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An Assessment of Policies, Institutions and Regulations for Water Harvesting, Solar Energy, and Groundwater in Jordan a Review and Gap Analysis

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An Assessment of Policies, Institutions and Regulations for Water Harvesting, Solar Energy, and Groundwater in Jordan a Review and Gap Analysis An assessment of policies, institutions and regulations for water harvesting, solar energy, and groundwater in Jordan A review and gap analysis © FAO, 2018 ISBN 978-92-5-130337-5 9 789251 303375 I8601EN/1/02.18 An assessment of policies, institutions and regulations for water harvesting, solar energy, and groundwater in Jordan A review and gap analysis By Maher Salman Technical Officer, Land and Water Division (CBL), Claudia Casarotto Development Economist, FAO Consultant, Maria Bucciarelli Socio-Economic Analyst, FAO Consultant and Maria Losacco Water Policy Expert, FAO Consultant FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the map(s) do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130337-5 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Cover photograph: © Maher Salman iii Contents Acknowledgements vii Acronyms and abbreviations viii Focus and scope of this report x Section 1. Water resources 1 Surface water 4 Groundwater 4 Wastewater 5 Key water policy developments 8 Section 2. Agriculture 9 Irrigated agriculture 9 Water harvesting 12 Section 3. Energy 17 Supply and demand 17 Renewable energy resources in water pumping and agriculture 17 Water-energy-agriculture nexus 18 Section 4. Governance analysis: a methodological note 21 Mapping exercise 21 Institution mapping 22 Regulatory and Legal Mapping 22 Policy Mapping 22 Gap analysis matrix 22 Section 5. Water harvesting: institutions, laws, and policies 25 Institutions 25 Laws and regulations 27 Policies and strategies 27 Gap analysis 30 Section 6. Energy and Agriculture: institutions, laws, and policies 33 Institutions 33 iv Laws and regulations 35 Policies and strategies 36 Gap analysis 37 Section 7. Groundwater: institutions, laws, and policies 41 Institutions 41 Laws and regulations 42 Policies and strategies 42 Gap analysis 45 Conclusions and way forward 49 References 51 v Tables Table 1. Rainfall volumes 2005-2015 1 Table 2. Development of resources and demands in MCM 3 Table 3. Groundwater abstraction for 2015 in MCM 6 Table 4. Wastewater treatment plants, 2015 7 Table 5. Area of cultivated agricultural land 11 Table 6. Number of water harvesting structures in Jordan, October 2013 13 Table 7. Construction capacity of water harvesting structures in Jordan, October 2013 (1000 m3) 13 Table 8. Annual renewable water resources in Jordan, 2011 (1000 m3) 14 Table 9. Food availability and utilization indicators 15 Table 10. Energy supply (Thousand tonnes of oil equivalent ‘ktoe’ on a net calorific value basis, 2014) 18 Table 11. OECD Multi-Level Governance Framework 23 Table 12. Institutions’ mapping 24 Table 13. Institutions’ mandates and geographical level 26 Table 14. Laws and regulations 27 Table 15. Policies and strategies 27 Table 16. Gap Analysis Matrix 32 Table 17. Institutions’ mapping 33 Table 18. Institutions’ mandates and geographical level 34 Table 19. Gap Analysis Matrix 38 Table 20. Institutions’ mapping 41 Table 21. Laws and regulations 42 Table 22. Policies and strategies 42 Table 23. Policies and strategies 45 vi Figures Figure 1. Annual average rainfall 2 Figure 2. Annual open water evaporation 2 Figure 3. Groundwater basins 5 Figure 4. Treated wastewater volume (MCM) 2005-2015 6 Figure 5. Water uses for different sectors 9 Figure 6. Cultivated land in Jordan (hectares) 10 Figure 7. Water resources for irrigation 10 Figure 8. Rainfed and irrigated crop distribution (%) 11 Figure 9. Water harvesting sites in Jordan, October 2013 14 Figure 10. Relative Distribution of Households by Average Food Consumption, 2013 15 Figure 11. Percentage of food insecure and food vulnerable households, by urban and rural area and region, Jordan 16 Figure 12. Energy Mix 2015 37 Figure 13. Energy Mix 2017 37 Figure 14. Energy Mix 2020 37 vii Acknowledgements This report is a key outcome of the project GCP/JOR/018/SWI: “Reduce vulnerability in Jordan in the context of water scarcity and increasing food/energy demand” project, funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Corporation (SDC). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) wishes to acknowledge the many organizations that contributed to the preparation of this report, namely: • International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (ICARDA) • Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) • Jordan Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) • Jordan Ministry of the Environment (MoE) • Jordan Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) • National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE) • Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) The preparation of this report would not have been possible without the excellent competence and dedication of Mr. Jamal Al-Batsh, Secretary General Assistant at the Ministry of Agriculture, Mr. Louy Qoaider, National Solar Energy Expert from the German Jordanian University, Mr. Jihad Mahameed, Director of Monitoring and Water Studies at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, and Mr. Mohammed Ershaid, Director of Groundwater Basins at the Water Authority of Jordan. The contributions of all those who participated to the “National Consultation Meeting on Strategies and policies of water harvesting, groundwater and energy in Jordan” held in Amman on 19th April 2017 are gratefully acknowledged. Their inputs, support and feedback were instrumental to the completion of the report. Special thanks go to H.E. Dr. Hazim El-Nasser, Minister of Water and Irrigation, and to H.E. Eng. Iyad Dahiyat, Secretary General and Chair of the Steering Committee of the project, for their remarkable and continuous support to the project. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation has contributed significantly to the project implementation and has provided precious support in all phases. Special thanks also to Virginia Hooper for her thorough contribution to the revision of this document, and to James Morgan for making its graphic design. Finally, sincere acknowledgement is due to all the colleagues at the FAO-Jordan office, in particular Mr. Nasredin Hag Elamin, FAO Representative, and Mr. Motasem Abu Khalaf, Project Officer, who provided timely support to the project activities and the policy consultations that led to this report. viii Acronyms and abbreviations AgWA Agricultural Water for Africa AWM Agriculture Water Management BRP Badia Restoration Program CEGCO Central Electricity Gen. Co DoS Department of Statistics EDCO Electricity Distribution Company EMRC Jordanian Energy and Minerals Regulatory Commission GDP Gross Domestic Product GEL General Electricity Law HEIS Households Expenditures and Income Survey IDECO Irbid District Distribution Company IPP Independent Power Producers IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management JEPCO Jordan Electric Power Company JOD Jordanian Dinars JVA Jordan Valley Authority KAC King Abdullah Canal MCM Million Cubic Meters MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MoA Ministry of Agriculture MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation NEPCO National Electric Power Company ix NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWMP National Water Master Plan PVP Photovoltaic Pumping SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SEPCO Samra Electricity Power Company WAJ Water Authority of Jordan WFP World Food Program WSP Waste Stabilization Ponds x Focus and scope of this report This report constitutes part of the project GCP/JOR/018/SWI: “Reduce vulnerability in Jordan in the context of water scarcity and increasing food/energy demand” project, funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Corporation (SDC). Water scarcity has long been a major challenge in Jordan due to limited available water resources, waste disposal issues, inadequate infrastructures and feeble enforcement of regulations. Furthermore, the expected rise in population growth and refugee influx will likely aggravate Jordan’s water crisis in the near future. The rationale of this project is to, therefore,
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