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Say-Peace-2016.Pdf “Say Peace” Islamic Perspectives on Conflict Resolution Training Manual for Muslim Communities Dr. Amr Abdalla Lilya Hazal Akay Arezou Hassanzadeh Marjan Tabari "قالوا سﻻما" 2016 Contents 1.) Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1) Message from the Lead Author…………………………………………........1 1.2) Purpose and Plan of the Manual……………………………………………..4 1.3) Methodology…………………………………………………………………...5 1.3.1) Using Western-Developed Models........................................................ 6 1.3.2) Exploring Islamic Sources ....................................................................... 9 1.3.3) Conflict Analysis and Resolution as an Analytical Tool of Quran and Sunnah ............................................................................................................... 11 2.) Fundamentals of Islamic Perspectives on Conflict Resolution ................ 14 2.1) A Historical Bridge to the 14th Century………………………………………14 2.2) A Maqasid Foundation for The Islamic Perspectives on Conflict Resolution……………………………………………………………………………..17 2.2.1) Introduction: ........................................................................................... 17 2.2.2) Definition of Maqasid ............................................................................ 21 2.2.3) The Importance of Maqasid in Ijtihad ................................................. 22 2.2.4) History ..................................................................................................... 26 2.2.5) Classification of Maqasid ...................................................................... 29 2.2.6) Identification of Maqasid ...................................................................... 34 2.2.7) The Outcomes of Maqasid for Non-Jurists ......................................... 38 2.3) The Role of Religion (Islam the Religion of Modeling)……………………...44 2.4) Some Quranic Terms related to the field of Conflict………………………...47 2.5) Some Salient Features of the Ethics of Disagreement during the time of the Prophet (saaws):……………………………………………………………………...50 3.) Conflict Definitions and Mapping ................................................................. 52 3.1) Some Characteristics of the Field of Peace and Conflict…………………….52 3.2) Western definitions of ―conflict‖………………………………………………52 3.3) Islamic perspective on ―conflict‖………………………………………………53 3.4) Components of Conflict………………………………………………………...54 3.5) C. R. SIPPABIO- A Model for Conflict Analysis……………………………..56 4.) Context and Relationship ................................................................................. 58 4.1) Context…………………………………………………………………………...58 4.1.1) Gender & Conflict: Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia ................... 58 4.1.2) Ethnicity, Religion and Geography: The Case of Bangladesh (1947-1971) ............................................................................................................................. 60 4.1.3) Culture and Conflict .............................................................................. 62 4.2) Relationship……………………………………………………………………...65 4.2.1) Bond:………………………………………………………………….....65 4.2.2) Power ....................................................................................................... 65 4.2.3 Patterns ..................................................................................................... 67 4.2.4) Relationship within the North American Model of Conflict Resolution ............................................................................................................................. 68 4.2.5) Relationship within an Islamic Model for Conflict Resolution ...... 70 5.) Eight Essential Elements of Conflict .............................................................. 72 5.1) Sources / Causes………………………………………………………………...72 5.1.1) Basic Human Needs as a Source/Cause of Conflict ......................... 72 5.1.2) Identity as a Source/Cause of Conflict ............................................... 76 5.1.3) Values and Beliefs as Sources/Causes of Conflict ............................ 80 5.2) Interests…………………………………………………………………………..84 5.2.1) Types of interests: .................................................................................. 84 5.2.2) Dimensions of Interests – Islamic Perspective ................................... 84 5.4) Parties…………………………………………………………………………….86 5.4.1) Role of parties – Islamic Perspective ................................................... 86 5.5) Attitudes/Feelings………………………………………………………………88 5.5.1) Definitions ............................................................................................... 88 5.5.2) Why Should We Study Psychological Aspects of Conflict Situations? ............................................................................................................................. 88 5.5.3) A Brief Overview of the Major Schools of Psychology ..................... 89 5.5.4) Perception ................................................................................................ 90 5.5.5) Stereotypes .............................................................................................. 91 5.5.6) Anger & Fear ........................................................................................... 92 5.5.7) Anger & Hatred ...................................................................................... 92 5.5.8) Blame........................................................................................................ 93 5.5.9) Humiliation ............................................................................................. 93 5.5.10) Distrust .................................................................................................. 94 5.6) Behavior…………………………………………………………………………..94 5.6.1) Emotional and Perceptual Conflict Behavior ..................................... 95 5.6.2) Negative Social and Psychological Effects of Conflict: ..................... 95 5.6.3) Conflict Styles ......................................................................................... 99 5.6.4) Escalation.............................................................................................. 100 5.6.5) Violent Conflict Behavior .................................................................... 102 5.6.6) Ten Negative D‘s, and Five Positive D‘s of Conflict Behavior ...... 103 5.6.7) Islam‘s Integrative Conflict Behavior ................................................ 105 5.6.8) Islamic Perspectives on Integrative Conflict Behavior ................... 108 5.7) Intervention…………………………………………………………………….113 5.7.1) Definitions ............................................................................................. 113 5.7.2) General Approaches to Conflict Intervention .................................. 114 5.7.3) Ethical Approaches to Conflict Intervention/Mediation ............... 120 5.7.4) Third Party Intervention Types ......................................................... 125 5.7.5) Negotiation: .......................................................................................... 127 5.7.6) Mediation .............................................................................................. 129 5.7.7) Traditional Conflict Intervention ....................................................... 136 5.7.8) Islamic Perspectives on Conflict Intervention ................................. 140 5.8) Outcome…………………………………………………………………………144 6.) An Islamic Model for Conflict Intervention……………………………….145 6.1) The Islamic Wheel of Conflict…………………………………………………145 6.2) Principles of an Islamic Conflict Intervention Model……………………….147 6.2.1) Restoring to Islam its Messages of Justice, Freedom and Equality………...147 6.2.2) Engaging the Community in the Intervention and Resolution Processes...152 6.2.3) Adjusting the Intervention Techniques According to the Conflict Situation, and its Stags……………………………………………………………………………156 6.3) Proposed Islamic Conflict Intervention Techniques………………………...158 7.) “…Say Peace” Training of Trainer Guide…………………………………..160 7.1) ToT Objectives…………………………………………………………………..160 7.2) Guidelines for Say Peace Trainers…………………………………………….161 7.3) The Design of a Say Peace workshop………………………………………...172 7.4) Samples of Simulations, Roleplays and Activities used at the Say Peace workshops……………………………………………………………………………175 8.) Authors’ Biographies…………………………………………………………..206 References………………………………………………………………………...….....209 9.) Appendix 1: Handouts for Workshops………………………………………….212 10.) Appendix 2: Common Grounds and Comparative Study of Maqasid…....255 11.) Appendix 3: Glossary of Arabic Names and Terms………………………....274 1.) Introduction 1.1) Message from the Lead Author Dr. Amr Abdalla This manual has been developed by the faculty and students at the Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences (GSISS) in Leesburg, Virginia. GSISS‘s effort to develop models of conflict analysis and resolution for the Muslim community dates back to 1998, when Alma Jadallah and myself, representing KARAMAH (Muslim Women Lawyers for Human Rights), taught the first course on conflict analysis and resolution. I then continued to teach the course over the following four years, with more emphasis on grounding the course in Islamic sources, and with careful attention to the needs of the Muslim community in the United States. The development of this manual has been gradual over those years. With each course, students and faculty contributed more ideas, and conducted more research. As various components of the training manual were being developed,
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