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Encountering Nicaragua
Encountering Nicaragua United States Marines Occupying Nicaragua, 1927-1933 Christian Laupsa MA Thesis in History Department of Archeology, Conservation, and History UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2011 ii Encountering Nicaragua United States Marines Occupying Nicaragua, 1927-1933 Christian Laupsa MA Thesis in History Department of Archeology, Conservation, and History University of Oslo Spring 2011 iii iv Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Topic .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................. 3 Delimitations ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The United States Marine Corps: a very brief history ......................................................................... 4 Historiography .................................................................................................................................... -
Alaska Beyond Magazine
The Past is Present Standing atop a sandstone hill in Cabrillo National Monument on the Point Loma Peninsula, west of downtown San Diego, I breathe in salty ocean air. I watch frothy waves roaring onto shore, and look down at tide pool areas harboring creatures such as tan-and- white owl limpets, green sea anemones and pink nudi- branchs. Perhaps these same species were viewed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542 when, as an explorer for Spain, he came ashore on the peninsula, making him the first person from a European ocean expedition to step onto what became the state of California. Cabrillo’s landing set the stage for additional Span- ish exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries, followed in the 18th century by Spanish settlement. When I gaze inland from Cabrillo National Monument, I can see a vast range of traditional Native Kumeyaay lands, in- cluding the hilly area above the San Diego River where, in 1769, an expedition from New Spain (Mexico), led by Franciscan priest Junípero Serra and military officer Gaspar de Portolá, founded a fort and mission. Their establishment of the settlement 250 years ago has been called the moment that modern San Diego was born. It also is believed to represent the first permanent European settlement in the part of North America that is now California. As San Diego commemorates the 250th anniversary of the Spanish settlement, this is an opportune time 122 ALASKA BEYOND APRIL 2019 THE 250TH ANNIVERSARY OF EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN SAN DIEGO IS A GREAT TIME TO EXPLORE SITES THAT HELP TELL THE STORY OF THE AREA’S DEVELOPMENT by MATTHEW J. -
COURSE LEGEND L M T T G a N a a a a N H M a W Dr Ct H W a V 274 N R O E U Tol V I V O a P a a a D Ac E H If E Y I V V Ca E D D R E Ur St G Beadnell Way Armo a R F E
C a r d y a e Ca n n W n S o o in g n t r D i to D n S r n L c t o i u D e n c S n ate K n o r e g R a G i e l ow d l c g s A e C e id r v e w S v l e Co R e e f n mplex Dr d v a e a v l h B e l l ld t s A h o C J Triana S B a a A e t A e S J y d nt a s i a e t m v e gu e L r S h a s e e e R Ave b e t Lightwave d A A v L t z v a e M v D l A sa Ruffin Ct M j e n o r t SUN., JUNE 2, 2013 B r n e d n o Mt L e u a a M n r P b r D m s l a p l D re e a A y V i r r h r la tt r i C a t n Printwood Way i M e y r e d D D S C t r M v n a w I n C a d o C k Vickers St e 6:15 AM a o l l e Berwick Dr O r g c n t w m a e h i K i n u ir L i d r e i l a Engineer Rd J opi Pl d Cl a n H W r b c g a t i Olive Spectrum Center MARATHON STy ART m y e e Blvd r r e Ariane Dr a y o u o D u D l S A n L St Cardin Buckingham Dr s e a D h a y v s r a Grove R Soledad Rd P e n e R d r t P Mt Harris Dr d Opportunity Rd t W a Dr Castleton Dr t K r d V o e R b S i F a l a c 7:00 AM e l m Park e m e l w a Mt Gaywas Dr l P o a f l h a e D S l C o e o n HALF-MARATHON START t o t P r o r n u R n D p i i Te ta r ch Way o A s P B r Dagget St e alb B d v A MT oa t D o e v Mt Frissell Dr Arm rs 163 e u TIERRASANTA BLVD R e e s D h v v r n A A Etna r ser t t a our Av S y r B A AVE LBO C e i r e A r lla Dr r n o M b B i a J Q e e r Park C C L e h C o u S H a o te G M r Orleck St lga a t i C t r a t H n l t g B a p i S t E A S o COURSE LEGEND l M t t g a n a a a a n H a w M Dr Ct h w A v 274 n r o e u Tol v i v o a P A A a D ac e h if e y ica v v e D D r e ur St g Beadnell Way Armo -
100 Things to Do in San Francisco*
100 Things to Do in San Francisco* Explore Your New Campus & City MORNING 1. Wake up early and watch the sunrise from the top of Bernal Hill. (Bernal Heights) 2. Uncover antique treasures and designer deals at the Treasure Island Flea Market. (Treasure Island) 3. Go trail running in Glen Canyon Park. (Glen Park) 4. Swim in Aquatic Park. (Fisherman's Wharf) 5. Take visitors to Fort Point at the base of the Golden Gate Bridge, where Kim Novak attempted suicide in Hitchcock's Vertigo. (Marina) 6. Get Zen on Sundays with free yoga classes in Dolores Park. (Dolores Park) 7. Bring Your Own Big Wheel on Easter Sunday. (Potrero Hill) 8. Play tennis at the Alice Marble tennis courts. (Russian Hill) 9. Sip a cappuccino on the sidewalk while the cable car cruises by at Nook. (Nob Hill) 10. Take in the views from seldom-visited Ina Coolbrith Park and listen to the sounds of North Beach below. (Nob Hill) 11. Brave the line at the Swan Oyster Depot for fresh seafood. (Nob Hill) *Adapted from 7x7.com 12. Drive down one of the steepest streets in town - either 22nd between Vicksburg and Church (Noe Valley) or Filbert between Leavenworth and Hyde (Russian Hill). 13. Nosh on some goodies at Noe Valley Bakery then shop along 24th Street. (Noe Valley) 14. Play a round of 9 or 18 at the Presidio Golf Course. (Presidio) 15. Hike around Angel Island in spring when the wildflowers are blooming. 16. Dress up in a crazy costume and run or walk Bay to Breakers. -
Colonial Spanish Terms Compilation
COLONIAL SPANISH TERMS COMPILATION Of COLONIAL SPANISH TERMS And DOCUMENT RELATED PHRASES COMPILATION Of COLONIAL SPANISH TERMS file:///C|/...20Grant%202013/Articles%20&%20Publications/Spanish%20Colonial%20Glossary/COLONIAL%20SPANISH%20TERMS.htm[5/15/2013 6:54:54 PM] COLONIAL SPANISH TERMS And DOCUMENT RELATED PHRASES Second edition, 1998 Compiled and edited by: Ophelia Marquez and Lillian Ramos Navarro Wold Copyright, 1998 Published by: SHHAR PRESS, 1998 (Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research) P.O. Box 490 Midway City, CA 92655-0490 1-714-894-8161 Cover: Census Bookcover was provided by Ophelia Marquez . In 1791, and again in 1792, a census was ordered throughout the viceroyalty by Viceroy Conde de Revillagigedo. The actual returns came in during 1791 - 1794. PREFACE This pamphlet has been compiled in response to the need for a handy, lightweight dictionary of Colonial terms to use while reading documents. This is a supplement to the first edition with additional words and phrases included. Refer to pages 57 and 58 for the most commonly used phrases in baptismal, marriage, burial and testament documents. Acknowledgement Ophelia and Lillian want to record their gratitude to Nadine M. Vasquez for her encouraging suggestions and for sharing her expertise with us. Muy EstimadoS PrimoS, In your hands you hold the results of an exhaustive search and compilation of historical terms of Hispanic researchers. Sensing the need, Ophelia Marquez and Lillian Ramos Wold scanned hundreds of books and glossaries looking for the most correct interpretation of words, titles, and phrases which they encountered in their researching activities. Many times words had several meanings. -
Western Coastal and Marine Geology
U.S. Department of the Interior Scientific Investigations Map 2944 Sheet 1 of 5 U.S. Geological Survey Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay, California 1 1 2 2 ATMOSPH ND ER A IC Patrick L. Barnard , Daniel M. Hanes , Rikk G. Kvitek , and Pat J. Iampietro IC A N D A M E IN C I S Center for Integrative California State University, O United States Army National Oceanic T L R A A N T O I I Monterey Bay, O Coastal Observation, Corps of Engineers, T and Atmospheric N A N U . E S Research and Education C Seafloor Mapping Lab . San Francisco District Administration D R E E P M A M R O T C M F E N O T Massive Sand Waves BakerBaker BeachBeach Pt. Lobos Some of the largest sand waves in the world are located just west of the Golden Gate Bridge—these waves have been formed by abundant sediment Background and extremely powerful tidal currents. The data are shown in the figure below as a perspective color shaded relief image. This massive sand wave field covers an area of approximately 4 km2 (1.5 mi2) in water depths ranging from 30 m (98 ft) to 106 m (348 ft). More than 40 distinct sand waves A multibeam bathymetric survey that produced unprecedented high resolution images of the mouth of San were identified; the waves have an average wavelength of 82 m (269 ft) and an average height of 6 m (20 ft). The maximum wavelength and height Francisco Bay was conducted in 2004 and 2005. -
Western Coastal and Marine Geology
U.S. Department of the Interior Scientific Investigations Map 2944 U.S. Geological Survey Sand Waves at the Mouth of Sheet 4 of 5 San Francisco Bay, California ATMOSPH 1 1 ND ER A IC IC A N D Patrick L. Barnard , Daniel M. Hanes , A M E IN C I S Center for Integrative O National Oceanic California State University, T United States Army L R A A 2 2 N T O I I O Coastal Observation, T and Atmospheric Monterey Bay, , N Corps of Engineers, Rikk G. Kvitek and Pat J. Iampietro A N U . E S Research and Education C . Administration D Seafloor Mapping Lab San Francisco District R E E P M A M R O T C M F E N O T depth (m) 2 San San 9 A Francisco Francisco 17 Marin Pt.Pt. LobosLobos 24 A Bay 32 County 39 47 D 55 62 70 77 San 85 Francisco 92 100 B 107 115 C Pacific N Ocean Marin Headlands N 3 kilometers B Oakland San Francisco Angel Island Bay Alcatraz Island San Francisco Marin Headlands BakerBaker BeachBeach Pt. Bonita Mile Rock Pt.Pt. LobosLobos Ocean Beach N C Marin Headlands D Pt. Bonita San Pt. Lobos Pt. Bonita Francisco Bay Marin Fort Point Headlands Pacific Ocean Baker Beach Mile Rock San Francisco Baker Beach San Francisco N Pt.Pt. LobosLobos N Perspective views of sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, just seaward of the Golden Gate Bridge. The shaded relief bathymetry was created with a 2-m grid, a 4x vertical exaggeration, sun azimuth of 240 degrees, and a sun angle of For more information on this study, go to http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/coastal_processes/ 66 degrees. -
Coastal Processes Study at Ocean Beach, San Francisco, CA: Summary of Data Collection 2004-2006
Coastal Processes Study at Ocean Beach, San Francisco, CA: Summary of Data Collection 2004-2006 By Patrick L. Barnard, Jodi Eshleman, Li Erikson and Daniel M. Hanes Open-File Report 2007–1217 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Barnard, P.L.., Eshleman, J., Erikson, L., and Hanes, D.M., 2007, Coastal processes study at Ocean Beach, San Francisco, CA; summary of data collection 2004-2006: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007- 1217, 171 p. [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1217/]. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Executive Summary of Major Findings..................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 - Beach Topographic Mapping..............................................................................................................1 -
Golden Gate Brochure
Golden Gate National Park Service National Recreation Area U.S. Department of the Interior Golden Gate California If we in the Congress do not act, the majestic area where sea and bay and land meet in a glorious symphony of nature will be doomed. —US Rep. Phillip Burton,1972 Muir Beach; below left: Alcatraz Native plant nursery Tennessee Valley; above: osprey with prey NPS / MARIN CATHOLIC HS NPS / ALISON TAGGART-BARONE view from Marin Headlands BOTH PHOTOS NPS / KIRKE WRENCH toward city HORSE AND VOLUNTEER —NPS / ALISON TAGGART- BARONE; HEADLANDS—NPS / KIRKE WRENCH Petaluma Tomales 101 37 1 Vallejo For city dwellers, it’s not always easy to experience national human uses. The national recreation area’s role as the Bay Ar- GOLDEN GATE Tomales Bay Novato parks without traveling long distances. A new idea emerged in ea’s backyard continues to evolve in ways its early proponents BY THE NUMBERS Point Reyes SAN PABLO National Seashore Samuel P. Taylor BAY the early 1970s: Why not bring parks to the people? In 1972 never imagined. Renewable energy powers public buildings and 81,000 acres of parklands State Park San 80 Congress added two urban expanses to the National Park System: transportation. People of all abilities use accessible trails and Olema Valley Marin Municipal Rafael 36,000 park volunteers Water District Richmond Golden Gate National Recreation Area in the San Francisco Bay other facilities, engaging in activities that promote health and 1 Rosie the Riveter / Gulf of the Farallones See below WWII Home Front National Marine Sanctuary 29,000 yearly raptor sightings for detail 580 National Historical area and its eastern counterpart Gateway National Recreation wellness. -
San Francisco 9
300 ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd See also separate subindexes for: 5 EATING P304 6 DRINKING & NIGHTLIFE P306 3 ENTERTAINMENT P307 7 SHOPPING P307 2 SPORTS & ACTIVITIES P308 Index 4 SLEEPING P309 16th Ave Steps 137 A iDS (Acquired immune Bay Area Rapid Transit, see California Historical Society 22nd St Hill 175 Deficiency Syndrome) BART Museum 86 49 Geary 83 264 Bay Bridge 13, 80, 284, 17 Calistoga 231 77 Geary 83 air travel 286-7 Bay Model Visitor Center car travel 286, 289-90 826 Valencia 151 Alamo Square Park 186, 190 (Sausalito) 224 Carnaval 21, 157 1906 Great Quake & Fire Alcatraz 9, 52-5, 8, 52 Bay to Breakers 21, 23 Cartoon Art Museum 85-6 283-4 alleyways 20 beaches 20, 61, 206 Casa Nuestra (St Helena) 1989 Loma Prieta Quake 284 ambulances 293 Beat movement 118, 119, 229 Amtrak 287 122, 131, 262 Castello di Amorosa Angel island 228 Beat Museum 118 (Calistoga) 229-30 A animals 19-20, 24 beer 30, 32, 270 Castro, the 49, 173-82, accommodations 336 Belden Place 93 239-52, see also AP Hotaling Warehouse 82 accommodations 241, 251 Sleeping subindex Aquarium of the Bay 58 Benziger (Glen Ellen) 236 drinking & nightlife 174, Avenues, the 252 Aquatic Park 57 Berkeley 217-20, 218 177, 180-1 Castro, the 251 architecture 19, 191, 279-82, Bernal Heights 171 entertainment 181 Chinatown 248-9 5, 190-1 bicycling 41, 74, 87, 113, 214, food 174, 176-7 Civic Center & the area codes 296 232, 238, 291 highlights 173-4 Tenderloin 243-7 arts 273-5 bike-share program 291 shopping 174, 181-2 Downtown 243-7 Asian Art Museum 81 bisexual travelers 36-7 -
Clyde Wahrhaftig Collection
Clyde Wahrhaftig Collection GOGA 35329 Golden Gate National Recreation Area Park Archives and Records Center ATTN: Park Archives and Records Center Presidio of San Francisco Building 201, Fort Mason Building 667 McDowell Ave. San Francisco, CA 94123 San Francisco, CA 94129 [Mailing Address] [Physical Address] go.nps.gov/gogacollections Phone: 415-561-2807 Fax: 415-441-1618 Introduction Golden Gate National Recreation Area Park Description Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA), a unit of the National Park Service, was established by an Act of Congress on October 27, 1972. The 80,000-acre park encompasses a great diversity of cultural and natural resources in and around the Bay Area of San Francisco, California. It includes Muir Woods National Monument and Fort Point National Historic Site. The park holds almost five million three-dimensional and documentary artifacts dating from the time before European contact to the present. They are preserved and maintained for the public by the Division of Cultural Resources and Museum Management, which includes the Park Archives and Records Center (PARC). Park Archives and Records Center (PARC) Historical Note GGNRA and the sites within it have been collecting records since their inception. The PARC was established in 1994 to receive records and archival collections from the U.S. Army and the Presidio Army Museum after the closure of the Presidio of San Francisco as an Army base. The collections continue to grow through the donation of materials by private individuals, transfer of inactive park records by staff, and acquisition of relevant documentary materials. Scope of Collections The archival collections in the custody of the GGNRA document the history and activity of the various sites and groups associated with the park, described in the park’s Scope of Collection Statement (2009). -
Presidio Coastal Trail Cultural Resource Survey
Presidio Coastal Trail Cultural Resource Survey Background This survey was prepared at the request of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy to provide information on known and possible cultural resources along the Fort Scott bluffs in preparation for the design of the Presidio Coastal Trail. This trail will be a link in the statewide California Coastal Trail. The California Coastal Conservancy oversees the statewide implementation efforts for developing the Coastal Trail, and provides this definition of the trail: “A continuous public right-of-way along the California Coastline; a trail designated to foster appreciation and stewardship of the scenic and natural resources of the coast through hiking and other complementary modes of non-motorized transportation.” (California Coastal Conservancy, 2001.) A “Presidio Trails and Bikeways Master Plan and Environmental Assessment” (aka “Trails Master Plan”) was developed jointly by the National Park Service and the Presidio Trust for that section of the Coastal Trail running through the Presidio of San Francisco, and was adopted through a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) in July 2003. The Trails Master Plan identified improvements needed to the California Coastal Trail in order to upgrade the existing route to a multi-use trail with associated bicycle lanes on Lincoln Boulevard and supporting components, such as trailheads and overlooks. This 3 mile Presidio trail section travels generally along the coastal bluffs, following Lincoln Boulevard. 1 The areas west and south of the Golden Gate Bridge/Highway 101 are known to have been the sites of important cultural activities over the past 200 years associated with the military and civilian histories of the Presidio of San Francisco.