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Radicalisation Hors Ligne: Le Rôle Des Réseaux Sociaux Dans ----------- ----- UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL RADICALISATION HORS LIGNE: LE RÔLE DES RÉSEAUX SOCIAUX DANS LE PASSAGE À L'ACTE TERRORISTE ISLAMISTE (1990-2016) MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR WILLIAM GRENIER-CHALIFOUX JUILLET 201 7 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qu i a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.1 0-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire. , REMERCIEMENTS J'aimerais adresser mes sincères remerciements à ceux qm ont contribué à l'élaboration de mon mémoire. Je tiens tout particulièrement à remercier mes codirecteurs, Mme Élisabeth Vallet et M. Charles-Philippe David. Vous avez été, au­ delà d'excellents directeurs de mémoire, des mentors d'exception. Je remercie l'équipe exécutive et les chercheurs de la Chaire Raoul-Dandurand en études stratégiques et diplomatiques, sans qui ce projet de recherche n'aurait pu voir le jour. Un merci tout particulier à l'Observatoire de Géopolitique, la TeamGéopo. Merci à Zoé et Josselyn d'avoir partagé la route avec moi ces trois dernières années. ! . L'aventure n'aurait pas été la même sans votre originalité, votre amour et le personnage tricéphale 1 que nous formons. Je remercie l'UQAM, ce laboratoire social qm aura été pour moi un tremplin académique et professionnel. Je remercie également, au terme de ce parcours, ceux et celles qui me sont chers et que j'ai quelque peu délaissés ces derniers mois pour achever ce mémoire. Merci à ma famille et à mes amis. Enfin, merci à Léa Guigon qui fut à mes côtés tout au long de cette belle aventure. Merci pour tes précieux conseils, pour ta patience, et surtout, pour ton support lors des cnses existentielles qu'aura occasionnées ce formidable projet. 1 Guillarmou, Josselyn, «De la cage dorée à la cage rouillée : le processus d'internalisation de la frontière dans la Rio Grande Valley au Texas», Mémoire de maîtrise, Université du Québec à Montréal : Montréal, 2017, p. iii Table des n1atières REMERCIEMENTS .... ............... ... ... ... ..... .. ........ ... .... ... .. ..................... ... ......... 3 LISTE DES FIGURES ................ .. ................................................................... 4 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........... .. .. ... ... .. .... ....................... ... ......................... .. 6 RÉSUMÉ ................ .. ........................................ .............. ..... ..... ........... ............. 8 INTRODUCTION ...... ....... .... .. ...................................... ................................... 8 CHAPITRE 1 RADICALISATION EN LIGNE : UNE LITTÉRATURE ANXIOGÈNE ... 15 1.1 - Trois approches à la radicalisation en ligne ....................................... 16 1.1.1 - L'approche opérationnelle : internet comme outil de planification du terrorisme ..... .. .. .. .... .... ...... ....... .. ................ ........ 20 1.1.2 - L'approche communicationnelle : internet comme espace de diffusion de contenus numériques extrémistes ............... ........ 28 1.1.3- L'approche sociale: Internet et le passage à l'acte terroriste ..... 39 1.2 - Critique du concept de «radicalisation en ligne» .................. .. ........... 4 7 1.2.1 - La problématique de la définition ......... .... .. ........ .. ... ............ .. ..... 48 1.2.2 - La problématique du lien de causalité ............ ............. ... ... .. .. ..... 50 1.2.3 - La problématique du faible ancrage empirique ........... ............... 52 CHAPITRE II MÉTHODE D'ANALYSE: DRESSER LE PORTRAIT DU TERRORISTE ISLAMISTE EN OCCIDENT ... ......... .... ........ ................. ..... 57 2.1 - La définition des critères d'inclusion ........................... ...... ...... .. ........ 58 2.2 - La collecte de données ..... ... ..... .. ....................................................... 62 2.3- L'analyse des données .... .. .. ... .. ....................... ....................... ............. 65 CHAPITRE III ÉTATS-UNIS VS. EUROPE : DES PROFILS TERRORISTES DISTINCTS ET STABLES ... .............................. .......................................... 67 3. 1 - Un niveau d'éducation en opposition ... ... ....... ... ... ..... ... .. ... .............. ... 67 3.2 - Un taux de criminalité contrastant.. ........... .......... .. ........... ...... ........ ... 72 3.3 -D'un terrorisme islamiste international au terrorisme islamiste d'origine intérieure .............................................................. 79 CHAPITRE IV L'OMNIPRÉSENCE DES RELATIONS INTERPERSONNELLES DANS LE PARCOURS DES TERRORISTES ISLAMISTES EN OCCIDENT ..... 83 4.1 - Un entraînement paramilitaire nécessaire .. .. ............. .. ........ .... ........... 83 4.2 -Le mentor idéologue comme pierre angulaire du processus de radicalisation menant à la violence .. .. .................. ........ .... .................. 92 CONCLUSION .... ... ... ............................ ... .. .... .......... .... .. .. .. .. ... .................... 103 ANNEXE A - Terroristes islamistes ayant sévi en Occident.. .. ........ .. ..... .... 115 ANNEXE B - Indicateurs de la base de données ......................................... 117 ANNEXE C - Domaine d'étude des terroristes islamistes ayant fréquenté une université ........ .. .... ... ............................ ........................... 124 ANNEXE D - Passé criminel des 29 terroristes islamistes détenant un casier judiciaire ................................................. .................... 127 ANNEXEE - Terroristes s'étant rendu dans un camp d'entraînement djihadiste ............................................................................... 130 ANNEXE F - Terroristes islamistes ayant entrepris un entraînement paramilitaire en Occident ... ................... .... ..................... ... ... 134 ANNEXE G- Terroristes et leurs mentors ................. .................... .. ........... 135 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ... ...... ... .. ........... .. .. .... .... ..... .... .. ...... .. ... ... ... ............. .. .. ... .. 145 LISTE DES FIGURES 1.1 Pourcentage des contenus numériques en faveur de l'État 34 islamique sur Twitter de juillet à octobre 2014 1.2 Trois réseaux articulant l'agenda politique de l'Émirat du 35 Caucase en ligne 2.1 Cadre géographique de l'analyse 61 3.1 Niveau d'éducation des terroristes par régions (États- 68 Unis/Europe) 3.2 Taux de criminalité des terroristes islamistes en Occident 73 3.3 Terroristes islamistes nés en Occident 80 4.1 Entraînement paramilitaire des terroristes 85 LISTE DES TABLEAUX 1.1 Contenu des images publiées par l'État islamique sur Twitter 35 2.1 Les 27 indicateurs de la base de données 59 3.1 Domaine d'étude des terroristes islamistes ayant fréquenté une 71 université 3.2 Passé criminel des 29 terroristes islamistes détenant un casier 77 judiciaire 4.1 Terroristes islamistes s'étant rendus dans un camp 86 d'entrainement djihadiste 4.2 Terroristes islamistes ayant entrepris un entrainement 90 paramilitaire en Occident 4.3 Terroristes et leurs mentors 102 RÉSUMÉ Notre mémoire aborde la question de la radicalisation en ligne. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'une réflexion sur l'impact des nouvelles technologies sur le passage à l'acte terroriste islamiste en Occident. En effet, l'environnement numérique est aujourd'hui considéré comme un vecteur de radicalisation, une sorte d'incubateur à terroriste. Ce mémoire de maîtrise vise donc à répondre à la question suivante : l'exposition à des contenus numériques djihadistes représente-t-elle une variable suffisante au passage à l'acte terroriste ? Afin de répondre à cette question, nous avons récolté et analysé les données sur le parcours de vie des 133 terroristes islamistes ayant sévi en Occident depuis 1990. Cette approche nous a permis de 1) réactualiser le profil du terroriste islamiste occidental, de 2) réaffirmer de manière empirique l'omniprésence des relations interpersonnelles dans le processus de radicalisation menant à la violence, et donc de 3) relativiser le rôle des contenus numériques djihadistes sur le passage à l'acte terroriste. Notre thèse se résume ainsi : la relative stabilité des profils des terroristes islamistes en Occident et l'omniprésence des relations interpersonnelles dans le parcours de ceux-ci relativisent le rôle joué par les contenus numériques djihadistes dans le passage à l'acte terroriste. MOTS-CLÉS :radicalisation, djihadisme, Internet, environnement numérique. INTRODUCTION 2 En 20 16, 17 44 attaques terroristes ont causé 15 663 morts dans le monde . Si une infime proportion de ces attaques
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