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Hybrid Sovereignty in the Arab Middle East: the Cases of Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait

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Hybrid Sovereignty in the Arab Middle East: the Cases of Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait HYBRID SOVEREIGNTY IN THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST: THE CASES OF JORDAN, IRAQ AND KUWAIT GÖKHAN BACIK SEPTEMBER 2005 HYBRID SOVEREIGNTY IN THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST: THE CASES OF JORDAN, IRAQ AND KUWAIT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÖKHAN BACIK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATINAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2005 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________ Prof. Dr. Atilla Eralp Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. İhsan Dağı (METU, IR) ________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık (METU, IR) ________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuri Yurdusev (METU, IR) ________________________ Prof. Dr. Mustafa Aydın (Ankara U, IR) ________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. İlker Aytürk (Bilkent U, Pol Sc) ________________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Gökhan Bacık Signature: iii ABSTRACT HYBRID SOVEREIGNTY IN THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST: THE CASES OF JORDAN, IRAQ AND KUWAIT Bacık, Gökhan Ph. D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Meliha Benli Altunışık September 2005, 405 pages. This thesis analyses the issue of sovereignty in the Arab Middle Eastern context with a special reference to three cases: Jordan, Kuwait and Iraq. The basic argument of this thesis is the inapplicability of Western sovereignty in the related cases. The thesis will discuss that Western sovereignty which was brought to the region has been limited by certain facts. Instead, what we have is a hybrid sovereignty model in which both modern and primordial patterns co-exist. The thesis will also trace the history of Western sovereignty in the region since the early periods of colonization and modernization, and will seek to answer such questions as how the failure of colonially brought Western sovereignty affects Arab politics in different levels. Keywords: Sovereignty, hybridity, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait iv ÖZ ARAP ORTADOĞU’SUNDA MELEZ EGEMENLIK: ÜRDÜN, IRAK VE KUVEYT ÖRNEKLERİ Bacık, Gökhan Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Meliha Benli Altunışık Eylül 2005, 405 sayfa. Bu çalışma egemenlik kavramını Ürdün, Kuveyt ve Irak örnek olaylarına özel olarak atıfta bulunarak Arap Ortadoğu’su bağlamında analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel argümanı batılı egemenlik kavramının sözü edilen örnek olaylarda ancak sınırlı olarak var olduğudur. Sömürge yönetimleri ya da modernleşme döneminde bölgeye getirilen batılı egemenlik kavramının uygulanışı bazı nedenlerden dolayı sınırlandırılmıştır. Dolayısıyla, bugün karşı karşıya olduğumuz egemenlik uygulaması içinde hem modern, hem de önceki yerel unsurları içeren melez bir egemenliktir. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda batılı egemenlik anlayışının sömürgeleşmecilik ve modernleşme dönemlerinden beri bölgede nasıl kurumsallaştığını tarihsel olarak ele alacaktır. Ayrıca, batılı egemenliğinin bölgede sınırlandırılmasının çeşitli alanlarda sonuçlarının açıklanmasının öneminin altı çizilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Egemenlik, melezlik, Irak, Ürdün, Kuveyt v TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ......................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................iv ÖZ .........................................................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1 1.1 Setting the Scene: The Hypothesis and the Arguments ...................1 1.2 Defining the Cases ...........................................................................13 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: ARAB STATE AS HYBRID SOVEREIGN...........................................................................24 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................24 2.2 Defining Sovereignty in Two Realms: The International and the Domestic.................................................................................26 2.3 The Expansion of the State-System: Westernization in the Arab World.........................................................................................38 2.4 Theorizing Sovereignty in the Middle East: Hybrid Sovereignty and Arab State....................................................................................56 2.5 Conclusion........................................................................................76 3. THE EMERGENCE OF WESTERN MODEL IN JORDAN, KUWAIT AND IRAQ ............................................................................77 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................77 3.2 Jordan ...............................................................................................79 3.3 Kuwait..............................................................................................96 3.4 Iraq ...................................................................................................110 3.5 Conclusion........................................................................................124 vi 4. CONCEPTUALIZING THE PROBLEM OF SOVEREIGNTY IN JORDAN, KUWAIT AND IRAQ .....................................................126 4.1 Introduction......................................................................................126 4.2 Re-emphasizing the Domestic Approach: State-Society Level Boundaries ............................................................................130 4.3 Sampling Sovereignty Crisis in Domestic Realm............................140 4.3.1 The Failure of Central Authority ............................................143 4.3.2 The Problem of Minorities......................................................146 4.3.3 The Failure of Citizenship.......................................................147 4.3.4 The Failure of National Identity in Foreign Policy.................152 4.3.5 The Dominance of Bureaucratic Rationality in Economic Realm ....................................................................156 4.3.6 Electoral Agenda.....................................................................164 4.3.7 Primordial Quotas in Official Recruitment.............................166 4.3.8 The Instrumentalization of Power...........................................169 4.3.9 The Lack of an Impersonal Political System ..........................174 4.4 Conclusion........................................................................................176 5. JORDAN AND THE CRISIS OF SOVEREIGNTY ...............................178 5.1 Introduction......................................................................................178 5.2 The Palestinian Question: A General Framework ...........................181 5.3 The Failure of Citizenship................................................................188 5.3.1 The Problem of Citizenship and Islamists ..............................194 5.4 The Failure of Central Authority .....................................................198 5.5 Tribalism as a Political Instrument ..................................................203 5.6 The Problem of Palestinians Today: The Continuing Crisis of Sovereignty.......................................................................207 5.7 Political and Economic Liberalization: A Search for a New Social Contract......................................................................216 5.8 Conclusion........................................................................................227 6. KUWAIT AND THE CRISIS OF SOVEREIGNTY...............................232 6.1 Introduction......................................................................................232 6.2 Political and Social Consequences of Rentierism: A Different Social Contract .................................................................237 vii 6.2.1 Foreign Policy and Rentierism................................................252 6.3 The Problem of Defining People: Domestic Sovereignty Crisis .....257 6.3.1 The Expatriates .......................................................................262 6.3.2 The Bedoons: Being a Kuwaiti without a Citizenship............271 6.4 Conclusion........................................................................................275 7. IRAQ AND THE CRISIS OF SOVEREIGNTY .....................................281 7.1 Introduction......................................................................................281 7.2 Defining the Problem .......................................................................285
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