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Nations Unies United Nations A/CONF.226/6 General Assembly Distr.: General 13 December 2016 Original: English United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) Quito, 17–20 October 2016 Item 8 of the provisional agenda* General debate United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) regional report for the Arab region: towards inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Arab cities Note by the secretariat The present report was prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) and the Regional Office for the Arab States of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in collaboration with the Habitat III secretariat. A significant number of experts from different countries of the region representing various constituencies, including academia, civil society, United Nations agencies and programmes and governmental institutions, contributed to the preparation of the report. *A/CONF.226/1. K1609788 070917 A/CONF/226.6 Contents Executive summary ..................................................................................................................... 4 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6 II. Urbanization and development .................................................................................................... 7 III. Urbanization and demography .................................................................................................... 7 A. Youthfulness ..................................................................................................................... 9 B. Conflict and forced displacement ................................................................................... 10 C. Internally displaced persons ............................................................................................ 11 D. Refugees ......................................................................................................................... 12 E. Urban migration .............................................................................................................. 14 F. Remittances..................................................................................................................... 16 G. Land and housing ............................................................................................................ 18 H. Informal settlements ....................................................................................................... 20 I. Policy considerations ...................................................................................................... 23 IV. Urbanization and the economy................................................................................................... 24 Policy considerations ...................................................................................................... 31 V. Urbanization and social equity ................................................................................................... 31 A. Food security and social protection ................................................................................ 33 B. Public space in cities ....................................................................................................... 34 C. Women in urban development ........................................................................................ 35 D. Social and economic inclusion........................................................................................ 36 E. Political inclusion ........................................................................................................... 37 F. Accessibility and the inclusion of persons with disabilities ............................................ 37 G. Policy considerations ...................................................................................................... 39 VI. Urbanization and the environment ............................................................................................. 40 A. Climate change ............................................................................................................... 40 1. Trends and impacts .............................................................................................. 40 2. Adaptation and urban resilience .......................................................................... 42 3. Disaster risk reduction ......................................................................................... 43 B. Natural and built environment ........................................................................................ 43 1. Water management .............................................................................................. 43 2. Solid waste management ..................................................................................... 44 3. Renewable energy and the green economy .......................................................... 45 4. Air pollution ...................................................................................................... 47 5. Sustainable urban transport ................................................................................. 47 6. Policy considerations ........................................................................................... 48 VII. Urbanization and governance ..................................................................................................... 48 A. Decentralization and central-local relations .................................................................... 49 1. Mashreq ...................................................................................................... 49 2. Maghreb ...................................................................................................... 50 3. Gulf Cooperation Council ................................................................................... 50 4. The region’s least developed countries ................................................................ 51 B. Metropolitan governance ................................................................................................ 51 C. Citizen participation ........................................................................................................ 52 D. Local finances ................................................................................................................. 53 1. Revenue sources .................................................................................................. 54 2. Local financial management ................................................................................ 54 E. National urban policies and spatial planning .................................................................. 56 1. Mashreq ...................................................................................................... 57 2. Maghreb ...................................................................................................... 58 3. Gulf Cooperation Council ................................................................................... 58 4. Arab least developed countries ............................................................................ 59 5. Policy considerations ........................................................................................... 60 2 A/CONF.226/6 VIII. Conclusion: towards more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities ................................ 60 A. Economy and employment ............................................................................................. 60 B. Population dynamics ....................................................................................................... 61 C. Equitable access to the city ............................................................................................. 61 D. The environment and climate change ............................................................................. 62 E. Urban governance ........................................................................................................... 63 References ............................................................................................................................................ 64 3 A/CONF.226/6 Habitat III regional report for the Arab region: towards inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Arab cities Executive summary 1. Since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), held in 1996, most countries of the Western Asia region have achieved significant progress in managing urbanization, despite the economic crisis, civil unrest, political turmoil and conflicts across the region over the past decade. All countries of the region, except Bahrain, Djibouti, Kuwait and Qatar, whose development patterns have always been predominantly urban, have experienced significant urban growth. By 2050, over 70 per cent of the Arab population will be urban, bringing new opportunities and challenges in sustaining inclusive, resilient and safe human settlements. In order to achieve and sustain such settlements, policies shaping the urban space should foster peaceful coexistence, promote dialogue among residents and levels of governance and integrate policy objectives such as health, transportation and mobility to enhance social equity, particularly for the urban poor and
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