: 3: Programme

MOE and MOA in in MOA and MOE National National

supervised by a national national a by supervised

in MOE. in

to coordinate training training coordinate to

the desertification control unit unit control desertification the

Well-established unit unit Well-established

background and capabilities of of capabilities and background Evaluate the technical technical the Evaluate Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 112

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 113

advise to decision makers decision to advise

researchers

economic impacts economic

Provide technical and scientific scientific and technical Provide

Hiring qualified personnel and and personnel qualified Hiring continuous

Estimation of of Estimation

Control Operation: Operation:

WFP and other NGOs other and WFP potential economic impacts economic potential Desertification Desertification Impacts

implemented. $1,000.000 drought

and facilities and

BRDC, JSDCBD, UN/ JSDCBD, BRDC, Identify affected communities and and communities affected Identify Medium Prediction and Prediction Drought 12

JNAP 2006 not not 2006 JNAP US distribution and and distribution

Provision of necessary equipment equipment necessary of Provision

MOE, MOA, MWI, MWI, MOA, MOE, Drought Drought Assessment of of Assessment

years

Project 2.2 of of 2.2 Project

on geographic geographic on

Programme 2: 2: Programme

basis and training: 3 3 training: and

information information

a national university national a and extent on annual/seasonal annual/seasonal on extent and Construction Construction

Annual and seasonal seasonal and Annual

Establish this under the guise of of guise the under this Establish Identify drought severity severity drought Identify

communities

are adaptable to the area the to adaptable are

experience to other other to experience Areas of Jordan of Areas

Plant indigenous woody plants that that plants woody indigenous Plant

Dissemination of local local of Dissemination

Roads in Arid Arid in Roads

and reduce wind erosion wind reduce and

MWI

and along along and

Increase green areas green Increase

through MOA and and MOA through unities Management

irrigation system irrigation 200.000 around Villages Villages around

implemented implemented and local comm- local and 4 years 4 Medium Watershed Watershed 11

Select reuse site and equip with with equip and site reuse Select US$ Greenbelt Areas Areas Greenbelt

JNAP 2006 partly partly 2006 JNAP MWI, BRDC BRDC MWI, Programme 5: Programme reuse component reuse

Water for for Water

Project 5.5 of of 5.5 Project

Treatment plant with with plant Treatment

Reclaimed Reclaimed

tanks

wastewater treatment plant treatment wastewater

Use of of Use

pollution from cesspool and septic septic and cesspool from pollution

Establish a small low cost cost low small a Establish Reduce hazards of groundwater groundwater of hazards Reduce

Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

desertification Appendix A3 Appendix

combat and monitor monitor and combat monitoring and control. and monitoring

and Project 3 in in 3 Project and

desertification.

Development Development

and other agencies to to agencies other and to desertification to

Appendix A2 A2 Appendix Amman and NGOs. and Amman

Formulation of a new law related to to related law new a of Formulation

1year. 1year. Institutional Institutional Monitoring and and Monitoring

mandates of MOE MOE of mandates Formulate laws related laws Formulate

/1.2 in in /1.2 200.000 Municipality of of Municipality

legislation: legislation: Medium Building and Building Framework for for Framework 10

Strengthening Strengthening

See Project 1.1 1.1 Project See US$ of Justice, MWI, MWI, Justice, of

Review of of Review Capacity Capacity Legal Legal

implemented. MOE, MOA, Ministry Ministry MOA, MOE,

Programme 3: Programme Desertification Desertification

JNAP 2006 not not 2006 JNAP

monitoring

desertification. related to desertification. to related

Project 3.3 of of 3.3 Project

desertification

Review existing laws related to to related laws existing Review Develop and update existing laws laws existing update and Develop A legal framework for for framework legal A

resource

with local ecological local with

vicinity Program

communities

Improved interaction interaction Improved

development activities in the the in activities development by MOSD by Development Development Communities

Improve livelihoods of local local of livelihoods Improve

Conduct training to link link to training Conduct

implemented implemented 1,000,000 NCARE and Economic Economic Training for for Training income

5 years 5 Low 14

JNAP 2006 partly partly 2006 JNAP US$ NGOs, MOA, BRDC BRDC MOA, NGOs, and Comprehensive Improved household household Improved

Project 6.1 of of 6.1 Project Human, Social Social Human, Modules for for Modules

local communities for SLM for communities local Programme 6: 6: Programme

Enhanced productivity Enhanced assessment needs Training

Raise awareness of of awareness Raise

restoration restoration

rehabilitation and and rehabilitation action for rehabilitation and and rehabilitation for action

degradation

action for for action maps for areas requiring urgent urgent requiring areas for maps

measures to combat land land combat to measures

requiring urgent urgent requiring Production of Production

desertification and necessary necessary and desertification

maps for areas areas for maps

Identify root causes of of causes root Identify

Production of Production

System (DIS) System Production of thematic maps thematic of Production

Jordan implemented.

University of Jordan of University Information Mapping 1,000,000

University of of University Medium JNAP 2006 not not 2006 JNAP 13 thematic maps thematic

MOE, HCST and and HCST MOE, Desertification Desertification Desertification Desertification US$

MOE, HCST and and HCST MOE, Project 1.2 of of 1.2 Project Production of of Production

Programme 1: 1: Programme

updating

of desertification of

Completion of missing maps and and maps missing of Completion

Identify future trends and extent extent and trends future Identify

areas

desertification prone prone desertification

scope available data and its quality its and data available scope Identification of of Identification risk and hazards in Jordan in hazards and risk

Conduct a comprehensive survey to to survey comprehensive a Conduct Map desertification status, rate, rate, status, desertification Map Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 114

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 115

(1) Budget estimates based on IFS 2008 figures 2008 IFS on based estimates Budget (1)

water for beneficial purposes beneficial for water

artificial recharge artificial

MWI Identify beneficial use of flood flood of use beneficial Identify

Bank and BRDC and Bank vegetation cover vegetation used for testing and evaluation of of evaluation and testing for used

through MOA and and MOA through Management Groundwater

increase safe yield safe increase Agriculture Loan Loan Agriculture safe yield and greater greater and yield safe ment area of 15- 20 km² will be be will km² 20 15- of area ment

implemented implemented US$1 million US$1 5 years 5 Low Watershed Watershed Recharge of Recharge 17

Improve water quality and and quality water Improve nian Farmers Union, Union, Farmers nian quality, enhanced enhanced quality, - catch The area. recharge potential

JNAP 2006 partly partly 2006 JNAP Programme 5: 5: Programme Artificial Artificial

- Jorda MOWI, MOA, Improved water water Improved selected desert wadi close to the the to close wadi desert selected

recharge to aquifers to recharge

Project 5.2 of of 5.2 Project

Establish a pilot project in a a in project pilot a Establish

Increase volume of water water of volume Increase

MWI Farming

Bank and BRDC and Bank vegetable farming vegetable

through MOA and and MOA through basins lecting system for agriculture uses agriculture for system lecting Management Agriculture Agriculture

Agriculture Loan Loan Agriculture mentary irrigation for fruit and and fruit for irrigation mentary tially revolving) tially

implemented implemented 5 years 5 limited groundwater groundwater limited - rainfall-col construct to farmers Low Watershed Watershed ing Project for for Project ing 16

nian Farmers Union, Union, Farmers nian - supple as use and systems - (par US$5,000,000

JNAP 2006 partly partly 2006 JNAP Reducing pressure on on pressure Reducing Establish a subsidised fund for for fund subsidised a Establish Programme 5: 5: Programme - Harvest Water

- Jorda MOWI, MOA, Promote rainfall water collecting collecting water rainfall Promote

Project 5.3 of of 5.3 Project National Rainfall Rainfall National

droughts

methodology affected by by affected

Implementation and testing of of testing and Implementation areas severely severely areas

real time within season within time real

Identification of of Identification

continuous

annual and seasonal basis and in in and basis seasonal and annual

and their use in drought monitoring drought in use their and

drought prediction drought

Operation: Operation:

Identify highly affected areas on on areas affected highly Identify

and high temporal resolution data resolution temporal high and time monitoring for for monitoring time

Training of staff in remote sensing sensing remote in staff of Training Adoption of real- of Adoption

Control (CDMP)

indices for drought monitoring drought for indices

of Jordan and BRDC and Jordan of

Desertification Desertification and Prediction Prediction and implemented.

Selection of remotely sensed sensed remotely of Selection

partment, University University partment, centres

agencies

Low diction and diction Monitoring Monitoring JNAP 2006 not not 2006 JNAP 15 US$4,000,000

- De Meteorological drought probabilities drought

between drought monitoring monitoring drought between Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development the related national national related the

- Pre Drought Drought Project 2.2 of of 2.2 Project

MWI, MOA, Jordan Jordan MOA, MWI, Identification of areas with high high with areas of Identification Exchange data and information information and data Exchange

Capacity building of of building Capacity Programme 2: Programme Center for for Center

monitoring in Jordan and region and Jordan in monitoring periods

techniques related to drought drought to related techniques training: 5 years 5 training: probability of drought and return return and drought of probability

Adopt and test remotely sensed sensed remotely test and Adopt

Construction and and Construction Analysis of climate data to identify identify to data climate of Analysis monitoring

networks prediction and and prediction

and personnel and

forms part of regional and global global and regional of part forms centre on drought drought on centre

centre with the required facilities facilities required the with centre

prediction and early warning that that warning early and prediction A specialised scientific scientific specialised A

Establish the drought monitoring monitoring drought the Establish Establishing center for drought drought for center Establishing

Obtain NGO involvement in the exercise exercise the in involvement NGO Obtain

programmes

Mobilisation

ness

biodiversity biodiversity tance of SLM SLM of tance

tation alleviation. for Resource Resource for

- effective and feedback on based materials Revise

change and and change - Impor the

- implemen project in SLM and its links with poverty poverty with links its and SLM Environment Environment

with the climate climate the with US$300,000 NCCD year 1 High Awareness of of Awareness 1.4 with identified decision makers decision identified with

of importance of SLM SLM of importance of makers of the importance of of importance the of makers Enabling Enabling

coordinated coordinated ers Enhanced Enhanced ers Organise awareness sessions sessions awareness Organise

Increased awareness awareness Increased Raise awareness amongst decision decision amongst awareness Raise Enhanced Enhanced

needs to be be to needs - Mak Decision

makers Outcome 1: Outcome

This project project This

Design and prepare materials for key decision decision key for materials prepare and Design

on SLM on

evaluation of programme impacts impacts programme of evaluation

gramme as an urgent component urgent an as gramme Enable effective monitoring and and monitoring effective Enable

- pro the of analysis benefit cost a Undertake

initiatives implemented. implemented. initiatives

Mobilisation tives

sity programmes sity

SLM as part of one package of of package one of part as SLM

for Resource Resource for - Initia SLM of

- biodiver and change

Provide opportunities to promote promote to opportunities Provide

and IFAD and Environment Environment plementation plementation

US$450,000 1 year 1 with the climate climate the with High 1.3

gramme as an urgent component urgent an as gramme

NCCD with GM GM with NCCD Enabling Enabling Making and Making

ordination, especially especially ordination,

poverty alleviation poverty - pro the of analysis benefit cost a Undertake

Enhanced Enhanced Policy

- co project Improved

SLM into more sectors, such as as such sectors, more into SLM

Outcome 1: Outcome Harmonised

biodiversity programmes biodiversity

inconsistencies and integrating integrating and inconsistencies

Will need to coordinate with climate change and and change climate with coordinate to need Will

streamlining policies, removing removing policies, streamlining

integrates project initiatives from different sector. sector. different from initiatives project integrates

Provide opportunities for for opportunities Provide

Develop and SLM umbrella programme that that programme umbrella SLM and Develop

Mobilisation

for Resource Resource for

effectiveness operation issues. issues. operation ministries Framework

Environment Environment

NCCD year 1 implementation and and implementation of NCCD, and addressing specific institutional institutional specific addressing and NCCD, of MOE, MOPIC, NCCD and other line line other and NCCD MOPIC, MOE, High Institutional Institutional 1.2 US$600.000 US$600.000

Enabling Enabling

Improved project project Improved Capacity building of the relevant ministries, and and ministries, relevant the of building Capacity Institutional strengthening of of strengthening Institutional Enhance Enhance

Enhanced Enhanced

Outcome 1: Outcome

for private sector CSR principles CSR sector private for

penalties

initiatives. NGOs

environmental investments. Incorporate options options Incorporate investments. environmental

tives, enforcement of laws, and and laws, of enforcement tives,

biodiversity biodiversity of Investment and and Investment of Mobilisation

inconsistencies and to provide incentives for for incentives provide to and inconsistencies

Mobilisation

- incen investment Strengthen

change and and change Encouragement Encouragement Promotion Law Promotion for Resource Resource for Consolidate environmental legislation to remove remove to legislation environmental Consolidate

for Resource Resource for

with climate climate with Council for the the for Council years Law and Investment Investment and Law Environment Environment

SLM principles SLM Law US$300,000 High Framework Framework 1.1

be integrated integrated be MWI, MOTA, Higher Higher MOTA, MWI, 2 – 5 5 – 2 grated Environment Environment grated Enabling Enabling

Update Investment Promotion Law to integrate integrate to Law Promotion Investment Update Improve Investment Promotion Promotion Investment Improve Lega l l Lega

by NCCD and to to and NCCD by of Economy, MOA, MOA, Economy, of - inte and Improved Enhanced Enhanced

Enhanced Enhanced

fining regulations fining be coordinated coordinated be of Justice, Ministry Ministry Justice, of Outcome 1: Outcome

Law 2006 Law

principles, economic incentives, and penalty and and penalty and incentives, economic principles, Project needs to to needs Project MOE, MOF, Ministry Ministry MOF, MOE,

Improve Environment Environment Improve

Update Environment Law to include polluter-pays polluter-pays include to Law Environment Update

Outputs Agencies Budget (1) Budget

Project # Programme Priority Objectives Activities Comments Duration

Expected Implementing Estimated 2 – Implementation Framework (2015-2024): IFS Proposed Projects Proposed IFS (2015-2024): Framework Implementation – 2 Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 116

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 117

programmes

biodiversity biodiversity

donor modalities and procedures and modalities donor

sources Sources

change and and change funding resources funding

Organise training programmes on on programmes training Organise

derstand donor funding operations funding donor derstand - Re External of of External Funding Funding External of

with climate climate with US$225,000 GM and MOPIC year 1 ment of project project of ment Medium 3.1

- un to ability stakeholders’ Increase tion tion Enhanced Knowledge Knowledge Enhanced

coordinated coordinated - disburse Better

- Mobilisa Enhanced Local Stakeholders’ Stakeholders’ Local

needs to be be to needs

nal funding partners funding nal

Outcome 3: 3: Outcome

This initiative This - exter of database online an Develop

tance of SLM project investment project SLM of tance

- impor emphasising materials Produce programmes

SLM umbrella programme umbrella SLM

biodiversity biodiversity projects

Commerce of Internal Resources Internal of in SLM SLM in

potential sources of funding as part of of part as funding of sources potential

change and and change desertification desertification

MOI, Chamber of of Chamber MOI, of SLM project funding funding project SLM of tion and Allocation Allocation and tion tional Private Funds Funds Private tional

Include potential companies as as companies potential Include

with climate climate with US$75,000 1 to 2 years 2 to 1 ing for SLM and and SLM for ing Medium 2.3

ment of Statistics, Statistics, of ment Increase the level level the Increase - Mobilisa Enhanced - Interna and Local

coordinated coordinated - financ sector likelihood of support support of likelihood

- Depart with NCCD Outcome 2: Outcome Increased Use of of Use Increased

needs to be be to needs Increase in private private in Increase Rank companies according to to according companies Rank

This initiative This

tial for SLM project funding project SLM for tial

- poten and CSR sector private Survey

importance importance

Increase MOMA’s awareness of SLM SLM of awareness MOMA’s Increase

MOMA of Internal Resources Internal of use of funds of use

funding resources funding SLM project funds project SLM Raising Funds for SLM for Funds Raising

million supporting role for for role supporting tion and Allocation Allocation and tion on project implementation to improve improve to implementation project on

1 to 2 years 2 to 1 ment of project project of ment effectiveness in raising raising in effectiveness Medium Enhanced Capacity in in Capacity Enhanced 2.2

US$1.5 US$1.5 NCCD to play play to NCCD - Mobilisa Enhanced Implement training for municipalities municipalities for training Implement

- disburse Better Improve local authority authority local Improve Local Authorities‘ Authorities‘ Local

MOMA with MOE. MOE. with MOMA Outcome 2: Outcome

that integrate SLM principles SLM integrate that

on preparing local development plans plans development local preparing on Develop TORs for training consultancy consultancy training for TORs Develop

monitoring their effectiveness through through effectiveness their monitoring

Implement training sessions and and sessions training Implement

and Implementation and

funding resources funding

disbursement of resources resources of disbursement Budget Preparation Preparation Budget

1 to 2 years 2 to 1 NCCD US$300,000 ment of project project of ment Medium 2.1 tion

Increase the efficient efficient the Increase Enhanced Capacity in in Capacity Enhanced

Better disburse Better - of Internal Resources Internal of - implementa and setting budget for

Stakeholders’ Stakeholders’

tion and Allocation Allocation and tion Develop TORs for training consultancy consultancy training for TORs Develop

- Mobilisa Enhanced

staff at identified institution identified at staff

Outcome 2: Outcome Conduct a rapid needs assessment of of assessment needs rapid a Conduct

mental certification. mental

levels. levels.

requirements.

- environ and attractions

regional and local local and regional

for improvements to operational, legislative and enforcement enforcement and legislative operational, to improvements for

nature reserves, tourism tourism reserves, nature

ment teams at the the at teams ment

environmental certification. Make specific recommendations recommendations specific Make certification. environmental

in other areas, such as for for as such areas, other in

- assess EMP and 10.2)

strengthened eg: for nature reserves, tourism attractions and and attractions tourism reserves, nature for eg: strengthened

environmental controls controls environmental

needs for SEA, EIA EIA SEA, for needs 1.1 (see Figure Figure (see 1.1

Identify other areas where environmental controls could be be could controls environmental where areas other Identify

controls Improve and strengthen strengthen and Improve

sessment of staffing staffing of sessment NGOs and Project Project and Controls

environmental environmental

agencies - as sound a be to US$1 million US$1 MWI, MOTA and and MOTA MWI, years Outcome 1 1 Outcome Environmental Environmental

SEA in Jordan in SEA gional and local local and gional High 1

legislative requirements and implement through government government through implement and requirements legislative There must must There – – istry of Justice, Justice, of istry 1 - 2 2 - 1 linked with with linked Framework for for Framework

Establish new system for for system new Establish - re national,

Outline requirements for SEA system in Jordan. Draft the the Draft Jordan. in system SEA for requirements Outline US$600,000 US$600,000 - Min MOA, MOE, programme programme Strong Strong

Improved Improved

initiatives. initiatives. part of a new new a of part

Police Unit) Police

implement through government agencies. agencies. government through implement and biodiversity biodiversity and Could form form Could

(linked to Environmental Environmental to (linked

ment system. Set out recommendations for improvements and and improvements for recommendations out Set system. ment with climate change change climate with

and enforcement system system enforcement and

Project 1.1 of Outcome 1 above in Figure 10.2) and enforce and 10.2) Figure in above 1 Outcome of 1.1 Project - strong coordination coordination strong

appraisal, legislative legislative appraisal,

Review operational, legislative system (in conjunction with with conjunction (in system legislative operational, Review There needs to be be to needs There

Improve EIA and EMP EMP and EIA Improve

Outputs Budget (1) Budget Agencies

Objectives Priority Programme Project # Activities Comments Duration

Expected Estimated Implementing

3 – Implementation Framework (2015-2024): New IIF Proposed Projects Proposed IIF New (2015-2024): Framework Implementation – 3

(1) Budget estimates based on IFS 2008 figures 2008 IFS on based estimates Budget (1)

monitor effectiveness monitor

Develop use of revolving funds and and funds revolving of use Develop

for SLM for

alleviation alleviation communities Resources

resulting benefit benefit resulting Activities

funds, based on SLM and poverty poverty and SLM on based funds, million NGOs and local local and NGOs communities to benefit SLM benefit to communities tion of Innovative Innovative of tion

Continuous communities and and communities Low Funds to Support SLM SLM Support to Funds 4.1

Identify key areas for use of revolving revolving of use for areas key Identify US$7.5 US$7.5 MOA, MOSD, MWI, MWI, MOSD, MOA, Channel resources towards poor poor towards resources Channel - Mobilisa Enhanced

for poor poor for Use of Revolving Revolving of Use

NCCD with MOE, MOE, with NCCD Outcome 4: 4: Outcome

lessons Increased income income Increased

revolving funds in Jordan and draw draw and Jordan in funds revolving Review existing experience with with experience existing Review Supporting the Development of an Integrated Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan for Framework Investment Supporting of an Integrated the Development

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 118

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 119

(1) Budget estimates based on IFS 2008 figures 2008 IFS on based estimates Budget (1)

system system

above) above)

and assessment assessment and

(of Figure 10.3 10.3 Figure (of

basis for project assessment project for basis

integrated database database integrated

effectiveness Programme 1 1 Programme System for JNAP for System

Undertake training and capacity building for the new M&E M&E new the for building capacity and training Undertake

perhaps an an perhaps effectiveness

US$80,000 mentation and and mentation 7 under under 7 and Evaluation Evaluation and

initiatives and and initiatives NCCD months 6 and evaluation of project project of evaluation and High 3

US$60.000 – – US$60.000 - imple project of Project Project of Monitoring Monitoring

and biodiversity biodiversity and Increase the monitoring monitoring the Increase

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# Project Programme Priority Objectives Activities Comments Duration

Expected Implementing Estimated APPENDIX 1 JNAP Programmes And Projects 1. Programme One: Desertification Information System (DIS) Updated spatial and temporal information for desertification is crucial in identifying priorities and target areas for action plans. An efficient database needs to be constructed and made available for researchers, planners and eventually to decision-makers. Effective utilization and updating of existing data is required, particularly maps and surveys. Consolidated and accurate data are needed from the Ministry of Environment (MOE) in cooperation with the Badia Research and Development Center (BRDC). As a part of the e-government, the proposed DIS will provide information needed for different users including planners, decision-makers, academic institutions, and NGOs as well as donor agencies. The overall aim of the DIS programme is to build up and activate an updated system for desertification in Jordan. The specific objectives of this programme are: • To create a desertification information network; • To provide capacity development for the MOE; • To compile and update existing information; • To identify gaps and information needs for monitoring and combating desertification; and, • To provide socio-economic information on desertification impacts. In order to achieve the above objectives, integrated projects relating to desertification have been outlined. These projects will develop the capacity of the MOE in desertification monitoring. Output from other programmes and projects will be merged and integrated with DIS to provide information in near real-time for the different beneficiaries and users. Areas of activities will include: • Mapping of desertification (status, rate, risk and hazard), • Mapping and updating of land use, • Build up of operational GIS database on desertification. 1.1 Project Title: Establishing a Desertification Database Justification: Scattering and discrepancies in data are two major problems that restrict the utilization of information in research and projects related to combating desertification. The need to organize the database so as to store, compile and provide data for the different users has been emphasized by many institutions. Therefore, this project aims to build an environmental database where different data sets on land, vegetation, climate, socio-economic and demography are stored, compiled, and published through the web. Connecting this database with GIS data of the different institutions including Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Department of Statistics (DOS), Ministry of Water and Irriga- tion (MWI), Badia Research and Development Centers (BRDC), universities and NGOs is also an objective that is required to unify efforts of combating desertification. Objectives: 1. To create a geo-referenced database for environment and desertification studies; and, 2. To link the different sources of environmental data and National Information Technology Center

120 (NITC) through an environmental information network. Activities: 1. Collecting and compiling data on desertification in Jordan; and, 2. Creating a GIS database and website on desertification in Jordan. All relevant information and data from National Soil Map and Land Use Project (NSMLUP), range surveys, Meteorological Department (MD), MWI, web databases, Royal Jordanian Geographic Center (RJGC), BRDC, and DOS will be compiled, organised into digital format, and stored in the database. To achieve this, hardware and software requirements have to be obtained and installed. Expected Outputs: 1. National database on desertification accessible to all the environmental community. 2. Trained people of all concerned agencies on the use of desertification database. Duration: Construction: Two Years. Operation: Continuous. Implementing Agencies: MOE, Higher Council for Science and Technology (HCST), BRDC, MOA, MWI, DOS, Municipality of Amman, National Information Technology Center, and NGO’s. Estimated Budget: US$500,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Not implemented. 1.2 Project Title: Desertification Mapping Justification: Most of the country’s land area receives less than 200mm of annual rainfall; hence land and land resources are highly sensitive to desertification. In addition to the low rainfall and periodic droughts in the country, human induced factors are accelerating desertification in different parts of the country. Among these factors are livestock and grazing practices, inappropriate agricultural and irrigation techniques, the marginalization of land, changing socio-economic conditions, absence of land use legislation and a high population growth rate. The impacts of these factors are expected to vary in terms of geography/topography, as ecosystem sensitivity/resilience is location dependant. Therefore, this project aims to map desertification and to identify areas that are already affected or have reached advanced stage of desertification, areas under the risk of desertification and possible future trends of desertification in the country. This, however, requires the identification of criteria for each environmental component and to integrate provisional methodologies into local and regional conditions in order to prepare detailed and semi-detailed maps of desertification status, rate, hazard, and risk in the country. Outputs from this project are expected to identify areas with a high priority of rehabilitation and the necessary measures required for combating desertification in different parts of the country. Objectives: 1. To map desertification status, rate, risk and hazard in Jordan under the umbrella of a national university; 2. To identify future trends and the extent of desertification; 3. To identify the root-causes of desertification and the necessary measures to combat land degradation problem; and,

121 4. To scope the high-priority areas for measures of combating desertification. Activities: 1. Conducting a comprehensive survey to scope available data and their quality; 2. Completion of missing maps and updating of some maps including land cover/use; 3. Setting out and/or selection of the necessary criteria for identification of desertification status, rate, risk, and hazard; and, 4. Implementation of GIS and Remote Sensing models for mapping desertification. Expected Outputs: • Identification of desertification-prone areas in Jordan; • Production of thematic maps (scale 1:50,000 and 1:10,000) of desertification, showing existing and potential land uses in digital formats, available through Project 1.1 (Environmental Database); and, • Production of priority maps of areas requiring urgent actions of rehabilitation and restoration. Duration: Four years. Implementing Agencies: MOE, international donor agencies (UN/FAO), University of Jordan (UOJ), BRDC, and NGO’s. Estimated Budget: US$1,000,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Not implemented. 1.3 Project Title: Public Awareness Justification: Project success in combating desertification is determined by the participation of affected local communities. The degree of response, action, and local community involvement will depend on their awareness of the causes and consequences of the problem. Poor coordination between different agencies at the national and the regional levels are among the problems that face the project implementation and plans to combat desertification. Therefore, this proposed project aims to raise public awareness and to enhance local community participation and organization in order to highlight the root causes, impacts and necessary action plans and measures that are required to control and combat this problem. Objectives: 1. To raise awareness towards the problems of desertification and its consequences; 2. To create awareness at all institutional levels of those involved in combating desertification; and, 3. To coordinate national efforts in understanding the causes and impacts of desertification, and the levels of training required for combating desertification. Activities: 1. Identification of target groups and their roles in combating desertification; 2. Raising public awareness towards sustainable land use through educational and training programmes; 3. Organising seminars, workshops and conferences at the national level; 4. Producing brochures and multimedia presentations through mass media; and,

122 5. Conducting awareness campaigns through all appropriate communication channels among chil- dren and youth, particularly in arid and semi-arid zones of the country. Expected Outputs: Increase in public awareness of desertification. More people trained at different agencies capable of carrying out public awareness activities. Duration: Four years. Implementing Agencies: MOE, MOA, MWI, the Hashemite Fund for Human Development (HFHD), the Hashemite Fund for Badia Development (HFBD), BRDC, universities, Municipality of Amman, and The Jordanian Society for Combating Desertification. Estimated Budget: US$400,000. Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Undertaken through different themes and activities. 2. Programme Two: Drought Prediction and Desertification Control Justification: This programme aims to monitor drought and desertification for aid in formulating action plans by decision-makers. The project will also focus on combating land degradation through consistent efforts towards land resources conservation and mitigating the effects of droughts. Jordan is located in one of the most unpredictable parts of the world in terms of drought and rainfall variations. Creation of a sub-regional centre for drought prediction will help decision makers to better understand drought cycles and to construct plans to face any drought periods in advance. The centre will also provide information on drought and optimal measures to tackle drought conditions and to combat the possible impacts. Other roles of the centre would be to facilitate the exchange and sharing of information with other regional and sub-regional centres/international organizations. This would include knowledge and the fostering of cooperation in conducting surveys, which would benefit all concerned parties at national and regional levels. Initially, two projects within this programme are suggested to monitor and predict droughts and their impacts. The first will focus on identifying remotely sensed and biophysical indicators for monitoring and prediction of drought. This will act as an early warning system to identify extent of drought. The second project will focus on identifying the highly affected areas (hotspots) and the possible economic impacts of drought in these areas. In this regard, an agreement was signed between the MOA and the FAO to develop a national strategy to mitigate drought. 2.1 Project Title: Center of Drought Monitoring and Prediction (CDMP) Justification: Monitoring and prediction of drought are usually needed in near real-time in order to formulate action plans within the drought period, particularly in arid and semi-arid zones where rainfall amounts and distribution are highly variable. This, however, requires the use of efficient methodologies that provide information for decision-makers at a reasonable cost and within a short duration of time. The use of ground surveys and questionnaires would not be sufficient to provide information on the spatial distribution of the problem. Recent developments in remote sensing technology have provided efficient methodologies for drought monitoring. Different initiatives have been carried out in Africa to monitor drought and its spatial distribution. The need for such projects in Jordan and the region is urgent in order to provide real-time information for decision-makers, planners, and local communities. The use of remotely sensed indicators, coupled with climate data and models, would enable the construction of drought monitoring centres and networks. Such methodologies can be used in Jordan for monitoring conditions of vegetation (Al-Bakri and Taylor, 2003) and the response to rainfall (Al 123 Bakri and Suleiman, 2004). These methodologies are based on high temporal resolution data (e.g. NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS, and SPOT-Vegetation) that are available on a daily basis and can be down- loaded from the web. Objectives: 1. To establish a centre for drought prediction and early warning that forms part of regional and global network; 2. To adopt and test remotely sensed techniques, such as Dendonograph and Paleo Climate indices related to drought monitoring in Jordan and in the region; 3. To exchange data and information between drought monitoring centres; and, 4. To identify highly affected areas on annual and seasonal basis and in real-time within the season. Activities: 1. Establishing the drought-monitoring centre with the required infrastructure and personnel; 2. Analysis of climatic data through different techniques to identify the probability of drought and return periods for the different parts of Jordan; 3. Identifying areas with high probabilities of drought; 4. Selecting remotely sensed indices for monitoring drought; 5. Providing adequate training for staff in remote sensing and high temporal resolution data and their use in drought monitoring; and, 6. Implementing and testing methodology, jointly with FAO/UN, WFP/UN, and regional international centres. Expected Outputs: 1. A specialized scientific centre on drought prediction and monitoring; 2. Capacity building for the relevant national agencies; 3. Adoption of real-time monitoring method for drought monitoring and prediction; and, 4. Identification of the areas severely affected by droughts. Duration: Construction and training: five years. Operation: Continuous. Implementing Agencies: MWI, MOA, Meteorological Department (MD), UOJ, and BRDC. Estimated Budget: US$4,000,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Established at NCARE, previously known as NCARTT. 2.2 Project Title: Assessment of Drought Impacts Justification: Combating desertification requires an assessment of the highly affected areas to rehabilitate the ecosystem and to formulate plans to mitigate the socio-economic impacts. The concern of the international community, particularly the UN World Food Programme (WFP), is to implement and translate the drought monitoring indicators into food deficit of people and livestock. Therefore, the identification of the severity of drought and its geographic distribution would provide information for decision-makers to provide additional resources and emergency plans to mitigate the effects of droughts at the country level. Further analysis of socio-economic impacts, however, is needed to estimate the possible impact and damage to resources. Therefore, this project aims to assess drought impacts in the affected areas. The output from the first project of this programme would be used to

124 estimate and assess damage and to identify target communities suffering from drought impacts. Objectives: 1. To identify drought severity and extent on an annual/seasonal basis; 2. To identify affected communities and potential economic impacts; and, 3. To provide technical and scientific advice to decision-makers. Activities: 1. Establishing this component under the umbrella of a national university; 2. Providing the necessary equipment and facilities; and, 3. Hiring well-qualified and experienced personnel and researchers. Expected Outputs: 1. Annual and seasonal information on geographic distribution and the extent of drought-affected communities and resources; and, 2. Estimation of economic impacts of future droughts. Duration: Construction and training: three years. Operation: continuous. Implementing Agencies: MOE, MOA, MWI, BRDC, HFBD, UOJ, UN/WFP, and NGOs. Estimated Budget: US$1,000,000. Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Not implemented. 3. Programme Three: Capacity Building and Institutional Development Justification: Building the capacity of institutions and people working in the field of desertification is the first step towards combating of desertification. The existing capacities are scattered among both governmental and non-governmental organisations. In addition, legislation and mandates regarding desertification control in Jordan are scattered amongst several governmental agencies. This results in poor implementation and enforcement of the existing environmental legislation and expertise that results in inefficient monitoring procedures and control. In addition, desertification processes are constantly changing. Consequently, information and databases relevant to desertification should be updated at different scales. This would require the use of specialised environmental information systems in which up-to-date technology of remote sensing and GIS tools should be implemented. This was emphasised in previous programmes and projects. However, the need for personnel, software, hardware and data forms a crucial part of the capacity building programme where training of specialised units is needed. Therefore, the overall objective of this programme is to build up national capacity through the development of scientifically based mechanisms that provide continuous and reliable information about the state of desertification. Aim: To build national capacity in combating desertification and monitoring land degradation and develop drought preparedness and drought relief schemes. Specific Objectives: 1. To establish a training unit within the MOE, under the umbrella of the UOJ (and in cooperation with Yarmouk University and other universities), that would be capable of planning, coordinating and initiating activities related to combating desertification;

125 2. To establish an academic platform including a Computerized Monitoring Programme for monitoring desertification. This part was included in Sections 2.1 and 2.2 above; and, 3. To set up a National Fund to Combat Desertification (NFCD). Implementation: Capacity building at the institutional and community levels will help to combat desertification and to alleviate its adverse impacts. The project would be run under the supervision and implementation of the MOE, MOA, and the HFBD. 3.1 Project Title: National Training Programmes to Monitor and Control Deser- tification Justification: Building capacity of researchers in desertification is needed for successful implementation of proposed projects. This would require specialised national programmes of training in desertification monitoring and control. Thus, this project proposed to create a training unit at the MOE to follow up training programmes in different fields and agencies related to desertification. There was an emphasis on remote sensing technology and GIS, rangeland management and rehabilitation, water harvesting, and land use planning. Expected Outputs: 1. A well-established unit to plan/coordinate training supervised by NUJ; and, 2. Desertification control at the MOE (part of Programmes 1 and 2). Activities: 1. Evaluating the technical background and capabilities of the desertification control unit in the MOE; 2. Conducting a series of workshops/technical meetings to define mandates for governmental agencies in the field and to define a corporate plan that places the Desertification Unit (DU) as the final reference point for the subject in Jordan; 3. Defining training needs and the required technical equipment, so the DU can proceed with its mandate; 4. Providing training programmes for staff working at DU, with an emphasis on highly specialised programmes under the supervision of highly qualified experts. About 6-8 people to be trained every year; 5. Coordinating approaches of different projects and programmes addressing desertification issues; and, 6. Providing feedback from projects to identify needs and modify programmes. Duration: Four years Implementing Agencies: MOE, MOA in cooperation with the UOJ and the Hashemite University. Estimated Budget: US$200,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Not implemented. 3.2 Project Title: Establishing National Fund to Combat Desertification Justification: The UNCCD calls for resource mobilization and disbursement mechanisms that fit with an integrative bottom-up approach. This would require a complementary source of funding targeted for the local level, and only one of several mechanisms at the national level of supporting implementation of the UNCCD. The proposed project is a national mechanism that is focused on local community groups, NGOs and civil society to assist in their participation and empowerment. 126 Objectives: 1. To serve as a mechanism through which small grants to communities can be made based on their priority needs and concerns; 2. To provide funds that could lead to mobilisation of other financial resources; and, 3. To contribute to the mobilisation of financial resources from different sources for combating desertification. Activities: 1. Introduction and consensus building; 2. Proposal development by a task force; 3. Establishing the NFCD at the MOE (to obtain official approval); and, 4. Operation of the NFCD by disbursing small grants to communities, intensifying resource mobilisation efforts, and reviewing progress to make necessary adjustments. Expected Outputs: National Trust Fund on Desertification established with clear legal status Duration: Two years. Implementing Agencies: MOE and HFBD in cooperation with GEF. Estimated Budget: US$2,000,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Not implemented. 3.3 Project Title: Legal Framework for Monitoring and Development of Deserti- fication Justification: Policies related to desertification play a crucial role in the formulation and implementation of action plans. The absence of proper legislation, policies and an implementing agency contribute greatly to the failure to tackle the causes of desertification. New legislation for combating desertification and monitoring its effects, as well as the updating of existing legislation, are still needed. This would require a legal framework and additional authorisation to be given to the MOE. In addition, an environmental court is urgently needed to ensure monitoring and auditing of land degradation and desertification. Therefore, this project aims to establish a legal framework for monitoring desertification and for developing resilience and control measures. Objectives: 1. To develop and update existing laws related to desertification; and, 2. To formulate a law for desertification monitoring and control. Activities: 1. Reviewing existing laws related to desertification; and, 2. Formulating new laws. Expected Outputs: 1. A legal framework for monitoring desertification and the effectiveness of action plans; and, 2. Identification of relevant authorities in the MOE and other institutions for combating and monitoring desertification.

127 Duration: Review of legislation: one year. Formulation of legal framework: three years. Implementing Agencies: MOE, MOA, Ministry of Justice, MWI, Amman Municipality and NGO’s. Estimated Budget: US$200.000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Not implemented. 4. Programme Four: Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems of Rangelands and Forests Justification: The development and strengthening of integrated development programmes for poverty alleviation and promotion of alternative livelihood systems in the rangelands is the main objective of this programme. Areas of implementation are focused on reforestation of rangelands and the sustainable use of wetlands. This programme would promote the sustainable development of areas prone to desertification. 4.1 Project Title: Community Based Rangeland Rehabilitation Justification: Rangelands are important environments from a socio-economic and biophysical point of view. Thus, special attention should be given to rehabilitate, upgrade, and protect this environment. Rangelands play an important role in providing low cost animal feed for communities where grazing is a way of life and a source of income for a large sector of those inhabiting these areas. Rangelands are severely degraded because of overgrazing, uprooting of range plants, off road driving, inadequate cultivation patterns, and urbanization. This results from decreasing numbers of important range plants, an increase of poisonous and noxious plants, soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, and loss of rainfall water through run-off. If suitable correction measures are not taken, the trend of degradation will increase and reach much of the rangelands at an irreversible stage. This would lead to desertification and would affect biodiversity, forage production for grazing, and environmental balance. Special attention should be applied to indicators such as plant species coverage and grazing levels in the field. The measure of carrying capacity is important as it determines whether the rangelands can be regenerated or will be destroyed. The Badia is characterized by a wide diversity of archaeological sites and ecotourism is becoming increasingly important there as an alternative income generator. The contribution of the rangelands to the feeding calendar of grazing animals is currently much less than 25%. This decline in forage productivity can be attributed to the prevailing conflict on rangelands ownership and land tenure, which have encouraged uncontrolled grazing and cultivation. Continuous degradation of grazing resources threatens the livelihood of pastoral communities constituting 5% of Jordan’s population. Rangeland resources (soil, water, and vegetation) are neither well understood documented. There is an increasing demand for updated and geo-referenced data of rangeland sites and type, botanical composition, forage production, carrying capacity, water resources, and livestock production systems for management and development purposes. There is a lack of database information used to specify the indicators of rangeland degradation. Aim: To reduce rangeland degradation, restore its capacity, and promote sustainable use. Objectives: 1. To produce a well documented and updated inventory on range resources; 2. To restore the productive capacity of rangelands, stabilise forage and livestock production and develop a national monitoring and evaluation system for the area; and, 3. To protect rangeland resources (including fauna and flora) and provide ecotourism opportunities

128 as an alternative income for pastoral communities. Activities: 1. Inventory: Collect and compile databases on physical, biological and socio-economic aspects of rangeland resources. The major components of rangeland inventory would include: • The identification of range sites; • Determining rangeland condition and priorities; • Mapping of range condition; • Identifying changes in resource status; and, • Identifying key plant species. 2. Restoration: Survey and assess range resources and identify the appropriate criteria for establishing suitable carrying capacity. This would involve: • Setting up National Ranger systems; • Monitoring the status and trends of rangeland resources; and, • Training and capacity building for rangeland management. 3. Ecotourism: This would involve the following: • Identifying suitable ecotourism attractions; • Conducting the necessary scientific and socioeconomic surveys; • Establishing the required facilities and infrastructure for tourism; • Conducting environmental awareness and training programmes for local communities on the benefits of projects identified; and, • Providing appropriate training for local communities. Duration: Four years. Implementing Agencies: MOE, MOA, Ministry of Interior, and the HFBD. Estimated Budget: US$2,000,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Support Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Implemented with constraints and obstacles through Badia Restoration Programme implemented by the MOE through the UN Compensa- tion Commission funding awarded from environmental damage arising from the Gulf Wars. 4.2 Project Title: Rehabilitation and Development of Forest Environment Justification: Forests play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and a sustainable income source for the nearby communities. Moreover, trees and forests have attributed longstanding cultural values that have defined the Mediterranean landscapes. Many endangered ecosystems and rare, endemic species in the Mediterranean still coexist in the forest environment. Given the limited water resources in the region, forest zones are scientifically known to be major recharge zones for the local shallow aquifer systems. Maintaining these zones will help to provide recharge mechanisms for groundwater resources. The main threats facing non-productive forest areas in Jordan (as in many other Mediterranean countries) are the lack of value attributed to forest area in comparison with more productive land; and, the absence of a comprehensive land use master plan that takes into consideration the sensitive criteria of the forest’s environment.

129 Recently, the GOJ has prepared a national land use master plan in which forests and green areas are given special classification. To date, forests are protected by decrees from either the MOA or the MOE, and the valuation of forests has not been undertaken. Thus awareness of forest value is low and the range of environmental and economic services they provide have not been acknowledged. There is little awareness of the extent and consequences of environmental degradation and of alternatives to the over-exploitation of forest areas. Consequently, there is resistance to any conservation measures for the uncontrolled use of natural resources through tree cutting, agricultural encroachment, hunting, or grazing. Aim: To implement forest rehabilitation programmes, the sustainable use of forest resources and to develop good governance models of locally based sustainable forest management. Objectives: 1. To encourage the protection of forests through local involvement and the development of community management plans under the supervision of MOA; 2. To monitor the impacts of drought and land uses on forest resources; and, 3. To promote ecotourism in forest and urban areas. Expected Outputs: 1. Better forest management schemes are in place; and, 2. The formulation of a set of applicable guidelines, which would focus on establishing an effective mechanism to guide forestry performance in water scarce and climate adverse environments and would monitor adverse impacts on forest resources. Activities: 1. Forest Management: This would involve: • Identifying forested area/s; • Identifying stakeholders and different current uses of the forestry areas; • Establishing a negotiation platform involving public authorities, experts, local authorities and user groups; and developing a local management plan that would include: reforestation and maintenance of forest areas; conservation and/or sustainable use of local species; protection arrangements by local authorities and local user groups; socio-economic feasibility; and, analysis of the experience, lessons learned and inform decision and policymaking. 2. Monitoring: This would require the observation of seasonal activity patterns of the most relevant eco-physiological parameters (leaf water potential; leaf stomata conductance; net CO2 assimilation rate; chlorophyll fluorescence; soil moisture measurements). 3. Ecotourism: This would involve: Identifying areas suitable for projects (forests, protected areas, valleys, and mountains areas) in connection with local municipalities: • Conducting environmental impact assessments for the identified areas; • Undertaking capacity building assessments of potential projects; • Conducting tourism awareness campaigns and informing local communities of the economic returns of such models within an environmentally protected approach; and, • Developing infrastructure for ecotourism in the selected models. Duration: Three years. 130 Implementing Agencies: MOA (Forest Department), MOE, and local communities. Estimated Budget: US$1,500,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Support Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Implemented with constraints and obstacles through Badia Restoration Programme implemented by the MOE through the UN Compensa- tion Commission funding awarded from environmental damage arising from the Gulf Wars. 5. Programme Five: Watershed Management Justification: The use of water resources, especially groundwater, has exceeded a sustainable level for many years because of lack of effective management policy and poor law enforcement. Over pumping of groundwater has reached an alarming level in many aquifers where overdraft is more than 200% of the safe yield, such as in the Azraq basin and the Amman-Zarqa basin. Therefore, immediate measures have to be taken to manage water resources in a sustainable manner. Such measures should not be limited to supply management options but should also cover demand management. This programme will seek to augment supply and manage water more efficiently. The additional water supply that would be made available could be used to increase and improve rangelands through water distribution, by reducing water salinity through recharging groundwater, and by improving water use efficiency. This programme aims to enhance the integrated management and conservation of water in arid areas. Projects would focus on the following areas: 1. The documentation of traditional knowledge on soil and water conservation; 2. The artificial recharge of groundwater; 3. House roof water harvesting; 4. A national water harvesting project for improving rangeland productivity; and, 5. Using reclaimed water for green belt areas around villages and along roads in arid areas. 5.1 Project Title: Documentation of Traditional Knowledge on Soil and Water Conservation Justification: There is traditional evidence of effective water saving techniques used by agriculture practice. These have included stone formations for water harvesting, underground dams, terraces for soil and water conservation, rain harvesting in cisterns and water spreading. The evidence of this practice of agricultural system can be found near Petra, Ma’an, and Jawa, for example, and date back to the Nabatean period. Studies have failed to answer questions about how effective traditional agricultural systems were, what climatic conditions existed at the time, to what extent irrigation systems then were capable of sustaining agriculture, and what would happen during periods of drought. It is important to study traditional knowledge and practices of soil and water conservation in order to understand their adaptation to physical and social conditions of that period. These methods could be useful in present day conditions and as a basis for adopting modern technology. Objectives: This project aims to document traditional practices of water harvesting and soil and water conservation with the following specific objectives: • To define the characteristics of traditional knowledge; • To document the engineering aspect of soil and water conservation; • To study the hydrological aspect of traditional knowledge; 131 • To draw up an inventory of traditional knowledge in Jordan; and, • To identify the successful techniques suitable with modern technology. Activities: • Collect published material (theses, papers, reports and books); • Conduct field surveys in order to determine the time and type of soil and water conservation works; • Carry out field studies on the hydrological aspect of water harvesting; • Document traditional practices using harvested water; • Prepare engineering drawings of traditional methods of soil and water conservation; and, • Adapt traditional knowledge to modern technology. Expected Outputs: • Conservation of indigenous/traditional knowledge on soil and water conservation and sustainable agriculture; • Dissemination of such knowledge and practices for potential adoption; and, • Improve traditional knowledge to be adoptable to existing social and physical conditions of today’s agriculture. Duration: Two years. Implementing Agencies: Local farmers, MOA and the HFBD. Estimated Budget: US$200,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): Implemented through NGOs and research centres without proper documentation at the MOE. 5.2 Project Title: Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Justification: In Jordan, most groundwater resources are located in arid areas but their discharge zones are in semi-humid areas. However, in the vicinity of the pumping wells there are good sites that can be used to direct water to the shallow aquifer. This might be an ideal condition for using desert flooding for this purpose especially when this water has no beneficial use downstream. The final destination of floodwater is typically evaporation from mudflat areas. Objectives: 1. To increase the volume of recharged water to aquifers; 2. To improve the water quality and increase safe yield; and, 3. To make use of floodwater for beneficial purposes. Activities: A pilot project will be established at a selected desert wadi where there is a potential recharge area. The area of the wadi catchment could be 20-50km2. Within this catchment different techniques for artificial recharge will be tested and evaluated. Beneficiaries: Local inhabitants who will use groundwater as well as MWI specialists, who will be trained on this approach. Expected Outputs:

132 1. Increased volume of recharged water and thus increased safe yield; 2. Established experience in artificial use that can be used for other sites; 3. Improved vegetation cover in the recharge area; and, 4. Personnel of MWI will be trained on the artificial recharge techniques. Duration: Five years. Implementing Agency: MWI. Budget: US$1,000,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): MOA and MWI have carried out several projects of water harvesting. 5.3 Project Title: House Roof Water Harvesting Justification: Water scarcity in Jordan forms a major challenge for water sector management. With increasing demand for clean water for domestic uses, other uses such as agriculture and industry must use less quality water. A significant part of domestic water use is for house gardening and landscaping for which lower quality water could be used so that better quality water could be directed towards domestic use. A national programme to promote water harvesting from house roofs, to be used for gardening/landscaping, is one of the promising options to help in solving the growing demand for clean water. This would include incentives for those who have roof-collecting systems in the arid parts of the country. Objective: To promote the use of roof collecting systems to collect rainfall water and use it in home gardening and landscaping. Activities: Establishing a fund for roof water harvesting systems and training on how to construct low cost roof water collection systems and garden irrigation networks. Target Groups: Low-income families in the arid parts of the country. Expected Outputs: Promoting public participation, improving public awareness in the target areas, and lowering water bills for domestic use. Duration: Two years. Implementing Agencies: NGOs and the National Centre for Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer (NCARTT). Estimated Budget: US$1,000,000 as a revolving fund Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): MOA and MWI have carried out several projects of water harvesting. 5.4 Project Title: National Rainfall Water Harvesting Project for Agriculture Farming Justification: Water consumption for agricultural uses form more than two-thirds of national resources. Most of this water is from high quality groundwater. A project that encourages collecting and using rainfall flood in farming will release some of the pressure on groundwater and save more good quality water for human uses. Objective: To promote using rainfall collecting systems to collect water runoff and use it as supple-

133 mentary irrigation in fruit and vegetables farming. Activities: Establishing a subsidised fund for farmers to construct rainfall-collecting systems for agricultural uses, and constructing model farms that uses harvested rainfall water for arid zone farming, selecting tolerant species, and efficient irrigation systems. Beneficiaries: Local farmers who use groundwater for farming. Expected Outputs: Reducing pressure on limited groundwater basins. Duration: Five years. Implementing Agencies: MWI, MOA, Jordanian Farmers Union, Agriculture Loan Bank and BDRC. Estimated Budget: US$5,000,000 (partially revolving). Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): MOA and MWI have carried out several projects of water harvesting. 5.5 Project Title: Use of Reclaimed Water for Village Green Belt Areas and Along Roads in Arid Areas of Jordan Justification: The long-term objective of MWI is to provide most settlements with sewage systems and treatment plants. These plants could be provided at low cost to produce reclaimed water of accept- able quality to irrigate forests and landscape around settlements. This pilot project would provide a treatment plant and recycling component in a small village, which would be selected in the northern Badia. The project could be run by the BRDC and used for research and demonstration purposes. The wastewater treatment plant would use low-cost technology with a capacity of about 50-100 m3/day. At the beginning of the project, wastewater would be transported to the treatment plant by tanker. Objectives: This project would demonstrate to communities and government agencies the advan- tages of such a system, which would be: 1. To reduce the hazard of polluting groundwater from cesspool and septic tanks; and, 2. To increase green area and thus combat desertification and reduce wind erosion. Activities: 1. Establish a small low-cost wastewater treatment plant; 2. Select a reuse site and equip it with an irrigation system; and 3. Plant indigenous woody plants that could adapt to the local area. Expected Outputs: 1. A treatment plant with a reuse component will be completed; and, 2. Local experience gained to be transferred to other communities. Duration: Four years. Implementing Agencies: Local communities. MWI and BDRC. Budget: US$200,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): MOA and MWI have carried out several projects of water harvesting.

134 6. Programme Six: Human, Social, and Economic Development (Initiatives) Program. Justification: In conformity with the NAP framework, concerned authorities in the country will launch this human, social, and economic development initiative. Human intrusion in the ecological balance is a major cause of desertification. This arises from economic needs and social competition, particularly when land tenure is concerned. Human adverse impacts on resources are a cause of great concern for researchers and planners, since reversibility requires consistent efforts and community specific action and activities. The goal of this programme is to streamline stakeholder activities in relation to resource management, and to initiate a proactive role for local communities with reasonable value added for the co- herent economic and social activities suggested. The essence of the programme will be human development with training and capacity building of the target communities. This will be coupled with model integrated community development in the arid lands of the Badia. This would start with a comprehensive assessment of the available infrastructure and services and would be followed by surveys of potential neighbouring resources that could capitalise on this during the integrated planning phase. The major objective of this component would be to promote sustainability and added value in local economy through investment in resources and knowledge. 6.1 Project Title: Modules of Comprehensive Training for Communities Justification: The majority of remote communities targeted by this strategy are end users of natural resources that are much in demand in order to sustain inhabitants’ livelihoods. Unlimited accessibility by local communities to those resources and their overuse is one root cause of desertification. In this project, it is intended to integrate awareness with hands-on experience in order to avoid misuse. Improving livelihoods requires significant training to introduce standard practice to raise productivity levels in sanitation, nutrition, and education in households in the area of record keeping, financial accounting, and marketing skills. The upgrading of basic needs and skills of household members will spread benefits throughout communities, especially for women. Special attention should be given to an integrated approach ensuring that training is closely associated with available development opportunities, and enabling the target communities to be able to contribute to suitable initiatives. Objectives: 1.To increase training levels of local community populations in relation to the resource base; and, 2. To improve livelihoods. Activities: Short-term training will respond to the needs and shortcomings of community members through the following process: 1. Survey the needs; 2. Assess and design short-term training modules by experts in the relevant fields; 3. Select members of the community to assist and to train based on local needs; 4. Link training to the local developmental activities that will take place ensuring that the communities clearly understand the objectives; and, 5. Conduct a post-evaluation assessment.

135 Expected Outputs: 1. Enhanced productivity; 2. Improved household income; and, 3. Improved interaction with the local ecological resources. Duration: Five years. Implementing Agencies: NGOs, RSCN, MOA, BRDC, and NCARTT. Estimated Budget: US$1,000,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): MOSD have undertaken this without particular attention to desertification. 6.2 Project Title: Integrated Socio-economic Development of Communities in the Arid Lands Justification: This project would promote local community sustainability in socio-economic development. It would seek to develop a working model for the sustainable use of resources in the arid zones. Three Bedouin communities would be chosen in the north, middle and south Badia, which would be remotely located within the arid zone and where the local economy would be based on traditional livestock management and low income. The project would focus on basic socio-economic supply and demand for products, and training therein. There would also be a continuous review of project progress by project planners and stakeholders and a multi-disciplinary specialist team would carry out the training. There would be a strong link between training modules for communities and resource use. Objectives: 1. To improve sustainably community livelihoods in arid lands; 2. To learn lessons; and, 3. To introduce improved arid land use practices and resource management techniques. Activities: 1. Baseline data and resource base surveys; 2. Community needs and potential assessment; 3. Outreach and training; 4. Proposed development plans, with a public hearing held for the stakeholders; and, 5. Monitoring of selected indicators. Expected Outputs: 1. Per capita income improvement; 2. References documenting cumulative knowledge; and, 3. Improved ecological conditions in the target location. Duration: Five to seven years. Implementing Agencies: Multiple concerned government agencies and selected NGOs.

136 Budget: US$5,000,000 Update (March 2012) - Developing Policy-Oriented Research Guidelines, Procedures and Tools to Sup- port Implementing Rio Conventions in Jordan): MOSD have undertaken this without particular attention to desertification.

137 APPENDIX 2 IFS Recommendations For Additonal Projects And Resource Mobilisation The Integrated Financing Strategy for Sustainable Land Management in Jordan (Prepared by Con- solidated Consultants and Elard for MOPIC and MOE in December 2008) set out recommendations for four project ‘outcomes’ (or programmes) that would lead to more effective allocation of resources and better project implementation in fulfilling Jordan’s obligations to UNCCD. These related to improvements to: (1) The enabling environment for resource mobilisation; (2) The allocation of internal resources; (3) The mobilisation of external resources; and, (4) The application of innovative resources. For each outcome, the IFS identified outputs (or projects) and a recommended set of activities, with outputs defined as ‘high’, ‘medium’ or ‘low’ priority depending on the perceived urgency at the time of preparation. An estimated level of financing was provided and possible financing sources were proposed. These projects from the IFS would be additional to those identified in the JNAP of 2006 and would have an implementation time frame of five years, with high-priority measures being initiated within the first year, medium priority measures within the second, and low-priority measures within the third. The NCCD would be the main owner of this strategy and would ensure its implementation, and the participation of each stakeholder participation according to the roles proposed in the action plan for strategy implementation. These outcomes set out below, as proposed by IFS, are set out here for consideration to be included in a new JNAP programme. They will need to be reviewed in the context of the current needs for combating desertification, SLM and for a new JNAP. Outcome 1: Enhanced Enabling Environment For Resource Mobilisation In Jordan There are several constraints in the enabling environment that could hinder resource mobilisation. To allocate resources for SLM effectively, it is important to secure an appropriate legal and institutional environment for optimising the flow and impact of resources. The first outcome of IFS implementation is expected to be an enhanced enabling environment for resources in Jordan, through more conducive legal, institutional, and planning frameworks. This outcome may be achieved through: 1- Enhanced legal framework for resource mobilisation; 2- Enhanced institutional framework; 3- Consolidated development and implementation of related policies; and 4- Enhanced awareness of the importance of SLM among decision-makers, including parliamentary committees, the GBD, and MOF. Economic tools should be a major instrument for awareness raising. Output 1.1: Enhanced Legal Framework for Resource Mobilisation Rationale: The following shortcomings in the legal framework were identified during analysis of the existing legal system and consultation with stakeholders: • Environmental Law No. 52 of 2006 lacks basic principles that would improve resource mobilisation; • The Investment Promotion Law does not include SLM/environmental principles that would channel resources to environmentally sound investments;

138 • Inconsistencies among texts lead to poor enforcement of laws. Penalties and fines are insufficient to deter violations; • There are few appropriate incentives for investments to support SLM; and, • There is a lack of minimum requirements for environmental/social investments such as for water efficiency, energy efficiency, greening and corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures. Major legal reforms were undertaken under the 2007–2009 Executive Programme. This provided an overall reform climate that could help reform in the environmental legal framework. The updating of existing legislation would create a better legal environment for resource mobilisation, hence supporting the overall implementation of JNAP. Proposed Activities: In addition to the technical measures identified during JNAP formulation, recommended actions for enhancing the legal framework for resource mobilisation include: • Updating the Environmental Law to include polluter-pays principles, economic incentives, the right to claim for environmental damages, and environmental insurance. Penalties/regulations may need to be updated to become more effective; • Updating the Investment Promotion Law to integrate sustainable development principles including SLM; • Consolidating environmental legislation to remove inconsistencies, updating penalty systems, and providing incentives for environmental investments; and • Assessing options for creating more incentives for the private sector to adopt CSR principles. This could help mobilise significant resources from the private sector. Priority and Timeline: Legal reform, whilst a time consuming process, could help to make significant contributions to SLM project implementation. This is a high priority output that should be initiated in the first year of strategy implementation. Financing: This activity could be financed largely from internal resources. Several multilateral and bilateral agencies are also keen to support such reforms, including World Bank and USAID. The expected level of funding needed is US$300,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD should coordinate with the ministries responsible for laws that require reform. Legal advisors/consultants may be needed to support the process. The key institutions needed for implementation of this would be the MOE (as lead agency), MOF, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Industry and Trade, MOA, MWI, MOTA, Higher Council for the Encouragement of Jordan Investment Board, and NGOs for lobbying and support in the implementation of reforms. Output 1.2: Enhanced Institutional Framework Rationale: Institutions need to develop the capacities for managing and implementing resource mobilisation for SLM. Three levels of institutional strengthening are proposed: 1- MOE and MOPIC, as the main drivers of the IFS process; 2- The NCCD; and 3- Key line ministries and institutions. By addressing weaknesses at these three levels, these institutions will become more capable of play- ing their envisaged roles in SLM and resource mobilisation. Proposed Activities: The key activities would include: 1- The institutional strengthening of MOE and MOPIC. For the MOE, this would involve capacity building for new staff of the UNCCD Focal Point Unit in aspects of resource mobilisation, coordination, 139 negotiation, partnership building, and M&E, so that this unit could play its central role in combating desertification/SLM and resource mobilization. In the case of MOPIC, there would need to be improvements in coordination with other line ministries (reviewing coordination channels, procedures, human capacities), building staff capacity in M&E and, most importantly, reviewing the disbursement procedures for loans, to simplify them and avoid lengthy delays. 2- Strengthening the NCCD as a main coordination platform for SLM and desertification project implementation by revisiting the NCCD mandates; reviewing NCCD membership including proper job descriptions/qualifications; allocating financial resources for the NCCD to operate; designing a communications strategy for the NCCD to better interact with stakeholders; developing an NCCD work plan with short and long term objectives, and forming working groups with clear tasks and targets; and, capacity building of NCCD members, especially the Focal Point Unit, in aspects of NCCD operations, such as preparing agendas, reporting, following up, taking minutes of meetings, and setting targets. 3- Strengthening capacity and addressing institutional issues of other line ministries and stakeholders with key roles in resource mobilisation and project implementation. This would include capacity building of key MOA staff in M&E and participatory planning tools, and assessing how to build synergies and reduce conflicts of interest with other agencies such as NCARE; assessing how to improve coordination among MOPIC, MOA and MOSD; strengthening coordination between local and national government (the NCCD can play a catalytic role) in order to ensure an adequate flow of information and the translation of local needs into national programmes; building local governments’ capacity in M&E and participatory planning, and improving transparency in the allocation of resources; and, working with semi-governmental organisations, and NGOs in participatory approaches to natural resource management. Priority/Timeline: Institutional strengthening of MOE and MOPIC and of the NCCD are high priorities and should be completed during the first year. These institutions must have the capacity to manage and implement JNAP. Institutional building of other key line ministries and stakeholders is a medium priority. Financing: These activities can be financed through the internal budgets of each institution and through co-financing with interested multilateral and bilateral agencies. IFS anticipated the level of funding to be US$600,000. Implementation Modalities: It was recommended by IFS that the NCCD sub-divide these activities into modules according to the nature of the capacity building activities concerned. The modules could then be supported by specialised consultants and, where possible, be carried out in-house. The institutions concerned should work together to maximise synergies and leverage resources. Output 1.3: Harmonised Policy Making and Implementation of SLM Initiatives Rationale: A major finding of the analysis of Jordan’s policy-making and planning frameworks is that, although SLM principles are integrated into numerous government policies, there seem to be few linkages among these policies. Consequently, there has been little opportunity for synergies and leveraging during implementation. Levels of implementation differ from policy to policy and there is limited monitoring and evaluation of their impacts on SLM. The NCCD could support the design of a national cross-sectoral SLM strategy that would undertake the following: 1- Provide opportunities for streamlining policies, removing inconsistencies and integrating SLM into more sectors, such as poverty alleviation; 2- Provide opportunities to promote SLM in one package of initiatives implemented under one umbrella programme. Economic tools such as cost-benefit analysis could bring this to the fore during budget negotiations and the elaboration of executive programmes; and

140 3- Allow effective monitoring and evaluation of programme impacts on SLM. Proposed Activities: Major activities under this output would include: 1- Developing an SLM umbrella programme that integrates related initiatives from different sectors, including JNAP projects, through: meetings organised by the NCCD with the major line ministries responsible for relevant strategies to initiate the harmonisation process; consolidation of similar overlapping activities in different strategies (such as water demand reduction measures in both water and population strategies); the review of strategies with insufficient SLM mainstreaming, such as those for poverty reduction, and integration of SLM into these strategies where appropriate (this would require close coordination between sectoral ministries and the support of SLM technical and policy experts); and, the aggregation into a common umbrella programme of SLM-related activities including JNAP projects endorsed by the Cabinet (MOPIC would have an important role in integrating the umbrella programme or its priority activities for the relevant institutions into the 2010–2012 Executive Programme that is already being prepared. 2- Undertaking a cost benefit analysis of the programme to support mainstreaming and justify funding (as an urgent component); and 3- Devising a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) programme with clear indicators for assessing the impacts of measures, in line with and based on the M&E system that MENARID is designing. Priority/Timeline: This is a high-priority output and would have a central role in the JNAP. If properly implemented, it would allow significant resource flows to the implementation of SLM projects. Inte- gration activities should be completed within the next six months, to ensure that the SLM umbrella programme is incorporated into the next executive programme. Financing: These activities could be supported by external partners, including the GM, which has expressed interest in supporting an SLM umbrella programme. World Bank, with its experience and interest in cost benefit analysis studies and IFAD (together with the GM) could support development of the M&E system. The expected level of funding needed is US$450,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD should be the coordination body for implementing these activities. It should arrange a meeting to initiate the mainstreaming exercise in close coordination with the GM. It should call on external assistance to develop the TORs and should outsource the cost benefit analysis study. The M&E system could be developed as part of the mainstreaming exercise in coordination with the GM/IFAD. Output 1.4: Decision Makers Enhanced Awareness of the Importance of SLM Rationale: The government has launched major judicial, legal, financial, and infrastructure reforms, but these are not properly linked to SLM. It is important that decision-makers understand these linkages and how SLM is related to local development, poverty alleviation, and sustainability. As a result, they would be more likely to increase budgets for SLM activities. Proposed Activities: Key activities for this output include: 1- Designing and preparing materials for key decision-makers, showing the linkages between SLM and economic development, and what land degradation costs the country’s economy; 2- Organising awareness sessions with identified decision-makers; 3- Revising materials, based on feedback and review of results’ indicators, and assessing whether or not attitudes have changed; and 4- Seeking NGOs’ support in putting pressure on decision-makers, and involving NGOs as active partners in the process.

141 Priority/Timeline: This output is of high priority as it supports SLM mainstreaming and complements Output 1.3. Financing: World Bank could finance a land degradation cost study (in parallel with the cost benefit analysis for Output 1.3), as it already conducts such studies as a prioritisation and mainstreaming tool in the Middle East and North Africa region. Other interested partners may finance awareness raising sessions and materials, such as UNDP and GIZ. The expected level of funding needed would be US$300,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD’s awareness campaign may require the production of multi- media and other materials by a partner in advertising. NGOs should be involved in supporting awareness raising activities. Outcome 2: Enhanced Mobilisation and Allocation of Internal Resources The reforms that were undertaken as National Agenda objectives and translated into measures in the 2007–2009 Executive Programme included fiscal, financial, and budgeting reforms that would support resource mobilisation. The IFS recommended measures that would support resource allocation for SLM. These would include: 1- Capacity building of the JNAP project implementation agencies; 2- Capacity building of local authorities, to enhance the mobilisation of local resources; and 3- Promotion of private sector investment in SLM activities, targeting private companies through their CSR policies. Output 2.1: Stakeholders’ Enhanced Capacity in Budget Preparation and Implementation Rationale: Following an IFS review of 12 institutions relevant to SLM, it was concluded that staff at these institutions needed training in priority setting, budget preparation and programme/project implementation, in order to increase the efficient disbursement of resources. Proposed Activities: Activities for this output include: 1- Conducting a rapid needs assessment of staff at the identified institutions so that training can be tailored to the needs of each institution; 2- Developing TORs for training consultancy specialised in budget setting and implementation to develop training materials based on identified needs; and 3- Implementing training sessions and monitoring their effectiveness through performance indicators. Priority/Timeline: This activity is of medium priority, as it does not significantly influence the integration of SLM into the next Executive Programme. Financing: Resources for this activity could be sought from external partners interested in capacity building and training support, such as the UNDP. The expected level of funding needed is US$300,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD is well positioned to lead this cross-sectoral activity involving several agencies, and to initiate the rapid needs assessment. It could do so largely through internal resources and in-kind contribution of TOR preparation for the training consultant. Output 2.2: Local Authorities’ Enhanced Capacity in Raising Funds for SLM Through their local development plans, local authorities can be an important platform for financing SLM activities. Their financial autonomy allows them to mobilise resources for SLM, as long as they have the necessary capacities and tools. These are largely lacking in many municipalities, however, which hinders the effective disbursement of resources at the local level.

142 Proposed Activities: Proposed activities for this output include: 1- Preparing TORs for a consultancy to design and implement a training programme on preparing local development plans that integrate SLM principles; 2- Training municipalities on programme/project implementation, to enhance the use of funds; and 3- Increasing MOMA’s awareness of SLM’s importance, to facilitate acceptance of municipal budget requests. Priority/Timeline: This activity is of medium priority. Financing: External partners that could support sustainable local development plans and implementation include GIZ, CIDA, UNDP, and SIDA. The expected level of funding needed is US$1.5 million. Implementation Modalities: To demonstrate the great importance of this activity, it would be oppor- tunate for MOMA to take the lead, with the MOE on sustainable development issues, and in coordination with an external partner on TORs for the training consultant. The NCCD will play an important role in supporting MOMA. Output 2.3: Increased Use of Local and International Private Funds in SLM Rationale: The private sector can play an important role in supporting SLM activities. As well as the proposed legal reforms suggested under Output 1.1, CSR or other mechanisms would also encourage private sector contributions to environmental initiatives. A number of companies in Jordan already support these initiatives and meet CSR targets. Jordan should also benefit from the increasing trend for biodiversity and ecosystem financing, as local and international private and financial sectors understand more about the benefits of investing in conservation. Proposed Activities: Key activities for this output include: 1- Surveying local and international private companies, including banks, and inquiring about their CSR and environmental policies and other elements that could indicate an interest in supporting such initiatives; 2- Ranking these companies in order of their likelihood of supporting SLM initiatives, based on criteria such as presence of CSR policies and potential level of funding that could be secured; 3- Including these companies as possible sources of financing for SLM initiatives under the umbrella programme or local development plans; and 4- Developing materials targeted to the private sector, emphasising the importance of investing in SLM activities and mobilising resources. Priority/Timeline: This output is of medium priority. Although it could provide additional sources of financing from the private sector, the current financial markets, and other parameters may make it inappropriate to initiate these activities during the first year of JNAP implementation. Financing: This activity could be financed largely from internal resources, particularly in association with the Department of Statistics for the company survey. Promotional materials for attracting private financing could be developed in partnership with UNEP’s Finance Initiative (www.unepfi.org). The expected level of funding needed is US$75,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD could coordinate participation of the Department of Statistics, Ministry of Industry, Chamber of Commerce, and other parties in this initiative. Involving a strong and knowledgeable external partner such as the UNEP FI programme would be instrumental to achieving results. Outcome 3: Enhanced Mobilisation of External Resources

143 External sources provide significant financing for SLM activities. International donors are very active in Jordan, and platforms for coordination between government and donors already exist. Outputs that could enhance cooperation with donors and facilitate funding streams from external partners would include: 1- Enhancing local stakeholders’ knowledge of donor modalities, country strategy preparation, and new potential international partners; and 2- Supporting MOPIC’s enhancement of the effectiveness of donor-government coordination mechanisms. Output 3.1: Local Stakeholders’ Enhanced Knowledge of External Funding Sources Rationale: Despite the active role of external donors and agencies in Jordan, the IFS identified a significant need to build local stakeholders’ capacity to understand donors’ modalities for mobilising and disbursing financing for programmes/projects. Such capacity building would facilitate the allocation and use of external resources, thereby contributing to the implementation of JNAP. Proposed Activities: Activities for this output include: 1- Developing an online database of external funding partners, using Figure 7.1 (Potential Domestic Donor Funding Sources for SLM) and Figure 7.2 (Potential International Donor Funding Sources for SLM) as a basis; and, 2- Organising training programmes on donor modalities and procedures, the setting of country strategies, and new potential partners. An understanding of donor programming cycles is very important for integrating SLM into donors’ priorities. Priority/Timeline: This is a medium priority activity, because there is already a large donor presence in Jordan. The NCCD should coordinate this activity. Financing: Database preparation could be financed through GEF and IFAD’s MIS project, if there are sufficient resources. The expected level of funding needed is US$225,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD should integrate development of the donor database with the GEF/IFAD MIS project. GM’s experience of the Financial Information Engine on Land Degradation (FIELD) could be of benefit to the development of Jordan‘s own version. The NCCD should also involve external partners in developing training programmes on donor modalities for local stakeholders, who should include central government representatives and local NGO representatives. Output 3.2: Enhanced Government Effectiveness in Donor Coordination Rationale: MOPIC needs capacity building in coordination in order to improve resource mobilisation and partnerships (such as through the GDCWG). This would also support the NCCD’s efforts to allocate external sources of funding. Proposed Activities: Key activities for this output would include: 1- Reviewing the Government-Donor Coordination Working Group’s (GDCWG) internal procedures (mandates, membership, communication tools, agenda setting, reporting, and follow-up); 2- Updating these procedures and developing tools to enhance the effectiveness of the GDCWG’s meetings, such as focused discussion papers, presentations, follow-up, and communication mechanisms; 3- Establishing coordination procedures between the NCCD and the GDCWG, to ensure effective communication and integration of SLM topics at meetings; and 4- Organising a special meeting to discuss the SLM umbrella programme described under Outcome

144 1 and to promote external donors’ participation in its implementation. Priority/Timeline: This is a high-priority output as it supports the mainstreaming of SLM into donors’ agendas and supports the NCCD’s efforts. Financing: This activity can be financed largely through internal resources, in partnership with the GDCWG. The GM could support the revision of mandates and procedures for the GDCWG. The expected level of funding needed is US$50,000. Implementation Modalities: MOPIC should work with the GM to review coordination modalities and procedures, and should organise a GDCWG meeting to discuss implementation of this output. Outcome 4: Enhanced Mobilisation of Innovative Resources, The IFS identified some innovative sources of financing to support SLM initiatives. These are summarised in Section 7.7 and include revolving funds, particularly for poverty alleviation schemes in rural areas; debt swaps to co-finance SLM programmes; and, climate change funding sources. Output 4.1: Use of Revolving Funds to Support SLM Activities Rationale: Revolving funds are quite commonly used in Jordan and seem to be supporting communities in poor areas according to reports from stakeholders during the preparation of the IFS. These mechanisms could be used to channel resources towards poor communities to benefit SLM, and could become a sustainable source of income in rural areas where SLM and poverty alleviation projects are implemented. Proposed Activities: Activities for this output would include: 1- Reviewing existing experience with revolving funds in Jordan, to draw lessons learned and recommendations; 2- Identifying key areas for the establishment of revolving funds, based on SLM and poverty alleviation target regions; and 3- Developing the use of revolving funds and monitoring their effectiveness. Priority/Timeline: This output is of low priority and could be initiated once other processes for mobilising internal and external resources are under way. Financing: This output could be supported by internal resources and external partners interested in sustainable development and poverty alleviation, such as USAID, GTZ and UNDP. The estimated level of funding would be US$7.5 million, including for financing the revolving funds. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD should discuss this output with its members to identify initiatives in Jordan that have benefited from revolving funds. This stocktaking information could provide lessons learned and procedures for establishing revolving funds. Priority areas for such mechanisms should also be identified, based on socio-economic conditions and poverty levels. Important stakeholders for participation in this output are MOE, MOA, MOSD, MOWI, and local communities. Output 4.2: Use of Debt Swaps to Co-finance SLM Activities Rationale: Debt swaps are a well-understood mechanism in Jordan, used by MOPIC and MOF through various agencies, and could be increasingly adopted to provide support to SLM and desertification activities, thereby generating additional resources. Proposed Activities: Proposed activities for this output would include: 1- Reviewing existing experiences with debt swaps in Jordan, to draw lessons learned and recommendations; 2- Identifying SLM and desertification projects that could benefit from debt swaps, under the SLM umbrella programme; and 145 3- Formulating recommendations and initiate the debt swap process to complement internal and external funds under the umbrella programme. Priority/Timeline: This is a high priority activity because it has strong potential for financing the umbrella programme. Financing: This activity could be implemented primarily through internal resources. The expected level of funding needed is US$75,000. Implementation Modalities: MOPIC should coordinate implementation of this output with MOF and MOE. A special NCCD sub-committee could be created to follow up and seek resources from debt swaps to implement conservation measures under the umbrella programme to be integrated into the 2013-2015 Executive Programme. Output 4.3: Use of Financing Opportunities from Climate Change Mechanisms Rationale: The UNFCCC has several financing mechanisms that could be used to support SLM activities. Those most relevant to Jordan include the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Voluntary mechanisms offer additional financing opportunities, but all of these mechanisms are currently underused. Stakeholders’ awareness of the SCCF and the Adaptation Fund should be enhanced, so that they can explore ways of using these funds for SLM activities and for co-financing relevant programmes/projects under the SLM umbrella programme. Proposed Activities: Activities for this output include: 1- Reviewing procedures for the SCCF and the AF, and identifying suitable SLM projects; 2- Conducting awareness sessions on the opportunities for SLM provided by the CDM, including for reforestation and water efficiency projects, and supporting preparation of at least one CDM project in a relevant area; 3- Providing technical training on how to implement CDM projects, for both the public and the private sectors; and 4- Reviewing procedures for voluntary carbon credits and conducting awareness sessions so that stakeholders, including MOE and MOA, can benefit from these credits, particularly for rangeland rehabilitation projects. Priority/Timeline: This is a high priority output as carbon-related funds are very likely to provide benefits through co-financing. Since obtaining these resources could be time-consuming, the process should be initiated early. Financing: Several private sector stakeholders are very active in this field, particularly project developers, who have an interest in supporting these activities as this helps market their businesses. They therefore represent an important potential source of financing for this output. Other sources of financing could be UNDP and World Bank that are increasingly active in carbon financing. In addition, the GM’s Strategic Programme on Climate Change and Environmental Services could provide support. The expected level of funding needed is US$1.5 million, depending on the project developers’ role and whether or not it finances a CDM cycle, for example. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD should coordinate implementation of this output with the UNFCCC Focal Point Unit at the MOE to identify a suitable developer interested in providing the necessary technical inputs for the proposed activities. The NCCD should also coordinate with the GM’s Strategic Programme on Climate Change and Environmental Services for support to this process. Output 4.4: Use of the Environment Compensation Fund

146 Rationale: The ECF for rehabilitating rangeland areas is a major potential source of financing for SLM activities (see Section 7.5). Proposed Activities: Activities for this output could include: 1- Reviewing the ECF’s procedures and coordinating with the Environmental Compensation Unit (ECU); 2- Identifying opportunities for eligible SLM activities, particularly within the umbrella programme; and 3- The submission of funding applications. Priority/Timeline: This is a high priority output as the ECU is disbursing funds and provided a significant opportunity for co-financing SLM activities. Financing: This output could be financed principally from in-kind internal resources. The GM could provide such contributions to the development of proposals for submission to the ECU. The expected level of funding needed is US$15,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD should coordinate with the ECF to understand its procedures and requirements. NCCD members should agree which programmes to propose for co-financing from the ECF. The GM could provide in-kind support to this process. Output 4.5: Use of the Jordan Environment Fund Rationale: JEF, which was launched in July 2011, will form a significant contribution to environmental and SLM projects (see Section 7.5). Proposed Activities: Activities for this output would include establishing links with JEF and making submissions for SLM projects in JNAP. Priority/Timeline: This output is of high priority, as it will provide significant support for allocating resources for SLM activities. Financing: This output would require mostly in-kind internal resources for implementation. The GM can support this process. The expected level of funding needed is US$50,000. Implementation Modalities: The NCCD should lead implementation of this activity in close coordination with civil society organisations and NGOs, which could act as pressure groups.

147 APPENDIX 3

Mainstreaming Plan 1. Purpose of the Mainstreaming Report This report aims to outline some necessary actions that would be required to raise the importance of sustainable land management (SLM) measures in order to help combat desertification and to support Jordan’s obligations to the UNCCD. Section 2 outlines the key recommendations of the Final Integrated Investment Framework (IIF) for SLM document that was produced in December 2013. Subsequently, some key proposals for mainstreaming SLM are set out in Section 3 with broad tasks or activities defined for action. In general, these should be pursued or initiated primarily by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC), and by the Ministry of Finance (MOF). 2. The Integrated Investment Framework for SLM The IIF placed an emphasis on adopting an overall SLM approach for Jordan’s National Action Plan for Desertification (JNAP), which will be revised during 2014. SLM leads to the use of natural resources in ways that would not have negative effects on the productivity of land. In so doing it aims to integrate the management of land, water, biodiversity, and other environmental resources so as to meet human needs, whilst sustaining environmental and ecological conditions and social livelihoods. Social and economic conditions (especially poverty and lack of food security) have had a major impact on the process and impact of desertification. Mainstreaming SLM into national policies and strategies, and the regulatory, planning, and budgetary processes operating in Jordan would be instrumental in securing resources for UNCCD implementation. Furthermore, it is clearly important that this is done in conjunction with efforts to raise the profile and priority of SLM in pursuing Jordan’s obligations to the other two Rio Conventions, namely the CBD and UNFCCC. The Integrated Financing Strategy (prepared in 2008) followed a shift in approach to donor financing that focused on mainstreaming desertification issues into national development programming processes. It aimed to support resource mobilisation for SLM as a means to combat land degradation. Thus, SLM and combating desertification were seen as part of the same scope, with poverty alleviation as one critical tool with which to mitigate land degradation. The IIF set out a number of recommendations, which are relevant to the mainstreaming of SLM, with the most important set out below. The Need for a National Policy on SLM: Whilst there are a range of national sectoral strategies, programmes and master plans, there is no integrated policy framework for SLM in Jordan. Furthermore, national strategies and plans are not consistent and therefore do not benefit from potential synergies between similar activities that are implemented by different agencies. An increasingly evident example of this in terms of funding for environmental programmes is the lack of coordination between projects proposed as part of the country’s efforts to reverse climate change, support biodiversity, and to combat desertification (as relevant to obligations under the UNFCCC, CBD, and UNCCD, respectively). There is a need for a clear national policy on SLM and its integration with land use planning in the country. A national policy statement should be linked to the national five-year plans and be relevant

148 to Jordan’s obligations to UNCCD, UNFCC, and CBD. This would help to provide a cohesive national approach for SLM and to provide consistency throughout national sectoral plans and policies, as well as guidance for national budgeting priorities. Promoting Funding for SLM Initiatives: The government ministries have their own internal funding resources and links to donor agencies, all of which could be oriented more towards SLM projects. Increasing the importance of desertification projects could be achieved by linking them directly to SLM themes as well as to poverty alleviation measures. This would provide a broader topic spectrum that is more relevant to donor agency funding objectives. It would also attract greater priority from government budgetary allocations, especially if there were direct project links to water management and agriculture. Integrating Jordan’s Obligations to the Three Rio Conventions: The prime responsibility for the technical coordination of SLM and desertification projects would rest with the MOE and its responsibilities in fulfilling Jordan’s Rio Convention obligations. Strengthening the link between Jordan’s requirements to UNCCD with those for CBD and UNFCC would help to improve the case for SLM funding. The setting up of an agency or national environmental forum to support the country’s fulfillment of all three Rio Conventions would raise the importance of SLM in the national and political consciousness. This would also help to avoid the duplication of project functions and wastage of funding. The issue of overlapping responsibilities for project implementation at either the national or local project level has continued to be critical and remains problematic. Thus, government ministries and other project implementing agencies need to have clear roles and financial mandates for carrying out SLM projects. Strengthening Links Between SLM and Poverty Alleviation: National policies for SLM projects aiming to combat desertification should incorporate more emphasis on poverty alleviation. This would help to raise the profile of SLM and land degradation projects with international and domestic donor funding agencies. The Ministry of Social Development (MOSD) should play a key role in incorporating poverty alleviation more into environmental projects and therefore strengthening the link between livelihood improvements and promoting SLM. Similarly, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MOTA) have an important role in promoting ecotourism, natural resources conservation, and alternative livelihoods in the tourism sector. Insufficient Public Sector Capacity to Promote SLM: Staff training in government agencies has not been sufficient to lead efforts to promote SLM and to combat desertification. This is especially so with regards to pursuing collaborative efforts with universities and research institutions. This has been recognised by the MOE but also applies to other ministries. This situation underlines the need to allocate more resources to capacity building and upgrading the institutional set-up for combating desertification. There is also a lack of awareness of the importance of SLM, at all public sector levels. Weak Private Sector Investment into SLM: Private sector funding and support for SLM is at an embryonic level in Jordan. The involvement of the private sector in environmental projects could be enhanced if the conditions were made more attractive, especially if the legal and regulatory frameworks, and tax incentives, encouraged this. The private sector could also offer more support, in terms of both financial assistance and skills, to environmental projects. It should be part of a broader- based partnership approach to SLM projects that should also include the public sector and NGO/ community organisations. 3. Proposals for Mainstreaming SLM 3.1 Improving the Legal Framework for SLM There are several constraints in the enabling environment that hinder resource mobilisation for SLM. In order to allocate resources for SLM effectively, it is important to secure an appropriate legal and institutional environment that can help the flow and effectiveness of funding. The following are

149 actions that need to be undertaken to address some of the shortcomings in this respect as relevant to SLM: • Updating the Environmental Law (2006) to include polluter-pays principles, strengthening the environmental impact system, incorporating financial incentives to support SLM measures, including the right to claim for environmental damages, and environmental insurance; • Updating legislation to increase the opportunities for incorporating sustainable development principles, consolidating environmental legislation to remove legal inconsistencies, updating penalty and control systems, and providing incentives for environmental investments; and • Providing a legislative framework that could allow for environmental/social investments, such as into water efficiency, energy efficiency, environmental conservation, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures. Implementation: Proceeding with legal reforms in the environmental sector would be a high priority action. Whilst it is likely to be a lengthy procedure, it would greatly advance the mainstreaming of SLM. The MOE, as a lead agency, should coordinate with ministries responsible for the necessary legislative reform. This should be done in conjunction with institutions such as MOF, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), MOTA, investment agencies and NGOs for support in the implementation of reforms. 3.2 Strengthening the Institutional Framework for SLM Institutions, especially governmental ministries, need to increase the capacity for managing and implementing resource mobilisation for SLM. This would include MOE, MOPIC, and MOF, as the main drivers of the environmental and donor funding process; the National Committee for Combating Desertification (NCCD) and stakeholders as the implementing authority for the JNAP in 2014; key line ministries and institutions; and, a national integrating framework for the coordination of Jordan’s obligations to the UNCCD, CBD, and UNFCCC, should it be set up. The following activities would enable these organisations to be more capable of fulfilling their envisaged roles in SLM and resource mobilisation: • In the case of the MOE, this would involve capacity building for new staff of the UNCCD Focal Point Unit (as well as for other staff dealing with the other two Rio Convention obligations) that would focus on resource mobilisation, project coordination, negotiation skills, partnership building, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. This would be important in order to be able to maintain the MOE’s central role in implementing SLM; • In the case of MOPIC there would need to be improvements in working with other line ministries (such as reviewing coordination channels, operational procedures, human capacity building, and allocation to assignments), building staff capacity in monitoring and evaluation and reviewing the disbursement procedures for loans in order to simplify them and avoid lengthy delays; • Strengthening the operation of the NCCD as a major coordination platform for SLM project implementation by revisiting the committee’s mandates, improving funding allocations, and operational systems especially in terms of preparing JNAP and implementing the projects; • Improving the capacity and institutional operations of other line ministries and stakeholders with key roles in resource mobilisation and project implementation. This would include capacity building of staff in all the relevant ministries likely to be dealing with SLM-related projects such as MOA, MWI, MOSD, MOTA, and Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MOMA) and would include the need to strengthen integration, reduce conflicts of interest, improve ministerial cooperation, and increase coordination between local and national government agencies. This would involve capacity building in monitoring and evaluation of project effectiveness, participatory planning, improving transparency in the

150 allocation of resources, and working with semi-governmental agencies and NGOs in participatory approaches to SLM; and, • Integrating Jordan’s obligations to UNCCD with those for CBD and UNFCC as part of an overall SLM funding platform. The setting up of an agency or national environmental forum to coordinate Jordan’s fulfillment of all three Rio Conventions would help to raise the importance of SLM in the national and political consciousness. Implementation: The strengthening of MOE and MOPIC and of the NCCD are high priorities in order to be able to attain the capacity to manage and implement the new JNAP. These activities could be financed through the internal ministerial budgets and with co-financing with interested multilateral and bilateral agencies. Capacity building could be sub-divided into topic-related modules, which would then be supported by the necessary specialised experts. 3.3 Coordinating Policy Making and the Implementation of SLM Initiatives Whilst SLM proposals are incorporated into government national policies and sector strategies, there seem to be few linkages among these policies. Consequently, there has been little opportunity for synergies during project implementation. An evident example of this in terms of funding for environmental programmes is the lack of coordination between projects designed to fulfill the country’s obligations to the UNFCCC, CBD, and UNCCD. The following key activities are proposed to tackle this: • Prepare a clear national policy on SLM and its integration with environmental planning in Jordan. This could be done as part of the national five-year plans in conjunction with a national policy statement on SLM and its relevance to Jordan’s obligations to UNCCD, UNFCC, and CBD. This would help to provide a cohesive national approach to SLM that would support consistency throughout the national sectoral plans and policies, as well as guidance for national budgeting priorities; • Review national sectoral strategies and master plans (such as for agriculture, rangelands, water, energy, biodiversity, tourism, land use planning, and poverty alleviation) in light of the new national policy for SLM. Recommendations from the reviews would ensure that the updated sectoral strategies would be compatible with the new national SLM policy framework; and, • Establish a comprehensive and central information database that would be useful for UNCCD, CBD, and UNFCCC project implementation and agree a set of indicators (incorporating environmental and socio-economic factors), which would be used for the monitoring and evaluation of SLM projects. Implementation: The preparation of a national policy for SLM would be the first action of a high priority set of activities, for which the MOE should be the coordinating body. 3.4 Enhancing the Awareness of the Importance of SLM The importance of SLM and the impact of poverty conditions on land degradation need to be fully disseminated. Decision-makers need to understand these linkages and how SLM must be relevant to local development, poverty alleviation, and environmental resource sustainability. This would help to raise the profile of SLM and increase the prospects for improved funding especially for projects intending to combat desertification. The key activities for this could include: • Designing and preparing materials for distribution and presentations to key decision-makers, showing the linkages between SLM and economic development, and what land degradation costs the country’s economy; • Organising awareness sessions with specific decision-making focus groups. Following these meetings, and based on feedback of the discussion groups, there would need to be a review of the results and an assessment of whether attitudes have changed;

151 • Seeking NGO support in canvassing decision-makers and involving NGOs as active partners in the process; and, • Undertaking an environmental awareness campaign, which informs the public about the need for SLM in tackling land degradation. Implementation: This programme would make an important contribution to raising the profile of SLM and helping to bring it into the mainstream of the environmental consciousness in Jordan. It should be led by the MOE and implemented in conjunction with programmes for all three Rio Conventions. The awareness campaign would need the production of multi-media and other materials by a partner in advertising/public relations. NGOs should be involved in supporting awareness raising activities. 3.5 Increasing the Mobilisation and Allocation of Resources for SLM Given the importance of SLM in the context of Jordan’s environmental issues and problems, especially in relation to water resources, there is a need to increase the proportion of financing from donor agencies and from the public sector budget. In the case of domestic funding sources, the enhanced utilisation of the Environmental Compensation Fund and the Jordan Environment Fund would be the prime examples of the need to make best use of existing funding allocations. This programme would include the following principal activities in three subject areas: Capacity Building on SLM Budgetary Importance for Project Implementation Agencies: Initially, there would be a needs assessment of staff at the key SLM implementation institutions, such as the MOE, MOA, MWI, MOPIC, and MOF, on the importance of SLM in budget resources, budget preparation and project implementation. Training programmes would follow to develop this message with the monitoring of their effectiveness through performance indicators. Implementation: The MOE and NCCD could take the lead in this cross-sectoral activity that would involve several agencies, and should initiate the staff needs assessment. Capacity Building of Local Authorities to Enhance the Use and Mobilisation of SLM Resources: This would be undertaken through governorate and municipality local development plans as a basis for funding SLM activities through project implementation. Their financial autonomy would enable them to mobilise resources for SLM, as long as they have the necessary capacities and tools to do so. To this end, there would need to be training programmes on the importance of integrating SLM principles into the preparation and implementation of local development plans, and also on the utilisation of resource funding for this. This would need to involve the active participation of MOMA in order to facilitate the acceptance of municipal budget requests. Implementation: MOMA would need to take the lead in this initiative with contributions from the MOE on sustainable development issues and in conjunction with specialist expertise for the training programmes. Increasing the Mobilisation of Donor Resources for SLM Projects: International donors in particular, as well as some domestic donor sources, are active in financing SLM activities in Jordan. This activity area would focus on increasing local stakeholders’ knowledge of donor operations, donor programming cycles, country strategy preparation, and new potential international partners for SLM. It would also support the enhancement of MOPIC’s operations in donor-government coordination mechanisms in the environmental sector. Implementation: This should be driven by the MOE, with a primary role from MOPIC, in conjunction with other key ministries involved in SLM such as MOA, MWI, and MOMA. This would need external partners and expertise to support this programme.

152 3.6 Increasing the Role of the Private Sector in SLM The private sector can play a far greater role in supporting SLM activities. Private sector organisations could offer more assistance to environmental projects in the form of best practice models for SLM compliance, making financial contributions to projects, providing training support (such as in management, technical expertise and research), and also by offering skilled staff to help run projects and community organisations. Companies could offer new technologies and skills for SLM, especially in the fields of water recycling, energy conservation and food production. In addition, they could supply advice on for-profit operations and market conditions, such as for tourism destinations, in order to help defray SLM project costs. Increasing the adoption of CSR would also encourage private sector contributions to environmental initiatives. A number of companies in Jordan already support these initiatives and meet CSR targets and this situation should be built upon. The notion of ensuring that SLM and poverty-related issues for part of the criteria for providing credit and loans has long been an integral part of micro-lending services. However, the concept of integrating SLM principles into mainstream bank lending has not taken root. In Jordan’s case, the prospects for effectively implementing SLM on a broader basis could receive a major boost if bank loan criteria could incorporate environmental conditions and potential impacts into project development. This could have a particularly important effect for the environmental remediation and mitigation of mining activities, for example, or indeed on water use for specific projects. The key activities for this aspect of mainstreaming SLM would include the following activities: • Surveying local and international private companies and inquiring about their CSR and environmental policies, as well as other activities that could demonstrate an interest in supporting such initiatives; • Assessing private sector interest in supporting SLM and then contacting the most responsive of these companies in order to attract possible sources of financing for SLM initiatives; • Undertaking a survey of banks and financial lending organisations to investigate the prospects for incorporating SLM principles into loans and credit facilities. Contacting the MOF to establish the prospects for supporting this approach; and, • Developing materials targeted to the private sector, which emphasize the importance of investing in SLM activities and mobilising resources. Implementation: This activity could provide additional sources of financing and project support from the private sector and could at least raise the profile and importance of SLM within the private sector. This work could be undertaken jointly by MOE and MOPIC, in conjunction with the Ministry of Industry, Chamber of Commerce, and private sector associations. 3.7 Enhancing the Use of Innovative Resources There are many innovative sources of funding that could be used for SLM projects. Many of these are set out in the Final IIF report (in Section 7.7) with some of those having already been adopted in Jordan. In summary, the most important of these include the following: • Using debt swaps to co-finance SLM activities by exchanging foreign debt, at a discount, for local development or investment projects; • The use of financing opportunities from climate change mechanisms such as the climate change adaptation and mitigation funding sources; • Financial incentives for water management and energy consumption, such as the application of scaled tariffs and taxes and varying this according to domestic, agricultural or commercial use; • Linking general taxation measures to property size, car use and engine size, as well as to other energy saving measures in order to relate financial costs to potential environmental impacts, and

153 using some of the resultant tax receipts for nature conservation, for example; • The adoption of charging systems and entry fees for attractions and tourism destinations, for example, in order to support nature conservation initiatives; • Charging penalties for illegal activities in order to provide a disincentive for environmentally damaging activities with the money levied being used to fund clean-ups, site restoration and, more broadly, to support environmental projects (perhaps most evidently in relation to mining activities); • Public subsidy or payment schemes which would support environmental conservation or protection such as for conservation easements, farmland set-asides and co-financed investments for environmentally sustainable projects; and, • Eco-labeling and the certification of products and services according to certain environmentally sustainable standards. The key activities that could help to promote SLM in this area, and consequently to channel resources into poor communities, environmental conservation, and into combating desertification, would include: • Reviewing the existing experience with these and other innovative funding sources and ascertaining lessons learned and setting out recommendations for their use; • Identifying the key areas within innovative sources of funding that could be used most effectively in Jordan for pursuing SLM principles and poverty alleviation goals within projects; • Developing and implementing case studies for SLM projects that use innovative funding sources; and, • In the case of the use of climate change funds, there should be awareness sessions conducted on the opportunities for SLM provided by the available resources, technical training on how to attract these funds and to implement projects with them, and reviewing the procedures for voluntary carbon credits and disseminating information on them so that stakeholders can benefit from these credits. Implementation: The MOE and NCCD should pursue the examination of the use of innovative sources of funding and identify which would be most applicable for adoption in Jordan, in conjunction with MOPIC, MOSD, MOA, MOF, MWI, and other relevant ministries. Research into the use of these resources should be undertaken jointly with the national committees for CBD and FCCC.

154 APPENDIX 4 IIF Action Plan Report 1. Purpose of the Action Plan This report outlines a series of actions that should be undertaken in 2014 in order to prepare Jordan’s National Action Plan for Desertification (JNAP) and to provide the foundation for the implementation of priority projects that were set out in the Integrated Investment Framework (IIF) for Sustainable Land Management (SLM). 2. The IIF for SLM The IIF placed an emphasis on adopting an overall SLM approach for the new JNAP, which will be revised this year. SLM leads to the use of natural resources in ways that would not have negative effects on the productivity of land. In doing so, it aims to integrate the management of land, water, biodiversity and other environmental resources so as to meet human needs, whilst sustaining environmental and ecological conditions and social livelihoods. Social and economic conditions (especially poverty and lack of food security) have had a major impact on the process and impact of desertification. The IIF is intended to fulfill the following objectives: • To update the situation in Jordan with regards to desertification and SLM following the first JNAP, which was prepared in 2006. This has included an update of progress on project implementation for that first plan; • To review the conditions since the preparation of the Integrated Finance Strategy (IFS) in December 2008. The IFS aimed to provide a comprehensive and coordinated approach to financing and project implementation that would combat desertification and promote SLM, and in so doing to provide a more stable investment climate for this work in Jordan; and, • To provide a firm basis for work on the next JNAP, as well as financing opportunities for SLM, in response to the country’s obligations to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). 3. Implementation of Priority Actions 3.1 Revision to JNAP A new JNAP would be the principal implementation mechanism for fulfilling Jordan’s continuing obligations to the UNCCD. It is understood that a project manager for the preparation of the revised plan has been appointed by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) UNCCD Focal Point and is believed to have started on this work, or will shortly do so. It’s anticipated that the preparation of the JNAP will be completed by the end of this year and will set out SLM and desertification projects that need to be implemented during a ten-year period from 2015-2024. 3.2 NCCD the Key Implementing Agency The NCCD, incorporating key stakeholders in the desertification and SLM field, would have the responsibility for implementing the revised JNAP. These stakeholders should be drawn from a mix of government ministries, semi-government agencies/research institutes, NGOs and also, preferably, to incorporate some private sector involvement. Government ministry representation should include the MOE, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), and the Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MOMA). The NCCD is mandated to coordinate desertification and SLM issues in Jordan in order to be able to fulfill the country’s obligations to the UNCCD. 155 3.3 Liaison with CBD and UNFCC Implementation A framework for coordinating Jordan’s obligations to the UNCCD, and its efforts to implement SLM and desertification projects, needs to be established in tandem with those activities undertaken for CBD and UNFCCC. This is discussed in the IIF for SLM in Section 8.1 under ‘Lack of Integrated SLM Policy Network’ and it looks at the possibilities for a national environmental forum, which could coordinate Jordan’s obligations to all three Rio Conventions. This forum or indeed the unification of the three national committees (NCCD, NCBD and NCFCCC), logically within or under the guise of the MOE, would provide a clearer mechanism for coordination work and the identification of national priority areas for SLM. Given that this integration of Jordan’s obligations to the three Rio Conventions is unlikely to be implemented by the time that a new JNAP has been drafted, it is very important that actions undertaken towards the preparation of a new JNAP are done in liaison and consultation with the other two national coordinating bodies responsible for implementing the conventions for biodiversity and climate change in Jordan. This is necessary not only to avoid the overlap and duplication of projects but also to ensure that there are funding synergies. 3.4 Priority Activities The following activities are considered to be priorities for the coming year in order to successfully prepare for the revised JNAP. These activities are also set out in an Action Plan Programme in Section 4 of this report. 3.4.1 Establishing the NCCD and Stakeholder Composition This activity, being the first key task, would determine the composition of the NCCD. The stakeholders should be drawn from those described in Section 6 of the IIF for SLM with a mix of government ministries, semi-government agencies/research institutes, NGOs and also, preferably, with some private sector involvement. Government ministry representation should include the MOE, MOPIC, MOA, MWI, and MOMA. It is suggested that there could be 12 stakeholders involved in the preparation of the JNAP, under the supervision of the NCCD, with six government ministries, and two each from other stakeholder groups (including the private sector). Donor agencies would have to be closely consulted during the process, perhaps via MOPIC and the Government-Donor Coordination Working Group (GDCWG) meetings. Some NCCD representation could be the subject of a rotational six-month involvement, for example. 3.4.2 Reviewing the Implementation Framework Projects The IIF for SLM has set out more than 30 projects in an Implementation Framework in Section 10.6 that should be considered for the JNAP by NCCD and stakeholders during the preparation process. The proposed projects are set out for review within the Implementation Framework according to three sub-areas, as follows: • JNAP 2006 projects, which have not been fully implemented or carried out at all; • Additional projects proposed by IFS in December 2008 that address some gaps in JNAP implementation constraints; and, • Some extra projects proposed by the IIF for SLM document that seek to address additional issues. All of the projects in the IIF for SLM Implementation Framework have been prioritised (and colour-coded accordingly) into high priority (yellow), medium (light brown), and low (blue). The Implementation Framework sets out the project name, the overall programme within which it is set (where relevant), objectives, key activities, the principal expected outputs, an approximate project duration, the key agencies to be involved, estimated budgets and some additional comments on implementation.

156 These projects and their information requirements must be reviewed and updated by the NCCD project team according to revised JNAP needs, as discussed and agreed by the stakeholders. This assessment could result in dropping some prospective projects that are considered unnecessary or adding additional projects as required. 3.4.3 Prioritising the Projects As mentioned above in Para 3.4.2, the IIF for SLM Implementation Framework has already prioritised proposed projects into high, medium, and low priority. Once the projects have been reviewed by stakeholders for their relevance, they will then need to be prioritised according to the potential or need for implementation in the next two or three years (high priority), four to seven years (medium), and eight to ten years time (low priority). This exercise should be done according to a workshop format that includes all the NCCD stakeholders, and perhaps others as determined by the MOE UNCCD Focal Point. Examples of other project prioritisation exercises undertaken for SLM and desertification projects have been described in the IIF for SLM report (see Section 9) and could be used as a basis for undertaking this process. The objective is to rank the revised project list agreed from Action 3.4.2 into high, medium, and low priority categories. 3.4.4 Reviewing the Content of the Priority Projects The detailed content of those projects, which have been selected for high priority implementation by the workshop exercise, should then be revisited. This would include a detailed assessment of cost estimates, objectives, outline activities, expected outputs, project duration, and implementing agencies, and amending them accordingly. This exercise should also include a review of the Concept Notes that were prepared at the end of last year as part of the IIF for SLM assignment. After the workshop discussion on the Draft IIF that was held in November 2013, the IIF for SLM project team circulated a note on a short list of priority project themes to stakeholders and workshop attendees. This set out a long list of important projects that could be undertaken as priorities together with four criteria for scoring them. The four criteria for assessing their importance were: • The relevance of the project to the JNAP and SLM; • The strong possibility of obtaining project funding; • The likely ease of project implementation; and, • Potential project effectiveness, which could be replicated elsewhere in Jordan. Stakeholders were invited to assess the project themes based on these criteria, from which the top three were selected for the development of priority project Concept Notes. Subsequently, Concept Notes were prepared in December 2013 for the top three project themes that were selected on the following subject areas: • Land Use Planning and Development Control; • Hima Agricultural and Environmental Management Practice; and, • Integrated Socio-economic Development of Communities. The content of the Concept Notes should also be reviewed by NCCD and stakeholders and updated accordingly. 3.4.5 Determining Key Funding Sources Section 7 of the IIF for SLM covers the potential funding sources for projects. Figure 7.1 (Domestic)

157 and Figure 7.2 (International) provide a list of potential donor agencies for environmental and SLM projects. Section 7.7 covers innovative funding sources for SLM that could be applicable in Jordan including a review of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation funds. Section 7.8 looks at the potential for private sector funding sources. This information needs to be updated and added to in the context of SLM projects in Jordan. The NCCD and stakeholders should then match the selected priority projects (as revised during Actions 3.4.3 and 3.4.4) to potential funding sources. 3.4.6 Holding Discussions with Potential Funding Agencies Once the initial matching of high priority projects with possible funding sources has been done, there should be communication and discussion with the selected funding agencies to determine which of the selected projects could fit with their funding programmes. This must be undertaken in conjunction with MOPIC and the GDCWG. 3.4.7 Revisions to Priority Projects Following discussions with potential funding sources there would be greater clarification on what projects could be implemented in the short term. Funding agencies may require changes to the content of the projects and these will have to be reviewed by stakeholders and amended where necessary. 3.4.8 Prepare TORs for Key Projects A short list of the most likely projects to be implemented (perhaps the top ten) should be drawn up for which detailed TORs would be prepared for implementation in the next year or two of the JNAP project programme. The TORs must provide the project description and objectives, specific activities, project team expertise requirements, management arrangements, implementation agencies and timescale, and potential funding sources. 3.4.9 Further Canvassing with Potential Funding Agencies Once the TORs have been drafted then these should be used as a discussion base for a second round of meetings and/or workshops with potential donor agencies to discuss project implementation. Project TORs would then be finalised in light of comments. Subsequently, efforts should focus on getting these projects included into funding agency programmes and financing activities. The Implementation Framework and JNAP project programme need to be amended accordingly. 3.4.10 Establish Mechanisms for JNAP Plan Review and M&E It is essential that the new JNAP, when prepared, be subject to a system of continuous review in order to maintain its relevance. This should be done on an annual basis and updated accordingly. These reviews need to revise the status of specific project implementation and their effectiveness. This would have to include an updated assessment of SLM and desertification conditions in Jordan in order to accurately understand this (see Section 10.5 of the IIF for SLM). In order to accommodate any significant changes, the JNAP should also be re-issued every five years with a continuing ten-year plan horizon. The revision of the plan should incorporate changes to the overall strategy. Not only would the impact of JNAP projects being implemented have to be assessed, but also the need for future projects, and whether previously programmed projects should be amended or indeed dropped. This would also have a bearing on the review of the overall strategy and whether amendments are needed to this. Similarly, annual reviews would need to assess changes in funding allocations and preferred themes, as well as to review project compatibility with the UNCCD’s ten- year strategies. This JNAP review process would be the prime responsibility of NCCD. Thus, the NCCD will need to establish the requirements for a JNAP review and update, and also to determine the basis

158 for monitoring and evaluating the projects as they are implemented (perhaps on a mid-term and final evaluation basis). This is covered in the IIF for SLM in Sections 10.4 and 10.5. 3.4.11 Preparation and Finalisation of JNAP Changes to the JNAP document and its implementation programme need to be made following the above actions and in consultation with stakeholders. It is assumed that the preparation of the document would be undertaken on a continuous basis from the early part of 2014 and that the JNAP would be finalised and adopted shortly before the end of the year. 4. IIF Action Plan for Revised JNAP: Outline Work Programme The key activities described above in Sub-sections 3.4.1 to 3.4.11 are set out in the tabulated programme below.

MONTH (2014) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 KEY IIF ACTIONS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Establishing the NCCD and Stakeholder Composition Reviewing the Implementation Framework Projects

Prioritising the Projects Reviewing the Content of the Priority Projects Determining Key Funding Sources Holding Discussions with Potential Funding Agencies Revisions to Priority Projects Prepare TORs for Key Projects Further Canvassing with Potential Funding Agencies Establish Mechanisms for JNAP Plan Review and M&E Preparation and Finalisation of JNAP

159 APPENDIX 5

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