U, S. Army. the First Course, of Five Days Duration, Was Given from 19 to 23 May 1947, at Stemberg Auditorium, Havy Medical Center, Washington, D

Home , Wendover Air Force Base

HISTORY OF AF” CHQSIIEX 4 - IEAD2UARTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS Pam No. SECTION 1. GENERAL 4-1-1 Total bber of Personnel 4.1.1 4-1-2 Location 4.102 4-1-3 Organisational Units 4.102 - SECTION 2, EE3CUTIVE OFFICE 4-2-1 The Chief and the Deputy Chiefs 4.201 a. Adninistration of General Groves 4.2ol b. Administration of General Nichols 4.2.5

4-2-2 Advisers a. Scientific ddvisers b. Medical Adviser H-3 Uaison with Other Agencies 4.2.9 a. Arq, Navy and Air Force 4.2.9 b. Atomie Energy Commission 4.2012 (1) ?diUtary Uaison Committee 402.12 (2) Division of Military Appfication 4.2.16 (3) Sadia Joint Research and Develop ment Board 4,2018 (4) Committees and Pam316 4.2.19

C, Committee on Atomic Energy

4-24 Custody of Atomic Bombs a. Introduction b, Meeting at Sandia he

C. &et- on 16’June 1948 d, Presentation to the President e. Later Developments f, Results Par. No. Pwe No, SECTION 3. OPERATIONS AND TRAINING DIVISION

4-3-2 General. 4.3 01 4-3-2 Special Troop Units 4.3 03 a. 38th Engineer Battallon (Special) 4.3.3 b. 8470th Technical Training Detachment 4.3.4 C. Army Special Weapons Units 4.3.4 d. 8460th Special Weapons Group 4.3.5 e. Navy Special Weapons Unit 4.3.5 f. BFr Force Special Weapons Units 4.3.5 4-3-3 Training of Special Personnel 4.3.6 a. Bomb Commanders 4.306 b. Weaponeers 4.306 C. AssemblyTeams 4.3.7 d. Staff Officers 4.3 8 4-3-4 Other Training Activities 4.3.9 a. At AEC Installations 4.3 09 b. At George Washington University 4.3.10

C. In Civilian Postgraduate Courses 4.3.10 d, Wlitary Atomic Energy Course" 4.3.10 e. Films 4.3.12

4-3-5 Activities in Support of Operations 4.3.12 e. Assembly Teams 4.3.12 b. Maneuvers, Tests and Exercises 4.3.12 Par. No. Page Iio. (1) Completed Lfaneuvers 4.3.13

(8) Ajax 4.3 013 (b) Nutmeg 4.3 mu (c) Sandstone 4.3014 (d) Eanjo 4.3 .u (e) Cowboy 11.3.14 (f ) Khippoorwill 403.14

(g) %stmind 4.3 014 (h) Beseecher 4.3 e14 (i)Cafe srap 4.3.1L

(2) i)laru;ed heuvers and &ercisen 4.3.15

(a) hnthly AF-AFSP Exercises 4.3 015 (t) Alaska 4.3 015 c . Chickenpox 4.3.16 d . Transpartable Buildings 4.? .16 e. Special Studies 4.3.16

4-34 Processing the Procurement of P.EC Classified Training and fiandling Equipment 4.3 017 4-3-7 Organization and Personnel 4.3.18

a. Chiefs 4.3.13 b . Organization 4.3 .18

SZCTION 4. FISCAL AKD rdGISTICS DIVISICC

4-4-1 General 4.4.1 4-4-2 Fiscd ActitltieE 1.4.1

a. Esbblishnent of Lorking Fund Account 4.4.1 PEr. No. k.qe b Obligations and Expenditures 4.4.2 c. Confidential Funds 4.4.3 d. Budget for Fiscal Yser 1949 4.4.4

e. Exdget for Fisal Year 1950 4.4.4

f. Transfer of Funds to Chemical Corps 4.4.4

g. Tranrjfer of Funds to the Sipal Corps 4.4.5 ha Audits 4.b.5

4-4-3 Construction et Stadia Base 4.1.7 a. General. 4.4.7

'c. Estiated Cost, F'Y 1947 and Fp 1948 4.4.7

S. Construction Program, FY 1949 and FP 1950 4.4.7

d. !':Etr?r 31?;1ly 4.4.8

e. Family Hou~ing 4.4.9 4-44 Construction of Storage Eases 4.4.10

a. &nerd 2 a4.10 b. General Description 4.4.11

c. Location

(1) Sits A

(2) Site B

(3) Site C

d. FaciUties

e. Technical Structures

(1) Site A (2) Site B (3) Site c -?x-. Xo. rtre KO.

f. Sosts and Funds 4.4.12 p Srcurity 4.4.[3 h g. Progress 4.4.25 crt 4-4-5 Service k c tivities 4.4.15

a. Ratiocs 4.4015

b. Comunications 4.4.15

C. Guard Dogs 4 A.16 2. wartermaster Laundry

e. Eus Service 4.4.16

f. Post Codscary Privilegee 4.4.14

4-44 Supply 4.4.17 . 8. Agreed Procedures b, Field Procedures

C. Inventory 4*4*19 d. Special Sup?ly Activities, FY 1943 4.4.13 Procurement 4.4.21

Orgsnization and Personnel 4.4.24

a. Chief6 4.4.24 b. Organization

C. Tothl Personnel

SECTION 5 . WD1OLL)GICAL DEFGjSE DIVTSIOIi 4- 5-1 General 4.5.1

4-5-2 Rediological Defense Tminirg 4.502 a. Joint Radiological Safety Training c0m;nittee ( JRSTC) 4,503 (1) National Organization Subconnittee 4.5.5 -Par. KO. Peqe Iio.

(2) Armed Forces Subcommittee 4.5.5 (3) IJedical Subcommittee 4.5.5 (4) Terminology Subcormittee 4.5.6 (5) Schools Subcommittee 4.5 06 (6) Steering Subco,mittee 4.5.7 b. Interim Schools and Training Programs 4.5 07 (1) Advanced Courses 4,508 (2) Technical Training Courses 4.5.8 (3) Indoctrination Training 4.5.10 c . Other Training Activities 4.5.13 (1) Joint Cross Roeds Cornittee Radiologiczl Defense Nsnuzl, Vol. I 4.5.13

(2) Search for Qualified Officers in Postgraduate Education 4.5.13 (3) Operation SR!DSTOrJE (4) Opera tion FITZrILTSIS:L (5) Films 4- 5-3 Defense Material a. Operation SAXSTONE b. Radiological Instnunentation Codttee 4.5*15

C. Radiological Protection Cormnittee 4.5017 d. Instrument Advisory Group 4.5 018 e. Other Actidties 4. 5 019

a. Responsibilities 4.5.21 b. Research and Development 4.5.21 Par. Yo,

(1) Human Nuclear Tolemnces

(2) Participation

c. Special Projects 4.5022 (1) AEC - NME Medical Panel (2) Station Hospital, Sandia Base

Library

Security and Intelligence

Operation WDSTOhT

Operation CROSSRO- Xedical Training

(1) Indoctrination Course

(2) Advmced Training

(3) Short Term Courses at Civilizr. Institutions

(4) Medical Training at AEC Installations (5) Joint Radiological Safety Training Commit tee

(6) Exhibits (7) Other Training and Educational Activities

Conferences Medical Research at AEC Laboratories Attendance at Schools

Motion Picture Projects

Foreign Visitors

Advice to Divisions of &'Sp Radiological hfense Manual, Vol. 11 -Par. Xo. Pape KO. p. Liaison Tith Other Agencies 4.5 e32 (1) Atomic Energy Commission 4,5032 (2) National Military EstabUshment 4.5.32

(3) Other Government Agencies 4.5 032

(4) l!on-bEedical Activities 4.5.33

4-5-5 Operational Development 4.5 034 a. General 4.5.34

b. Proposed Defense Unit 4.5.35

4-5-6 Technical 4.5 039 a. General 4.5.39 b . Radiological Qrarfare 4.5.39

C. Leapons Tests 4.5.42

d. Photo-Chemizal Research 4.5 04.2

e. Abdel Studies of Undemater Explosion Phenomena 4.5.43

f. Shielding Studies L.5.44 g. Water Supply Purification L.5.44 h. Study of Thermd Radiation Effects 4.5.45

i. Meteorological Studies 4.5.45

j. Scientific Advisers to the Chief, msvp 4.5.45

4-5-7 Cross roads 4.5.48

4-54 Organization and Personnel ' 4.5.48

a. Chief ad Dtph CKtf 4,5043

b. Organization 4.5.48 (1) Training Branch 4.5.49 -Par. 50, Page KO. (2) Defense Material Eranch 4.5.49 (3) Medical Branch 4*5.4? (4) Operational Development Branch 4.5050 (5) Technical Branch 4.5.50 (6) Crossroads 4.5051 c. Total Personnel 405.51

SECTION 6. DEvciL)PKENT DIVISION

4-6-1 General 4 m6 01 4-6-2 Sandia Research and Development Board 4.6.1

4-6-3 Weapons Status Survey 4.6.2

4-64 Improvemsnts and Tests 4 06 03

a. Ballistics and Aerodynamics 4.6.3 b. Weapon Components, etc. 4.6.4

C. In-Flight Nuclear Insertion 4.6.4

d. Low Temperature Tests 4.6.5 e. Chickenpox Test 4.6.5 4-64 Program for Energency Procedures 4.6.5 4-64 Protective Construction Committee 4.6.6 4-6-7 Weamneer Training Kits 4.6.7 4-64 Parachute or Drogue for Jettisoning Bomb 4.0.7 4-6-9 Vulnerability of Free-Falling Bomb 4.6.7 4-6-10 Underground Explosion Tests 4.6.7 4-6-11 IB Type Eomb- Ctocticc B5iqa 4.6.8 4-6-12 Light-"?eight Casing for E-IV 4.6.8 Par. NO. Pape KO,

4-6-13 New Fusing System 4.6 89 4-6-14 Difficulties and Handicaps 4.6.10

4-6-15 Liaison Kith Other Agencies 4m6m13

e. Ssndia and hs klamos Laboratories 4.6.13

1;. Atomic Energy Commission 4.6.13

C. K;tlitary Liaison Couunittee 4.6.13 d. Armed Servfces 4.6 .u 44-16 Organization and Personnel 4.6 .U a. Chief and Deputy Chief 4.6.14 b. Organization 4.6.15

C. Sandia Ease Development Mvision 4.6.15

SECTION 7. CFGSROADS DIVISION 4-7-1 General 407 01

4-7-2 Principal Activities 4.7.3

a. Resurvey at Biklni Atoll A.7.3

b. Crossroads Reports 4.7.3 (1) Completion 4.7 03

(2) Distribution 4.7.3

C. Joint Task Force Seven Reports 4.7.4

d. Film Library 4,704

e. Motion Picture "Atomic Explosion" 4.7.4

f. Vault and Technical Kdbrary 4.7.5 4-7-3 Liaison 4.7.5

4-7-4 Organization and Personnel 4.7.5 Pa. NQ. Pae No. a. Chiefs of Divlsion 4.7.6 b. Resurvey Personnel 4.7.6 C. Photographic Branch 4.7.6

d. Officers Temporarily Assigned ’ 4.7.6 e. Total Personnel 4.7.6 SECTION 8. SPECIAL PROJECTS DIVISION General 4.4.1 N6E Organization for Atomic Energy 4.8.1 DissemFnation of Atomic Energy Information 4.8.a Radiological Warfare 4.8.h a. CAE Agenda Item, 23 September 1948 4.8.2a b. CAE Agenda Items, 22 October and 17 Decenber 1948 4.8.3 (1) Research and Development of Radiological Instruments 4.8.4 (2) Dissemination of Radioactive Agents 4.8.4.a (3) Radiological Decontamination 4.8.ta

C. A.oposed AEC-NhE Panel Meeting, 10 Jarmw 1949 4.%& 4-s5 Annua~.Report of Secretary of Defense 4.804~ 444 F‘uture Storage Requirements 4-&7 ntture Wrdget Requirements 6- Future Tests

’ 4-8-9 Miscellaneous 4-S-10 Organization and Personnel SECTION 9. SECURITY DmSIOM 4-9-1 General a. Authorization and Activation b. General F’unctions PEr. KO.

C. Routine Services (1) Physical Security 4,902 (2) Top Secret Control 1e902 (3) Personnel Security 4.9.2 (4) Public Relations 4.9.3 (5) Reproduction of Classified Documents 4.9 03 (6) Electrical Transmission of Messages 4.9.3 (7) Security Review of Documents 4.9 04 4-9-2 Personnel Clearance 40904 a . Early Uncertainties 4.9.4 b. Interim Security Measures 40905

C. Clearance Policies of Secretery of Defense 4.9 05 do Establishment of Form1 Clearance Procedures e. C\cova*cr Co++t% -+vli~itots 4-9-3 Classification hide

4-9-4 Public Relations 4090ll

4-9-5 Security of Igloo and Ordnance Areas, Sandia Ease

4-9-6 0 ther Activities

a. Surveys for Other Agencies

b. AFspfp Headquarters Offices c . Clearance Processing d. Visitor Control at Sandia Base e, Completed Storage Sites

f, Liaison

g. Security Lactures Par. No. Page l!o,

h. Exercise "Assembly" 4.9.15

4-9-7 Organization and Personnel 4.9.15

a. Chiefs 4.9.16

b. Organization 4.9.16

C. Total Personnel 4.9.17

SECTION 10 PEFSOh?il€'EL AND W)?ZNISTRATIOW DIVISION

4-10-1 General 4-10-2 Service Personnel Sections

4-1C-3 Civilian Personnel Branch

e. Chief

bo Employee Utilization Section

C. Classification and Y!age Administration Section d. Payroll Section 4-10-4 Administrative Branch

a. Travel

b. Teletype

C. Supplies

d. Message Center

e. Central Files

h. Property and Parking

4-10-5 Inspector General

4-10-6 Judge Advocate General par. No. Pave No, 4-10-7 Personnel Procure men t 4.10.7

a. Military 4.10.7 (1) Enlisted Personnel 4.10.8 (2) Officers 4.10 010 b. Civilian Personnel 4.10.11

4-10-8 Stabilization Policy 4o10.12

4-10-9 Civilian Schooling for Officers 4o10.14

4- 10-10 Organization and Personnel 4. 10 015 a. Chiefs 4elOe15 b. Organization 4 .10 .16 (1) Service Personnel Sections 4.10.16 (2) Civilian Pemonnel Branch 4 .lo .16 (3) Administrative branch 4.10.16 (4) Inspector General 4.10.16 (5) Judge Advocate GenerEl 4.10e17

c. Total Personnel 4. I 0.17 4-1-1. Totel Ember of Perzormel.

The personnel on duty at the headquerters of the GFSP, in

Kashington, D. C., on 31 Ikrch 1947 (when the Project had hardly skrted) consisted of a totel of 19 officers (of whom 18 Pere Army an6 1 nas Itavy) and 13 ciriliens; by 31 December 1947, the heedquertere organizeticn had gror,n to 63 officers (33 Army, 21 Kevy, an? 9 Air Force)t,:O enlis5ed men

(3"my, and 21 he^), and 42 civilims; and at the end of the period

The totcls of theFe figures map be tabulated zs follom:

Officers: Brny 18 33 37

1:av-y 1 21 22 Air Force - 9 16 Totel 19 63 75 Enlisted : Army 0 29 26 IJavy 0 21 10 hir Force - 0 5

TCtEl 0 50 LJ C ivilirns 13 4L 9 Tokl 32 155 16 5 (These figures rere obteined frox ntlitwy ad civilian perFor.I:el recor6s The headquarters offices of the AFSW were first located in the then so-called New War Department Building, at 21st Street and Virginia Avenue, N.V., Washington, D. C., where the Washington offices of the Manhattan District were also located. On 15 April 1947, the BFSYYP offices were moved to the Pentagon, *ere they remained throughout the rest of the current period of this History, first on the fifth floor and later (after

6-7 October 1947) on the second floor, corridor 2, The second floor location was well suited to the Project's security requirements, with a single guarded doorway for entrance and exit (plus a sealed emergency fire exit).

4-14 Ornvlizational Units. In the sections which follow, the leading personnel and activities of the headquarters of the AlWZ' are described under separate headings by organieationalunits. In the first part of the next section (Section 2), which deals with the Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs, the descrip tions are divided into two classifications: the Administration of

General Groves and the Administration of General Nichols, In the later sections, dealing with the activities of the Divisions, this distinction has not been made, ht the administration under which any event occurred can be readily determined by its date. SZ2TIDY 2, EECLTI!?;: OF?ICE

4-2-1. The Chief and the Demty Chiefs,

a. Administration of General Groves.

Between 1 January 39L7 and 28 February 1947 there was no officially appointed Chief of the A.FSV@, and Colonel S. V, Iihsbrouck mas the senior officer of the organization during that period (see par, 2-2).

bjor General Le R, Grcves was appointed the first Chief on 28 February 1947, an6 served for one year, until his retirenlent oc 29 February 19,!,8* He retired with the tempormy rank of Lieutenant General, having been promoted on 24 January 1948,

It is not necessary to recount here &nerd Groves' distinguishec! record vith the llanhettan District, rhich is described factually in some detail in the bhhattan District Fiistory. It shod6 be recorded here, however, that hi5 retiremer.t was made the occesion for the enactment of an unusuhl bill by the Congress of the United States, Thiz bill "authorized and requested" the President to appoint hint %dthout cocffrmation by the Senatett, to the permanent grade of Major Geneml in the Regular AT, effective as of the day prior to the effective date of hi8 retirement; and, in addition, to place him on the retired list "with the rank and grade of lieutenant general with honorary date of rank thereof as of July 16, 1945, which date commemorates the first explosion by mn of an atomic bornbooen

This bill, S, 2223, was passed by the Senate on 10 May 1948 and by the House on 16 June 19@, It ras signed by the President on 24 June 1948 and became Public Iaw 394A. (See Congressional Record, 16 June 1948, pp. 8634, 8635)(Rtf.33) Rear Admircl Vi. S. PErsons, Ub S. l?., was a-ppointei!

Deputy Chief of the mp, pursuhnt to the memorandun order of 29 JenEq:

1947 (see Chcip, 2), by specific order dated 31 Karch 1947, effective on that date/ (Rtt3e. Previously, on 6 November 1946, Admiral Parsons had becone a Nevy member of the Militmy Uaison Committee to the AEC: at the tiue of hie zp:.-oirtrrer,t as Deputy Chief he vas scrvhg also as Directcr of

Atomic Defense for the Lavy Depertment and 2s Chairman of the Joint

Crcssrozds Committee.

i.dmiral Parsons had taken a leading pkrt in the zctivities

of the 1krhette.n District at Los klenos, serving as Orhance Division Lezder

and (after September 19U) as Associate Director of the hs Xlzmos Iabc-

ratorg, during the critical perioc! of the development, production and test

of the atomic bo&. He h-o' served as Officer-in-Charge of Project Altertr, rhich included the specific preprations for overseas operetions against

the enec;'; zinc?, on 6 RupFt 1945, he served as reaponeer ir, the plane fror, which the first contat atomic 'cork was delivered at HiroFhi2. (For frtker factual informtion abut uiniral Farsons' recorc! Tith the I%n- hattar, District, see the knhattaz District History.)

Adnirel Pcrsons hrd keen relieved of his dxties rritk- the tknhattan District on 19 IJovsmber 1?45, and therefore there was of course no question, in his case, (as there hzd keen in ths ccses of General

Groves 2nd Colonel Hsskrouck), as to whether or not he RE to be one of those loaned to the AEC on 31 December 1946.

Both General Groves and Admiral Parsons, representing as they did high raking Army and Ikvy officem in the field of atodc energy, vere logical choices for the positions of Chief and Deputy

Chief of the AFSIP, &om opposite services. They alEo fulfilled the int%locking requirements of the charter of the @'Sip, namely that they should be members of the Military Liaison Committee of the Atomic

Energy Coztnission (see psr. 3-5a). As we have seen, Generzl Groves had become a member of the 1W on 31 Janucry 1947 and kdnird PErsons hsd becone a nenber on 6 November 1946.

After the enactment of the National Security Act of 1947,

26 July 1947, and after the order was issued by the Secretey of Defense on 21 October 19,4?, it became necessary for th5 Chiefs of SQff of the

Arq and the Air Force and the Chief of Kava1 Operetions to appoint EI second Deputy Chief, in order that the Air Force should be properly represented, with the Army and the Navy. By order dated 5 December 1947 (issued by the Chief of Staff, USAF, with the concurrence of the Chief of Staff, USA, and the Chief of Naval Operations) , Bripdier Genersl (then Colonel) R. C rilson, USU, was appointed Deputy Chief of the (e+ 35) AmT* &- .- At that tine Lt. Gen. L. H, ErereIan was serving as Chair- of the Militsry Liaison Cormittee End alcc as the Air Force mexber of that Comittee.

It is logical to complete here the record of General

FTilson'a appointments in the field of atomic weapons although it will

extend this account somPhat beyond Geneml Groves' term of office es

Chief of WiP. Effective 12 April 1948, by msrnorandum from Secretary

of the Air Force Vi. Stuart Symington, dated 23 April l9@, he was appointed

(et+.3: I Air Force member of the Vdlitary Liaison Cormnittee. was also appointed k he Deputy to the hssistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations, for Atoec

Energy, USAF, effective 6 August 1948. (This last was his principal assignment, with his services as Deputy Chief of AFS'P and as member of the MIS designated additional duties fron'that time on.) On 27 April 194.8 General Wilson was promoted from Colonel to Brigadier General. GeneralPIilsan had made an impressive record as one of

the top officers of the Army Air Forces connected with the Fork of the Lknhsttan District end therefore he was likerise a logical choice for his leadhg position in the BFSP. He h2d been selected ky Gencral

H. H. Arnold as his representative in directing and correlating importent

A2iF ectivities which were concerned Kith the eerljj Wepzretions for corn'tet delivery of the atomic bombs, incluc3.ng modificstions of the E-25 planes, preprations for trzining of crew and liaison with the Los A~EYCS

LaborEtorjr. (For further informtion, see the Mmhattan District Hisky-.)

Generel Groves appointed Colonel S. V, Ihkrouck, ZT.S.n.y

€is his Chief of Stsffy and Colonel H. 1.X. Ropery U.S.k-., 8s his Depaty

Chief of Staff, as of 28 Febrmry 19.47, by orders dated 12 Dece-Fr-r 1947.

These tr:o officer: he2 served with distinction ix combat during the L'zr end hid. koth etttiir.55 the temporaw rank of Erigadier Geneml, kut, under the pFt-csnt-9.t reF-l;ustnent of grtises of high-raking officers, they had reverted to the rar& cf Color.el. Their first corinection vith atoriic energy mztter,. ha? occurrec! with their assignment to the I.:;nhettar?

District - Cclonel Htiskrouck on 8 April 1915 End Colcnsl iiop-r or. 7 Lyil 1946. As special aesistant~to General Groves they had rendered important aedce, notably in planr~ingand organizing the Eeginnifigs of the AFSi;P, both in field installations an< in the headquarterF.

Other appcintments Ede by General Grovesy of Chiefs of

Divisions, Commnders of field installations, and other key positions, rill he recorded elseThere hereafter,iR in the sections of the History devote6 rr to the activities of the respective units.

b. Administretion of- General Kichols.

After General Groves retired fron the Arr-y or. 2? Fekmry

1948, the AF3irP wes commo.nc7,erl tenpcrzrilg bp the DepG;t:r Chief and senior ranking officer, Mmiml W S. Parsons, as Acting Chief, until

Major General K. 3. Nichols was formally appointed Chief or, 27 kFril 19L8 General Nichols had served with distinction in the 1-tta.n

District throughout its active history. Reporting to Generel Groves, he had borne the bmt of the responsibility for directing the work of the

District, flret as Deputy District Engineer and then, from August 1943 until February 1947, as District Engineer of the Manhattan District.

Infornation on this service may be found in the Lbhattan District Histor?..

Upon being relieved from duty with the b-lanh&ttm District on 27 February 194'7, Generel Nichols was assimed to the United States

MiUtqy kcadezy e? Professor of Mechanics, effective 8 BIerch 1947.

On 27 April 1?@, General Nichols was appointed not only Chief of the .LET but also, sirmltmeously, the senior Army member of the ldilitary Iiaison Codttee and Deputy to the Director of Plans and

Operations Division (Atonic Enera), G. S., U. S. brw/ (ff:i,. ?7j. General h'ichols had he16 the rank of Colonel throughout most of his service with the Manhattan Mstrict. On 22 Janugry 1946 he had been advanced to Brigadier General, but, under the post-combat read- justment of grades of high-ranking officers, he had reverted to a colonelcy on 30 June 19&. On the same day that he was formally appointed Chief of the AERP, 27 April 194?, he was promoted to Major General. As member& of the LIilitary 'Liaison Committee, General

Nichols, Admiral Parsons, and General Plilaon semd also ea on the - Committee on ktoniic Energy of the Research and Development Boad of the Xational MJUtary Establishment a . Scientific Advisers . For some tine during the current period of this Eistory, it became Fncrezsingly evident to those who were in 'closest contact with the technical problems of the MXiT that it would be uceful to obtalc the services of independent advisers, for technicel guidance of the project.

About 1 October 19&3, Dr. T. k. Koyez, Jr., Cfitiirmn of the Chemistry

Department of the University of Rochester, vas appointed scientific advlser to the Chief of the Am?, and a Scientific Advisory Codttee was set up, consisticg of Dr. Noyea as Chairman and Dr. Herbert Scoville, Jr., of the Technical Eranch of the kdiolcgical Defense Girisicn (Eee par.

4-5-6 hereinafter) as Secretary.

About 1 November 191$, Dr. Noyes fomd en InstntmentEtioc

Advisory Group, of rhich the fol1owir.g were duly appointed me-.hers:

Dr. G. Faille. (director of the Radiologicd Reseerch Lsboratory, College of Fhyaicians and Surgeons, Columbiti University) , Chairmn ;

Dr. PI. F. Eale (biophysicist from the University of Rochester) ;

bk. Adrian Dahl (Instruments Rranch, KC, Gak Ridge, Tennessee) ;

Dr. F, R. Shonka (Chief of Instrument Division, lirg0nr.e National Iaboratorg) . The Advisory Committee and its subsidiary group were particularly useful in determining for the Chief of the AENP the best courses of ection from the independent scientific viewpoilit, unhbvereC tp ccrs: demtiorx of ixter-servica complications . They wre principlly concerned with the activities of the Rediologicel Defense Division, described in Section 5 of this chapter.

b. Medical Adviser.

From sbout 1 Zuly 1947 throughout the balence of the currek

perioc! of the History, Colonel James P. Cooney, ?IC, U. S. Arrny, served

as Medicsl Adviser to the Chief of the AISVP. (During a part of this

perid Colonel Cooney eerved also as Chief of the Medical Branch of the Radiological Lkfense Divisioa, as described in pr. 4-54 b, hereinafter.)

Colonel Cooneg advised the Chief on ti11 medical matters involved in the activities of the PE.';P.

4-2-3. Liaison with Other Agencies . Although the AFS'I'P and its personnel have been recpired

to deal xtth mny other agencies durhg the carrying out of its missioc,

those vith which the contacts have been most frequent and most important are: (1) the three Arms of the National Military Establishment, the

Xriny, the Xavy mc! the Air Force; (2) The Atomic Energy Codssion,

principlly through the Military Liaison Cormittee; and (3) the Connittee on Atonic Enerw of the Research and 3evelopment Board. a. Arm, Navy and Air Force.

In the discussion of the charter of the AENP, in par.

3-6, the emphasis placed on the joint nature of the organization and on

the provision for joint representation of the services wae described.

As a result of the cooperative manner in which these provisions have

been carried out by the personnel of the izFsmP, the Project has become

such a successful model of interservice coopration that Secretzry of Defense Jams Forrestal included the following words in his report of 1948: The kme? Forces Specialveapns Project is notworthy

as a unified bterservice aeency, in which representatives of the krq,

Navy, and Air Force are assigned to jobs on the hasis of their kxouledge and abilities, with little or no reference to the unifora the:; rear.

Its successful operation makes it a pilot model for the success of further unification measures in the National LfiUtsry Establishnent."

(First Report of the Secretary of Defense, 1948, page 54.) (Urk. 38)

At a later point in the same report, the Secretmy said: "For exa?lple, one division is hecded by a idav cepkh, an Air Force

Colonel is his deputy, and three assistants are Arwy officersen (Ibid.,

pege 56.)

There can be no doubt but that there was a greater unitr

of purpose and a more smoothly-functioning cooperation, betueen the

ser-rices, in the iC3.tters dth which the mi? was concerned, tbn could have been expected during the current period of the Histoq- - a period which included the interservice complications which accompmied the

initistion of the Iiational XYlitary Establishxnt an2 the development

and enactment of the legislation which crested it. 7'hec.a cooperative

conditions mre due in part to the assignment, at the top of the E;FsT7p,

of an executi~eofficer from each of the three services, and in part to the distribution, throwhob the organization, of directing officers

without regard to the prticular service to which they belonged; they were due in part also to the interlocking positions held by the Chief and the Deputy Chiefs of the AFSVP, respectively, in the Office of the m Chief of Steff, ‘J.S. f!!ruy, the Office of tie Chief of h’aval Operations, U. S. Navy, and the Office of the Chief of Staff, U. S. Air Force; and they were due in part to the high caliber of the executive officers and the morale of their organization.

Yet the interlocking positions of the exectltive officers of the AIW’P also entailed sone handicaps end socle difficulties in carrying out the mission of the Project. It was inevltable that the representatives of the three seMces should at tines find it difficult to reach agreement on actions or policies which might involve the division of their loyalties - on the one hand their loplty as officers of the AEZ? and on the other hand their loyalty as representatives of the staff Office8 of their individual services.

It could be ergued that the benefits of the interlocking positions dght be outmsighed by the handicaps, and thet the efficiency of the AFS’iP would have been promoted to an even greater degree if ib executive officers hed been more independent, rrithout interlocking positions in their respective services. It could be argued with perhaps equal force, however, that the interlocking service positions of the executive officers of the AFSEP rere of great benefit in the long run, because they tended to confine the interservice disagreenents within the “family” - within the councils of the project - rather than allow such disagreements to spread outside; and that they provided the best possible means for bringing persuasively to the official attention of tho higher echelon8 of all the services the overall, tri-service, national point of view - the AFST? point of view - on military atomic energy mtters. Further considerations affecting this question include: the pssibili xecutive officers might at some time be too great to permit them to devote the required Gttenticr. to each of their multiple duties; and, on the other hand, the difficdty, especially during this first period of the historjr of the A?.?WP, of thrrr finding enough officers, in each of the aervlceE, sufficiently informed and experienced in atomic energy matters to fill the required positions without overlapping.

For the lone tern view, the answer to this whole question, as of 31 Decem5er 1948, may be that a further perind of time must elape befora find determination can be mde as to Phether it ~oilldbe advantageous to continue the interlocking situation or not.

The tihove discussion is intended to apply orily to the interlocking positions in the stzff offices of the services, end not to the interlocking positions which the executive officers of the Amhcld also in the Xilitcry Liaison Comaittee to the Atonic Energy Codssion and in the Committee on Atomic Energy of the Research and Development Board, hereinafter described, It is not likely that anyone could question the advantages of overlapping personnel in the membership of these conmittees,

b, Atomic Energy Commission. (1) b!ilitmy Liaison Committee.

Reference was mde in chapter 1, par. 1-2c, to the cooperation of the personnel of the L.?XPand the AEC. The mjor dealings, at the highest level, between these two agencies’mre carried on, in accordance with the law, through the Military Liaison Codttee to the AEC. The term “to the AEC” is here used advisedly; although the l,!! came into existence through the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 and could be technicau regarded as ''of the USn it f, actually, principlly Eecaus5 of its advisory hulctions and because of the appointment of its nembers fro%

and by the armed services, sonewhat apart from the Commission's operations and councils.

The history of the Military Liaison Comni%+,eeand its

relations with the AEC lies outside the scope of this History. The results of those relations and the results of the activities of the Committee, however, touch the AFSTP intinately throughout its history.

It is therefore proper to present here a brief outline of the organimtion and personnel of the Comitt+e.

The first chairman of the bIilitary Liaison Committee was

Lt. rJen, L. H. Erereton (an Army Air Forces Officer), appointed 27 July

19L6. On the same date, E$jor General hnsford E. Oliver and Colcnel

J, H. Finds were appointed Lrmy members, and Rear Admiral T. A. SolberE and Rear Adniral R. A. Ofstie vere appointed h'avy nesbers, Rear kdiniral B; . S. Parsons became an additional Navy amber on 6 November 1946, General Oliver served only until 2 Febmry 194'7, having been succeeded by General Groves, who was appinted on 31 January 1947. At that time

the membership was as follom: Lieutenant General L, H. Brereton, Chairinan Major General L. R. Groves Colonel J. H. Hinds Rear Admiral T. A. Solberg' Rear Admiral R. A. Ofstie Rear Admiral m , S, Parsons and Conmnder F. L. ksh~orthserved as Executive Secretary of the Cornmittes. e senior rlrw msmber, on

27 April 1948, a number of changes in the Connittee had taken place.

General Brereton, although he continued to be a nernber of the Codttee until1 July 1948, had been succeeded as chairmn by a civilian, ELr. Donald F. Carpenter (formerly of the Remington Arw Company), on 6 April 1948. General Wilson had succeeded Admiral Solberg, to become the second Air Force member, on 12 April 1948, (Admiral Solberg's membership over- lapped until 23 April 1943.) On 1 July 1948, when General Brereton left Lle Committee,

Major General D. bl. Schlatter was appointed the senior Air Force member; fmc< V~CI RtGht of ht E.IW EnqhcS Uti\ib Ca;r~ledflyl and on 21 September 19@, Yz, William Webster, business exec;itive,Ar;>o hed served with he Netional Defense Research Comaittee Swing ti'orld Y;sr

11, succeeded I&-. Carpenter,who then beczme Chairman of the Eunitions Board. From that date until the end of the year 1948, the membership of the Committee res as follows: Ur. Viilliam Yebster, Chairman

Major General K. D. Kichols, Am member CO\OVK\ 3. tt. Hinds, Avlmy wcu\ocr Rear kdmiral R. A. Ofstie, Navy mernber Rear Admiral. Ti. S. Parsons, Kavy Member Major General D. b4. Schlatter, Air Force member Brigadier General R. C, Wilson, Air Force menber and Colonel Jarpes B. Knapp senred as executive secretary of the Cormittee.

The Secretary of Ear and the Secretary of the Navy issued a charter to t!e tdilitary Liaison Committee on 17 January 1947, and the

Committee operated under this charter until the issuance of a new charter (Rtf- '39540). by the Secretary of Defense on 12 April 19Gh The nmt charter provided not only for e civilian chairman but also for broadened responsibilities

and increased powers in connection with the integration of atonic energy activities within the National Military Estsblishment.

The Ulitary Liaison Committee perform3 the functions

under the charter of 12 April 19@, in the words of Secreterg Forrestd, "advises the Secretary of Defense on all atonic energy metters, acts as

his agent in coordinating the National Military Establishment atomic energy

program, and continuously surveys the activities of other Government agencies to deternine whether such activities are in consonance with the

interests of national security.n (First Fteport of the Secretary of Defense,

1949, page 52; see also itid., pge 16,) ( Rtt.3%) The Codttee elso served as the CoAmitteeon Atoxic Energy

of the Research and Development Board, which was established in the National Xilitery Establishment under the National Security Act of 1947. In this capcity the personnel of the Codttee vas augmented. by prohent

'\ scientific and industrial members , (Ibid page .) 4 ., 53 "I want to record my personal satisfactionwith the existing

statute governing mtters inbe field of atomic energy, end to express rqy pleasure, also, at the way in which relationships betreen the National

BEJLtary Establishment and the Atomic Energy Commission are being con-

ducted,"

This statement appears in Sbcretary Forrestalls report of 1948 (page 16) and shows how well the b4ilitax-y Liaison Committee, (and

the AFs;;P through that Comaittee) performed those of their functions which

are inter-related with the BEC, in conformity with the lav;, This opFLion of the Secretrry is particularly noteworthy when considered in conjunction

with the sitwtion which the law produced, as described ir, Cbpter 1 (see

par. 1-2c), end it may be regarded as inpressive evidence in connectior.

with the evaluation of the strength or weakness of the Atonic Enera LcLJ

of 1946. It is not conclusive, however, and it is believed that a CCII- siderably longer period must elapse before such an evaluation can be

complete. It may be that the final test of war will be necessary before full determination can be made.

Perhaps %he greetest handicaps produced by contects et the high-level - through the XU - were: the length of the involved in obtaining cooperative actioEmd the delays thus occasioned; the diffi- cultie s in obtaining complete detsiled infornation on current activities of the PEC; and failures in securing ECapproval of desired actions.

The high-level relationships were suppleruented by direct contacts at lover levels - at the so-called %orking-levelsn, which did not involve questions of high policy. These presented feKer difficulties and were usually not subject to serious delays insofar as headquarters contacts in Xashington were concerned. In the field, horrsver, at Sandia kse, greater difficulties were encountered at the working levals, especially in connection with the activities with which the Developcent,

Divisior. of Headquarters, XFsWlp, was concerned. (See Secticn 6 of this chapter. 1 (2) Division of Iililittiq Application. The Atodc Znergy Act of 1940 established four divisions nd.thh the Comission", of vhich one rfis designated the Divisior of

Military Ap-cetion; the hct specified that the Director of this Division "shall be a member of the armed forces", and directed that eech

Division should exercise such cf the Cor?rmissionls pmers under the Act as the Cormissior, might determine. (See par. 1-2b.)

Brig. General James McConoack, Jr., USA, was ap,pLnted

Director on 1 Febntery 1947, ad continued to serve in thiF post throughout the rest of the current period of this History. Captein James S.

Russell, EX, was appointed to the Division on 1 June 1347, and served as Chief of its Fieepons Iranch. During a part of the current Feriod,

Ceptain Russell serve6 slso as Executive Officer of the Sivislon.

In 1947, the Division of Military kpplicetion ras organized rith four brenchest the Research and Development ilrench, heade? ty

Lt. Colonel K, F. Fields (formerly of the ELanhct+m District); the B:e2,mr.r

Ermch, headed by Captein Russell, with Colonel I;, G. Eut.ler, Jr. ,(formerly of the Efanbttan District) serving as Deputy Chief; the Power Bmnch, heeded by Colonel D. J. Keirn; and the Medicine and Radiology Branch,in which Lt. Colonel Sam Efnor, Jr., served as Chemical Cfficer an2 E'sjor

Maxwell Dauer served a3 kdiological Physics Adviser. Did siOW As of 31 Decenaber 19.48, the organization of theAGcmtWam remined substantially the same, except that the Research and Development Branch, consisting of Lt. Colonel Fields, had. been incorporeted in the

Pjeapons Branch, and a Program Brmch had been added, There hed also been some changes in key personnel. The Divlsion on that date cocsisted principally of the folloaingr the Director, Genord KcCormck; his

Special Assistant, Dr. Paul C. Fine (formerly dth the NDRC and the bnhattan District); his Executive Assistant, h!!. Louis E. Gettraan; the

Weapons branch, headed by Captain Russell, USN; the Power Eranch, headed by Colonel G. J. Keim., LEAF; the Radiological Eranch, hezr2ed tg Colcnel James P. Cooney, usk; and the Progrgm Branch, headed by Xr. Eugh C. Smith. (Kith the creatior, of the Division of Reactor Development within the AM: on 15 September 1948, steps were taker. to transfer to that Divisior, the Power Eranch of the Division of Military Applicetian, ht this trsn~fsr did not take place until after the end of the current period of this History, on 1 February 1949.)

The persomel of the Division with whom the AEKP carried on its dealings incluhd, principally, those mentioned above, and also (ir, dphabetical order): tlr. Lawrence H, Bayer, Cclcnel Willian. L. Eell, Jr., Colonel Richard T. Cciner, Jr., Cdr. E. E, Hooper, LEK, Colonel Paul T. Preuss, znd Colonel Tiiillian K. Skher, all of the Pr'eep0r.e Erezcfi. Liaisoc of the AEEP with the Division of LYlitary Appli- cation was handicapped during a considerable part of the current period. of the History by the preoccupation of personnel of the Division with the tests of Operation Smdstone, for xhich Captain Russell served as Test Director. This situetion improved, horever, towrd the end of 1948, and more effective cooperation between the two orgmizstions was achieved , (3) Sandia Joint Research an2 Development Eoard. For coordination between the AERP and the A3C in research and 5evelopment in the field, the representatives of the two organizeticna establ@d about 1 hrch 19@, with the approval and concurrence of the

Director, Ins Alamos Laboratory, and the Chief, BFswp, a joint Research and Development Board at Sandia Base, composed of three menbers fron the

Sandis Laboxtory and three members from the dlitary staff of the bese. The Laboratory me the BC’s contrtictor, the

University of California, and as e working-level body the joict bosrd accomplished much tomrd mutual participation in solving prcblems en2 pooling informticn and facilities. From the point of vier: of the kFS,’P, however, the joint board did not prove to be quite so useful ae

I? had been hoped. Ihe contractor members insisted upon an eykward fomlitp of procedure, proceesicg all communications through the formal chennels of the AEX, and t.Us failed to promote the close understandings and relationships edch were desired. Meetings were held monthly or oftener as deemed necessmy by the members, and the proceedings of the meetir-gs were distributed to the Los Alarnos hboratory, the Office of AEX Smta

Fe Directed Operations, the A%, the YLlikry Liaison Corrzittee, and the

(4) Cormittees and Panels.

Representatives of the AFsTr”P serred from time to time

05th represenktives of the kEC (and of other orghnizations) on a n11-Fer of different committees, boards or panele. In addition to the Sadis

Research and Development Board, described above, the most important were, all connected with rediological activities:

(a) Joht Radiological Safety Training ComLttee and its Subcommittees (see par . 4-5-2a); (b) bdiological Instrumentetion Committee (see par. 4-5-2b ; (c) Fadiological Protection Committee (see par. 4-5-2c) ; (d) PEC - J3E Medicel Panel (see par. 4-5-4c); (e) Joint NE - AES Panel on Radiologicel Karfare (see served also on other COP- mittees, etc., which did not inclurle in their memberships any represan- tatives of the AEC as such. An example was the Subcodttee on Organi- zation, of the Kilitary Liaison Connittee (see par. 4-8-2).

C. Cormnittee on Atomic Energg (CAE)

The Committee on Atonic Energy was organized b;r the

Research and Development Board of the lu'etional Eilitary Establishment 05 ( Rrf. 30) 0% 30 Stlpft(MbW (947 ,, . This Codttee ms very closely allied to the Military Liaison Committee and its membership included all the menters of that Committee, with the following addltional members:

Dr. James B. Conant, President of %mErd Gniversity, ar.2 war-time Chaimn of the Kational Defense Reseerch ComnLttee;

Dr. J. R. Oppenheimer, Director, Institute for ndmnced

Study, Princeton, N, J., End wsrtine Director of the Los klamos &bo- rstorg; Chair- of the General Advisory Committee of the AEC;

Dr, C, A, Thomas, Executive Vice-president and Technical

Director of bfonsanto Chemical Company, who hd been closely associated rrith important work of the Manhattan District; ~irrctwawi rcfind Mr. Y?illiam F, Hosford,Avice+resident of the Viestern Electric Company.

The Committee on Atomic Energy occupied very much the same position vith respect to the M"UP in connection with the Project's dealings with the Research and Development Board as the f5Utary Liaisor, Committee occupied with respect to the LFSTVP in connection vith the deaUngs with the Atonic Znergy Comission. There was one important difference, however; vhereas the MU, primarily because of the provtsions of the law which created it, was someahat apart fromthe AEC, the CAE, on the other hand, W&S very closely lirkeC! Kith the Research an5 Development

Board and had definite respocsibilities in its om field, delegated to it by the Boa~d. In general, mtters of a technicel or scientific net'ii-e in ah ch the Kational Kilitary Establishment has be& concerned, involtirg research or developnent in the field of atomic energy or mdiologicE1 narfere, bve been taken up with the Committee on Atomic Energy.

In dealing vith the Committee, the MSWP was to a cocsider- able extent debling nith its own officers, and the relationship was of course close and cooperstive. 4-24 Custody of Atonic Eombs.

8. Introduction. In Chapter 1 of this voluiie of the

History, reference nsmade, in the discussion of various item which were in doubt when the Atomic Energy Commission took ovw control fros the Mahattan District on 1 January 1947, to the question of the cuztctl;;

of the completed atomic bombs and the completed bomb components (par. 1-4 k). It was there stated, under the heading "Fissionalsle Ikterizls and Yeapons", that all fissionable material and all Teapons and we2pon parts vera transferred to the Atozic Energy Commission, and it was explained (as stated, "to anticipate a later chapter1') that the President, hdd drcidrd not on 23 July 1948,,,to turn back eny of these items to the cl~stodyof the enr,ec? forces, despite the unanimous reconnendations of the four Secretsriee, the three Chiefs of Stzf:, end the :-'ilitsry

Liaison Committee

The subject of the custody of the bomts is vitally important, affecting EC it does, fro? the militer7 vierpoint, mjor iH considerations .I the preparstion, training and planning for the defeme of the nation in any future ner, and affecting the potential efficiency and speed of action of the armed forces in the event thetrar is declareli.

Therefore, and because the subnission of the question to the President for decision{ ras the first instance when such action was taken under the provisions of the Atonic Energ3 Act of 19&, this subject merits historical description in some detail. ilthough the Military Liaison Committee, under Chairman D. F. Carpenter, carried the principal burden in instituting the appeal to the President in conformity with the terns of the lam, the Armed Forces Special '(leapons Project was nevertheless closelj co:icerned and closely involved throughout the proceedings.

Even before the AEC took over and before the AA?3T came

into existence, in December 1946, the future cucto2.y of the completed

neapons was the subject of discussions and correepdndence betveen the

!Tar Department and the UCand betveen the Military Maison Connittee and the EC. In Secretary Patterson's letter to Chaiman Ulienthal of 30 December 1946, in discussing the question of retention of the

storage bases by the Atmy, he stated: "1 anticipate that hen the matter

has been revieved by the President, he will direct thtt a certain number

of bombs and bomb parts will be vholiy within the custo2.y of the arued

services Mch are charged eth the national defense." (See par. 1-4 d) At e joint BEC-MLC meeting in December 1946, the IdX

infomlly indicated the desirsbility of transferrifig custody of stock-

pile weapons to the National Military Establishnent, but no declsim Rrt.43) was reached. (See "Xemorandum of Discussions on Custody", I\hdW%QWI fsd During the period of about a year and a half rhich

followed, both the Atomic Energy Comnission and the Military Liaison

Conmittee examined the question1 fron all sid.es and discussed it at

length. As the atmos,here of hope for international agreement on control

of atordc energy gradually dissipated, and as the international situation

appeared to groiv more and more tense, the question of military custody

assumed greater and greater importance to the armed forces. It vas

hoped for a long time by the MIL that agreement could be reached vith

the AEC, so that the tr.0 organixetions could present the matter to the President, in unanimous agreement, for action under the terms of Section 6 (a) of the Atoxic Znergy Act. The records shop! that the question op custody pas discussed at joint meetings of the AEC and the ?U,not only in December 1946 but also in August and Noven3er 1947, end in

February, krch, Kay and June 194.8; also considerable correspondence on the subject was exchanged between the tpro organizetims in the intervals between meetings. (See "Uemo of Discussions on Custody", RLt43 -1 -1 The proposals of the IllLC, as they finally developed in the spring of 194.8, may be described, briefly, as follors:

(1) The responsibility for national stockpiles of atonic weapons would be assigned to the awe6 forces in the reasonably near future, after full preparations for their custcdjr could be conpleted.

(2) The Atonic Ehergy Comission vould assizt the armed forces in the surveillance of atomic weapon co3ponents.

(3) The AFs;ii;, in behalf of the National Military Establishment, would be respnsible for the custody and sumeillance of atomic weapons after their transfer to the armed forces, (4) Mutually agreeable details and a schedule for the transfer of weapons and components rould be prepared jointly by the AF"iP and the AEC.

(5) Decisions pertaining to the use of atomic weapons would be made by the President, in conformity dth the laF, without any change; and, similarly, no fissionable material would be expended without approval of the President.

(6) The location and movements of atomic Preapons would be made known to the AEC, except when such movement5 would be made by direction of the President in executm of mr plans. (See ”Draftw, kg 194g; and Nemo for Gen. Wedemeyer, by Gen. Nichols, 14 June 1948;

b. Meeting at Sandia Ease, 2L-27 Mas 1948. The AFSF

88s of course the logical agency of the Nstional Blilitary Establishment to take on the responsibility for custody of the weapons if and when that custody should be transferred from the AEC. The AEC, however, raised a question as to whether the personnel of the armed forces were technically competent for the complicated tasks which would be involved.

It was therefore desirable, in seeking the agreement of the EC, to prove to the members of the Commission thbt the AFSiP installation end its personnel et Sandie. Esse were fully qualified and could be made ready for this responsibility in a comperatively short time.

At a meeting on 19 April 19aYthe hlilitary Liaison

Connittee adopted unanimously the follov5ng resolutionj (Ctf.45) :

mA’-W.ZrS,the h’iilitery Uaison Committes had considered the question of custody and had recommended to the Secretary of Defense that necessary action be taken to transfer the custody of completed atomic weapons and components from the Atomic Znergy Comission to the National Military Establlshment (Appendix to J .C .So 1845); and TTHEmAS, the Joint Chiefs of Staff have concurred in principle with such transfer of custody (Enclosure to JCS 1843/1); and

“\?HEREAS, the Secretaries of the Department of the Aw, the Department of the Navy and the Department of the Air Force have likewise concurred in principle dth such transfer of custody; and

”’;#-, ”’;#-, the Chief, Armed Forces Special Keapons Project, has advised that there is no emergency requiring the immediate transfer of custody since interim arrangements are being worked out to permit the orderly transfer of individual weapons in the case of emergency; and

4.’FIE3EAS9 the Atonic Energy Commission has raised v!hat it believes to be important considerations pertaining to the transfer of custody because of the questions of technical abilities of agents of the Armed Forces; and - of Defense has aske:! for sdTLce on this matter;

"THE COtlllITTEE THERZFORG RESOLVES that it shall invite representatives of the Atomic Energy Commission to meet vith the Military Liaison Committee at Sandia Ease, New Meldco, at the earliest practicable date but not later than 1 June 1948 for the purpose of becoming fwilier with all aspects of the problems associated with the transfer of custody and of arriving at agreement in the matter of custody which can thereafter be presented jointly by the Secretary of Defence and the Chairman, Atonic Energy Commission, to the President," (See File C-316)

It may be noted, parenthetically, that the wording of the fourth Thereas" clause in this resolution, referring to the Chief of the AF"s;;py later created some misunderstanding as it was interpreted by some to indicste that he did not consider the transfer of custody of atonic neapons an urgent matter.fn pointing out this possibility of misinterpretEtion and in seeking to correct it, in a letter to Chairnac (a4-46)> Carpenter of the BIU, dated 29 June 1948y4Gensral h'ichols stated:

"1 feel nom, as I have alnays felt, that the assignment of custody of atomic veapons to the military is a metter of urgency a? the question shod3 be referred to the President for decision at the earliest practicable date."

The meeting at Sandia Base which was called for in the resolution of the Zilitary Liaison Committee took plece 24 to 27 Lky

Part of the time was spent on an inspection tour of facilities, followed by conferences on 26 and 27 bky. Those who attended the conferences included:

For the Atomic Energy Commission: Commissioners Robert F.

Bacher, Sumner T. Pike, Le4s L, Strauss, and \$.Ti, FIaymack; For the Military Liaison Committee: Ik. I>. F. Carpenter, Chairman; Major General K. D. Kichols; Colonel J. H, Hinds; Rear klmird

R. A. Ofstie; Rear Admiral FI. S. Persons; Lt. Gen. L. H. Erereton; and Erigadier General R. C. !7ilson. -

There were also present: Erigadier General R. I,:, Montague, IJajor General D.HISchlatter, Captain T, E. Hill, US?, J. Commnder F. L. Ashworth, Lir. Paul Larsen, Mr. George Creker, and Brigedier h General James :.:cCormack, Jr . Others, including Colonel H, LICK. Roper and kjor Taylor Drgsdale, of the AFSTP, went out to Sandia Ease from Eashington in a party which included most of those listed above, but did not attend the conferences . An extensive and informative inspection trip was scheduled ’e4 for the party. The sbchyle an;! =px& inzl&et: L-. Introducto--;J l:*:f:Z

End e description of the storage sites; visits to the nearby stoxge sittt, end to the ordnance area; descriptiorAof bomb components, md assembu; introduction to 38th Engineer Ezttelion en2 description of its orgmi- zation, capabilities, possible missiofis, selection of personnel, trsining snd operctions; discussion of team organization, experiercc cf peraonncl, equipment, team operating site (permanent and portable); to-n of assembly rooms, firing laboratoq, fusing laboratoq, better?- laborrtory, etc., with ex!bitions of assemkv operations and tests; explanation, description and exhibition of training operations; tour of Smdia Lzbr&toryTech,icel

Area, including surveillance facilities; visit to Los Alamos, with discussions there of “Development md Surveillance PrcElem”; find conferemes at Sandia Pese on the military position concern-ing custo2y

(opened bjr General Kichols) and the capabilities of the Sandia kse Hcfltford organization for custody and surveillance (presented ty Colonel ) .

L.2.27 - The action of the !

Enercr Commission took pkce in Kashington on 16 June 19@.

In preparation for that meeting a nE!enorendm foT the ktordc Er,ergy Commission" was prepared b:- the MI','F, sig,ed by Cheinrm ( ktf .4$-). Carpntcr of Che I.iXA ThiE memorandum KS dated 14 Juie 1948 end wti~ trensrritted to the AEC on that date. T,Ss inerncjraxduc. gives suc?. an excellent presentetim of the riiilitary Foint of vie? citf; respect to the Thole subject of custody that it is quoted herein in toto, as folloaz :

tlSUE,JECT: Custofiy and Surveillance of Completed tind Stock-piled J-tomic Viefipons

4 "1. Prior Consideration of the aestion.

vThe question of custody of completed etoL?lic preapons which are or Kill be in uar stock pile has, as you kno~,been thorougkJy examined by both$ the Atomic Energy Commission and the bzilitary Estsb- lishment. Comencing ir. December 1946, it has been 2iscucsed at a nmber of meetinge betvreen the Comnission and the Military Liaison Committee, the most recent being at Sandih on 26 and 27 Llay rhere a complete inspection of the base was made and many of the problems were analyzed. In addition, staff studies of the problems currounding cuptody have been made b.- koth the Codssion and the !;!iUtary Lisison Committee. Fie feel, therefore, that all factors relevant to the question of custody have been brought to light. Nevertheless, it might te rell to review them in brief, for tinuhg thp_ preser,t arrcngemente could be serious as enphasized by the events which gre; out of the handlbg of the niatter at the time of the recent crisis in Eerlin. In order tlict the defects in the existing procedures may be corrected, .i.e feel very strongly that the question of custody should De submitted to the President for decision in accordance dth Section 6 (a) of the Atomic Energy Act at the earliest possitle date. It is our hope that' this matter my be so submitted as a joint recomnendation of the Atomic Energy Comnission and the K;ational Mlitary Establishment as an agreed-upon progran. This memorandum is designed to form the basis for such a joint submissicn.

"2. Basic Responsibilities of the ktorAc- Eherm Commission and the lilitary Establishment . "The Atomic Energy Commission, under the Atomic Energv Act of 1946, has certain clearly defined respon~ibilitieo. These are fully recognized by the Military Establishment. Moreover the Militzry Establishment recognizes that responsikility for the decisions concerning use of 8.tomic veapom in mr resiclee in the President. Just as the Conmission hae stetutcry responsitilities, the ETi1itm-y Estetlishent, under the direction of the Comanc?er-in-Chief, has by the Constitution and lam of tte United States, clearly defined respocsitiliti&s to provide for the defense of the United S-%ates. This irwclves Frepwa- tion of suitable war plens and the maintenance of en effective fightkg force in readiness . "In order effective17 to carry out the responsibilities of the bilitzry Establishment, experience has shown that unity of cormand is essential. There must be a clear chain of authority originating with a single individual, the Commander-in-Chief, acting with the advice of such bodies as the Nationel Security Council, the Kar Cotzncil, the Joint CMefs of Staff and others. This chain should run straight and clean from the Commhnder-in-Chief to the basic units which will be called upor. to fight. Rherever a division ocxrs or vherever a single fmction is to be controlled by two masters, there is room for failure to act in an essential mtter -- not necesshrily from irresponsibility nor from wiUul neglect but from confusion or lack of full understanding as to what must be done end by whom.

"unity of command must necessarily include control over Kateriel - the implements without which a fighting force cannot be effective. This is manifested in a number of rays. In order to integrete logistic and operational plens, the planners must know exectly the location, state of readiness and physical condition of weapons end men, and the same type of knowledge is essential in order to provide in the best possible manner for adequate defense of storage depots. Moreover, flexibility must exist in order that storage of weapons may be arranged to fit milikry requirements. In addition, there are many intangibles vhich in the aggregate are extremely inportant. One of the most inportant of these is complete fmiliarity ~4ththe particular mapons to be used. The user must know what the weapcns look like, how to handle them, their state of readiness, and the extent to which minor alteretions or repairs nay be made without impa.inp their effective- ness. And he must have the confidence which comes only from complete femiliarity with both components and tect equipment so that he cmt-e conpletely certain that they will operate effectively.

"3 Present Conditions. With respect to atomic bombs, these criteria are not met at the present time. Control over the location and movenent of bomks is noblinitially in charge of a private organization operhting under contract, subject to the requests of the Atomic Energy Commission ant! subject by agreement to the requirements of the bzflitary Establish- ment. Only at the very top -- in the Comnander-in-Chief -- is authority vested in one place. Moreover, only by negotiated agreement between two co-equal agencies, subject of course to appeal to the Preddent, can such matters as inspection, surveillance, withdrawal for use in training, and maintenance of bombs be arranged. The liilitary Establish- ment is, therefore, faced with the possibility that in the event of emergency there might be delivered to it bombs with which it wes not fully conversmt and the condition of which, the rapic!ity with vhick deliveq- could be made and the location from which delivery woulcl bo =de might not adequately be known in advance.

"It is obvious that in an emergency involvFng atomic mr,fare unassembled bomb components must be delivered to the militery for use at some point. If such delivery is dd&yed until an emergenc is upon us, it muld conceivakly take place either on the b&:ie of vidual bombs delivered directly to assembly teams in accodance withA- a joint plan or on the basis of a transfer of the entire war stock pile, Serims disadvantages are attached to each of these alternatives. Transfer directly to asFembly teams for use necesserily involves a wider dissemination of tactical and operationel military plans orhich contravenes a fundhmental princiFle of information security. Moreover, such direct delivery could only be carried out effectively ty perfect cooperation pursuant to minutely detailed plans worked out in advance and involving at lesst three separate groups - the Military Establish- ment, the Atomic Energy Commission and the contractor of the Commission. Under the stresses of an emergency, errors could easily occury and there probably would not be time to negotiate for a modification of pre-existing plans in case unforeseen circumstances should arise. The second alter- native would involve the assumption by the Military under emergency conditions, of an entirely new function for which preparation in advance vodd be most difficult if not impossible. An orgenization io such a complex field, complete with handling and testing equipment and facilities, cannot be created overnight. ' Yet an attempt to trenafer a pre-existing civilian organization into militery environment in a timr of' stress could only lead to confusion on the part of all concerned, We feel very strongly, therefore, that now during this period of relative peace, preparstions should be made and an organization colistructed witbLn the Military Establishment for custody and rcaintenance of atomic bombs under the terms hereinafter set forth, in order that a going organization will be available and functioning in case of emergemy.

"4. Ccmbility of the Military Estak,lizhmect to Asstme

"Subsequent to a Presidential decision & th,0 effect that custody should be transferred, a period of trahsiticn must ensue in which the Co,mission and the Military Establishment jointly care for these reapons and during which militmy end civilian personnel of the Militery Establishment can be trained to perfonn adequately their assigned functions. But although not ready immediately to perform all of the activities related to custody, the Military Establishect has made progress in a manner which clearly demonstrates its bzsic capacity. It now has the first teams fully capable of assembling the bo&s end others are presently in training. Elements of these teams initially wculd fom the nucleus, and as part of their continued trrining sould perform many of the functions surrounding surveillance. We are con- vinced thzt the trsining of permanent depot personnel is not unduly difficult. These depot groups would be composed of military officers and enlisted men9 snd cicilian scientists and technicians subject to Civil Service regulations and controls. They would, therefore, be avhilable subject to direction to a degree and with a certainty not possible vith contractors' persorael or even employees of a civilisn agency. Moreover, these groups cm be so balanced 2s tetween/officers, enlisted men end civilians as to assure adequate permanence adCOntb.'.5tj-.

Ve do not believe, therefore, thst there are my insmountable okstscles which would preclude assumptior, of custody of the stock piled atoric weapons. The h!ilitary Establishrent kvhg planed and constructed the present and future stonige facilities, is familier 'vith their proposed operation, and, dth the continued asristmce and cooperation of the Atorrdc Energy Commission, would be capeble of making such modifications as may be necessary to provide the optimm concliticns \for bomb storage. Exterml security and physics1 protection of the storege sites is already the function of the AYlitary Establishect, and provision for intexml security offers no great difficulties.

Ye do not intend that the Military Zstz'clishnent should assume ell operztions connected Kith the !?ainter,ence and testin? of weapons and components. Some of these functions properly should. be retained by the Commission vhich has continuing responsibility for surveillance pertaining to development and production of iTroved atoric weapons. Fle propose an orderly and progressive transfer in accorknce with specific terms which would set the pattern for joint action by the Military Establishment and the Comnission and rrhich would obtain except during war or Presidentially ordered preparations for mr*

"5. Proposed Conditions of Transfer.

"Specificelly, we propose to assume full accountability Tor stoidc reapox and thsir componentE. A duplicate of all such recor5r maintained by 9 of course, be fuaishe?, to the Cohssion. Physical protection of sitss maul? rerzin the responsibility of the t'ilitary EstEblishnent, and it YO-22assiAQe d direct control of the iaterior of the storage areas. The ?ilitmy Establishment further rould undertake periodic operationel inepectioc, and gradully come to perform, in a manner and to an extent mutwlly agreed to cith the Codssion, periodic tezting and minor meintensnca within the capcity of the Military Establishment. ProrLsions for inspection, testing and maintenance will, of couxe, be subject tc change, and in 211 respects mill be conducted in a merresponsive -,to the advice and requirements of the Atomic Znergy Co.md:sion.

"It is proposed to place within the custody of the 1Zilitary Establishment only those atoxic reepons m3 conponents which are completed or subsequently completed, ready for use and intended for rhr ?to& piling and vhich sztizfy acceptace epecificsfixs. Accepttinct? specificetions in turn, incluc?ing tolerance lirLtz tc cover Seterioratioi: Vhile ix storage, should be framed johtly by the Xilitmy Estatlishmt and the Commission, snd of course provision woulci be mk5e for joint inspection both of nex r.e~?orisen2, to the extent necsssary, Keepox in storage. Transfer to the Ydlitary Establishert ~0123not prechde the Commission from exercising its residul responsibilities with respect to atomic weapons, It would be understood tkt ~~EY?I~Sor comporients would be ret-imable to the Conmission in accordance with a mutually agrzecl schedule for stu3y or tsst or for re-vrktng to incorporate improvements in design. The fissionsble matsrial5, of course, since title under the Atonic Energy Act remains In the Codz~ior,,would be returnable to the Gomission for such use as nLsht be specified by the President. ELorEover, the Commission would have a continuing access tc the storage areas, and it Todd be kept completeQ informed a& to the location sr,d proposed movenerits of veepons or componet+Vc, except when such movements or proposed movements are made by directio,? of the President in connection with the execution of war plans.

Tith respect to the continuing relationships between the Commission as manuf'scturer of atonic bombs and the iT:iliteqEsbt'iich- ment as potential user, re feel that a divisim of responsibilities can be more clsarly defined by providing for custdy to ke placed viith thc military. The Conmission would conticue to be responsible for all production of fissionable materials, for the fabrication of weapon components, and for the design and development of new peapons within the general overall military use requirements as to size, militsry cheracteriFtics, type, etc. The LUitary Establisfment wocld be responsible, acting in close cooperation end vith the aid and assistance of the Coxlcission, for physical custody of all stock piled weapons as provided above. Moreover, the Ulitary Establishent Todd be authorized to rithdrav bombs from storage for use in connection with operational maneuvers, training and test. However, any test involving detonation of fissionable material, any movement of fissionable mterials except tack to the Atonic Energy Coarnission or betTeen storage sites would be made only with the approval of the President or such authority as he might desigwte. n6. Tine Schedule for Transfer.

"liecent international developments have throrn into shrp relief the need for developing and putting into effect %,he arrangements outlined above to provide for the care, handling and transportzthn of those atomic weapons vhich wiU be utilized in the event of war or other emergency. This is a tine-consuming process .and 6. difficult one. We suggest that four months be allowed from the date of decision tc the date of transfer of custody in order to pernit the working out of ietailed plans. Re-arrangement of the present division of functiors related to custody could be completed thin sixteen months. In view of the lencth of tine to ecconplish this re-arrangement, it is essential that a decision be reached now and that steps be taken immediately to inplen,ent the transfer lest a further deterioration of vorld conditions should flnd us unprepared to hendle an emergency. "Moreover, we are nor in the process of complethg permanent storage depots eech of vhichrill require the training and organization of handling, inspection and naintenance perso-me1 regardl?ss of whether or not a transfer is made. If transfer is to ke =de eventuzlly to the Mlitsry Establishnent, it vould be advantageous to provide for such trmsfer inmediately in order that the lilitery Estz5lishment may build. solrndly the necesszry orgmizations.

"7. Other considerations.

'Vie find no legal bar to such a trensfer. On the contrary, the record of the deliberations of the 79th Congress relative to atomic energy is replete with eviderxe of anticipation of the sit'ation now facing US. In enacting the Atonic Energy Act of 19.46, the Congress was looking ahead to the extensive use of nuclear energy for pe2cefd civilian purposes, and it vas concerned with assuring that complete control of the sourcesy the mnuf'acture, and the use of fissionable msterial should be vested in the Government. In vier of the potential size and the ramificetions of this undertaking, the Congress chose to estzblish an? organization headed by five outstanding cidlians. Erut it also kept in mind thnt the priniary use for nuclear energy was at the time in -.*capons, and it neve? intended to exclude -- and did not exclude -- the Armed Forces fro3 prticipetion in m=tters affecting their constitutional responsibilities for the defense of the United States. We need not labor this point, for it is expressed in the Act itself and in the record of debates in both houses. (See Sections 1, 2 (c), 4 (e) and 6 of the Act) "It is also clear from the record that the Congress plainly understood the utilizatim of nuclear energy had opened a ner field full of unknown factors requiring the maintenance of flexibility in matters affecting atomic energy. ln Section 1 of the Act the Congress declared that this legislation will necessarily be sukject to revision from time to tine. Moreover, rith respect to operations of the Commission the likelihood of chan plated. In Section 6, provision was made for the transfer of fissionable materials to the YLlltcr;. Establishmnt and for authorizetion of the EIilitzry Estahlishent to engage in production of atomic weapons, should either appear to the President to be necessary or desirable.

"It is clear from the foregoing that the Congress VET wisely established a control structure operate2 by civiliens with respect to the larger aFpects of the impact of atorxic energy on the horicar, people and their economy -- but it is also clezr that the Congress, while vesting title to all fisrionbble mterial and means of production in this Commission, left the way open to work out edministretively such other arrangements as might be desiratle rdth respect to military problems.

"The atomic bomb is the aost powerful single weapon# nor in existence, and it is the most spectacular in terns of its effect on morale. In an atoaic Far it would be the keystone of our military power, and it is therefore &sic to our aar planning. Moreover, its influence on international relations cannot be over-emphasized. In these cir- cmstances preventable causes of failure of operation camot ke tolerated. The exploding mechanism has been designed 75th utmost care in order to minimize chsnces of failure. These chances mkv be fairly placed at only one in 10,OOO. Unfortunately, however, chmces of failure due to human error are more than one hundred times greater. It is obvious, therefore, that ve must take extreme care to hold these human factors to the absolute minimum. Centuries of experience have demonstrated that the possibilities of human error are least vhen the personnel who are to perform an important operstion Prith complicated ecplpment are so thoroughly familiar With that equipment that they can perfom their operations mechanically without conscious effort. There is no way to achieve such familiarity other than by intensire and continuous training and practice tith the equipment itself. This, we believe, is one of the most inportant elements in the entire prosem of dealing with atonic bombs, and it canbe adequately handled only through placing full custodial responsibility of the stored weapons in the organizations which will be called upon to use them.

118. InTediate Action Proposed.

"The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretaries of the Army, Navy and the Air Force have recommended that responeibility for custody of atoaic weapons be transferred to the National blilitary Establish- ment at the earliest practicable date. With this vim the Secretary of Defense agrees. 'Ze urge, therefore, that'you join dth the Secretary of Defense in recommending to the President that custody be transferred substantially in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined above.

"D. F. CLVniEii "Chairman" m (Rst.4b) At the meetin I the Atomic Energy

Coinmission said that they proulc? be willing to join vith the Secretary of Defense in bripging the question of custody to the attention of the

President and presenting the technical considerations to him; but the:: stated that they could not suggest to the President that there was only one possible solution, and expressed their opinion that trmsfer of custody mould be detrimental rather than beneficial to national defense.

(See Wemo of Discussions on Custody", do Presentation to the President. On 30 June 19@, a meeting vas held in the office of the Secretary of Defense, Et d-dcfi C. the follovhg wre present8 Mr. James Forrestal, Mr. KennethhRoyaf, Mr. D. F. Carpenter, Dr. V. Bush, blajor General K. D. Nichols, Mr. x L. C David E. Iiilienthal, Ilr. Sumner Fike, k. bwisAStrauss, L"z.K. PI. Vaymak, h A and Dr. R. F. Eacher. k.Carpenter reviewed the history of the discussions betyeen the AEC and the National Military Establishment on the question of military custody of atonic weapons and pointed out that the primary factors cere: national security, public policy, technical cmsiderations concerning the readiness of the Armed Services to cofiduct swweillance activities, ant! Atonic Energy Conmission managerial aspects of surveillance and development.

It mas points4 out that natianal securit:; and public policy were the tro major factors iavdved, and Dr. Eush svggeeted that agreement might be reached on all factors except public poUcy, rhich the President should decide. Mr. Lilienthal, however, did not concan that such agreement was possible. Members of the AEC suggested deferrbg a presidential decision on the basis of the status of the storage facilities, political considerations, international considerations, the immedkte readiness of the armed services to assume surveillance activities, an2 the present status of development of the weapon. RepreFentstives of

the NAVE, however, pointed out that a pronipt decision was required in order to proceed rith the organization of the storage facilities, to insure the most efficient preparation for utilizing atomic veapons, end to facilitate Far planning. ienthal md other members of

the AEC that a public presentation of the issues involves, prior to

decision, TZS Zesirakle, Dr. Bush suggested that this shod3 be up to

the President to decide.

Kr. Forrestal suggested thtit the 4EC and the X5C prepre

jointly a paper for presentation of the problen to the President, kut

Mr. Lilienthal preferred the preparation of a separete prallel pper

by each establishment.

The meeting adjourned Fith the understanding that the

question would be presented to the President for decisionad thet

parallel papers roulr! 'ce prepsred. by the NLE an2 by the !XC. The

Secretary of Defexse e&::.-:',9. Carpenter to prepare the paper for the

IXE. (See "L31ttzq- Custo5y of ktonlc Keepons" 30 June 19&S, referred to in letter of translcittel as "Sumary Keeting rith Xr. Forresteltl - (,it.w, 30 Juqe 194.8, -.)

The National KLlitary Estatlishrnent paper rea5 &s follors: (The pper which follow is a copy of a drdt * "-" = -i;;C dated 8 July 1942l,lbikd& EL+. 50) "Deer Xr. President:

"Under the Atonic Energy Act of 1946, the Prepi:'ert is expressly authorized to direct the Atomic Energy Commission to transfer atomic yespons to the Armed Forces for such use tis he deem necessary in the interest of national defense. After careful study, I gm cor.vir.ced that the exercise of such zuthority iF not only justified but has become imperative. National Defense requires %at our xar stcck pile of atonic Teapons be placed in the custo6y of the ktional hlilitery Eztat1is:mert. to be maintained in readiness for instmt use o.henever co.c?irected kp the President. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretsries of the Army, the Xavy and the Air Force &are this conviction, and I attach copies of the letters in vhich tineir vieFs are expreEsed.

"The security consideratiocs Thich dickte this "First, the present srrangecefit renlts in 2 besic divisior, of authority end responfibility betveen tvo co-equzi egencies for the provision of a militmy weapoE in opemting conciiticn for rzr use. Possession and control of all atomic weapons lies in the Atomic Energy Commission while responsibility for find assembly of these weapons tind their delivery on an enerr target -- that is, responsibility for their proTer functicniq in use -- rests vdth the Iu'ationrl Vilite? Establishment. Pi'hen so ordered by the President, these seepom vould be trvlsferred to the Kational Alilitary Establishment only ir, the quantity required for an actual attack en2 at the tine of launching such an attack. ';le believe these arrangements do not pernit full military prepredness. An enemy etthck in force wodd expose the United States to unreasonable risk of mistzke, confueior, and failure ,. to ect oitk the necessr:ry speed and pYecisi.cn. ire ere comrlnceC C,kt this risk can only ke removed b: transferring custccl: of these weapons to the kcme2 Forces nov-. Any e'fort directqd merely torer2 isFr0vir.E present arrangemeKts is subject to the lirnitEtion5 inherent in any relatior,- ship between tw co-equel agencies e-hick involves dud responsibility for 5 single o'rject or function.

"Seconcl, it is ayicmtic that thoFe vho ere chrrp? with the actual employment of a weapon ki conhat, partic-&rly 2 highly ccmplex veapon like an atomic bomb, must have co-plcte f&-zliaritg rith it. They must knov; how to use it, realize its probable defecte, Lyd fully understanc! the improvisations r.hich Eire possikle under mergency conditions. E:or'eomr, they must kEve complete confidence in the v-ehpo': ar,d ir. their om corr,petencs to hznd16 tir.6 use it. Such fmiliarity and confidence can only be acquired by constant inspectior. ant! handling of the weapon itself by the perfcrrxnce of those functions pr!-Lch CGFIFT~E~ sunreillance and by continuous practice in aeapon aaser=bly. The ktional Iili1ita-y Establishment must, in other rrords, be in a position to train and perfect orgenixationhl uqits in peacetine which will be f-iilly qualified to use the weapon sviftly and competently in any emergency. This requirement cannot possibkv be met without militrry custody of atonLc Teapons . Third, Nationel KUtery Edxblishent cueto?:7 of atomic weapons rill facilitate locating and storiEg the fissionable and non-fissionable components in the most favorable strategic positions and thereby plrill afford greater flexitility in completing preperstions for meetice current war plms for use of atomic weapons when and if such use is approved by the President. "Fourth, re b6Ueve that the tranefer of these mezpofis would further rather than impair the future research and development activities of the Atomic Energy Commission. The Atomic Energy Commission woui.2 undoubte&ly wish to retain representative weapons for reseerch and development purposes end to have full access to the weapons in storage; the proposed transfer vpould reduce the activitiee of the Atomic Energy Commission onxv in the essentially routine and military type of operatiors involved in accountab e. Moreover, possitle innrove- ments in 2esign which mould never become anparent wder iaborctory * corditions might vel1 be discovered by extmeive handling on the pert of the potentiel userr.

TS*e are now at a &age in which it is necessary for either the Atonic Energy- Commission or the National Military EsttibliEh- ment to build up an organization and to train a?ditional personnel to maintain the incre5sing accmuldtion of stock-piled aeepons in a comtant state of readiness. In order to insure the comon defense and security, it is essential thet the Katicnal Uilitary Establishment 8ssUIp.e this responsibility. Technically, the National Military Establishmentt with extensive help from the Atomic Energy Commission, has mede great progress in training assembly teams to prepare weapons for actual use, and we are capable of providing a sufficient nmker of competent surveillance groups Pitbdn a very short period.

tlApproximately four months pill be required for the MEtiorial Gilitary Esteblishment to nake preparaticn? to assme responsibility for the custody and mailitenace of atomic weapons, P;e f-el very stron&-, therefore, thzt these preparations shoulc! te conmencec! at once in order that a going military organizztion pill be available and functioning in cese of emergency. In the meantirce, current plans for the emergency transfer of aeepons frcr t!:e Atomic Energy Commission to the National Eilituy Ectablishent cm be continue6 in effect to safeguar6 againct an emergency during this prepzrstion period. The present state of prepere5necs woiild not in any vise be impaired pending this transfer.

"I realize that there may be other metters of generel policy vhich you may wish to consider in connection with this proposed transfer. At the Eame time, I feel that you should be fully apprised of the strong and unanimous conviction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and of the Secretaries of the Army, the Ravy and the Air Force that immediate transfer of the custody of these weapons is of the utmost importance to om national defense. I concur fully in this opinion and therefore strongly urge that you take the following actions:

"(1) Advise the Btoaic Energy Conmission that such a transfer will.be directed, effective in approximately four months, and

"(2) Instruct the Chairman of the Atomic Energ7 Commission and the Secretsry of Defense, jointly, to vork out the necessary details for such a trensfer and to prepme, and submit for your approval, a draft of a suitable Executive Order for'this purpose.

"Respectfully yours,

"The President nThe Rhite House" as follo:.:s:

"Proposal of Ilationel bElit2ry Establishment:

"Thet the President issue an order for the total trencfer of all stockpile atomic weapons from the Atomic Energy Comnissior to the National Militrry Establishment. The proposal recognizes that such order cannot be put into effect earlier than'4 months from the d.te of issue; it is proposed to be completely in effect by the end of the sixteenth month.

"Comission's Position:

"1. Transfer of these weapons from the civilian Commission to the 1XiLtary EstFblishment presents first and foremost a question of over-all policy for determication by the Fresident, and all technicel questions are subsidiary. The Gomission suggests that the President's decision on this question of policy will be the product of sn evaluation by the President of mny factors. The vitel hpcrtance of this questicr, s-,ringz primerily fron the avesome nature of atomic energy Then applied to the destruction of hurm life, prhich makes it clear that the atomic bomb is not "just another weapon". The question goes far beyond the stetutory responsibility of the Comission and is closely related to the Ccnztitutiocal position of the Frezident.

"2. (-1ihe decision on this basic question of policy my re11 preclude the proposed transfer. In eny event, the proposed trsnsfer should be made only if, all factors corsidered, it would further our natiocal security. The Comission believes that the proposed trensfer would involve grave risks to this country's position in the field of atomic yeapons and therefore iicpair to that extent the nationhl security. The Commission feels under a solemn obligation to p0ir.t out these rieks to the President, so that he can weigh them against the advantages asserted by the Kational Military Establishment . '$3. Any arrangement vhich does not involve a complete abandonment of civilian control in the field of atomic energy is bound to result in some divkion of responsibility between civilians and the military. The question therefore is whether a particular divisicn of responsibility is the one best suited to this country's needs. The division of responsitility proposed by the Armed Forces Todd be a satisfactory one only if the atonic bomb vere similar to orthodox reapons. Thk of course is not the case. The development and storage of atomic weapons present problems which are very different from those presented by ordinery weapc:-s and, in the ComAssion's vier, the A*Drooosed transfer of custodf of ah stockpile itens would impair this country's state of T

readiness for the inned ture and moulcl slow dom new developments in the field of etomic weapons.

"4. Sumeillrnce of atomic a*eeFonc 2~0fan eEtirelx different --order of complexity and si.gnificance than is the cEse rith even the most coaplicated ordinery weapons. Surveillence must be highiy qualified m-d continuous in the cape of ato~creaporis if they Ere to function.

"(e) In the present relatively undeveloped stete of atorrc weapons, ma~ytechnical iqx-ovenents En2 ideas for new developments have come about end skould continue to come about through continuous surveillance of the wespons in storEge by those responsikle for weapon design and fabrication. Surveillance is thus important to obth, through continued and contrclled observation of wssible causes of failure, irS'omztion for nen: Zesigns and modification necessary to produce more efficient Te22or.s. If the proposal of the National I'ilitery Establishnent were put into effect, the Conmission would oot have the control necessay for rapid progresz in izproveaeEts ins-tomic vezpons and stockpiles. It is difficdt to egtinate how great this loss vodd be, but it vould certainly be,sigr,ificant one

"(b) A special danger of a decisior, at this tine to transfer cutody aaay from the Atomic Energy Comission would be the tendency to confuse and retard the extersive program of substitution of ne!: and improved compocents in all payts of the Feapons in stockpile, made necessmy by irp-ovements either recently developed or expected to be developed by the Commission in the near future. For this reason alone, it is s?:?are-t thzt a maximum stete of readiness cmot be maintained if custody of the entire stockpile is to be trmsferred, either on the schedule propsed by the Ketional IUitery Estetlishent or soon enough in the future to justify making plm~now.

"5. The Commission, of course, consider@ it essential that all step be taken to assure a naximum state of readiness in the field of atonic peapons. Importmt steps hzve alregdy been teken in this direction as follow:

"(a) The ComLssion makes available to the Armed Forces bomb con.-jonents (non-nuclezr) necec sEry to insure adequate training and familiarity with the weapons on the pmt of the Armed Force..

"(b) The Commission is assisting in instructing Brned Forces weapon teax in fie16 assentbly and. other operetions xhich heve to ke performed at operatio~elbeses. "(c) There- is current a program of joint impection of stockFile items by the brned Forcez an6 Com7lission personr,el.

"(d) Contixunl iLlprovensnt is being made in joint plans mhich rere developed this April for the imr,ec?iate deliveq- of atonic reepons to the Uational Military Establiskient oc the instruction of the President in the event he deterrdnes them is an energer.cy requiring such transfer.

"6. The Commission feels that the development and perfectic:: of the measures outlined above have tended to become cver~h~

117, The Conzzilcrion is, of course, prepsr2-l to discusc theEo mattere rith you iri more detzil.

It pill be notd the: Chis EC docurcr,t corisists to s. large extent of solemn warninge and of expressions of opbiion rhich were opposed to those expresre? by the Sec-etary of Defense, and, in some cases, vere entire1:r unsupported . The manings rero presmzbly intended to perzuzcle the President not to take any action, but they had no real bearing on the mztters at issue.

(1) The s+&t,einmt in the opening peragreph that the

1;;'ationEl 1,Xlitary Estatlishment proposed tbt the Preeicl,ent i?me an order for the "totzl trznsfer of all stockpile &tonic r-espons" gives, by the empksis in the 9q.ox-d lltotal", an exaggerzted imprezsion of the WIsactual proposal, as the Secretary's letter clearly shows,

(2) In pCrZgraph numbered 1 the AEX2 stated that transfer of the ueapons presents "first and foremost a question of over-all policy for the determination of the President, and all technical questions me subsidiary'. This was also the View of the W. Yet the AEC then proceeded to devote most of their memorandum to the subsidiary technical issues. (3) "The Conmission believes that the proposed transfer would involve grave risks to this country's position in the field of atonic weapons end therefore bpair to that extent the national security", This statement, in paragraph numbered 2, is indicated Q the context as the conclusion which is to be proved the statements which folloa, but sound support for this statement cannot be found anywhere in the document.

memorandum enlarges upon the division of responsibility which they claimed would result from the NEE proposal, and places emphasis on the absence of "control" by the Commission, achwuld be acconpanied by

"actual. responsibility for surveillancew still remaining with the Conmission, All this seems rather theoretical. It seems to disregard the serious division of responsihility which already existed, and the provisions of the W proposal for continued surveillance, access to storage areas, and access to information by the Commission. The theoretical handicaps visualized by the Commission under the proposed division of responsibility should be compared with the real handicaps to training, planning and war-time execution of plans described by the Kational Yilitary Establishment.

(5) In paragraph 4(b) the AEC document states: "At present the Atomic Energy Codseion is the only organization which can carry out effective surveillance for the purpose ef insuring readiness of existing weapons." As an argument against the proposed change this might be regarded as analogous for example, to a statement, as an argument against substituting one empleyee for another, that the

present incumbent is the only one mho knows the combination-of a safe. The IVKE had clearly denonstrated that its personnel aere well qualified

to take over the astodial responsibilities after suitable preparation. (6) In paragraph 5, the AEC document describes the

measures which had alreaq been taken "to assure a maxbnun state ef

readiness", and, in paragraph 6, it recomends further action along these lines as "the best may of assuring both iuimediate readiness in the field of atomic weapons and a successful leng-range The

NME, on the other hand, regarded these measures as emergency arrangements only and did not consider them satisfactory. For example, the

provision & the Cond.ssian of non-nuclear bomb components (described

in paragraph 5(a)) was not regarded ky the NUE as sufficient "to insure gdeauata training and familiarity kth the weapons on the part of Armed Forces" (as stated by the Commission - underlining has been added). The IiYE had emphasized that corplete familiarity rith a wezpor,, perticularly one which was as highly complex as an atomic bomb, was absolutely necessary for personnel aharged with its actual employment in con5st. (See comment of Gen. Nichols on an earlier drdt of the crtf-. 53 AEC docment, in tlemo to ZIr. Carpenter, 7 July 19481,- )

On 21 July 19&3, this question of custody of neapons r'as presented to the President. Those present, vith the President, nerer the members of the Atonic Energy Commission, Chaiman Lilieof'.?, Dr.

Eacher, and Liessrs. Pike, Strauss and Keyneck; Secretzry Forreztel;

Secretaries Roycll and Symington; Chairman Carpenter of the Military

Liaison Connittee; and idr. Killi2n Tiebster. Idr. Cerpenter presented the view of the Ratimsl iililitsry Estcblishment and h:r. Lilienthsl presented the .dews of t3e Atomic Enera Commission. Mr. Symington and G9r. Royal1 also tormented.

No decision was reached at that time, pending further study by the Presidect; and it was understood that the Prezident planned to confer vith Secretary of State Marshall and possibly with the Cabinet as a whole. (See Memo for the Rewd, by Gen. Kichols, 22 July 1948, RiIE,

On 23 July 1948, the President made a public announcement, a3 follows;

"As President of the United States, I regard the con+,inued control of all aspects of the atomic energy program, including research, developent and the custody of atomic weapons, as the proper functions of the civil authorities. Congress has recognized that the existence of this ne7 weapon places a grave responsibility on the Presidmt es to its use in the event of a mtional emergency, There mst, of coursel be very close cooperation between the civilian Commission and the deserve high cormendation for the joint effort? Aich they are pu",ting forward to maintair our nation's leadership in this vital wor Meno to Chief, &WP, 7 Septenber 1948, from Chiefs of Staff,

e. Later DeveloDments. In the light of the decisior, by the President, tis quoted above, the Secretary of Defense, on 28 July

1948, wrote in identical letters to the Secreteries of the three ServiceE, as follows:

"It is of utmost importance to the national defense that plans for the emergency transfer of atomic weapons be reviewed and steps taken to insure the most efficient transfer and utilization of these weapons in the event that their use is ordered by the PresideRt in an emergency."

He requested that steps be taken along these lines in the three Departments.

The Secretary of Defense also advised the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the situation, and requeFted the Chairmzn of the h5litery

Liaison Comittes to reviey and coordinate transfer plans of the

National EJilitary Establishment and the Atomic Energy Conmission. The three Chiefs of Staff, General Omar N. Eradley, Admiral buis E. Denfield and General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, wrote a menorandm to the Chief of the AFSVIP, on 7 September 1948, describing the foregoing actions and requesting him:

(a) "to review the technical requirements for the use of atomic weapons, as well as all aspects of the plans of the National Military Establishment for the transfer, custody and surveillance of atomic weapons to insure efficient implementation of such plans in the event thet the President authorizes the use of these weapons in an emergency.

(b) "to take steps to train sufficient personnel to enable the NIE to assume full custody and surveillance as soon as possible, if and Then the President authorizes the transfer of such responsibilities to the WE."

(c) to FuFmit "a report.. . in the nem futwe on - the present strtiir of the zbo-re plens.ll (See Lexo "on Chiafs of Steff

General Kichols reported to the Chiefs of Staff (in three idyntical memoranda) on 28 October 1948. He referred to a previous memorandum dated 3 September 1948, in which he had reported that current plans then in effect provided for an orderly turn-over of atomic seap0r.z to the National IrIilitary Establishment in an emergency. He stated thet these plans were under constant reviev and were modified in accordance with changing conditions in order to assure as far as possible their adequacy and completeness in the light of the Presidential decision on the matter of custody of atomic weapons. The plans called for turn-over of atonic weapons by wits as required for use, and not blanket assumption of custody, He reported that the Air Force and the AFSP hed conducted three joint maneuvers during the feF months preceding, in which the

AX had turned over the AF3P etonic weapons (less fissionable material) reqiired for the maneuvers, thus providing tests of verious aspects of the plens for transfer. Eo 6ifficulty hat! been encountered in any of these tests, and sinilar tests wre scheduled to be conducted monthly in the future.

On the mtter of training of personnel to assume custody and surveillance responsibilities, General. Nichols defined "Custody" and differentiated, by definition, between "Operational Swveillance"

(inspection) and "Development or Technical Surveillance".

He described the status of available personnel, the esteklish- ment of a supply agency at Sandia Base, the status of the storage sites, guarded by military personnel, and stated that insofar as custody was concerned, the AFSV was capable then of assuming that responsibility.

Viith reference to operational surveillance (inspection) he described the status of the current inspection program, end the status of the available assembly team personnel, and concluded that

"dth the contemplated schedule for assembly team training, there should be adequate personnel aveilsble to initiate an inspection program rhen and if thzt responsibility is placed upon the National Iiilitary Establish- ment ."

!'rith reference to development 01 technic21 surveilleEce, defined as including laboratory and destructive tests, analysis of tests and inspection data, and determination of defects and preventive measures,

General Nichols expressed the opinion that this should be a joint responsibility of the militrry en? the f-EC personnel as long as L!e

AEC was responsible for development and production of wezpons. He pointed out that the ECat that time had not yet detemdned a well formulated surveillance program, but that the W.rP was cooperating with the

222 in devising such a program and that it vould probably be established some time in the spring of 1949. He described in general terms the personnel and organization required for the surveillance program, and concluded with the statement that "if and when the Nati7nal Mlitery

Establishment is charge? dth production of atomic weapons the responsi- billty for development or technical surveillance can rezdily be assumd along with the responsibility for production." (See Xemo from Gen. Nichols to each Chief, 28 Oct. 48; also, letter from Col. K. F. Hertford,

3eputj Comzinder, Sandis Rase, to Cbief, &SP, 24 Sept. 48, Subject8 Rc-f-, (5, 56 AF3" Custody and Surveillance; b f. Results. Although the efforts of the btional !,Xi- tary EstablishTent to obtein custody of the conpleted atonic weapons failed of their direct object in July 1948, there can ke no question but that these efforts produced,indirectly at least one kneficiel result. 9 They accented the great, importance of careful preperetion for atonic warfare and of readiness for efficient transfer of the reapons to the armed forces if an? when occasion should arise for their use; ar,d they caused the Atonic Energy Cmmission to realize these fectors more thar, they had ever done before. The Comission mrc placed ir; the sdutsry position of attempting to pro-re tbt they '*.ere right in their o-n con- tentions. In consequence, zince July 190, and continuing through the h4 period covered by this volume of the Eistoq-, the UChewe LmiZe exceptionally succes,cf-iL efforts to cooperate Fith the AFSKP in developing the so-called emergency program for transferring weapon? from the stockpiles and for training the APsT;P personnel for their recepticn and use.

It seem probable also that tne ectivitfes described in this section have had the effect of meking the Atomic Energy Commission realize the importance of devising at an early date, jointly Kith the

AF", a suitable program of "development or teclmicd mrveillmce", an2 they have proceeded cooperatively along these lines also.

Khile these results cannot rhclly take the place of the procedures conternpltited and requested by the hXE, and cannot insure the greatest posFitle protection to the national security, they undoukte6ly tend to mitigate the dangers of the sitmtion. . . -.

4-3-1 . Geneml. The Operations and Training Division was one of the six

original divisions of the Headquarters of the AFSP authorized officially

by the memorandum charter of 8 July 1947 (see par. 3-56); theoretically, it may be said to have been in existence since the beginning of the

BFs;';P. This Division was originally charged aith: the conduct or super-

vision of special troop units and special schools; the coordlnation of

instruction ir; other service schools; assistance in the fodation of

training doctrine; construction; weapon storage and surveillance. The

chsrter described this Division as one nin rhich the hmy, Kzvy and Air

Forces have important interests" and specified that it would require e Chief

and Assistants representing all three services.

The handUng of construction work (at Sandia Ecse and et

the storage bases) remined,technically, a part of the responsibility of

this Division until about May 1948, when it was transferred infernally to the Fiscal and Logistics Division, where it more logically belonged. The

inclusion of this item among the responsibilities of the Operations and

Training Division had been specified by General Groves, in his memomdum of 4 April1947 to the Chief of Staff, U.S.A., and to the Chief of Naval

Operations, primarily because of the particular personnel then available in his smll starting organization. Actually - and attention is invited htrcin ClbOvL- to the use of the word ntechnically"l\the Division as a whole did not

have much to do with the construction work even before blay 1948, 8s all headquarters actions connected Kith efore the transfer vere handled by the Chief of the Division and the Executive Office, in direct cornmication with the officers in the field (at Sandia Ease end at the

Kansas City Area Office). Details of staff action on cowtructicn my be found in Section 4 of this chapter ("Fiscal and Logistice Division") and in the later chapters which deel with the field installations.

The responsibilities of this Division with respect to training were in general co&ed to offensive training; defensive training wzs, in a broad sense, the responsibility of the kadiological

Defense Division.

The responsikilities of the Division ix connectionvitk: the last two items listed. in the chtirter, designated weapon storage and surveillance, have not rebched the importznce rhich vas expected rhen the charter was constituted, because no atonic ceapons have yet been turned over to the custody of the AFsI:'P. The duties of the Division in connection with these items have been confined for the most prt to assisting the AEC and to keeping custody of such non-nuclear parts of the atomic bomb, and such mock-up bombs as are used for training purposes.

In practice, the activities of the Operations and Training

Division have consisted minly of: supervising special troop units concerned with operations and training; organizing and supervising offensive training courses of various kinds; planning operations; conducting or supervising - or cooperating in - maneuvers, tests and exercises; and processing the pocurement of AEC classified training and handling equipment 4-3-2. Special Troop Units.

The special troop units with nhich the Operations ad

Training Division has been concerned included, principlly: the 38th

Engineer Battalion (Special), which succeeded the 2761st Engineer kttalim

(Special); the 8470th Technical Training Dethchnent; fow Army Special

Leapons Units,which succeeded the 38th Battalion; the 8460th Speciali'ie&pcr.s Group; and various Navy and Air Force Special Units - all located at Sandia Base. (Other special troop units at Szndia Ease, such 8s: the

8450th hlilitwy Police Group, concerned with security; the L1222d Grq?

Service Unit, Fourth Army Det., concerned with operetior, of the hospital; the U. S. l!aval Administrctive Unit; and the ll40th Special Fieporting

Ting, concerned ith Air Force administration; were not under the supervision of the Operations and Training Division.) a . 38th Engineer Battalion (Special). On 1 September 1946, the 2761st Engineer Ektthlion (Specihl) had been formally activated zt Sandia Ease, as s regult of an earlier recommendation for a Regular Army Unit to assemble and cocitor the atorxic bomb. (See Ybnhattan District History, Ek VIII, Vol. 3, Chzp. 6, p.5.)

This Battalion was redesignated the 38th Engineer Eattalion (Special) 9 effective 1 by 1947. (See X.R.], Rtf. 32)

The Special Ehgineer Battalion was composed of: Head- quarters; Headquarters and Senrice (E: & s) Compny; Company A; and Company B. Its authorized strength inclulled 70 officers, lflarrmt Officer and 397 enlisted men. It usually conW.ned an average of about

60 officers, except for a short period when incoming officers were assigned to this Battalion instead of the 8470th Technical Training Detachment (see below). On 1 July 194.8 the to& strength was 59 officers and 254 enllsted men. All the officers were of the Axmy, but during July three Air Force officers were assigned. In the beginning, the 38th Engineer Battalion (Special) conducted the training courses at Sandia, and all kmy officers assigned to the Base for training were attached to it. Later, when the 84'70th Technical Training Detachment was organized, the courses were conducted by that unit, and personnel who completed their training retuned to the Special Battalion. Except for fluctuations in strength, the organization of the Special Battalion remained unchanged until 20 December 1948, when the Headquarters, Company A, and Company B were deactivated. (The Headquarters and Service Company continued until it was inactivated on 13 April 1949.) b. 8470th Technical Training. Detachment. The G470th Technical Training Detachment ms organized on 25 June 1948, and as of 1 July 194.8 it uas composed of 48 Amy officers, 62 Air Force officers and160 enlisted men. As its name implies, its major purpose was to conduct the special training courses at Sandia Ease. This organization was divided, on 28 August 1948, into two units, of which one retained the original name and the other waa named Detachment "E", ll4Oth Special Heporting Wing (see sub par g belm). As of 31 December 1948, the total strength ef the new unit mas 50 Army Officers, 72 Amy enlisted men, and no Air Force personnel.

C. Ar4Y SDecial Weapons Units. On 20 December 1948, when the Headquarters and tm companies (A and B) of the Special Fyineer Battallon were deactivated, four Special Reapons Units were activated. These units were designated the lllth, the 122nd, the 133rd, and the Uth Special Weapons Units, and as of 31 December 1948 their total strength was 76 officers and 336 enlisted men of the Axmy. They were composed of assm-bly teams which had completed their training.

d. 8460th Special Weapons &OUT).

The 8460th Special Weapons Group was organized two days later, on 22 December 1948, as a headquarters group for both administration and operational control of the Special Weapons Units, and for operational control (only) of the Navy and Air Force Special Weapons Units. As of 31 December 1948, the group consisted of 21 officers and no enlisted men.

e. Navy SDecial Weapons Unit. On 15 Noveaber 1948, the 4nst Navy Special Weapons Unit .was activated, with 27 officers (and Warrant officers) and. 35 er.listed men. This unit .was established ky Secretary of the Navy Restricted htter, file Op24/cj, Serial 518 P 24, dated 13 October 1948. As of 31 December 1948, the strength of this unit was 27 officers and 35 enlisted men.

f. Air Force Special Weapons Units. The 5Ohd and 580th Aviation Squadrons were activated 25 September 1948, and,as of 31 December 1948, the total strength of these squadrons was 51 officers and 107 enlisted-men.

g. Detachment rBn. 11LOth Special Re~)orting:Winq. This unit, lrhich split off from the 8470th Technical Training Detachment on 28 August 1948, was composed of the Air Force personnel who had been in that Training Detachment. As of 31 December 1948, its total. strength was 169 officers, 1 warrant officer and 99 enlisted personnel. F'urther, and more detailed, infonnation about these special troop units may be found in Chapter 5 of this History. 4-3-3. Trainiw of Special Personnel. The Technical Tr- Division at Sandia Base was initiated under the liarhattan District, and it came under the staff supervision of the Operations and Training DTvlsion af Headquarters, A.FSVP, as of 1 January 1947. "he purpose of this division was to conduct the training courses for the three services, at the Base. During the current period of this Historg four principal courses ha& been presented:

a. Bomb Commanders. The establishment of the Bomb Commanders course resulted from consultations, early in 1946, in which Major General

C. E. LsMay, USAF, General Groves, Admiral Parsons, Dr. N. E. Bradbury (of Los Alamos), and others took part. % 31 December 1943, the rate of training had increased to twenty Bomb Commanders per month and a total of 261 (2 Arq, 37 Navy and 222 Air Force) had completed the training. The w35 duration of this course/b three weeks. Refresher courses also were being given continuously and a total of 128 Air Force officers had taken thm. b. Weaponeers. From discussions early in 1946 between General (then Colonel) R. C. Wilson, General Groves, Admiral Parsons, and others, a Weaponeer course was initiated at Sandia Base. The first group of &I?

Force Weaponeers to undergo component training began their course of instruction on 24 March 1947. & 31 December 1948, this course provided for training Neaponeers at the rate of twenty-four per month, and a total of 162 (18 Navy and 144 Air Force) had m&leted the training. The VJQ 5 duration of this courseA* six months. For these also refresher courses were being given continously, and a total of 117 Air Force officers had taken them. The training courses for assembly teams were conducted, first, by the Special Engineer Battalion and later, after 25 June 1948, by the 8470th Technical Training Detachment, as explained in a previous paragraph. The first Team course began on 2 February 1948, and Tea course No. 2 began on 1 March 194.8. Training of Assembly Teams far the Navy was initiated in February 1948, and for the Air Force in April 1948. dd5 The course(is of 6 months duration, and by 31 December 1948 a rate of training of approdmately one Assembly Team per month had been established. As of 31 December 1948, a total. of seven teams had been trained. (It was anticipated that a total of eleven teams muld have been trained by 1 JGly 1949.) (‘Ref. 57) The T/O called for 77 men per tea, but the actual number was subject to considerable variation. 35 members of the team were trained for technical specialties, and the balance were supporting personnel. The principal problen in conducting the training courses for Assembly Teas was the increasing difficulty of finding as candidates, from the services, individuals mith the technical background required by established standards. With the expectation of improving the procedure and methods, the AFSWP contracted with the American Institute for Research, Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, Pa., for a dab analysis dory inhstrg wa 5 lines. This contract,dated 14 August 1948, and Dr. John Clemans nannagan,

President of the Institute, was in process, of having the analysis made when the year ended. - (Ref. W,57) Dr, Harley Oliver Preston was the representative of the Institute Imo started to make the studies in the field.

4.3.7 d. Stzff Officers . In Jw.e, July and August 1947, three Generd Gfcisers

Orientation Courses were conducted, of three days duration each. The

first course was held on 13, 11 and 12 June, the second on 8, 9 2x3 10 (et$-50) July, and the third on 5, 6, and 7 August 1947. r'-&=*

These courses rere folloaed by the establishnent of the Staff Officer

Orientation Course, to be conducted once each month, rith a durcition of -hJf -,days each. The first of these was conducted 20 to 24 Octoter 1947

and the second 1 to 7 December 1947. By 31 Decenber 1948 a totel of 320

officers (ll6 Amy, 58 Ikvy and 126 Air Force) had taken tbis course, znd at that time the coarse could accommodate 25 high level steff officers (Q5f.41 Y, 59) at one session. ( On 27 October 1947, 8 one-dv Orienktlcr.

.. _- Course for Joint Staff members was conducted.) --: 4-34 Other Traininn Activitiep.

a. At AEC Installations. The Gpra+dons and Training Division has coordinated with the Atomic Enera Commission to prodde on-the-job training at various

Atomic Energy Commission Installations, for officers of the three

services, This has been in line with the scheme which was proposed

Secretary of War Patterson in his letter of 30 December 1946 to Chairman UUenthal of the AEC. (See par. 1-a). As of 31 December 1948, there were a total of ten officers takin& this training, including four (2 m, 1 Navy and 1 Air Force) who still remained as survivors of the Manhattan District (ibid) , b. At Genrre Tsshixton Universcty.

k coarse in nuclear physics was arranged at George V,ashkgtoa

University, for field gmde officers of the UEZP hesdqwrters. This CCXFFI 947 W'Y cow c;hd started on lj Octoker,tind ende6/\in !&y, 19118, and it was,, &by 21

C. In Civilian Postglzduate Courses.

At a series of conferences with Generd Staff representatives

(Opexqtions and Training, and Personnel and Administration) , Fn

Z!3$., the Operations and Training Division of the AFSP reviewed and on 30 Dccwbw 19 44) resuhitted,officer persom-el requirements for the ensuhs three years. A These rcpiremnts called for 79 Amy officers to be educated to a

Master's degree, in the civil schooling progr~nscf the krqy, in subjects relating to the field. of atorr;ic energy, such ae r-sics, hkthemtics,

Electronics, Cheaistry, etc. A similar and equivalent influence was rlso applied statistically on the PstCI graduate training program of the

Kavy and the Air Force, by submission of position descriptions and tables of distribution of personnel of those services in the B7P organization, and approval thereof by the respective services.

d. nbYlitsry Atonic 2ner.m Course".

x "Lilitsry Atomic Energy Coursen, consisting of one yer at the Postgraduate School of the U. S, Naval kcadew and one yea? at a qualified university, was proposed by General Groves End organized under his direction by the AF". At the'Postgradwte School a general refresher course was given, and study in atomic and nuclear energy subjects,and others related thereto, was planned for the university year, designed to quzlify the students for a Master's degree. Thie course vias instituted in the fall of 1947, sith the intentim of enrolling approximately 20 officers from the three services aaiuglly. As of

31 December 1948, ll Army, 0 NEW, znd 2 Air Force officer. were enrolld. In Decenbsr 1?48, the U. S. Kaval Postgraduate School notified the hnS.,'Pthat a 3?asterls degree would not be attainable by the procedure proposed for any of the students enrolled in this course. In view of this, and also because the course duplicated noma1 postgradmte t-raining in the services, plans were made to discontinue further enroll- ment of officers f&J such a course and to continue the trahing of those already enrolled by returnirg then to the nom1 postgraduzte treining progras of their reFpcf,ive services \described in subpragraph (c) above). At the end of the year 190, detailed implenentstior, of this plan avaited the availability of the second-term acadeec marks of the enrolled students, Fhich Fere to be obtained the following month,

J~US~1949. e. Elma. A small atomic energy film library was built up at headquarters of the AF'SPP for the use of this organization and of any other agencies desiring such facilities, As of 31 December 1948, there were about 55,000 still negatives and 650,000 ft. of motion picture film in this library. Including necessary dupucates, the total quantity of motion picture film was about 1,500,000 ft. Requests for films were coordinated with the Amy Pictorial Service.

Consideration was given to the production of a training film along the Ues of the British film, wAtomic Physics", but no definite action had been taken by 31 Decmber 1948. (It was later decided that films projected by the Radiological Defense Division would make it unnecessary to produce this film,) 4-3-5. Activities in Support of Operations. a. Assembly Teams. The 4 Amy, 1 Navy, and 2 Air Force Assembly Team which had comgleted their training by 31 December 1948 formed a nucleus of seven team available to support operations at the end of the currezt period of the History. A goal of ten teams had been prescribed by JCS paper 1745/5, dated 21 January 1948, to be attained by 1 Januarg 1950, but this goal mas expected to be exceeded before July 1949, as noted 13 paragraph 4-3-3c b. Maneuvers, Tests and Ikercises. In nearly every field of military endeavor, maneuvers, tests and exercises provide the most useful activities in peace-time preparation for actual operations, and in devising and testing improvements in equipment and techniques. The field of special weapons in which the AFSPYP is involved forms no exception to this principle, and the AFSW

7 L.3.12 has taken part in initiating, planning, and executing a nunber of such operations chring the first two years of its history. In connection with its operational functions, the Operations and Training Dlvision has been concerned with all of these operations. Other divisions of AFSNP Headquarters have been also concerned with some of them, and the activities of other divisions in connection therewith will be mentioned in later sections of this chapter.

Some of these operations had been completed and some were still in the planning stage at the end of the current period. In a later chapter of this volume (Chapter 5) details all be given of the execution of each operation; its purpose and the results which it produced; and its organization and personnel. There is included here merely a brief enumeration of the maneuvers, tests and exercises, in each of two classifications: those which were coqleted and those which were planned as of 31 December 1948.

The distinction between a "maneuver" and an "exercise", as the terms are used herein, is primarily a matter of size, while the term %ests" is applied to those operations whose primary function is concerned with the trial of materials or weapons rather than their tactical use.

(1) ComDleted Weuvers, Tests and Exercises. (a) a.A joint Air Force - hed Forces Specfa Weapons Project field maneuver was executed at Wendover Air Force Base, Utah, 15-25 November 1947. (b) SANDSTONE. The AFSTP participated in the tests of

Operation Sandstone, which were performed at the Eniwetok Proving Grounds by Joint Task Force Seven, in coordination mith the Atomic Energy Commission.

BFslRp assembly team personnel took part in these tests, and the AEXP provided also security guards, technical assistance and a radiological safety task group. The participation of the AFSW as a whole extended principally from September 1947 through June 1948, (c) WJO. A joint AF' - AFSWP field exercise was executed at Walker Air Force Base, Roswell, New Mexico, during the period 12-21 July 1948. (d) COWBOY. A joint field exercise in which the Air Force, the AF'STi?, and the Erst Strategic Service Unit partici9ated was executed at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona, during the period 16 to 22 August 1948. (e) NUTMEG, The AFSlyP participated in a field exercise which was executed at Site Baker during the period 7 to 10 September 1948. (f) WHIPTOORWILL. (Originally balled wDrubbing"). A joint AF - AFSW field maneuver was executed at Camp Campbell Air Force Base, KentuclZy, during the period 7 to 20 October 1948. (g) EASTNIND. A joint Navy - AF"P field exercise was executed at Norfolk, Virginia, during the period 29 November to 3 Deceaber 1948 (h) BESEECHER. A joint field exercise in which the Force, the ASWP, and the Sandia Laboratory participated was executed at Site Baker and at Sandia - Kirtland Air Force Base during the period 6 to l.4 December 1948. (i) UNLRdITEJI (CAE SWAP), A joint AEC - AFSW connand exercise was exeat od 14 to 20 December 1948. (a) Monthly AF - AR3P Exercises. Plans had been fodated before the end of the current period for the execution of 01 WIOfl€dVtf5 monthly joict exercisee,by the Air Force and the BP. (b) Alaska. At the end of the current period plans EX cvcis L were in course of preparation for a joint A.F - &'SP in Alaska. h (This operetion ms cancelled later, after 1 January 1949.)

(Notet bltuch additional information must be obtained on each of the mneuvers listed Btover the initiation and F1amir.g - by vhom, Then, etc.; description of what the meneuver consisted of; its purpose, the results obtained, or to be oktair.ed, etc.; orgaizsticn a2 personnel yhich took part; the role of 0 &: T Division; etc., etc. bst of this informtion rill be inserted in Chap. 7 but some of it should be inserted here also .) C. Chickenpox.

The Operations end Tmining Division and. the

Development Division have participted with the Air Force hnd the AEC in the develo2Eent of an air tome assembly laboratory to vrhich the code name of "Chickenpox" has been given. This developent will bs described further in the section devotcc! to the Development Divisior.. d, @-) Transportskle Euildings . This Division has *carticipted in programing the procurement of buildings transportable by air.

E. Special Studies.

Specialaork of the division hes included: a stuly on Clandestine 'Larfzre for the Joirit Chiefs of StzTf m,S the Eesehrch and DeveloFnent Eoard; technical assistence to the Joint Chiefs of Etzff on the etGdc operation phase2 of war plans; repxts to the Yilituy

Liaison Committee; and transmission of infomtion to the Nstry and the -tt\05C Air Force to enzble Mscst service+ko keep up to dete on op-0n.tions for wsr plans. 4-34 e Ar.6 Handling Equipment.

In June 1947 it pl‘ac rerlized that the requirements for AX clacsified equipment were not being met on scheddo. At that tiKie the krzed Forces Special \ieapons Project was designated to act as a technical service of the ktional kilitary Establishnent and to approve and consolidzte all handling and training equipment requirements rhich must be obtained from the Atomic Energy Commission and to budget for and distribute all such equipment.

On 14 September 19LG the originel eyipent pro- grEm was consolidated end fop.-.:ardedto the UC. This original pmgI’En: vas for Fiscal Years 1749 and 1950, and was coordinated betveen Sandia

Ease Headqmrters and Smdia latorctories prior to fornardkg to this hetidquarters .

4.3.17 -

4-3-7. Orpenizztion a12 P

a. Chiefs.

Although the Operations and Trtiining Division VaB not officiglly instituted until the issuance of the charter of the A€SF on 8 July 1?,!+7, it may be said to have been Fn existence from the kemir.& of the existence of the ~IFS~P.

Colonel H, KcK, Roper, U.S,A., served as Chief of the Division until 12 April 1947 (in addition to his duties as Deputy

Chief of Staff of the AFSiW). Lieutenant Colonel David E, Parker, U. SA., served as Chief of the Division from 12 April until19 August 19.47.

Colonel E. R. Sullivm, 'J.S.d.T., served ES CEef fron 19 Au,aut 1947 untii after 31 Decenber 194.8. (He VES relieved on

15 Januzry 1949 by Colofiel L. S. Stranathan, U.S.B.F.) b. Organization. As of 31 3icezker 1943, the Division consisted of a Chief, an Executive Office*, a €lam and Operations Ersnch and a

Training Eranch, and its personnel consisted of five offlcers (3 USliF and 2 USN) and two civilims. 4-4-1. General.

The Fiscal and bgistics Division vaE another of the six

original di-sisions of the Heddquarters of the m7P which rere aut'norized

officially by the memoranduci charter of 8 July 1947 (see par. 3-5f).

This Division :Fas originally charged with all "procurenent and fiscE1

Smdia EaFe End at the storsge Cases (See -per. 4-3-1). The chzrter

specified that t?ds Division mst hve representztion of tte Xrv, 1;~v-y

and Air Foi-ces.

4-4-2. Fisc21 kztivities ,

z. CstE.t:liPhent of \:orking Fund kccow*t.

As s,pecified in the joict directive of the Secre'aries of

%ar and the Ikvy, 29 January 1947, and in the memorandum or2er of the Secretzrjr of Defense r:hich suprseded that directive, 21 Octotter 19L7,

end as specified also in the verious implementing directives issued by

the sepante services (see pr. 2-2), the f'unds for the ASP (other tk.n

for pzy of rdlitarg personnel) mere to be provided initially from residue funds of the Ilankttan District. It was originally assumed that some of c these residue funds would. be directly available, and on this assumptioc

the joint directive of 29 January 1947 sGted that the funds for the

AFSlP woulC be provided from those of the Manhattan Project "which kve not been trmsferred to the ktonric Energy Coxmission"; and the oder of ns of the First Supylenentel

Appropiction Act, l$4Ty Public lar: 663, 79th Congress, cp_=rov& ,? kwst (Rt f - 61) 9 1946 (one week after the enactment of the Atonic Energy Act of l946)* ttt Presisent was authorized to allocate to such agencies as he niight detercine any part of the unexpended funds of the Kinhattan District, for the purpose of carrying out 2rovisions of the Atomic ?hergy Act of 1946. Actually, all unexpended funds of the Nhhattan District mere allocated to the US, and arrangements ?:ere made between the Secretary of Kar and the USfor the Co,?raissiori to advance fun& to finance the AFs;:T through the Fiscal to (fw.62), Yesr 1948. Ey letter date2 13 February 1947,,the Secretary of :,zrA the

AEC agreed to admnce the sum of $2O,C@O,OOC to finance the X'P througk

30 Jw,e 1947 and the sur of b25,OoO,OCO for activities in the FiscLl Yezr

TMs procedure vrc,c recognized iri the rording of f Wr ileprtnent L?e;oor~?dum140. 850-25-8, 18 Bhrch 1948, which steted that funds had baen made available Itby working fund advznces to KLr Deprtraent from the Atomic Energy Codssion, utilizing fbds former& availatle to the Lbnhattan Projectt1. (See pr. 2-2.)

On 18 February 1947, the General Accounting Office issued an Accounts and Procedures Letter No. ll29$, PSar Deprtmect KO. (Ut+. 63>, 173eA establishing a Kar Department working fund account 212/75925

19&2/47, with lilcitations ".001 'Advances for AFSFPI It. b. Obligations and Expenditures . For the period 20 February 1947 through 30 June f?47, there vas obligeted of the amouxt advance$. 'cy the AEC the SILT of 36,6@,190.&, with an accurrnrlated expenditure of $2,Ell+,C06.59. For the operzticrs of fiscal Year 1948, the budget requirements did not exceed the unobligated balance rernainiig of the Workfng Fund advances of $20,000,000, and,in lieu of additional advances, the AEC authorized the use of the original advance for expenses of fiscal Year 1948.

The accumulated obligations from 1 July 194.7 through 31 December 1948 totaled #19,614,504.03 and the expenditures for this period aaounted to $L8,7l8,283.70. The balance which renained at the close of the Escal Year, 30 June 1948, uas authorized by the hX to be used for ATSW construction upon their approval, and it was conteaplated that the entire residue would be so expended. The Manhattan District had been engaged in the con-

struction of storage bases (classified), in conjunction with various District Engineers of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Amy (see Xahattan District History, Book I, Vol. 4, Top Secret Supplenent, Storage Project ),

and had advanced to the Office of the Chief of Engineers the sum of - $~,OOO,OOO for this mrk. As of 1 January 1947 the AEXP assumed the responsibility for the continuation of this project, in cooperation with the AEC. mhen it was found that $~,OOO,OOO ma not sufficient to complete the work, the AEC agreed to advance to the OCE, and did admme, additional.

sums aggregating $l9,6ll,OOO, through 31 December 194f$for this purpose.

C. Confidential bds.

The Atomic Energy Commission also provided the

necessary funds for strictly confidential purposes for the period from 29 October 1947 through 30 June 1948, in the estimated amount of $5,897.98. After 30 June 1948, confidential funds mre provided from the appropriation "Contingencies of the Amy", subject to the approval of the Secretary of the hmy, except for the expenditure of an unexpended balance of $1,111.22 from the aforementioned Atomic Energy Coxmission funds . d. &&et for Fiscal Year 1942. The budget requirements of the AFSmP for the Fiscal Year 1949 were incorporated in the appropriations on oral. instructions of the hreau of the Budget and the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The Military 3bctions Appropriation Act, 1949, Public L~N766, 80th Congress (Ref. 64), appropriated fhnds for the National Eilitary Establishment for the Fiscal Year 1949, and the &my Comptroller allocated

$10,000,000 to the AFSW from the funds "Contingencies of the Army" under that appropriation. Of this amount, $2,026,564.29 had been obligated on 31 Decmber 1948. Normal operating supplies and equipment for the AFSWP were budgeted by the Technical Services.

e. Budnet for Fiscal Year 1950. A request for $17,528,500, in the appropriation "Contingencies of the Amy", was subnitted to the Bureau of the aidget, through the drny Comptroller, for the Fiscal Year 1950. After hearing the defense of this estimate by the A3", the Bureau of the Budget allowed $l4,339,000 (a reduction of about 18%), and no reclama was made by the A3". f, Transfer of Funds to the Chemical Corps. The AFsprp transferred $500,000 to the Chdcal Corps for research on the dissemination of, radioactive agents. This action was concurred in by the Research and Development Group, General Staff, U.S.B., and by the AEC and the Research and Development Board. (See letter to Chief of Chemical Corps, Subject: "Funds for Radiological

Warfare Munitions Development 'I, 29 November 1948, file SWSP-Ul .2 (Ref. 65 ; SEP also Section 5 hereir-after.)

g. Trersfer of Fx-ds to the Si.m;l. Crrbz.

The Ei;P trensferred $300,000 to the Signel Corps, to pernit the imediate initietion adre?id eqxnsicn of e rz

%e i,anhattm District had essu~edt:"Ie respnsikiE5:- for all mdits, in accorcknce vith the authority contzined in Sen-ln-c!

Forces Lienoramdm for tie Secretary of ?;cry Scbject: "ku6it.ing Proper%;-

AccoTmtstl, dated 25 k;-lS,!Jr er.2 z;pro\ved by the Secrtt;r;- of *,,zr28 L'ly (RE\ 67). 1545, After the trexfer of the pro.=rtr to the AZC, Superseding Certifi- cates of Audit were preFrd for all Certificates issued under the jurisdiction of the Iknhatten ilistrict, The origins1 Certificates of ktrciit, the Superseding Certific5tes of Audit, and all rorkixg ppere rre on file sitn the Fiscsll end Logistics Division. (See also ir;aLiatt.a District

BistorS., YOGI:I,Vol. 5.)

The kFrJ:P requested the Arqy Audit Agency to assme the audit responsitility for the Project, and accordingly the San htocic 405 * Regional Office a audit the accounts at %die. Base and the Chicago Mas +u Regional Office E&&& au6it those at Kansas Citj. These auc?itc &ulW fo include: i?Llitary Froperty and Sales Accounts; Civilian Pay Roll Records;

Industrial Property Accounts; Current, Completed and Terrninated Contracts;

Szlvage AcccLYts; znd Records of Eilling and Collection Office:. The audit of the Poet Trust, CentCal Poet and Motion Pict.xo fm2s at Sandia v.rcr>._C .. . Ease conducted by the Finance Office, Fourth Arv. T~PPost Er,c!zq% and the Kotion Picture activities at the Ehse Kere placed ur~eerthe supervision of the Office of Special Services. 4-4-3. Construction at Sandia Base.

a, Generax.

Construction at Sandia Base, during the period of control by the Manhattan District, had been performed by construction forces of ROE. McKee Company, General Contractor for Loa Blamos, under contract with the Manhattan District, and had been paid for with Manhattan District funds. (See Manhattan District Hietory, Book VIII, Vol. 3, Chap. 6.)

Construction at the Base was continued under the direction of the Office of the Chief of Engineers (Albuquerque District), and was paid for out of the working fund which was established for the m, for Rscal Years 1947 and 1943, as described Fn a previous paragraph.

(See par. 4-4-2a.) Further information on construction at Saidia Base may be found in Chapter 5, par. 5-lld. b. Estimated Cost, FY 1947 and FY 1948.

It was estimated that the total cost of that portion of

the construction which was to be paid for out of the working fund would be about $12,800,000, including the acquisition of the necessary land. An itemized list of the items involved,S&aehdd :-. dqquarz*% and

further infomation on this construction,may be fomd in a later chapter. (SSC p~.s-ktd.) C. Construction Promam, FX 1949 and FY 1950. Originally the construction program for the Fiscal Year

1949 amounted to $9,986,000. Since the Aq's Construction Authorization

kt for that year had already been passed, it was deemed advisable to

include the AFSP construction with the AEC budget, and a letter to this

effect was sent to BEC on 31 March L94.8 (Ref. 68). This request was denied however, primariw because the Secretary of Defense felt that the

4.4.7 requirements of the should all be budgeted under the Department of the Army. Consequently, with the assistance of the Bureau of the hdget, a so-called "Crash Program" was established amounting to $6,422,OOO (a reduction of more than 35%), which was'passed by Congress without accompanying authorization legislation. This "Crash Progran" included those items of construction which, in the opinion of the Bureau of the atdget, were of inmediate need and could not be deferred until the next annual Construction Authorization Act. A Ust of the items involved is included in Appendix 9, and further information on this construction _- may be found in a later chapter. In addition to the above, the sum of 81,281,290 was appropriated for the AEX, for the construction of facilities at Sandia

&oe for joint use by personnel of the AEC and the AFSPTP, A list of

\ these facilities also is included in Appendix 9. The balance of the construction requirements for Sandia Base were incoqorated in a request to the General Staff for inclusion in the Fiscal Year 1950 Construction Authorization Act. The amount re-

quested was $13,300,000. Ln addition, the sum of $3,944,000 was requested for construction at the storage bases. (See letter dated 6 December 1948, Ref. 69). d. Water Sumlv. During the summer of 1948, it was determined that the supply of water from the City of Albuquerque muld not be sufficient to meet the future needs of Sandia Base and Site "An (the storage site near Sandia). A request was therefore submitted to the Chief of Engineers, on 10 September 1948, to drill test weUa at Sandia Base to determine the availability of water to provide an independent supply for the tW0 thet these tests aould cost akcut ~54,’7&, an?. the instelktioc c,f t5e water suppl~systeiri itself was eztimted to cost about ;1,GCC,~XC.

e. Fa.nil_v Housim.

In order to allevigts a serious shortags of faxily houslq- at Sandie. Eese, 8 requect to lease 40 c!u?lex houses End a mtor lozze of

47 uzits in Albuquerque Key L:exico, vas submitted to the Geceral Skff ( Rc f .71) in September 1948, Because of the non - availebility of funlds, Lhis request was disapproved or, 13 October 1948. 4-4-4. Construction of Stomze Bases .

a. Generzl.

The ezly history of the storccge besee, t!irou&h 31 Deneater

1946, is recorde? io the Marhattan District History,, Eocl: I, Volmc 4,

Top Secret Supplement, tYitorzge Projectt'. The descri7tion there given includes: the initietion of the project by General Groves ezrly in 1546; the survey of various possible sites by Colonel Hhsbrouc!: and Colonel

Roper; the choice of the first three sites, A, E, and C; the proposed possible fourth site and its indefhite postponeze::t; the zuthorization of construction by the Arw General Staff; the estimated ccst of cor,- struction and. the allocation of f'unds; the Architect - Exgixser coctract with Elack L: Veatch, of Kansas City, Lissouri; the appointmzt of Lt. Cci.

Eenjarnin T. Rogers as Arez Zngineer with Area Office in Kbnses City; the originel plhn for maintaining the securit: of the project end the divhicr, of the Fork into ''Phase At' andV1Ph.eseE"; the general feztures of the original design md the proposed capacity of ezch site; the czTrencenect of construction an6 the generd progress .-hi& had teen mZe ir, both design and construction as of 31 Decenker 1946; End the retention of control of the stomge project by the tar Department vhen the Ato~c

Enera Codssion assumed control, in general, of the hkrhetbn District's functions and property on 1 January 1947.

In Chapter 1 of this History (par. l-,!+d*), the discussions between Secretary of L'2r Patterson end Ch2irmn Lilimthzl of the .EC regarding the storage bases, and their status with respect to the AFs;;P and the kEC, are describsi.

Sone pertinent facts fron the pst history of t'ne stomge bses, rill be repeated hereh, for coordination arid clarity in the pre-

sentation of the current history of this project, but the reder io

directed to the hlenhattez.? District History for debiled hformation of

their beginriings. Further details of the bases rill be found also in a

later chepter of this =story, which deals primrily Kith events in the field - this section of Chapter 4 is devoted primrily to eveEts ritk- which the Fiscel and Logistics Division of the Beadquarters, SS?P,vr&s directly concerned.

b. General Description, €A Eriefly, the project consist$ of the coxstr-xtioc of

three i.c4c?rgrom? e torage sites for atonic veapons arid their conp,en:s.

Prelizicary topo,-raF!5c survey and planning vork F~Sperforzec! for the

constructicn of e fortli site also, tit the %?id City, Sout5 DEkotc-,

C. hcatiori,

The locetion of the sitec is as follors:

(1) Site X - Sadia Base, Albuquerque, Kec: L;exko, E sepr;te area of about 2700 acres;

(2) Site E, - Camp Hood, Tens, a separate area of about 15CO acres ; (3) Site 8 - Camp Campbell, Kentucky, a separate area of about 2500 acres.

d. Facilities.

The construction at each site included the fol1ov;Lig:

(1) Underground storage and assembly rocCs fer atorLc sezpone.

(2) P.oeds and Utilities for servicing the sites (3) Patrol roads, electric and other fences, dzm sys tes, etc., for security.

(4) Permanent housing for police and technics1 personnel. 3G (5) Air strip capable of sqporting E-%- operations, exce$ at Site A where sach facilities alredy existed. e . Technicel Structures. The number end type of underground structures to 'ce erecte.' VJWt at eqch site BPI as follows:

(1) Site k - 4.l storage structures; plent wits I ~nr?11. (2) Site E - 49 storage stmctureE; plent units I and 11. (3) Sits c - 24 storage structures; plant structures A,E, ar.d C; plmt ztriictures, So-~thGroup (above ground) .

concrete quonset tyse igloos, with a minimum of 30 feet of rock cover, doc> )d bt There possible. In s.11 cases, total cover isA&tlezst 30 feet, Under-

dCC+ grourd assembly areas to hEve a ririimy of lnCI feet of rcc% cover.

f. COC.~;SEnd 7mde.

The v~orkingestimte as of 31 Decen3er 1946 vas a'tout

$+O,OCO,OOO, znd funds in t:Xs amount had been allotted to the Chief of Engineers, in the forn of a working fund ykich, for secmit2- purposes, was not connected by an appropriation symbol or in any otheT manner with the b'anhztta District. (Irhnhattan District History, €1:. I, Vol. 1, TS

As of 31 December 1948, the working estimte had increzsed to epproximtely ~63,500,000, of which $59,6U,OOO had been receivar? frac the LEG (incla2ing the ;4C,OC!O,@OO dlocated in 1946) and issued er 2 working fund to the Chief of Ehgineers. The balance of the funds required were to be requested from the AEC as needed, but in any event before

1 JU~1949.

In addition, the sum of $1,135,000 had been set aside for the erection of family quarters, for 30 officers and 30 non-commissioned officers, at Camp Hood, Texas, for use of personnel assigned to Site Be These funds were realized from savings on construction itens at Sandia Base, plus the elimination of certain items which were In the initial construction program. Auth% ity for the erection of these quarters was received from the Secretary of the hyby letter dated 2 Novenber 1948, file AGAO-S 620, GSGSP/C2. The sum of $3,944,000 was submitted to the General Staff on 6 Decenber 1948, for inclusion in the Fiscal Year 1950 Construction Authorization Act for the erection of additional facilities at the sites (see par. 4-4-3c above). These facilities included barracks, fanily housing, and recreation facilities for the sites, based on the assignnent of two assembly teams to each site, (Later, $450,000 more was added to

the request, for a pilot water purification plant, and then mithdram.) g. Security. For security reasons, the construction at the sites had been originally divided into t.Ro parts called "Phase A" and'Phase B", as noted in par. 4-4-4a above. Phase A was to be that part of the mrk which could be carried out without revealing the purpose of the project, and was to include in general, the construction of airships, igleos or storage structures, barracks, fencing, roads, utilities, etc.; Phase B was to include the balance of the work, cohsisting principally of the deeply covered assembly structures and their equipment. (See Manhattan District History, &.I, Vol. 4, T.S. Suppl., p. 11.) After construction was well undernap, a third phase, "Phase C", was instituted, consisting of that part of Phase B which comprised the installation of equipment in the assembly structwes. Phases A and B were given the code nane, WATER SUPPLY, and Phase C was given the code name,NIAGARA.

The security plan under uMch the construction of the storage bases was carried out, as described in the Manhattan District History (Bk. I, Vol. 4, T.S. Suppl., pp. 11, U),provided various other safeguards, such as: local security representatives of the Kansas City Area Engineer's Office; classification of various activities or parts of the project; means for maintenance of the security classifica- ticns; etc, h, Promess.

As of 31 Decmber 1946, the design work on the storage structures at all three sites, by Black & Veatch, Architect - Engineer, was well along toward completion (at Site A, about 50% complete; at Site B, about 85%; and at Site C, about 50%) and the design work on roads and utilities was also well under way (at Site B, about 45%; at Site C, about 2@), For construction, although sone of the principal contracts had been let (in December 1946), not much actual progress had been made at the end of the year. (See Yhnhattan District History, Bk. I, Vol. 4, T, S, Suppl., pp. 16, 18, 19.1 As of 31 December 1948, the status of completion of the various parts of the work was as follom (where necessary, the percentages have been obtalned by interpolation from the progress reports of 15 December 1948 and 15 January 1949): Percentae Completed, 31 December 1948.

_.Site Phase A Phase B Phase C A 99% 45% 0% B 100% 99% 0% C 100%

4. 4-4-5 . Service Activities, The service activities performed by the F'iscal and Logistics Division included the folloaing : a. Rations.

Authority was obtained on 28 Oetober 1947, for Sandio Base to remain on the garrison ration system. (See 1st Ind., AGO, Depart; ment of the w,dated 28 October 1947, Ref. 72.) b. Communications. The folloning activities, concerned with communications, were carried out by the fiscal and Logistics Division, acting for the Operations and Training Division, under whose jurisdiction they properly belonged :

(1) A TliiX Ilne was established on 22 December 1947 between headquarters of the AFsvr?) and SancSa Base, via the Amy Hetvrcrk. This systen: mas supplemented on 12 March 1948 xith SIOTOT crypto devices, which permit the safe transmission of highly classified messages. Unclassified operation began on 22 December 1947; classified operation began on 12 Urch 1948. (See 1st Ind., Hq. hny Security Agency, (17 Dec. 47), dated 29 December 1947; Ref . 73. ) (2) A TpiX Coxmudcation Net was established on 1 April 1948 between Sandia Base, 4th Amy, and Site B. In the event of expansion, this net can be increased with existing eqdpnent to a total of 10 stations including Sandia Base. This net utilizes SIGBBB crypt0 equipent. (Authority for this establishment mas obtained ty oral request to Amy Security Agency through Capt, John Taylor, ASA Uaison Officer.) This net was extended to Site C on 17 December 194.8. (3) A TWX tie-line uas established between Sanaa Base and Kirtland Bir Force Base. This line placed all TWX traffic to Sandia over militarg, rather than commercial, lines, with resulting econamy to the Government. (htho hat of this tie-line was contained in 1st Ind., Office of Chief Signal Officer, (13 July 48), dated 2 August 1948; Ref. 74.) (4) Cryptographic equipment was obtained from the hmy Security Agency for AFspip field exercises conducted with Air Force and Navy units. (See 2nd Ind., Army Security Agency, (13 Aug. 48), dated 16 September 1948; Ref . 75 .) (5) A telephone toll line was established (on 19 January 1949) from Site C to St. Louis, Missouri. (Authority was obtzined by oral request to the Signal Corpa through Lt. G. E. Wilson, Engineering and Commercial Eranch, Army Communications Service Division.)

C. Guard DOES. A guard dog breeding program was established mhich mil6 result in economy to the Government and would provide a sufficient stock of quality dogs to fill the requirenents of the AFSVP. (Authority ms contained in 2nd lhd., WG, Nar Dogs, dated 26 March 1948; Fief . 76.) d, &a.rtermaster Laundrs. Aut%ity was obtained, and equipment as procured, for the establishment of a fixed Quartermaster Laundry at Sandia Base. The AEC fnrniahed finds to cover the cost of construction of the MldFng, and the AFm was to obtain supplies and funds fur operation fron the WG. (Letter of authority dated 6 August 1948, Ref, 77.) e. hs Service. Authority was obtained on 15 September 1946 from the Chief of Transportation for Sandia Base to continue intrapost bus seT'vIce, bus service to Kirtland Field, and bus service, to enlisted men's hausing units, Belen, Neu Mdco, during Eiscal Year 1949 (Ref. 78). f. Post Commissw F'rivileaes. The Commanding General, Sandia Base, and the AEC requested

c 4.4.16 the extension of Post Commissary privileges to civilian employees of the base who resided off the base, but this request was disapproved. by the Director of Logistics, GSUSA. (See 2nd Ind., AGO (30 July a),dated 15 September 1948, Ref. 79.) 4-4-6 . SUDDlY. a. kreed Procedures.

At the beginning of, and during, the Fyscal Year 1948, several conferences were held in Washington by representatives of the AFSRIP, the technical services, and the War Department General Staff, Service, Supply and Procurement Division, concerning supply policies and procedures for the Project. The following supply procehres were authorized for the AFSW and agreed to by all concerned:

(1) The ARXP would utilize the existing sup$y facilities of the services insofar as was practicable, (Ref. 80).

(2) The AFsF;p was in the category of a Research and Develop ment Project, and, as such, should requisition supplies and equipment from the technical services in accordance with War Department Memorandum 35-45 (later rescinded WD Memo 700-15-5, which contained the same provisions) (Ref . 81). Such supplies and. equipment were to be furnished on a non-reimbursable basis if the issue muld not deplete the service's &sting stocks. (bf. 82) (3) All supplles and equipment lrhich were not approved for issue under the above program would be issued on a reimbursable basis, except items required for troops. Confomjng with instructions of the

Axmy Camptroller, the AFSWP began requisitioning routine supplies and equipment from technical services on a non-reinbursable basis starting

1 July 1948. All items of equipment and supply mhich are required for troop use muld be furnished by the technical services concerned on a non-reimbursable basis. The AFSWP muld not budget nor pay for equipment procured from the technical servlces for T/O & E units assigned to the Project. (See 1st Ind., from Director of SS & P, GSUSA, dated

31 October 1947; Ref. 83. (4) In order to expedite the flow of supplies, authority was granted for Sandia Base to submit its requisitions directly to the nearest appropriate depot, for all non-controlled items supplied the

Engineers, Signal Corps, Medical Departrent, Ordnance, Quartermaster, and

Air Force. All requisitions for controlled items muld be submitted through the Headquarters, AF'SZ, to the Chief of the technical serrice concerned. (Oral authority obtained from each technical service, and 'Dd 38-400, dated February 1947; Ref. 84.) (5) Sandia Base was exempt from the Arny Stock Control Plan for security reasons. The Base muld advise the services of its stock levels by means of reports, without actual inspection. (Ref . 85) (6) In the event the technical services could not supply aqv ita on a requisition, Sandia Base was granted authority for procurement through commercial channels. (Authority was implied because of Mor

Procurement Authority and funds supplied to the AFSW for special purposes.) (7) The AFsprP would sutsnit a list of requirenents of major items of equipment to the technical services for each Fyscal Year. These requirements muld be screened by the Logistics Bvision, GSUSA, and, if approved, would be included in the Supply Control Systam of the technical

services concerned. (Oral instructions from Log. Div., GSJSA.)

(8) Because of the specialized nature of the mission of the

AlW?P, with assigned duties comparable to the Mobile Reserve, the Project had obtained supplies and equipent from the technical services under a blanket 111l priority. This priority rating was contained in the Supply Supplement to the Troop Progrm. (See DF from Dir. of hgistics, dated

30 March 1948; Ref. 86.) b. Field Procedures.

(1) A Supply Procedure was established for Sites B (Baker) and C (Charlie) . (Ref . 87) (2) A Supply Procecfure was established for Sandia Base. (Ref. 88)

C. Inventom.

An inventory was conducted, as of 30 November 19-48, of all major items of Anq equipment on hand at all BFSWP installationsin accordance with an Army-wide lnvantorg plan. (Ref. 89) d. Snecial SUDPWActivities. Fiscal Year 1948,

Special supply activities accomplished through the Fiscal

and Logistics Division during the Fiscal Year 1948 included the folloKing: (1) The supply of specialized equipment for the classified field exercises conducted by the Air Force and the AFSWP at Wendover Field, Utah, in November 19.67, was procured and expedited. (Fkf, 90) (2) A special issue of axnunition in excess of authorized allowances was procured, to be held at Sandia Base as an emergency measure. (Ref. 91) (3) A special issue of arctic and tropic clothing was procured for the units ef the 38th Engineer Battalion (Special), stationed

at Sandia Base. Units of this organization remained on a semi-alert basis in accordance with their prescribed mission. (Ref, 92) (4) special issue of equipment uas procured for the 8450th Hlitary Police Group, whose mission was to afford security protection to Sandia Base. (Ref. 93) (5) A special issue of equipnent was procured, and the necessary movement arrangenents were made, for the Special filitary

Police Company organized at Sandia Base for duty overseas with "Operation Sandstone". (Ref . 94) (6) The necessary maintenance equipment was procured to place Sites B and C in operation. (Ref. 95)

(7) The necessary textbooks were procured for students of the armed forces attending the "Radiation Hazqrda Course" at the University of ~hicago, (References are in Centra Files.)

(8) Items of electrical equipment nerg procured from the War Assets Admiziistration through the Joint Amy Navy Machine Tools Committee (JANL&i"i'. This equipment mas in critically short supply and was required for construction at the Sites. (Ref, 96)

(9) Mess hall and barracks firniture and equipment, for the new buildings at Sandia Base, were procured. (Ref, 97)

(10) The necessary texts were procured for Amy and Air Force students attending the Radiological Defense Course at the University of California, (Ref, 98)

(11) The special equipment required for the RacKologiczl Defense Course at the University of California was procured, (Procure- ment, installation, and accountability details are covered in AFSWP Contract No. 8[ 49-146 XZ-1; fief . 99. ) (12) Assistance was rendered to Sandia Base in the procurement and processing of dogs required for guard duty at that station. (Ref, 100) (U) Supply action was initiated with the technical services, on equipment required for Phase C at Sites B and C. Phase C mill be explained in a later chapter of this History, dealing Kith the storage bases. (Ref , 101)

4-4-7. Procurement

From 1 January 1947 until 29 Februarg 1948, all procurement activities of the dFspvp outside of militsrp channels were carried out in accordance with the War Department Procurement Regulations and the authority delegated to General Groves under Executive Order 9001, dated 27 December 19QA This euthority TBS deleEzted to Generd Gro~esty

Under Secretary of Royall by two memoran2a; the first, dzted 25 April

19-47, stated that the delegeticlc of euthority res effective fro3 1 Janiery 1947 until 30 June 1947, subject to pssitle extension at that time; the second, dated 27 June 1947 extended the delegated authority from 1 July 1947 until 30 June 1948, subject to possible exterA.cn again at tbt the. Eoth menorandz described the poners deleg&%edto the Kar Depertment by

Executive Order 9001, bj the Fords: "to enter into contract: End into amendments or mcdifications of contracts heretofore Gr hereefter mde, and to deviate, where necessary, from F:er Dcprtrncnt Stzndard Forns of contracts, end to make advmce, progress, and other pynsnts thereon, crithout regar2 to the provisions of lei.. relati;ig to the ~A:ing, prformnce, aamdment, or modificzticn ,of contrects .'I 1. - (et\. 103)

After &nerd Groves' retirement on 2? Febmry 1948, all procurexent TZS accoa lished un2er Joint Frocuremect ReNations dzted (&.\.I045 La J LRct.ros), 1 Kovember 1947, After lirtlic beczxe effective on 19 Lay 1?1$~all E procurenen5 activities of the USA? Fere cc?neiicted in accordance r:ith the llkned Services" Procurement Regulation, dated 19 1948, The mzjority of the supplies and equipsent required by the AFSXP during the rest of the year 1948 ms obtained from BlrjLlitary Services; therefore, commercial procurement for the Project was concentrated principally on specialized supplies and equipment pculizr to the Project's activities, which were not stocked nor procured ky o&er military agencies.

The folloring important procuremnt functions were carried out during this perioz:

a. The Secretary of the Bmniyle approvzl XES obtained OE coctrrctc for eight Transportable Prefabricated Special Arrpose hildings, 4 August 1948. (See 1st Ind., from Dir. of Logistics GSUSA, Ref, 106,) b, The Secretary of the Amy's approval was obtained on a contract with American Institute for Research, Inc,, Contract No. W29-0&-rrZ 201, dated 14 August 1948, for the analfiical srrrvey of the Assembly Teams (Ref, 107). (See par, 4-3-3c)

C, A request that the AFslyp be designated a procuring activity

was fomrded to &rector of Logistics, GSUSA, 9 August 1948, and thence

to the Brannon Ad Hoc Committee for consideration, (Ref , 10s)

d, A11 contracting officers of the AF" were notified of the Voluntary Steel Allocation Plan which involved the voluntary setting aside for the armed forces of certain scheduled capacities by steel suppliers. (See DF from Logistics Dive, GSUSA, dated 30 August 1948; Ref, 109,)

e, The Secretary of the Army's approval uas obtained on a

contract for twelve additional Transportable Prefabricated Special

Purpose kildings, 15 December 1948. (See 1st Ind., from Dir. of

Logistics; hf.Ilo.) 4-44. Ornmizaticc an2 Personnel. The original charter of the AFSW Etated, with respect to the Fiscal and bgistics Divlsiont “It will require a Chief and Assistants including a treined Finance Officer, and at least one officer experienced in procurement, This Division must have representation of the m,f:aq-, and Air Forcesoft

a* -Chiefs . The first Chief of the Fiscel and Logistics Division was

Lt, Col. Gordon B, Page, USA, who served until ky 19@? when he was succeeded by Lt. Col, S. N, Welsh, USA. Colonel Pielsh continued as Chief of the Division until after the end of the current period of this History.

b. Orgeniz-t’ci. ion. . As of 31 Decenilier 191$, the Division consisted of: the

Chief, Colonel Pelsh; a Fiscel Eranch headed by Lt. Colonel E, PI. Jones, with Cdptain 0.f. RiW&M,OVd,U 5A, a5 hi5 QSSiStdMtj FD, uskjfia Budget Brench, headed by Lt, Cmdr. T. L. Hughes, mj 8 Service Supply and Procurement Branch, headed by Captain K. B, Came, m.; and a Construction and Land Branch, headed by Captain Id. R. Tamen, t..

C. TotalPersonnel. As of 31 December 1948, the pereonnel of the Fiscal and

Logistics Division was composed of six officers (4 USA, 1 USN, and 1 USAF) and three civilians, 8 total of 9 persons. SECTION- 5."2------LWIOLOCICAL DEFENSE DIVISION. (Rrf. 111)

4-54 General.

One of the six original divisions of the Headquarhrs of the AFSVP, authorized officially the memorandm charter of 8 July 1947, was the then-named Radiological Safety Division (see par. 3-5h) This Division was chaFged in the charter, as amended by the order of the

Secretery of Defense dated 21 October 1947 (see par. 24), as follow: RThis Division, by direct participation or by exercishg skff supervislon,n will. coordinate %bough established agencies the radiological safety measures of the Armed Forces", nincluding such matters as the use of radioactive materials as contaninants, the decontamination of areast development of protective clothing and protective Snedications, development of detection instments and assistance to the Surgeon Generals" of the Army, the lavy and the Air Force win development of treatments of the sick and wounded resulting from atonic warfare.' Although it was not specifioclly mentioned in the charter, a necessary conconitant of the responsibilities prescribed was training in radiological defense, and this early became an important activity of this Division. On 5 February 1948, the name of the Radiologld Divieion was changed to Radiological Defense Mvision (ME?@' Administrative f2C.fIl~Z.) Yemorandwn No. 5r, ,,In general, the latter narm of the Mvlslan a be used hereinafter throughout, regardless of whether events referred to occumed before or after 5 February 194% Although this Division may be said to have existed, in 19L9. A total of $3,433,000 was allocated for the work of the Padiclogicd Defense Division for this fiscal year, and this pernitted the AFSW to finance the radiological defense activities for which it RES responsible, tmnsferring funds, as needed, to other agencies (%be Chemicel Corps, the Signal Corps, the National Bureau of Standards, etc .) for carrying et$*114 out their parts of the work. (c.; see also Section 4 of this chapter.)

The activities of the Division my be divided logically into classifications which correspond to the five branches which constituted its organizetion at the end of the current history perio?:

Radiologicel Defense Training; Defense Material; l!edicel; Operationel

Development; and Technicel (including Rediological Rarfare, which rcas first the responsibility of a se-emte branch and later merged with the Technical Branch) . Accordingly, the descriptions rhich follow ere grouped appropriately under these headicgs.

4.5.a \.

,*a ~ * -) 4-5-2. Radiolcgical Defense Training. The trdming activities of this Division, (cerried on through its Training Branch) were entirely defensive and utbe distigtdshcl

from the offensive trdnirg which was the responsibility of the Cpextions

and Training Division.

kt the beginning of the period covered by this Ektcry,

few outside of the personnel who had served with the ManhEttan Mstric+Y

and the personnel who had participated in Cperation CrosFroeds had any

real knovledge of radiological effects or of radiclogicd defense, ir, the sense here used. Even the knowledge of these personnel was incoqlete

end imdequate, as study of the knhattan District History vill shov.

The research and development xork of the bnh&ttan District OA there lir,es

he6 been aimed principlly at the protection of the rorkers rho were

engaged in the development and production of the bomb end was not aim3 at protection ag rY, Book I, Vol, 7, Medical Program). Some thought and study had been devoted to the possible need of radiological protection of the Allied troops at the beginning of the European invasion, butthe results were simple in the excreme (Ibid,, Book I, Vol. 14, Foreign Intelligence Supplement). Considerable thought and study were devoted to the subject of radiological protection in preparation for, and during the execution of, Operation Crossroads (Ibid,, Book VIII, Vol.3, Chap, 8), and a3 a result of the experience gained in that operation the need for an extensive training program became apparent, In the institution of this progrm and in car- it out, the AFSMP and its Radiological Defense Division took a leading part.

a, Joint Radiolopicdl Safety Traininn Cormittee (JRSTCl,

Joint Chiefs of Staff Memorandum SU-7864, dated 25 Much

1947, directed the Chief of the AFslyp to organize the Joint Padiological

Safety Training Cormnittee (JRSTC), to carry out recoxmendations of the

Joint Crossroads Committee with respect to the problem of joint radiological defense training. (Ref , 115) Captain F. I,Winant,Jr., U.S,N., Chief of the Radiological

Defense Division, was @pointed Chairman of the JRSTC by General Groves,

Chief of the QFSWP, on l.4 July 1947, and General GToves, in a memorandum of that date addressed to Captain Winant (Ref, U6), laid down a precept for the committee, stating its organization, objective, membership and procedure. The membership was selected from the armed services and the

AFSWP, and from the U. S. Public Health Service, the Veterans US- tration, and the Atomic Energy Commission. The committee held its first

4.5.3 meeting on 15 Jav 19.47. At sequent meetings, the work requirements of the codttee were divided md precepts were issued for the following subcommittees: National Organizetion

Armed Forces

Medical

Terminology

Schools (and Interim Schools)

Steering These subcomLttees were directed to explore problems of radiological defense trzixing and related mttere 8s indiceted by the subccxittee titles, reporting tkir recults as recomen0ctions to t1.e

JRSTC. The JFGTC, by its pkcept, w’es directed to report overall recow mendations on the subject of joint radiological safety treining to the

Joint Chiefs of Staff, through the Chief of the AFSI’IP. During the Fiscd

Year 1948, all the subcommittees subnitted reports to the JBSTS, and, subsequently the Steering Cormittee, ushg the reports of the subconzittees as a guide, drafted a final JEtETC Report, which was undmously approved (Qf. l!7). by the codttee as a whole on 16 November 19@, This final report was sukrnitted to the Chief of the AF” but it had not been spproved by him at the end of the current period of thfs History, 31 December 1948.

Nevertheless, this JRSTC Report is of considerable importmce as 8 pert of the history of the Radiological Defense Division for this period, especially as it had been implemented to a large extent, prior to approvbl, by independent actions of the krq, tile Ravj, and the Air Force. At the time of submission of the fiml report, the membership of the connittee consisted of 3 nembers from each of the three services, 3 memkers froc

the AFs:ip, and the following associate members: 20 Army, 16 Navy, 3 Air Force, 7 AFSYIP, 3 USPiE, 2 AEC, and 1 VA - a total of 64 members and associate members. The "BigNights of JRSTC Recommendations" are listed in

the report as follows:

"1. Joint doctrine in training throughout the services. Joint schools at the technicel level.

"2. Three levels of Radiologicd Defense Tdning: a. Advanced Educrtion - college postgraduate styldy ;.hster Degree level . b. TecIrAicslTr&ir.ing - short courses in service technical schools.

C. Indoctrination - presentation of &sic rcinim radiological defense information to 611 service personnel and to the civilien pylic. "3. k!edicel and non-mediml training to be pmllel.

n4. Re&&r and reserve component training to be pemllel. n5. Universal radiological defense language, techniques,

and equipment. "6 . Military support of Rdiological Civil Defense.' In the subparagraphs which follow, brief summsries are given of the major features of the individual reports of the subcodttees, which were the basis of the final report of the committee as e whole.

N (1) Fetional OrFanization Subcomrdttee . This subcommittee concluded that rdioiogicel defence trairiing of the general public should be a responsibility of a civil defense organization when established. It vas recognizeC, hoverrer, tk-t the armed forces hed a fundamentd interest in civil defense end it WBS recomended that they be prepared to advise, assist, End eugxent radiological defense and trairdng which might in the future be administered by such a civil defense agency,

It was also reconmended that the armed forces be prepzred to assume responsibility for adequate civil defense until such time as a civil defense agency should be in eldstence, without diversion of the armed forces from accomplishment of their primzy mission.

(2) Xrmed Forcss Subcormittee

The Armd Forces Subconnittee establieted orgsdzetions, and positions Yithin the individual armed services, for uhich rsdiologicel deferse training would be required, including deterrhaticn of totzls of personnel to be treined. After the submission and approval of the Armed

Forces Subcommittee Report, it became apparent to the JRSTC thtit the basic facts set forth in the report continued to be reliable but that the steted totale of Army and Air Force personnel must necessarily be adjusted considerably upward, to numbers which would be comperable to those proposed for the Navy. As proposed in the report, the requirerents for the Xavy rrould have totalled 37,273 pkonnel, with those for the Army only 4,809 and for the Air Force only 270, (3) Medical Subcormittee.

This subcamittee recornended that trhining in the medical aspec be fostered along the lines of a line-medical team arrangement. (4) Terrninolom Subcommittee . This subcommittee concluded that, wlth the exceptdon of certain term of interest to the militarp only, glossaries of definitions concerned with nucleonics, nuclear physics, radiological defense, and allied scientific subjects should be obtained fmm scientific organizations already engaged on the composition of lluch glossaries - tbe American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Medical Association, the American Institute of Electrical Engineem, and other organizations of this kind. && the submission and approval of tho report of the Terminology Subcommittee, the National Research Council hes organized dtVt a conference of those organizations which (tr) engaged in the copsition of a glossary and hecr invited the AFSRP to attend and participate in the

coordinated Dmmm.

TU8 subcornnittee originated and organize6 certain interim training schools and programs (which are described hereinafter) and folTlulated a final report to the JIFTC, which established three distinct levels of training. These are; Advanced Education, bvolVing $stgraduate clollege work; Technical Tniaing, involving attendance of the armed forces personnel at special joint technical schoale for short

caurses; and Indoctrination, involving dihmbstion of basic radiological defense data t0 all personnel %nthe a& forces. Thf8 subcolmrittee, in formulating its report, coordinated the reports and reconnaendatians of all other WTC subcommittees.

I-_--.- *.- --..... ~ - - - - During the existence of the JRSTC, the Steering Sub Cowwrittct as a wbk committee supervLsed procedures within theA- and compUed the finel JRSTC Report, using as a guide the various final subcomittee reprts.t~ The JRSTC became inactive, but did not go aut of existence, upon the completion, and submission to the Chief of the AISV, of ita final report.

b. Interim Schools and Trainian Promans. During the current period of the History, iron the activation of the Training Branch of the Radiological Defense Mvlsion, on 24 September 1947, until 31 December 1948, that Branch hcs implemented

and coordinated several interin mdiological deferwe t,rcki.!!g ECSFY~FF.

These ir.t*erirr SS~CO~Fen6 tWir?g procedures were orgenized on recon-

mendations of the joint semitms, the JRSTC, and its subcodttees. The overall training progrem thus developed follmed thegenerullevels: three-years Advanced Courses, covering nuclem physics and defense mzasres. intended to tmin line offico~;%rsornal in rEdiologica1 defense, to

aasume positions on high level planning staffs, paralleled by a one-year curriculum in the medical aspects of atoxic energy, to train medical officers for similar staff positions; six-weeks Technicel Training Courses for radiological defense officers, with a iparellel program for medical officers at this level; and Indoctrination Training in radiological defense for the remining personnel of the’ National blilltary Establishment.

These three parts of the progrem am described in the sub-paragraphs which follow. The Radiological Defense kgineer Fostgraduate Cource nas organized, end a pilot group of students was started on this course, in the fall of 1947. Academic and financial arrangements for this course were coordinated by the AFNP between the joint services, the U. S. Xrxi Postgraduate School, and the University of California.

In June 1943, the pilot group of 14 officers who hc.d successfully com?leted the first academic year at the Naval Postgmdwte

School aere transferred to the University of California for the second and third postgraduate years of the course.

k secon? postgraduate group from the joint services, conEisting of 30 officers (I4 ArV, 11 Kevy, 8 Xir T'orce, 1 Cozst Gwd, and 2 Public Health Service), RES ordered to report for inztructimd the U. S. Navzl Postgnduate School in June 1942. In Yay 19@, the first group cf medical officers completed poEtgraduate trdning in medical aspoct.s of ndiologiml defense, et the University of Chimgc, erid then returned to positions in their respective services. This group consisted of 16 officers (4 Army, 0 kvy, 10 Air Force, an6 2 Public Health Service)

During the Fiscal Yeer 1949, the defense medical training was being conducted at four regional centers, in connection with the BCFellorship Trzining Program in the medical aspects of etorzc energy.

Vmious institutions cooperate6 in the training

Fropm at each d' +,Le regional centers, as follows:

(a) At Duke University, Durhsn, IIorth Camlink. The University of North Carolina, North Car&Una State College, and Wake

Forest College took part with hke University, at this center;

(b) At the University of Denver, Denver, Colo.

The University of Colorado, took part, with the University of Denver, at this center. (c) At Reed College, Portland, Oregon. The University of Oregon, and Oregon State College took part, with Reed College, at this center. (d) At Rice Institute, Houston, Texas, Baylor

University took part, with Rice Institute, at this center. Those enrolled were to complete a eix-months course at the four centers in the spring of 1949 and were to continue their traw for a six-months period at the AEC installations at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, (2) Technical Trainina Courses.

At the technical level, the Radiological Defense Training Course at Treasure Islnnd,,origina~ established by the Haw, was, through Navy participation in the JRSTC, incorporated in the overall

joint radiological defense training program. This course was the pioneer training effort. The establishment of a parallel school, ptterned after

the Treasure Island course and adxainistered by the Army, was sponsored by the AFSW and the flavy in October 194’7, at the Chemical Corps School, Edgewood, Wryland. At this time the BFsiZP, in accordance with its

charter, took an official interest in these two &bols and in the also &W wt ~pousm~of AFSdf’, standardization of their miculs. A third school at tis levd.,cas established in November 1948 by the Air Force, at Keesler Air Force Base,

Biloxi, MiSSiSSimi

Each of these three schools had a capcitr for training approximately forty officers, assigned by the three services, for each

seven-weeks period. As of 31 December 1948, the follod-ng total numbers of students had been graduated from the three schools:

Arnpr a 206 Navg @? 253 Air Force E79 76 Public Health %- 5 Coast Quad * 8 civilians -22 s7 Total 605

Pcecomendations made b:.’ the Schools Subcommittee in their report to the JRSTC, and incorporated in the final JRSTC Report, proposed a shortened practical Radiological Defense Officers Course, at the technical level, to train assistants to the Radiological Defense Officers of the Additional courses reconnaended were: for instrunrent technicians; for laboratory technicians, both medical and scientific; for training of eusted personnel in photo- dosimetq-; and for technical level training in medical aspects of radiological defense. It was planned that all cours8s at this level of training would be conducted in joint service student groups, using curricula standardized by the AFSQ. Before the end of the year 1948, the Brnpr Chemical

Center Radiological Defense School had incorporated in its OmTidum a three-weeks course for Damage Control officers (Navy), and had adapted this curriculu! for the technical training of medical officers In courses already in progress. Brooks Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, had incorporated in its basic medical training curriculum 8 si-dlar three- weeks course in the medical aspects of radiological defense and had fonrmlated plans to activate a joint school in April 1949. (3) Indoctrixm+uion Training;, 4€.vt Programs of indoctrination -organized and implemented by each of the armed services, and tho AFSRIfbm participated in these program of indoctrination in several ways. (a) The ARiQ organized and sponsored a coordinated lecture seriee for the indoctrination of eenior officers for presentation at the following institutions:

National War College Industrial College of the Armed Forces Armed Forces Staff College Comd and General Staff College PPLvalVar College

Air University

This course of lectues was also offwed to senior officers on duty in the Pentagon.

During the fall of 1947 and the year 1948, lectures were given by selected personnel from the ATXP as f0lloc.s: at the hir

University, tao lecture series, to about 1,900 students; at the Xsval Ear College, one lecture series, to about 150 students; and at the Pentegor.,

one lecture series to about 100 senior officers.

It was planned to contime to offer the presentstion

of these lecbnes at all the institutions listed above.

(k) The 23.-P sponsored the formletion of E coordinated indoctrin&tion lectxre series for presentzltion by trsinei school feculty makers in long tern service schools of the armed services. TbAs

series was drafted b;~the Joint Radiological Defense School at Edgerno&,

Ikyland. This series vas reviewed by the ~XYPar,d at the end of tbe current period of the Iiistory it was in the hands of the 3diological

Defense School et Sdgewood and of the Chemical Corps, for final revision and distribution to the armed sedces.

(c) In conjunction sith the instructor stbff of the School at Edgewod, rith the Bureau of Personnel of the Navy, with the

Director of Organization End Training of the General Staff, U. S. Arlqy, and with the Director of Training md Req~rements, Hq. W, the fJSJP coordinated the drafting of en extensinn course in radiological defense, to be presented in tbe three services. In conjmction with this extension courser the services commenced educhtion of reserve compcilent of-ti C em at both the indoctrimtion end the technical training level, by the conduct of frequent two-weeks couxes at the radiologiczl defense trtiinFng schools at Treasure Island and at Edgewood. During the summer of 1948, these courses were given to the following nmbers of officers: .st ZZgewooi,

to 43 officers (30 Army, 8 kivy, and 5 Air Force); at Treesure Islend,

to lll officers (50 AnIy, 50 Xavy, and 11 Air Force).

(d) In joint courses conducted at the Walter Reed

General Hospital and at the Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Marylmd, a total of 785 medical officers ar.6 civilian doctors were given an interin

indoctrination i-.1 medical aspects of radiologicel defense.

L.5.12 c . Other Treining Activities. The Radiological Defense Division, through its Traicing

Branch, carried out a number of other activities concermd with the promotion of radiological defense training, which were not directly related to specific schools or COUTSSS, including the folloring:

(1) Joint Cross Roads Committee Fbdiolooical Defense KmmlL Volume I. 35,000 copies of this mnual were printed and distributed to the armed services. (A second clussified volume was being drafted and was planned for distribution in 19.49.) ((icf.lI'8)

(2) Search for quelified officers in RostFraduate education. Exploration of the postgraduate educational programs of the armed services disclosed one officer eneaged in postgraduate education v:ho vas qublified

for inclusion in the training program. Arrangemezits were made Kit11 the

AEC to assign this officer to a year's duty in on-the-job training with

the Health Physics Group at the atozic energy installation at Henford, Yashington . (3) Operation SAKDSTONE:. The AFSTP recornended a total of

82 trained officers, who were requested by the Commander of Joint Tesk Force 7 for duty in this Operation. These officers were graduates of the radiological defense schools, and they participated as a part of Joint

Task Group 7.6, the radiological safety organization of the Joint Task

Force, Eleven of these officers, who comprised the staff and technicel

officers of Task Group 7.6, were members of the Rediological Defense

Division of the AFsmp.

(4) Operetion F1TZA'F;ILLS:AI:I. Upon requezt of the Air Force,

the BZSF recornaended 40 officers, who also was graduates of the radiological defense schools as monitors in this Operation. (5) Films, A training film or a series of training film on "Radiological Defense" was planneb3 by the Radiological Defense Divisior, w froa its inception. Such a series was proposed in the final report of the JRSTC. Outlines were drefted and inquiries were made of the possibilities of production by service units or private motion pictve compafiies.

In September 1948, an officer of the Division coopemted Kith the 4,201

Motion Picture Special Detachment, stationed in Hollwmood, Cslifornia, at the request of the Commanding Officer of that Detachnent, in reviewing the film footage of Operation S&DSTOK€; those parts which pertahed to radiological defense were earmarked for eventual use in the proposed film or film. The project was still under considerction s:hn the currer,t period of the Histor; ended, 44-3. Defense bkterial..

The activities of the Radiological Defense Divisian in connection with defense material (through the Defense Material Branch of the Division) consiated for the most part of active participation in the deliberations, and in the formulation of policies, etc,, of various committees. These committees mere concerned with: the development, production, procurement and allocation of radiolagical instruments, protective clothing and other protective devices; and with decontamination. a, heration SANDSTOWE. A conunittee was formed on 18 September 1947 to determine the types of radiological instruments which might be procured for field exercises, This committee consisted of: Cdr. H, L, hdrews, U. S. Public Health Service; Lcdr, D. C, Campbell, AFSWP; and Dr. R. E. Lapp, Joint Research and Development Board. It presented a report dated 22 September 1947, and procurement of instruments, protective clothing and other material for Operation Sandstone was started 10 October 1947,

(Ref. 119) After Completion of Operation Sandstone, representatives of the Radiological Defense Division (Zdr. D, C. Campbell of the Defense

Material Branch and Capt. W. F, Bolen, USbF, of the Training Branch) edited and compiled in final form fourteen JTG7.6 technical reports, completed 1 September 1948. (Ref. 120) b. Radiolaizical hstmentatibn Cormnittee, "he first step toward the institution of the Radiological Instrumentation Committee was a suggestion by Chairman Uenthal of the AEC, to General Brereton, Chainnan of the Military Liaison Committee, by letter dated 9 May 1947, that a joint committee or board, represathZ the interests of the Conmission, the armed forces and civilians, be established to alloca+ roduction, and to cooperate in developing new production sources, of instrumentation; he also suggested that this board could work toward standardization of design of different types of radiation detection instnuoents. (Rrt. 121) The BFsmp undertook to set up a cormnittee to coordinate service procurement dth procurement by the AEC, and? on 7 August 194’7, A request& the following to appoint officers to Bema Chief of Naval Operations

Conmanding General, AAF

Joint Research and Development Board ChaiFrmn, Army-Navy Munitions Board Military Liaison Cormittee. The title of this committee was$ Joint Radiological Safety Instnunent Procurement Codttee; it held four meetings,on 29 October and 4, 18? (Rtf.\ 2 \> and 20 November 1947. AAe. Meanwhile, the Joint Research and Development Board had requested the AFSWP, on 17 October 1947, to form a slaall panel for the purpose, in general, ofr enrvejring progress in this field of instrumentation; =king recomendationa oh the military characteleistics of radiological instmnts neoessary for atomic warfare; and recommending which agenciee should have joint ~ponsorehipof research and development in this field. The JRDB also stated that the panel should

~ ~- include representatives of the Signal Corps, the hyAir Forces, the Bureau of Ships, the hreau of Aeronautics, the Atdc Energy Commission and the Public Health Service. (Ref. 121) A new committee, the hdiological Instrumentation

Committee, was accordingly formed by the Bpsmp, with representatives from all the organizations requested, and others as well, and this committee held eight meetings between 23 December 1947 and 18 August 1948. (Ref.122)

C. Radioloaical Protection Committee. The Joint Research and Developent Board requested the AFSWP to assume primary responsibility for coordination of research and development of radiological protective devices, and to undertake a survey of the decontanination work being done by various Government agencies

(by letter and memo, both dated 14 October 1947; Ref. 123j).

Accordingly the lEWP formed the Radiological Protection

Connittee to handle the forner of these two duties, and formed the Radio- logical Decontamination Committee to handle the latter.

The Air Force, the Navy, the General Staff, USA, the

AEC and the U. S. Public Health Service were requested to appoint officers to senre on each of these two committees, and both groups met together on 7 January 1948, combined as the Radiological Protection Committee.

Tpoo subcommittees were appointed: the Individual Protective Devices Subcommittee and the Decontamination Subcommittee. (Ref . 124) The Individual Protective Devices Subcodttee held four meetings between 13 January and 23 March 1948. (Ref. 124) The Radiological Decontamination Subcommittee held three meetings between 13 January and 2 March 1948. (Ref. 124) On the recommendations of the two subcommittees, projects were initiated by the Chemical Corps to investigate all biological and chemical protective devices and decontanination equipment, to deternine, respectively, the percentage of protection afforded by the protective devices and the usefulness of the equipment in removing radioactive con- tanination. Further meetings of the Radiological Protection Committee 41 as a whole were held on 22 July and 4 August 1948. (Ref. 124) (See also report of subpanel of the Decontam. Subcommittee, "National Radio1ogicz.l Defense Laboratory - Recornendations for Maximum Usefulness to the Armed Services", 24 Bug. 48, to Chief, AFSKP, re: facilities available at the

Naval Radiation Lab. for use as an NME Decontam. Research Center; Ref.125; and "Radiological Protection Cominittee Report an Individual Protective Devices.w to Chief,AFSV;P; Ref. 126.) d. Instrument Advisow Grou~. The Radiological Instrument Advisory Group, described in paragraph 4-2-2, met first on 15 November 1948 and were adv5sed of the instrumentation programs of the various services. They held a second meeting 20-21 December 1948. (Ref. 127) In accordance with the recommendations of the Instru- ment Advisory Group, and mith the approval of Dr. W. A. Noyes, Jr.,

adviser to the Chief, SFSWP (See par. 4-2-2a and 4-5-6j), $50,000 rms

transferred to the Chemical Corps for chemical detecting investigations,

and $95,000 was transferred to the Bureau of Ships for continuation of an instrumentation contract with the General Electric Company. (Ref. 128)

e. Other Activities.

Other activities of the Radiological Defense Division,

in connection with defense material. have been concerned with:

(1) Military specifications for interim portable

survey instruments.

(2) Signal Corps specifications for Radiac Training Sets. (The word "Hadiactl is coined from Wadiation Detection, Indication

and Coc?putation".) (3) A Joint -IRE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers - Institute of Radio Engineers) conference on radiolcgicdl detection instnuaents in Xew York city, 30 November - 1 December 1948. (4) An investigation into automatic film badge developing machinerg, at request of the Surgeon General.

(5) Procurement of instruments. The AFsArp requested

the Signal Corps to procure the follodng: Geiger Counter, we AN/PEt-T2() Spec. 7l-2510: amount, 100; Ion Chamber, Type AN/PIB-Tl( ) Spec. 7l-25C9: amount, 200 . (See also Em0 mibit", dated 16 Dec. 48, Ref. 129) ..

4-5-1,. Medical.

a. Reswnsibilities.

The responsibilities of the Radiological Defense

Division, with respect to medical mattere, included:

(1) Serving as medical rediological technice3 advisers to all Divisions of the AEZP and to the National Military Estabbhment.

(2) Furnishing adndnistrative support to AESP medical facilities at field installations.

(3) Coordinating joint training, research and development, medical radiologicel defense pollcies and operational requirements for the National MiUkry Establishment . (4) Conducting tminhg schools and courses on the medical aspects of atonic energy.

(5) Participating, as AFSVFP medical representatives, on joint boards and panels concerned with the militery aspects of atomic

energy. b, Research and Developat. (1) Human Nuclear Tolerances,

The Division, through its Medical Branch, participated Rgstbd~okd Dt6lOgwd in one specific research project, designated by the Board, entitled, NHuman Nuclear TolerancesN, dated 12 October 1947. The problem of nuclear tolerancee has been Oif'ficult to solve because of the lack of means of actually determining the effects of varying amounts of radiation an human subjects. All laboratory work was done on experimental anirrals, and it vas difficult to interpret the effects on hms. The Uedical Eranch attempted to solve this problem through the cooperation of the Special Projects Division, Surgeon General's Office, U. S. Amy, by obtaining a consensus of nationally known radiologists. An inform1 (R(f.130), report, %port on Radiation Tolerancesw, dated 30 Januay 19QA was Rtsrovh and f>r&Jpwii presented to General Groves and to the Board about

5 Febntary 1948. A formal request for the desired information was presented to the Radiological Society of North America on 5 December 1948, and their report ha6 not been received at the end of the year.

(2) Participation.

The Chief of the biedical Eranch of the Radiologicd Defense Division vas a deputy member of the Research Council on Atomic Hr Medicine, of the Bureau of lkdicine and Surgexy of the U. S. Navy. A% was also invited to participate as a member of a new panel, on Medical Rcsr~lvAawd bJtlwmrd Aspects of Atomic Energr, of the Board.

The kdicel Eranch participated in the meetings of the

Radiological Protection Committee, and in the Decontamination Subcommittee and the Individual Protective Devices Subcormnittee thereof (See par. 4-5-3). Also, the Medical Eranch coordinated discussions with the Research and Development Division of the Surgeon General's Office concerning the desirability and possibility of developing an automatic film developing unit that would be practicable for use with the field forces of the AT. Thie project had not yet been completed as of 31 December 1948, and was awaiting definite Information on the responsibilities of the SGO in regard to personal photo-dosimetry.

C. special Pro-fects.

(1) AEX-yyE bkdical Panel. The Medical Branch of the Radio- logical Defense Division was represen the bbedical Panel of the Atonic Energy Commission and the National Military Establishment, recoximended by the Noyes Board to consider the medical problems related to radiological. warfare. (The Noyes Board nas the Scientific Advisory Committee headed by Dr. W. 8. Noyes, Jr., described in par. 4-2-2a.) A meeting was held in Chicago, to consider their mission and responsibilities, and a report was to be rendered at the next meeting of the Noyes Board, after 31 December 194€?. Suggested experimental mrk on the evaluation of the dose rate was already in progress at the University of Chicago. The AISPP representative was responsible to the Panel for pre- sentirg recent aevelopents on radiological warfare which were obtainable in the AFSNT.

(2) Station HosDital. Sandia Base. Until approximately 7 October 1947, the ldedica.1 banch gave adrninistrative and operational support to the Station Hospital at Sandia Base. This involved principally the problem of procurement of adequate professional help for the hospital, by liaison with the Surgeon General's Office. On 7 October 194'7, the hospital mas placed under the control of the Fourth Army, as it ms felt that the facilities of the Fourth Army would be more adequate and that better professional care would be available. hring the year 1948, the Commanding General of Sandia Base was confronted with Uficulties in the procurement of adequate numbers of personnel; therefore, and beczuse of the number of dependents and the joint nature of the base, it was the opinion of the Surgeon General's Office and the AFSWP, at the end of the year, that more adequate medical. service could be obtained for Sandia Base if the hospital were supported by Headquarters, AFSW, rather than the Fourth Army. Steps were being taken as of 31 December 1948 to obtain, the transfer of the hospital back to AJ?SWE"P d. Idbra-.

The Medical Branch of the Radiologicel Defense Dirkion maintained a library of medical and allied subject text books and journals, and publications on medical and physical sciences for the Division. e. Security and Intelligence. In f'ulfilling its duties ae medicel advisers to the Divisiona of the AFS43?, the Medical Branch advieed the Security and Intelligence Mvision on questions of security related to medical matters and on the advisability of the public release of atonic information, through redew of articles and publications presented to that Division for clearance . f . Operatjon SA1;DSTOT. Members of the Mec'ical Branch participated as assistant,e s av\cl)to t to the Radiological Safety Officer of Operetion Lfks8 in developing medical and radiological defense operational policies for the tests of that operEtion. All medical examinations of personnel participating were eveluated and compiled by the Medical branch. Upon completion of the operation, all medical records and radiological defense records re-

1atir.g to personnel dosimetry were placed in the custody of the Medical Branch . g. Operation CROSSROADS. aQPoiWd The Medical branch gas,the custodian of the Medical and personnel dosimetrg records of that operation, h. Medical Traininq, (1) Indoctrination Course . In by 1947, a short courset as an interim measure to train medical officers fn the medial aspects of atomic energy, was established by Colonel Jaws P, Cooney, XC, UtSp, at that time assigned to the Military Application Division of the Atomic Ekmrgy Conmission, While this course was open to medical officers of the armed servlces an3 the U. S. Public Health Service, it was presented for the Surgedm General, u, s. Army. The first course, of five days duration, was given from 19 to 23 May 1947, at Stemberg Auditorium, Havy Medical Center, Washington, D. C., and was attended by 77 medical officers.

The AFslKp picked up the course at this point, and, Kit25 the assistance of the National Military Establishment, the U. S. Public Ptsr(lrCLh ad Dtdop'uccit Health Sedce, the Veterans Administration, and the Board, repeated the course six times before the en2 of the year 1948. Some Eninor changes were made in the matex5al presented, and more subjects were added from time to time. All the couTseB were held at Sternberg Auditorium. It remained a joint course as to both lectures and students. There was an average of 118 students per course in the six sessions under the LWP. During December 1947, and January and February 1948, representatives from 48 medical schools throughout the comtry attended the course. Many of then returned to their schools and introduced courses or presented material of a similar nature in their curricula. As the oourse continued, requests were received from civilian doctors interested &k in national, m#nicipal or Lndustrial defense for permission to attend the oourse. In general, these requests were honored, and favorable ? contacts were established with civU3.a.n agencies. A total of 792 medical officers and civilians attended this indoctrination course between May 1947 and December IS@, In this

total there were 471 from the U. S. Army, and the U, 3. Air Force; 95 from the U. S. Navy; 91 from the Veterans Administration; 62 from the U, S. Public Health Service; 12 from the Canadian Army, RCAkC, 50 frolz bCedical Schools; 5 from the Atomic Energy Commission; and 6 were mis c ellaneous . Attendance figures by session were as follows: by 1947 77 - September 1947 105

blovember 1947 139

December 1947 109

January 1948 113 February 1948 139 October 1948 -110 792 At the end of the year 1948, the eighth session had been prepared and was to be presented from 24 Jarruarg through 1 February 1949 -

a duration of seven days, with the additional two days planned for the

presentation of the medical and laboratory usage of radioisotppes. This particular session was to be given in conjunction with the Aaerican College of Physicians. (2) Advanced Training. In April 1947, Colonel Elaymond E, lhke and Major c, S, Mmdgett, of the Surgeon General's Office, U. S. Army, consulted the

University of Chicago and the University of Rochester with reference to courses of instruction rs. These courses were to be fron six months to one year Fn duration. In June 1947 the XRTP continued the negotiations and finally established a course at the University of Chicago; the course started on 10 November 1947, vdth 16 students, of 4- whom -,were from the Army, 10 frorn the Air Force and 2 from the U. S. Public Health Service, at a cost $700 to $900 per student. The course was completed in by 19& and it was planned to send most of the officers to AEC installations for two months for field training in radiation hazards

Plans for another course at the University of Chicago, # in Radiation Hazards, were cancelled in June 1948 because the National

Mi1ital.y Establishment was unable to obtain the 25 students required to mintain the course. Plans for training at the University of Rochester AEC Iaboratory were abandoned at the request of the AEC &en the UC

Fellowship program was offered. In September 194.8, this Fellowship program was activated, with three AEC Regional TraFning Centers participating in the training of medical officers of’ the armed forces, as follows: Duke University, Durham, North Carolhat 5 Medical Officers, U. S. Navy; 1 Veterinary Corpe Officer, U. S. drnty. c alovad 0, University ofADenverr Coloradot 1 U. S. Public Health service $urgeon.

Reed College, Portland, Oregon: 3 kdical Officers, U. S.

The tuition for these students was perid by the AFsh’P. (3) Short Term Courses at Civilian Institutions. From 30 June to 18 July 1947, one medical officer attended '1 oc a three weeks course at the University of California, on: Radiativity I/ as Applied to Medicineh. The tuition was paid from AEXP fbds. In addition, the Surgeon General, Ut Si A/, sent five medical officers to this course. The AFSWP also paid tuition for nine medical officers

taking a three weeks course, from 2 to 20 August 1948, at the University of California, bs Angeles, California, on; The Ap2lication of Nuclear Physics to the Biological and %dice1 Sciences". One of these officers

was assigned to the Lks?TP. (4) Medical TraininR at AEC Installations. The AEC has provided on-the-job training, for periods of one to two years, at bs Alamos and Hanford, for five medical officers of the Army, assigned to the -me (5) Jolnt Radiolorzical Safety Training Committee. The Medical Branch of the Radiological Defame Division was represented in the membership of the JRSTC continuously from ita inception on U July 1947 until after 31 December 1943. (See par . 4-543) The Branch was also represented h the membership of the Medical Sub- committee of the JRSTC from 28 August 1947 until Its dissolution on 8 Decenber 1947, and (by a non-voting member) on the Schools Subcommittee. (6) Exhibits. The Medical Bran+ assisted the National Elilitary Establish- ment in the preparation of two exhibits of the medical aspects of ionizing radiation : (a) At the Convention of the American Medical Association, at Chicago, 3-7 June 1948. The exhibit was prepared by the Medical Service, U. sb Air Force; it was later placed In the hseum of Science and Industrg, Chicago, for a period of six months.

(b) At the Atomic Energy -bit of the Golden AMiversary of the City of New York, 23 August to 19 September 1948. This exhibit was prepared by the Medical Department, U, S. Amy, the Bureau of bkdicine and Surgery, U. S. Navy, and the Medical Service, U. sb Bir Force. It was later sent on a tour of cities in the United States, A representative of the Medical Branch (Major Charles W. DeBaun) served as a member of the Medical and Biological Subcommittee of the Mayor's Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy, of the Mayor's Comittee for the Commoration of the Gol5en Anniversary of the City of Nea York.

(7) Other Training and Educational Activities.

Additional activities of the Radiological Defense Division in the medical field, through its Medical Branch, Included: furnishing speakers, lecture notes, and trimlaid material, for reeem officer groups and civilian medical societies tJupughout the country; serving as adviser on biological inetructlormal material for non-medical courses on Radiological Defense, at the service s%wls of the National Mllltary EstabUsbnt; offering conaaents and technical assistance on biological and medid courses established by various services of the National Military Establishment; and furnishing advioe to individuals, both udli- ta4 and civilian, en training in the medical aspects of atomic energy. i . Conferences . Representatives of the Medical Brench of the Radio- I logical Defense Division attended the following conferences:

(1) Brookhaven Medical Conference, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 16-18 October 1947.

(2) Atomic Energy Information Conference, Chicago, 18 October 1948 (3) Conference on nectmnic Instruments, American Institute of Radio En&ineers, New Pork, 30 November 1948.

j Medical Research and AEC Laboratories. The Medical Branch of the Radiological Defense Division assisted the biological laboratories of the AEC in obtaining

qualified research personnel who were members of the armed forces. Person-

nel were secured through the Surgeon General's Office and were assigned to the laboratories for work, as follows: at fios Alamos, six; at Oak Ridge, two; and at Miamisburg, Ohio, one. k. Attendance at Schools, Personnel of the kdical Ermch attended the following

school sessions2 Colonel James P. Cooneyr University of California, "Medical Effect8 of Radiation", 3 weeks, 30 June to 18 July 19@. Lt. Colonel Karl H. Houghtont University of CaUfornh at bs Angelea, meApplication of Nuclear Energy to Biology and 3 weeks, 2 August to 20 AW8t 1948. Both the above-named officers also attended the Staff Officers Orlentation Course at Sandia Base. 1. Motion Picture Projects.

The Medical Branch furnished technical advice and comments to the Air Force on a 12-minute color motion picture of the r casualties in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and to the Surgeon General's Office on a 3-ree1 motion picture o:itlining the medical effects of atomic explosiori, the responsibilities of the medical profession, and 'the medical measures to be taken in defense against atomic attack. The Branch ale0 coordinated a motion picture project between the Surgeon General's Office and the Oak Ridge National Laboratories to produce a aeries of films on the production and use of radio-isotopes

BS thq pertain to medicine. m. Foreian Visitors, The Medical Branch f'urnished unclassified psedical indoctrination mterial to Canadian, British and French medical officers stationed in and visiting Washington on official business. This work was coordinated through the Foreign Liaison Branch, Intelligence Division, General Staff, U. S. Army. n. Advice to Divisions of AFslRP.

In addition to the advice furnished by the Medical

Branch to the Security and Intelligence Division, described in par. 4-5-43 above, the Branch also served the various other Divisions of the BFSPP by giving comments on technical accuracy and medical significance in connection with publications or papers submitted by them,

0. Radiological Defense Manual, Vol. 11 . Responsibility for preparing a medical chapter for the second volune of the &diological Defense Manual, outlining the medical effects of atomic explosions and personnel hazards presented by radioactivity, was delegated to the Medical Branch. At the end of the year 1948, this proje ldajor James Brennant on duty with the Health Division, Los Blamos Laboratories, was preparing the initial mterlal, to be submitted to interested medical agencies for cheaking prior to publication.

p. Liaison With Other Anencles. (1) Atomic Enerw Codasion.

Intimte contact on the working level was naintained with the activities of the Atomic Energy Commisslon,through the Utaxy Application Division and the Division of Biology and Medicine, of the

AEX. Mutual services were rendered daily,

(2) National Mill,.- Establishment. Liaison with the medicel activities of the various servicec of the National Hlitcry Establishment vas conducted as follows: Of the Army, through the Special Projects Division, Surgeon General's Cffice; Of the Navy, through the Atomic Division, Euresu of Uediche and Surgery, and the Medical Section of Op-36, CNO; Of the Air Force, through the Research and Development Mvision, Air Surgeon's Office . (3) Other Governnent Amncies. Uaiaon with other Government agencies interested in atomic energy vas conducted as followst With the U. S, WbUc Health Service, through the Chief of the Radlologioal Health Branch of that Service;

With the Veterans Administration, through the Chief L of the Radio-Isotope Section and Special Assistant in Atomic Mediche, of that Administration (4) Non-Medical Activities Liaison Kith non-medical activities of the National kiilitary Establishment and of other Government agencies was conducted thL through other Eranches of,F&diological Defense Division and through other Divisions of the Al”. a, General.

The responsibilities of the kdiologicsl Defense Mvision with respect to operational development, as provided in the program of the Division dated 12 June 1947, included:

(1) Planning and developing organizations, operations and procedures for the armed forces in conducting defense in rediwctive areas.

(2) Establishment of a Defense Unit (or a Vefenst Battalionn as it was originally called), to be a field agency, to cope dth atomic disester, and to conduct: field testing of planned techniques of organizational operations and procedures; and field testing of materiel and of methods of detection, inspection and decontamination.

For carrying out these two missions, the Operational

Development Eranch (oriwlly called 'Section") was organized by the Radiological Defense Divisicn. During the current period of this History, prior to 31 December 1948, the efforts of the Division, through its Operational Development Branch, were concentrated principelly on the second mission described above, namely, the establishment of a Defense Unit. It was felt that the accomplishment of this mission, through the planning and developing of the proposed unit and the designation of its duties, its assignments and its methods of operation, would involve automatically a long step forward toward the accomplishment also of an importent part of the firat mission of the Branch, namely, planning and developing organizations, operations and procedures for the arma forces in general, As an additional step to& the accomplishment of the first mission of the Eranch, a project mas set up, on 10 October 194'7, for studyiand analysis of the operational problems in radiological defense devised for the student officers at the Chendcel Corps school at the Arq Chemical Center, Edgewood, MaFgland, and at the school at the U. S. Natd Damage Control Center, Treasure Island, California. Them problems represented the thought of representatives of the services

who were trained in radiologicel defense, and it was believed that study and analysis of them would assist materially in the drafting of recommendations for radiological defense organizetions for the armed forces.

The Defense Unit, as proposed by the Radiological Defense Division and planned by the Operational Development Eranch, hac? not yet been approved at the end of the year 1948. Regardless of whether or not

this unit ie ever established by, or under, the AFSlFp, however, it is believed that a brief account of the planning for its establishment and

of the purposes it vas proposed to fUfill, etc., should be recorded in this History. These plane may have an important influence on future organizational development for radiological defense, no matter what the ultimate form of that developmnt nay be; in any case these plans properly form a part of the history of the Radiological Defense Mvision. b. Proposed Defense Unit.

The Operational Development Eranch was directed, on 9 Octo- ber 1947, to proceed with the development of the organisation required for fhe proposed Defense Unit. At first (15 October 1947), it was

planned to activate Company "CW of the 38th Ehgineer Battalion (Special) at Sandia Ease, and to use that co&pany as a Defense Unit. It was found ON that this muld not be feasible se the 38th Engineer Bat- talion (Specia1)ms to be deactivated. (See par. 4-3-2a.)

It then became necessary to compile a coqlete Table of

Organization and Equipment; and at this time it was Hoposed that the manpover would be limited to 12 officers and 100 enlisted men.

After consultation with the Conananding Generel and others

at Sandia Base, in November 19A7, a new Table of Organization and Equip

ment for the proposed hit, now tend SpecialKeapons Unit, Tppe QR, was drafted et Headquarters, MiP. It wa8 approved by General Groves

* on 28 January 1948 and inmediately forwarded to the Chief of Staff, U. S. Amy, with recommendation that the AFSTP be directed to activate the Unit, It was reconmended that the following specific missions be assiped to the Unit:

(1) To provide for the radiological safety of the fiFSTP operations, as required,

(2) To develop monitoring techniques, upon which could be based standing operating procedures, to be disseminated to the appropriate Arrqy, Navy and Air Force conmands for informtion and guidance.

(3) To develop data which could be used by the BFSWP to assist in the education of the public on radiological safety, particularly In connection with civil defens8 meamll’es.

The T/O 8: E and the recomnendations were in general approved by the Director of Organization and Training, with the provlso, however, that personnel should be assigned ky the three services on a pro rata

bad6 0

The plan of organization was revised again, not 0- to provide for joint Army, Navy, and Air Force compoation of the personnel, but also to incorporate appropriete lessone learned from Operation WID-

STONE (which had been executed meanrrhile), in connection with personnel and equipment requirements. It was also decided to make the T/O & E a Table of Mstrihtion and a Table of Allowance. To the three missions described above, the following were added; (4) To be prepared to participate as a Unit in atomic tests, particularly those tests requiring a well organized and experienced radiological safety task group or unit.

(5) To conduct tests and studies in connection with the technical phases of radiological warfare, and to be prepared to cope with 10 tea\ emergencies arising as a result of radi& warfare sabotage.

It was proposed that the participation of the services trould be distrihted as follows: Officers -Men grmor 1A 62

Air Force 10

Total 28 119 The final plan of organization was awaiting the approval of the Chief, AIS@, at the end of the current period of the History. After approval by him it would still be necessary to coordinate with the Amp., the Navy, and the Air Force, both for approval of the orgdzatioE and in preparation for the activation of the Unit. Again, after completion of that coordination, a period of two or three months would be required for the formation and training of the Unit, Therefore, it was anticipated that it would in any case be some time before the Unit could be prepared to execute any assigned project problems. As proposed, Special weapons Unit, we"B", would constitute the AFsmP field organization for implementing the coordination, through established agencies, of the radiological safety measures of the armed forces. c, Other Pro.lects.

Other projects in the field of operational development, with which the Radiological Defense Division was concerned during the current period of this History (through its Operational Develcpment Branch) included the following:

(1) Stua and analysis of problems of Radiological Defense Officers Schools, T.I,, and Chemical Corps School, initiated 10 October 1947.

(2) Standard Operating Procedure for Radiologic&l Safety Task Group for Atomic Weapons Tests, initiated 9 Nay 1948. (3) Manual of the Operational Development Brach of the

Radiological Defense Division, AFSTP, initiated 22 September 1948. (4) Preparation of Chapter 14, Operational Section, of Volume I1 of the kdiological Defense Manual, initiated 27 September 1948. (5) Work load analysis, Radiological Safety Personnel, Operation Sandstone, initiated 15 October 1948. -\

3' I\ 3.' 4-56 . a. General. The Radiological Defense Division established a Technical Branch in September 1947, to provide a technical organization rithln the Division which would make studies and handle technical problems in the entire field of radiological defense. The Radiological Warfare Branch

was, in effect, combined with the Technioal Branch at this time. This

Eranch was to evaluate the various effects of atomic bombs, evaluate

research and development programs for equipment to be used for radiological defense, and make studies of the potentialities of radiological warfam. The studies were to include prepration of programs of experi-

mental work to be conducted as a prt of weapons field tests. b . Radiolonical Warfare The AFSRP was directed by the Research and Development

Board to study the feasibillty of the use of radioactive materials for (Rcf. 131) military purposes, by letter dated l.4 October 1947.,,- -- Efforts mre mde to organize an advisory groupr with the AEC, to study thia problem, but they never materialized fly, because (et?,\32.) of delays in coordinating the program with the AEC. h n# rjr) The next step la ice\\ in this project was a meeting of wbt was called the AFSSFP MdiA

the problem was analysed and broken down into the following components: (1) kdical

4.5 039 (3) Dissercination

(4) Tactic21 end Strategic Employment (5) Defense (See minutes of Joint IJIdE-AEC Panel on EX, dated 18 Feb. 43;)'t?c~.l33,) Then a Joint Panel on Rediological Rapfare was o?gm.ized by the National Yilitaxy Establishment and the AEC, and held its first meeting on 23 May 1948, at the AEC offices. At this meeting members of the Technical Ermch represented the mPand assisted Colonel John H.

Hinds, a member of the Llilitary Liaison Committee and nilitk-ry member of the Panel, in prepcring infomtion on military factors. (See rirutec et+.134.) of meitirg, 23 :,ley 4°C During the sumer of 1948 menkers of the Techi- csl Eranch acted as staff members for the Joint Panel, en2 sssisted in prepzring studies of the feasibility of radiological mrfare. The military aspects mere coordinated, and the assistance of the Chemical Corps,

U. S. Army, of the RAXD Project, and of the Naval hdiological Defense

Labomtorj, at San Francisco, California, was obtained to hvestieate certain specific problem.

The second meeting of the Panel was held et the AEC on (Rct. 134). 29 August 19Gh The minutes of this Panel meeting and the accompaqying ( et!. \3 s), report, or "Staff Study", of the same dateA are importent documents, and the recornendations adopted by the Panel, which were incorporated in the minutes, deserve to be quoted here, as folluws$ "1. That the Joint Chiefs of Staff be informed that present productive capacity either OC fission products or of synthetic radioelemnts an? the present stete of rnet5ods of disreninztion are such as to mke impossible the offensive use of radiological rarfare for a period of at least tv;o years and probably longer;

"20 That the Joint Chiefs of Staff be further informed that for the years inmediately folloring the eriod stated in recorien- dation 1, the shortage of raw material an+ roductive capacity dl limit the use of radiological Farfare to carefully selected targets and that its use would probably not be a decisive factor in a major conflict; "3. That the use of radioactive materials to deny localized areas End important instzllations during plmned evecuation should be made feasible in about two years;

It4. That main attentionb directed to the use of gamma emitters for offense; ''5. That studies on a laboratory scele only on other types of emitters be coctinued and that Lhe questlon of their use for offense ad for sabotage be reoperred when and if th4 3.ata so warrant; "6. That prime responsibility for the developnent of dissemination methods be delegated to the National Military Establish- ment;

"7. That responsibility be placed rithin the Netional

Uilitary Establishnent in such a way and at such a level as to ensure prosecution of a vigorous program an+f coordination of its various related parts;

"8. That the program be such as to ensure development if possible of satisfactory dissemination methods rrithin a period of two years;

"9. That the development of protection, detection, snd 3 decontamination measures be carried fomerd and that adequate steps

be taken to ensure assignment of responsibility for the various perts

of this program)

"10. That the Atonic Energy Commission assume responsibility

for other phases of the programI particularkv as related to production,

studies of biological effects, etc.

"il. That in the Atomic Energy Commission program of reactor development a high priority be given to research and development leading to the increase in production capacity of rnaterisls for radio-

logical wzrfare;

"12. That the separation of fission products (& and 6)

fro3 Redox sollltions be invectigzted ritk such priority as to encure

copletion of tho, laboratory stages within one year4

"13, That the entire propm be reviewed during the fall of 1949 to ascertain whether in the light of the then status of the

offensive and defensive programs a recommendation should be ,mde to

establish a stockpile of a suitable gammb eriitter for imediate use in

the event of A national emergency;

nu. That the several phases of radiological warfare be reclassified as set forth in Appendix I; to the end that the National Military Establishment and other interested agencies may adequately

pursue programs for civilian and other defense;

"15. That this Panel hold one further meeting on Monday, December 6, 1948, to ascertain what action has been taken on the above recomaencktions and to make such further recomendations as my appesr advlsable and with a ~evto the probable discharge of the Panel d that time.”

(The third meeting of the Panel was not held in Decenker

19@, as recomended above, but was scheduled instead for 10 Jenuery 1949. See par. 4-8-4 c.)

The Chief of AFsiRp mde recommendatians Kith reference to the coordinating authority of the AFSW in offensive radiological Fer- fare to the Committee on Atonic Energy of the Research and Development Eoard, Nationd hlilitary Est&blishment. (See CAE agenda item, dated Rtt.136; 23 Sept. @),,elso, par. 4-8-4 a, hereinafter.) These reco.men&tions onere approved by the ComAttee and submitted to the Resetirch and Develop- ment Board, who approved them with certain clarifications with respect to delegation of authority by the Board. (Letter 19 Dec. &E, ”KEdio- - logicd \Tarfaren, a sigxed Ksrl T. Comptx, Cheimri, to the Chairmn, CSjY f?tt.137,) On 1 October 1948, the Chemical Corps submitted to the

AFST 2 proposed program on radiological mrfare. The Techictlbrmch reviewed this program an0 made a number

1948, which were incorporated in what became the fina1,progran of the Cheraical Corps in this field. (See Program for Project 4-U-Ol-Dlr

Selection and Elilitary Use of Radioactive Materials as Toxic Agents, Rtfl \as.> 16 Dec. @;I;\At the request of the Chemical Corps, the bFsi’;p, on

29 November 1948, transferred $500,000 for work on radiologicd warfere. C. Wespons Tests.

In September 1947, the Technick1 Branch prepared an outline of the various experiments in the field of nuclear radietion wbich *€ O~OQW&A 5awisk, et C\idt+ok> would be required forhforthcoxing bomb tests/*and forwarded it to CapthA

James S. Russell, U/ S/ Nf, Division of Military Application, AEC. (See letter 9 Sept. 47, w* Wuclear Radiation Measuremerits for Atonic Bomb Tes tsnj y RLf. \39 *) Details of various tests were worked out in the fell of

1947 and the AFS?Bp arranged to carry out directly tests on: gamms radiation as a function of distance; neutron absorption; bo& crater

analyses with decay curves; radioactivity in the cloud; and therm1

radiation as a function of distance.

Funds were transferred from the AF"P to the National Bureau of Standards, to carry out film calibration and devalopaent,

Members of the Technical Branch participated in Operation

Branch prepared and reviewed reports relating to l.4 projects which had been carried out at the operation under the dlmction of its members. In October 1948 the Branch prepared recommendations of certain experiments required at future tests, and assisted Lieut. Colonel E. 8. Kelly, tht s+QHof of the Utery Liaison Committee, in preparing an agenda item. (See A letter, 19 Nov. 48, Vlanning for Next A-Bomb Tests", If= tot AEC; 8. of S., WA; C. of S., W;CNO; and Chief, AFSTP;] Rr\. 140.) d . Photo-Chemical Reeeaxh. In the fiscal Year 1949, the sum of $lOO,cxx) was budgeted for photo-chemical research of interest in radiological defense, The following funds were transferred:

(1) $5,000 to the National Bureau of Standards, in February 1948, to calibrate film badges for different energies and to develop and read films from Operation Sandstone. These films furnished data for the reports previously mentioned, in subparagraph C. (2) $11,500 to the National Bureau of Standards, In August 1948, for additional work on calibration of films and investigation of new films for radiation dosage measurements. (3) $50,000 to the Chemical Corps, in Becember 1948, for research on chemical erethods of detection, (See letter,- (?+ 14-1 *> 30 Dec. @,A This action followed a conference, in Septenber 1948, with representatives of the Chemical Corps, to discuss a research program for developing chemical methods of detectin nuclear radiations. kef. \4 2.) (See QIP letter,- 28 Sept. @,A The transfer of funds had the approval of the Instrument Addsory Group under Dr. G.

Failla ( see subparagraph j (4) below) ,

e. Model Studies of Underwater Explosion Phenomena. For the Fiscal Year 1949, $180,000, and for the Fiscal Year 1950, $200,oOO1 were budgeted for car- out model studies of underwater explosions, to determine &der dmt conditions a base mge might be Obtained, Dr. W. G, Penney, the British scientist from Los Blamos who had taken an active part in surveying the bomb daxmge at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and had made numbers of calculations of the peak pressures developed by the two combat bombs (See Manhattan District History, Bk. I, Vol. 4, p. 6.8), reported to Admiral Parsons the results of underwater tests carried out in England. On the basis of this report, an agenda

item was prepared for the meeting of 22 October 1948, of the Committee

on Atomic Energy, recommending future studies, and a committee was set up to investigate the pertinent information. This Comittee did not meet until after 31 December 1948. (See agenda item for meeting of 22 Oct. @, dated 15 Oct. @, "'Base Surge' Consideration and Recom-

mendations for Full Scale Atom Bomb Testsn;r R€t.M 3.)

f. Shielding Studies. For the Fiscal Year 1949, $5O,OOO,and, for the Fiscal Year 1950, $100,000, were budgeted for studies and experiments on

problems of shielding from atomic bombs.

Shielding experiments for Operation Sandstoce were planned by the Technical Branch, in conjunction with the Buraau of Ships, U. S. Navy, the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and the Bureau of Yards and Docks, U. S. Navy. A report, dated 1 July 1948,ras submitted to the Director of Operation Sandstonet (Rtf. 144). A shielding eymposium was held at Oak Ridge, 27 to 30 September 19.48, and a paper was prepared by the Technical Branch and

presented at the meeting, aut1hi.q the problems of shielding from atomic (Rrf. 145). bombs8 These problems were discussed also with personnel of RAND Project, who agreed to investigate certain phases. g. Water Surds Purification.

For the Fiscal Year 1949, #l80,000, and, for the Fiscal Year 1950, $600,000, were budgeted for research and development of rater purification. The Naval Radiological Defense kboratorg was requested

to make a pertinent information; and the Corps of Engineers was consulted with respect to the possible initiation of a project to study water purification methods, (Just after the close of the current history period, on 4 Janmrg 1949, a conference was held at the AFSWP with AEX pemonnel, to coordinate military activities on this subject with those of the AEC.) h. Studs of Thermal Radiation Effects. Activities in which the Technical Branch took part, in connection with the subject of thermal radiation effects, included; the execution and direction of measurements of thermal radiation at Operation Sandstone; discussion with Dr. HemE, Parse, of the University of bchester, of &a program on medical aspects of flash radiation; and a conference, on 18 November 1948, at the AFsGJT, on the thed radiation from atomic weapons. At the conference mentioned above, which was attended by representativos of the BFSllp, of various interested service orgd- sations, and of the AEC, the problem waa broken down into its component parts and recommendations for extending the work were =de. i, Meteoroloaical Studies, For the Fiscal Year 1949, $200,000, and, for the Fiscal Year 1950, $200,000, were budgeted for meteorological studies, It was anticipated that these ftmds plight be used for studying the dynamics of an underwater explosion and the long range travel of radioactive clotlds, but action was postponed until after the end of the current period Of this ma%Oq.

j , Scientific Advisers to the Cbief, AFslpp. In Octobr 1947, it was recornended by the Technical Branch that the assistance of scientific adviaem be obtained, to provide technical gui waa =de for funds for this purpose in the budgets for both the Fiscal Years 1949 and 19500

About 1 October 1948, Dr. W, A. Noyes, Jr., Chairnran of the Chemistry Department of the Universitp of Rochester, and war-time division chairman of' the National Defense Research Committee, agreed to serve as adviPer to General Nichols in all matters pertaining to the field of radiological warfare, (See par, 4-2-2 a,) It was arranged that all actions in this field would be referred to him prior to transmittal to the CAE or the indidduel services by the Chief, AFSP. Actions by Dr. Noyes during October, November and

December 1948 included t (1) Recornendations that the task of developing mans of disseminating radioactive materiels be assigned to the Army and that the AFSW act as coordinating authority in the field of offensive radiological wm-fare,

(2) Decision to split the field of decontamination into two phases; the research phase, to be carried out at the Naval Radio- logical Defense Laboratory if facilities were available; and the fins1 development phase, to be carried aut by the Chemical Corps on items involving two or more aervices. (3) Review of the protection progmms of the grmiv and the Navy, and inform1 recommendations as to their technical desirability. (4) Review of the instrumentation program, end recommendation that $500,000 be transferred to the Signal Corps (transfer of $300,000 was approved by the CAE). About 1 November 1948, the Instrument

Advisory Group was formed by Dr, Noyes, to study the radiological instrumentation p ce program, and make recommendations on assignment of funds. (he par. 1-2-2 a.) The group held two meetings in 1948. 3 On 22 December 194.8, the Crossmads Division of the AFSVI'P was deactivated, and its functions, personnel, etc., were transferred to the Radiological Defense Division, in accordance with Administrative Memorandum No, 35, of that date (Ref. 147). Inasmuch as the Crossroads Division operated independently throughout substantially the whole of the initial period of the AFslKp History, its history is presented separately,

Fn Section 7 hereinafter.

4-54, Oraanization and Personnel.

The original charter of the AFSLT' stipulated for the

Radiological Defense (then Safety) Division that it muld "require a

Chief, and Assistants representing the Army and Navy and Air Forces", and that it muld "also require trained experts from appropriate Techni- cal Services and Bureaus of the War and Navy Ijeparbents". a. Chief and Demty Chief . The Chief of the Radiological Defense Division, from its inception throughout the current period of this History, was Captain Frank I. Winant, Jr,, U, S. Navy. From 16 June 19.47, Colonel Robert, N, Isbell, USAF, served as Deputy Chief of the Division. b. Oraanization, The Radiological Defense Mvbion required more personnel than any other division of the AFSWP with the exception of the Bchninistra- tion and Personnel Division. The activities of this Division have been unusually varied and to some extent independent of the other divisions of the AFSNP. For these reasons, efficiency of operation dictated that the Division be organized as a number of separate branches. Most of these branches were initiated and their duties were defined, by the 1947 (see par. 4-5-1). The branches, which were five in mber as of

31 December 1948, correspond to the subject headings of the main paragraphs Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this section of the History. Their names and key personnel were as follows:

(1) “rainiw Branch. This Branch was initiated 12 June 1947, and was activated 24 September 1947. Lcdr. Charles H. Car, U. S. Navy, served as Chief of the Branch from 24 September 1947 to 1 November 1948, when he was relleved by Comdr. T. R. Fonick, who served as Chief until the end of the current period of the History. Captain Eilliam F. Bolen, USAF, served as Deputy Chief of the Training Branch from 2 June 194.8. (2) Defense Material Branch. This Branch was initiated on 12 June 1947 and activated on 12 September 1947. Xdr. D. C. Campbell,

U. S. Navy, served as Chief of the Branch from 12 September 1947 until the end of the current period of the History, except for a period of about 9 months in 1948 while he was away at Operation Sandstone. hrh&that period Lt. Colonel William S. Corrart, Jr., USAF, served as Chief of the Branch.

(3) Medical Branch. This Branch was initiated on 12 June

1947 and officially activated on 29 June 1947, although some of its personnel were assigned to the Branch as early as 2 May 1947, and the Branch may be said to have been in dstence from that date. Lt. Col. Karl H. Houghton, MC, U. S. hny, served as Chief of the Branch from 2 May to 17 June 1947; then, after a brief intelmission &ring which he served as Staff Medical Officer, from 17 June to 1 September 1947, he again served as Chief throughout the rsmainder of the current period of this History. Colonel James P. Cooney, MC, u. s. Army, was assigned to the AF'SVVP from 13 June 1947 to 1 September 1947, and from 17 June to 1 September he aerved as Chief of the Branch (See BFSWP SO #29,

17 July 47). On 1 September he was relieved from permanent duty with the

WSWP, but was given temporary additional duty as Medical Adviser to the

Chief, AFSPIP, which continued to the end of the current period of the History, During the period 1 September 1947 to 31 December 1948, Colonel Cooney held assignments to the Surgeon General's Office, Special Projects

Division, to Joint Task Force No. 7, and to the bfilitary Applications Division, AEC. Major Charles W. DeBaun, KC, U. S. Air Force, was assigned to the AFSW on 5 January194.8, and served as a representative of the

Air Surgeon and as Deputy Chief of the Medical Branch during the remainder of the current period of the History. Dr. George M. Lyons, Chief of the Radio-Isotope Branch and Special Assistant on Atomic Medicine of the

Veterans Administration, served as medical consultant to the Medical

Brazch from 3 l!cvember 1947.

(4) %erational Develoment Branch. This Branch was initiated on 12 June 1947, and activated on 7 October 1947. Lt. Col.

(then Major) R. I. Moss, U.S.M.C., became Chief of the Brznch (then section) on 7 October J.947, and served until the end of the current historg period, (As of 31 December 1948, the authorized strength of the Branch was 2 officers and 1 secretary.) (5) Technical Branch. This Branch was initiated on 12 June

1947, and activated in September 1947. (At that time the Radiological - Warfare Branch was, in effect, combined mith it, to form essentially one branch, as previously noted.) Dr. Herbert Scoville, Jr. served as Technical Director of this Branch throughout this period of its histoq. Dr, Scoville had previously served with Colonel S. L. warren in the 013 Radioactivity Group at Operation Crossroads (See Kanhattan =strict History, Bk. VIII, Vol. 3, Chap. 8), and, before that, had served on the

National Defense Research Committee project at the University of Rochester, Northwestern University, and the 'Jniwrsity of Illinofs. Other key personnel of the Technical Branch included Lt. Cola James B, Chubbuck, C.E., USA, from I2 August 1947; Lt. Col, Allan s, Hirsch, FA, USA, from 28 September 1948; and Major KUam V, Stone, Cml. C,, USA, fron September 1947 until 1 December 1948.

(6) Crossroads. Then the Crossroads Division was abolished,

as such, and transferred to the Radiological Defense Division, on 22 December 1948, its personnel, numbering at that time, became part of

the personnel of this Division. The organization and personnel of the

Crossroads Division are described in Section 7 hereinafter.

C. Total Personiie&,.

The total personnel of the Radiological Defense Division,

as of 31 December 1948, were composed of the follodng (including the

Crossroads personnel) : l.3 Officers (5 USA; 4 USN; 1 Usz6C; 3 US@) 9 Enlisted (USN) -11 Civilians 33 Total

c . ,.

NATIONAL MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT ARMED FORCES SPECIAL WEAPONS PROJECT P. 0. BOX 2610 WASHINGTON. D. C.

ADDRESS REPLY TO: THE CHIEF. ARMED FORCES SPECIAL WEAPONS PROJECT

i !I

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f. The Arm& 10- Inb.olfttoe erkbllrhrd orgmiutloa, pod- tion, ra4 bllletr vlthln tho 1nUIrldua.l unul evlfeot for vhiuh radiolog- 1cd deferse training ~$11bo re&- inelpdlpid totelr of personnel to b6 tnined, Sixme the mbalrslon and nTprotal of the Armed Pomw Subam- mlttee rmort, it hat booone qparent $ho JRSTC that tla baala frsctt as ret forth in atreport aontinue as m~lh.bl0,but that tho rtated totals n.xt racsrcarily be oubjeet to oonridArable abjiutsentr.

2hir ruboomlttee nrbreribeU to the principle that the r~bto- lo:ic:l Cefense or,-miration of tlie arnerf services 6hoald be include& ulth- in the fMnevork of presently existing orgaultatfonr uoncerned with defenro urd danvlg. eontml. Thlr vas olabolsteb upon in the oese of the .’amy with an interpretation that the Cheaioal Gorp# bo designated 88 the agenay c!l=geil @-th the development of the Army plan for PM.io1ogfca.l Defgnse and that tUt plan be superimposed upon the &.atloel 4efenrb Bystem now in effect,

Thig s~.saalttoo?oeA”rrmded t!!t tmlnirlq la the wbicrl as_?ectr of radlolo.;i8aL defcnso bo oondactod on olose parallel vlth militp..ry 11- training rwtl that tho policy of ar,slalrstion for radiolo&d dsfon~o60 fost0r.b dong tho line6 of 8 llne-muliatd tear Uraxk-eme8t. e. Schaols (and Intesic 8&oOlr) Subcomittse:

8, During the perfod 1 Jul~1947 to 30 Jg~o1948, the Amed I’orees Gnwial Vasponr ProJect has Inltl~teband eoerdinsted raeml intorim rrdlolo@cal dofonro training BOBBUT~B. There interim oahoola and treinlnl: programr wora orgaairrd on reuonaenktlonr of th, doht mtrvicer, the JRST2 nnQ itr rcboomittna, and tGc PabioiogiCa Defense Diririon of the 3J’SZ”.

, c’ . F d ..,L -

(2) Ii’ielG testfni; of rateriel mL of detection, inrpctiori, and decontamination ~tiLhodl. r: ., ?- ..J' c

1, Ute in the summer of 1967 prelidnary efforts Rere wide toward the ostabUstsent of committees to uoardLnatt, undor the i.F 'I'Cha-ter and Re6ouch and h~.lopmcuJt dircathes, the defense miterid recuireK@rrts of the saricrea. Twc c0mxdtk.s uerc formed md hare functioned a~ tolloiis:

h invsstitptlon of the adlvltieo of all dUtGy agencies and the 1% in the field el: h&runtent&tion kas bean made. I. report ~A&Sbeen compiled and Lis been fcursar;ied to the 1:iX.

This Coh->.itteehsrr completed the nrithg of eilituy cttracter- istics for tf,,e radio1oLici.J fr,struotents necessary for EtmIc warfare, k repcrt corerinp ti ese characteristics :.3s bee:. forwarded to the F'3S.

h tubcomaittee consist1 E of om mezber frss eac:i of the thee services has nude recosmendiWon6 M to rt:icti services Lare had pria9l'y cognhnnce fcr the devtlopent of VES~~UBh~tnurtents.

(1) Individual FA~IO~O~C&JTrotective 3evices Sabccx:ri.ttee. A histmicd study of resczrch and develo,?mer.t 1s bein& cmducted. The Ckdcal Corp husnbktted a report to the 8ub3ttee on csthted recu?rtzcenta of the imed Porces. Ttds re@ b8a boa studled and ;,-;,roved by the various services' reprecedetires and the subcomnittee. At it. meting QI 13 Jruzupry l9@, the sutxxudttee rub- niltted to the & cornittee the foilwq& Rcmcndh- twt

(a) Bmt for the present only WIVidtaal protective derLces which protect against krbc2.tion, h: gwtiaa, and 8cththrough the skin of radioactive materials, urcluslve of nehroa and g;lspu radiation, be considered, THE D

q. . 3

Tkrt n crow for tkc research nnb dcve?ormcnt of mE~~lo~ie-2rrotsctive devices be Infthtd bp the Dtpartxient of the Axmy cn2, t2c 3q-r.rtrdent of the Air Force.

e- i JXUS lettar 8614.6 dated 14 Oatobo 1947.

Hbutes of Meoting of UaW Brrbiocctlre Xarfare StuQ Qrou; held at Lou Umos 18 Jebruary 1948, Pe-err utd mlmates present& et first aeotlng of Joint XH3-m panel on Lhdioactiv. b’alriare.

(e) Joint Strrtei-:!c i;c.,nners pper oa nilitary uBen of trdiol3&-r-1 uarfr.re data 14 dune 1949, 1 . . .-A- t

2. c.

If.

Ifl.

Ir; a 3..

-2- Do T.ohniad advice and comeat8 ware mads on a motion pictwe being produced by the Air Forces depicting the medical affects of otoffiie caplosim.

I;, Plpar and uticlar pu.ky through the AP.%T were ccmtiented upon for tec,,nicd accuracy and meeuritp nlative to their n;edi& upecto.

P, A contkiuhg at* ir bring yd. rtpan bumm nuclw radiation tolerance by an AFLW -up. The conchsicrrs drunr ups far by this group arc not final md uill not bo dobo uatil furttier aonfirrky atUdie8 wittin the medical -rofession hare hen -de.

. . . _.c r.- - - .. -3-

1. fn Sentsmber, thin Section rill attwuDt to plroo lidoon rck- tlonr vlth the 'Jffice of CiaDafanro Plrurntng on a mora f3r-d basis thAn hentofor6. At pI.oaOAt, liaison cona:sts Gdy of %do& axchmge of oomemati'trn and uirirua awaunuy rbnlnletrative iettors ooncerniLF: mrolSmcnt of civlllenR in senice schools.

3. At the Trrsert tlx ali sak5ov: tte=P of th- L.cT ' kvc 8rre-.b,eL ah5 rl~bbnittedfinal reprts. The Rmort of the Fchools ?.A- cornittee ha~not bes rresete.8 on t'c flocr of the c!T.p:2, &s '= It; :\~?.i~t,In accordmce wlth the raqtwet of t?w Zhrpitn-.? -f tv: PeT. Cn 11 .',q!rt 1948 and ttera*ftar, the Steerinp "ubcomlttee will meat for cc::sidernti*n af the canbincd r.*bcar.!ttac rsnorts vlth a T:=V toward prepamtion of the final rn ?mort prior to tlu adling ?f a meetfag of the full corzmlttee. 9118 pocsclure ksbee3 a9o3ted to orpodita aane¶Brrat3m of the fin3 reFrt. ?!he tine aaheado is de- p&mt \tpoa the doliberatione uf the Steerfnp Subcomcittoe urd the fBbfC aa a uholo, but thlr 8otlaa la mdheihllng aronts ad pnssbw for -17 atibmirrlon of tbt t.)mt. St Is hoped that the final re- pic of the m vi11 bo in the band* of the Chid, A?Wrrnd the JZ^ vithia tvo reeks of the date 23 August 1948, All personnel IEthe YL are inrolreb In the actlr'tg of the dp?rTC as a +-ale, and dxrin,- the pst year have bom active in at lmot one subaonnittao. This Section nets 81 the $euretulat SAC finds that the dsinistm-tim of tho tecor2.E of tho dEScTc snd tho preparation of tho reportr oucury abotlt fme-fourth the timm of one officer and one seeretar)-. The functlcn of the J??S?C 5traIf does n?t imo;ve emendlture of allotted ftytrlr: bxt its deliborn- tioaa a?re~oztr Vi11 bear rev hewlly on the rct'k.?atfor atvrmrh- tiorir. md t' ~.lrsx?cnliture.

-1 - 4. fncludod in the future plans of thie Section, and inrerted In the final report of the JT?STC, is a plan to contime E pc;rt of t!,e functions of the prorent Schools Subcornittee of the J"C la the utatua of a dolnt Adrirory Panel to this Sootion. It io conteadated thet thia Panel u1:l ale0 have revlow and inwection functioxie over various Padlologleal Def enso serriee echaolr, putlcularlr Joht schoolsr 8d dddbo clOEd1tUttd Of #Rbrr# 8erlgn.d Om .Idltid twOmX7 btf to tho USWP for the pauporo of mtfw in an dvlsory capaeity ml~.t. rothorlty for review of the mtlvlty of the raD 1s mntemplated. The Panol ahodd #torllT 'be marubled and metfratad after mbnlerion of tbe final JR3C rqort, mpprexllratoly in Saptabor 1948, an& should remain uontlnaoruly on eall for advisory duty md intunittat ririts t? the lhdloloafd Defenrre -0. ib0 m?OlUld rnQUfT@dUb: 0- offie- d *OS CR, OPS6; S/oa31, 08 U8A; D/T&R, USU; UPRS: and the risit8 and reriau mentioned above rilf. eonmSe an indefinite fractioa of the wbrklnb time of the officers lnrolred. Travel and ex- of %hi8Fanel dl1 not rffect 'frafning funds.

5. Xennee ?-olicy of th3s beetion, conflnnA by camnittee avecent, for tkAelrsiividual arLe6 eervices to a&iini?ter basic radlolo-5cd defer:. c' d intixtrinatlon of all pereonad b:* use of their owL. c:-..ncels and fsciiltier, However, the AFsxIj and this Fectlon, In neetine tho re- voasibillties 3f its charter, must necessarily insure that rkeleton or IE~R~RUIIa;lcleur infcrwticr nrondgateb by each of the services le joirt an6 stEnd.ard ttro&aut. To effect stzndsrdltation of the rclicf-> bmic education iswed to 100; of all arced services ~er~onnel.it vlll be Lecesszry for this Section Iron time to time to fonrard new infor-.ztlon and trainir! aids to each of t%e services for firrthpr nroaulgzti3c thro4.-l remice channels. This relay of inf0rmatisri will be an inter- mltterit but cmtlnwue oprnltion. The cost to the ~PS'ri7 Is inGefinite but it is believed tht plannec' dlOCatiOIL of an Ep?rOXin&tO 8m of $153,000 18 not excessive In view of the need for stlm-L-aticn Gf a pr0- Of tu8 6COpS in the WTled 60MCe8.

6. Th!s Section of the AFSW? ha8 8 further specific interest in basic radiological defense IndoctrinatLon, neradly, prom;rlbCatlan of Jolnt rtcridrrrd inforpztion to lme-tertn service r&oolr each as Service Acadsaier, Etmal (tmeral Line School, Corarsnd and herd Staff School at Tort leavenworth, etc. Thla indoctrination is to be carried out by members of the famltles who bm tbuslrer graduated from 8sbiologid Ddurro rchoOl8 at 8 higher lev3 and 8&o rrtorhl ther dl1 present has bo8n eu$lSad 1. a serbm of eight :ecturer. A8 of the prorent tho, thio mfi@rha6 b.rra approtbd .nb the ectad pflBtfq i# WOenpli6hOd br the Cheriod Corpr School, A- Chemical amtor, Sdgrr0.d. Dirtriba- tion to oach vf the renieer b.r alnrrdj co~meneodand rill be continued. Completo diotrlbutian of thfr lecture aerier should k ooapletod in -tab- 1948. Tho aoet to thi8 Project ha8 not pt been betermined but there ir 8 strong possibility that a requisition from the Chemlcd Corpr dl1 bo rsooited requortinp corerage of the arpenrc of the actual printing of thlr riiterizl.

t 7. Yhs APS'G?: and tfL!s Sectim will have a furti;er direct interest in baric P,o.d'olot4cnl Defense ln47ctrlnetlon with resrect to officers In attendaTIce at the oenior service colleges mid high rankSng officers 011 duty la the Uash?ngton UM. Zhlo indoutrination io accompli&ied in a coorciiaated rerles of Eir 1ect;rres e?ecificzlly armnged for conerurrp- tlon by ronior officers. During Ch. past roar, thir.0eries -8 prmrented by 1rotut.n fro. HoeAqmartsn, USUP,, The tlu 8an.p~dla thio presentstion wrs fouad to be an oredMb. l?u?ing Sapt08ber. Octobor MZL Bwambu, la ordor that tho prerontatlon during the next acadorpic year may be ~~~oap1Irh.lwithout 1mtdrrinC: dth %he eperatiunr of thir ~aadquutoro,tho training Sectlon will rttrrpt to pl-e tmdor eontract raleoted eirillup rdueators who tat qu~~lffiedto present tte ~-5e text materfsl, It ie hapod to assanble *8hbha of lWtW8ra numboriq betwen oi@t md twelve who will bo aralbble on reasonable notification to travd to rrswed loeations for prerenthtim of thir rrries. On the baris of past merlanue, artbiting that each civilian celiei u-on vtil use three or four dqs of Ma tino, approxbately six tines per year, it amefrs tLtt En expndltne 3f $10,000 %rillbe necessary t;l h-r,ile trrrel ard reinbursenent of thfs lecture group.

8. Joint cornittee 8ctim and the llqlled respansib?litles of thio Sectlon hA~erecruited in assinanent of tte duty of su?eroish* desi-% and .ircduction cf a h:ch quality trainfq? motion picture for a88 in radioioRiw-1 defense ludactrination of all the service6 and for mentuzl use h,s o cfril defense organfration. This aroJect ie regarded as cf rite1 Imortmce in that a properly dedgned notion pictue may well be the ?E.&- to quick and wide spread Indoctrination of large nmbete of personnel in miiiological defense. Prelininary axploratim of the nema snd Biaterisl for the m9tIoa picture has boan comnunced. lcxmal aesembling of natertal and acttmtion of ccmtracts, etc. should commsnce in CeTtsmber 1848. Arsoning that no Ob6taClel arise, the miniaum tine for production of 8 notion picture of the quzllty desired shonld not be loer than four manths. Productlm of tkis Picture 8h9dd be 8CtiVdr adCOZthUOUdr SU7eni68d by one well qualified officer a8 technicd advisor. It is farther con- terlated that the COE~of thla project to the AFSP Will not be 1080 than $20O,@OC.

9. The Yrsining Section will continuously administer f1nbnci:;L assi6tace to the joint Radiological Defense amrsea at Treasure feld nnd Edg.vaod rad thr third school plannod for KoooLor Tiold, Biloxi, Eirolroippi. YWP hxadr vi11 be rued to rtrgent training mtorbl, Cart, m6 training ai& noded by tho whooh but dororeen la uraaga- mat of allotment8 in tho r8nieo actually reaponalblo for th. conduct of tho msrso~. Requoats from the mho010 for ouch arsistanae rfll bo boaor06 rfthln ~aooasblolimit.. Present planning indicate8 that a-rox- lmtelr $30,000 of USW Training fundm ohodd ba oarmarked for thio Fur- pes.. 10. Ttr Joint services, amre tbt the o-tput ?? t!.c ffl? F,-;.G:o- lorica1 Defense Cfficers Courae willnot r.?eet the reqnirenerit9 si the ar.t=? neniceF e$ tp Tolame of productian of gradutea, b:- n;,tu: sgreemant and by committee action kve ini?fmte2. I de.:.Jre to estp.bLfst 8 pamild ahart nraatical course to train an aariotant or $taler counterpart of the Esaiologiosl Delaauo Mflcer for tactical operational msm. In October 1948 thm Tralning Seation vi-11 rapervlae and, vtth t1.e ar8iat.M. of the fncdtier rt ]bdemod and 'Preasura fclanb, rlll arser:ble a turfleulu8 for thir 8hort praetfed Baaiologlcal 'Deferse Cmtse. Jfter review and standardiration of tho eontent material, Ma~Icc-lom vi11 bo apprwd md iieW to the senices in order that they ray eqnhct iamt-08 br location6 Bort c-xitabla an& ~vanta&eoucr to them, It is bdiaed that t& monieor im sddng a request for aprJrqrlatlona for tho flrd years 1940 and 1950 did not foresee the flnanclal oblfgatlons vhlch rill be incurred in the e9tcblirhment of this coxree and vill yrob=L;y ncrL the assistance of tte dF?iP funds to the extent czf a lain- imwl of C10,OOO for each service, or a total. of $30,005.

11. Joint service agrecscnt ET^ condttet? ectijn call f:r the insertion of nsceasary s~bcurricjle3n a;.pro?rlrAte servlce ~ch?olc for tne treiniag of enlfstec? rsdi~cinetrurmt techn?clane, me?~cal labrat 34t echni cis^ s ( ir sl -~di:igphz~ t ?dosi net ry) , an?- a:1 f 9 t eC, noni t 3 r 6. 'blhiie tnese couses rill Le c3ni.sctF" fr. rrtr.?.lle?.ed S8rPf.Ce cch3ols they will be 7ro:nulgated es part 32 other co-:.rses 7ec::iF-r te a ?Rrtlc- uiar rate, position, hr Bernice. The zolicy of joint rtanbsrdiz2.tion dl1 be rz.:rAtRi;:eG by Ak"LT revfew. It is believe4 that the Fsr:'ces hare I;t foreseen the f itancial re(;iArencr-ts inherent in the est-blish- Dent sf this course, which vill be moderetely he9yr CIS to ths :-revision of technicd equipment. Of evaila5le kFS?P trainin5 fun6s, a nininwr; of $63,000 sho.;ld be a.iLoved to asslat in the esteblishmsnt of these ao~imesla the various services.

12. Joint senice aqrPe-,ent and cownittee actlm czll f?r the training 3f all SQirr'Ace medical end dertal offfcers at the 'ttochnicd trzinhg level". Tlie trsiniq vi11 be accomlished la a joint cxrse, ainilsr to the Radioioglcd Defense Cfficere Cnurne, shlct aiil c9n-e approxiaately 83 clasa-room hours. datu lacatlm of the sch3cL or rchoolr to handle this trsinlng has not been decided. This Section Vi11 be reuponrible, in about October 1948, for assembll~the aecessnry joint aurrlaula and will be e8siste.l In tM8, probabiy, by redicd r. 1'- mlmd te the Bm), Grpdt Bas., and LO8 Alamor. 'Phe SUY- General amd tho Bprrrrrr cli Woaioino rad Surgsw will be dien pa oppcrtunlty to rsrfev and comment on the contat of the curric-La. b75,OCO of the ISSW training fbd shxLd be tamarksb to stimkte and rut;nmt the establiahaeat ab thlr course, It. Tho train- af Resemf: co monsnts Vi11 be accvQliuhsb by tho promul/atlon throw the serpfce channel 2f Jol-nt Rtenalon Course, alus a tvo week clp,se--r3orJ. trainin? of 2eaerve Offlcsrs gt 3tie of the 3o:nt 13nd:oio Tic-2 2efense f3chwls in e ST eclel curriciiiaz,. Tte exfen- Fi3n course, at oresent under Drqzration and review, IF.t?.rc-fift!Is comleted and Oho-Jld be ready for diatrlbutlon to Bcsene Cfficer treining channels in about October 1948. We clecc-room coarae for Reserve Officer8 hu been prepared, retiwed, and conducted several tines in prelimiw or lnteria statxs. Final rerien and endotsern~ntof this training. ehould also oeou in about Ootobu. It ir upected that the cost of class-mon trsfaing of Beserrt Stfieere at the estabiiohed %dlologlcal Defeme mohoolr and the cost of issuing the oxtensioa course will 'be either nsgllglble or abrored by other allotnent an4 will not dfect tho A?SW funds.

14. The lpsarP bas been codttod on a pe1Iey of lialron QT aasict- anm to the OCW, tad\ubfng ntperrfrtoa of Badiolaglcd Defo~oTralniry of a nu3ber of key clrlll~-nc!in the Jo'nt eervioe rchools. It Is tcltl- mated that approxinately 20 mtadenta svsnsored by the CCW vi11 be trejrAedIn the school8 during the enenin? year ada poraiblo expenbiture of $23,003 arust be allowed for this PUTGEE.

15. On the sa98 policy camltrnent as a'wve, vbn rcqueotec' by tl-e CCE? thls ration of the fl!'?-T *.ill be rq.ireil to assist &??. Etizrdate rai?i31odcd defense trpSniw in the Clv?l Defense Organizztim to tLe xtnyft of its resxrces. This will inclu5e a lrezvy dezand for neceasery eT-iioaent, t?xt, inf'ormatlon, train'n;. aids, etc. YLis damn3 uill rrobz3ly c3t be nade befmc. tLA-firTt of 1-949 and it is felt t'lat a minimum of $lOO,ODO of A;'S? training funds will be neaessary to cover this co:--'_t-.d vroycrly.

15. The Tralning 'Eecticn OT AvT'fP is reqonCi31e for liaison a&miricttratian of the Jo'nt RadioloL-icd Defense PostjiraEnste Course and for the fln.t?cing of that mart of the couse which is cmdacted at the r-. 3. RadPortpnduste School. This 3s a cantinuous lir-ison a&r?n?~tratlanan4 the hr"SW acta as a sqerv1som agent of the Joint !.me$ Services. An eqedfture of $50,000 ??r instructsr rel-vlces by the Fava1 Pantpad-date School 18 r-aulred &?a ha6 been CoKaritted a6 of this bte, and an expenditxre of syproximteiy $2,003 for laboratory equipment has also been actcosp11jhtd.

17. ln September, fifteen mdcal offlae-s fro3 the joint servtces rill be onralld in %ha Atomic Energy Comn?sslon Kedicul Fellowhip Program for ahmced conraea la modieal arrpectr of the BscUologid Wenre. The APSW ~IIthe agent of tho Joint Armed Servlees Will be rec,cIred to su-enieo the academic eontent af th:r cosrse. The tmcfer of training fuade to the AX mounting to approxilnnteiy $15,000 will tu n 0888slrw 0

18. Volume IS of the Radiologha1 Defense HmWd 8~3~&be ready for priatlng anb issuance about January 1949. !?he plating emd prlatily of ttr. ryxirec nm3er af copier (approxiateiy 4C,O3S) of th5s U-ELL ~iI.1 cownft M'SW training funds to the extent of $100,000.

\ 19. Cornittee action has delerted to tHa Sectlm the reF-?onzl- blllty of keeping eert~infiles of permannel, both serrice end CiriliaiD rho hum b.sa trained at the t-ml trainiw level or ebore for Badiolodcal beyenee. This io E time consorfnl5 and contlmtous duty, and in orbar that them lirtr may be kwt tp to tkte am to contezlt and as to loemtion of trdned lnblvlduals, It apFears that tbe Job voulrl con- mebotter thsn onehalf tho the of a trained pormonncl file clerk.

20. It ahon’& ’bo nctd here that alth~not directly concern& dth Baafolo@%l Defense trdaing, other trzinlng, namelr, the Killtary Atomiu mer- Postgrsdxzte Goaree,bas airezdy required a commitment cf $20,000 of ?.FfT training fundr.

21. The cope of the requirecats outl!ned above In the Train’ng Etction of the ElT, indicates ttat the officer personnel in ttis Section should never decrease below the presept Etr^.ff, whlch now cozcists of two officer’s. The orpm’tation furthsr calls for 8 CfiT-5 FscretP-ry- Etenomapher, Vtilch position le adecnately filled, and a CAF-4 Fton9gr?3herD wi.3~’-rDqition i~ at present macant. It is considered vital thet the latter potitfon be filled as 81on a8 poesfble.

Since, in the develq.iwAtof e Padioloyical Cpfense tr-ining Fr3grm, \+.I&Is ~ew md wgthoat precedent, no particular sedce back- gtO*in< cc~lsrtbstttnte for i!.frect cont&ct over a period of tfce -.itfi the activities of tiis ?raining Cection, it ifi believed desirable to hive an adiiitiond officer on duty in the Trr.ining Sectim, bDtt to cwry part of tte aL?inistri+tive load and tc tmin by contixt or by erq-ue to the new abinistratire problens which continuously erise, in order tbt the sbove-mentione6 m:nirrm staff may be r.tinteineC in Firit ec w~llES in fact. 1 Month One Offieor

In Hand6 df All RT)D Pormannd .JCS Trrlninn 80etlon P ear. tnrint

An.? , Cant lnuour, JlWPO Virr.l t.

aontlnuom Continuour tlen,Ooo

Cantinwar Schools Faoul t;l dir lottare rcrrlm 93tablew of alviliur f9-12 civillrur leotoren ( 7) I nbmit t en t prof e~ears Notion Ptoturr (8) Raptember 1 Offiaer, Teoh Adviaor

Cmtlmoum Continuous PW, b

.I . . .

OetaBer

Oatober

Oantiniious School F~cnlW Oontinuous C ant lnuous AFm

Continuou'e $50.0 3.148 In Sera¶on Adm? nl st mtI or Oont lnuoua Admtnlst. ratio1 Supem1 - i 3n . .VswP Personno1 I ...

c . 4.2 -- Training. 4.2.1 - Advmced Education of joint student groups, both line admedical, will be administered by the Armed Forces Special Xeapons Project as a joint agency representing the three services. This includeo the three-year radiological defense engineers' postgrzduate course and the dvzncedcouree in medical aspects at the University of Rochester, the AEC medic& program, and and development of this program. 4.2.1 - Technical Training: a. hredioloEics1 Defense Officers Course, concucted in joint schools administered by one pslrticuler service will be closely supervised pa6 sten2srC- ized as to curricula content by the B1FS;iP. Parallel medical course6 will be likewise supervised.

b. Monitor. Tecknician. and ether courses administered by eech service will be stendmdieed by the BFSW as to minimum basic mterial pre- eented. Thie group of courses will not necessarily require joint student participation end may include training unique to one particular service. 4.2.3 - Indoctrinetion will be conducted by the individuel eervices for their own personnel. The Armed Forces Special Weepons Project will assist and f' augment this indoctrination by fostering continuous output of trained products of higher levels to act as instructors, by provloion to the eervices of joint minimum basic informetion, and by syoneoring the conduct of certain joint cour8es affecting particular schools and rankin& groups. This latter will include lecture aerie8 for senior ranking officer@, aenior service colleges, long-term sdrcice schools and service academies, and the joint ex- ...+ tension course for reaerve officer training. Recruit and field indoctrination 1, ...

will come under the prinary cognizance of the indj-ridual service concernea.

I 6.2 -- Eucation ant “raining. The Defense Division will coordinr-.te radiological defense training

zlong the following lines: 6.2.1 - Participate, guide and, through the chairman and Secretariat, &in- ister the activity of the Joint Aadiologiczl Safety Training Comittee in its

preparation of a stxdy of nstional needs for personnel to be trained in r2di0-

logical defense. This division will also imFlement interim measures growing

out of the considerations of that committee.

6.2.2 -- In ell radiologiccl defense training co’wses, maintain the joint

nature of radi6logical defense training by standrxdizing course content, either

directly kcy a review of curricula, or indirectly by setting requirements for

the minim basic information to be offered in a psrticulm courfie.

6.2.3 --. As p, joint agency representing the three Armed Services, administer

the joint radiological defense postgreduate course, eupervising the minizlum

rec-uirenents for ewollment of students, the financial ar-angements for tkt

part of the couxe conducted. at the F~valFostgraduate School, end as a

single reference dfice for academic contact with the U.S. h’avel Fostgraduate

School, and throaeh that school, with the selected civi1i.n university.

Fiaancisl contracts for the final two years of this course will be arranged

individuzlly by each of the separate services. Administration of this course

must at all times be conducted by a einglc joint military a&ency and must never devolve upon the three services acting independently. 6.2.4 - Technical Trainirg Sponsor and etandardite technical training, Which, althowh conducted in school@administered by the separzte services, will be coneucted for the

I most part in joint student groups. It must therefore be kept uder the

closest aczdemic eurveillance by a joint militzy agency. The most importmt coursesin this level are, of course, the radiological defense officers' courses at Treasure Island, Edgewood, and Keesler Field, The Radiological

Defense Division, while pressing the services to proCuce as mny officers trained at this level a0 possible, must insure that the qulity of graduetes is maintained and that the courser conducted by individual servicos at thir level are maintained truly joint by presentation of identical curricula.

This further applies to proposed medical courses which, when finally orgea- feed, whould be likewise conducted in joint student groups regardless of the location and adminietration of course. The latter Dolicy must be origimted and followed through by the RDD. 6.2.5 -- IndoctrinF-tion

Assist end augment indoctrination of till Armed Forces personnel. It is not possible or contemplated tta t the ID? of the AFSP can t&e direct cognizance of the EctUEzl implementation of this indoctrination and therefore the treining orgznization of the various services must be utilizd. This indoctrination of large numbers of personnel CM best be accomplished by allowing the services comslete freedom to utilize their trainirg organizations as they now stend. However, the BDD will retain an interest in this program to the extent that it will establish minim joint radiologIC&l defense information for promulgation in those treining organizations, will continue to provide the services with new information as it becomes aveilable, and will furnish the rervicer with such training aids and information as may become available to it from outside rources, such aa the AX, or an individual rervice, It i8 not expected that this procedure will neutralize the principle of Joint *sining in rFdiological defense throughout the three Armed Serricer inasmh aa thir indoctrinetion will be carried out within the services by personnel who have been trained in joint courses at higher levels of training, There are certain key groqs for which radiologicel defense indoctrination

is necessary in which the BDL can take a direct interest. These well defined

groups are the senior ranking officers on duty at Hezdc_uartern in the Lashington

area and officer8 in attendance in the various senior service colleges within

the continental llmlts. There are also groups of officers attending certain rervice arch0018 in long term cownos ruch as the gaval Line School, the C.S.

Military Acadomy, otc., vhere a clear cut joint indoctrination maybe presented.

The RDD will participate in tho indoctrination program in these plzcea by

the formulation of lecture merise and in the case of the senior colleges,

2y the actual presentation of these lectures. It is considered thet a properly

organieod training motion picture fils Is of key importanco in the indoctrim

tion program. Further, this type of training aid is capable of such wide

circulation and unique effect that, by mutual Bgreement, the RDD will be

’ considered the logical responsible group for its draft and production. 6.2.6 - Insure that the service8 carry out a program of radiological defense training in their reserve components, corresponding to the levels and coursea

of training a8 offered to the regular services. Thio ia aod will be done by the conduct of frequent short Joint courses now estakliehed in,the schools

in reguler components and the supervision of a suitable joint extension course, the drafting of which ir already In progresr. 6.2.7 - rorter the trainfng of tho national public through the Office of Civil Defonre Planning, its planning activity, and any future civilien defense

organlxation which may be established. During the tenure of the Office of Civil Defenae Plannlng, the BDD should maintain an active liaison with that

offico In order that their planning with respect to radiological defense end

radiological defense training may be guided along lines which have been mutually determined by the serv'ices end the JRSTC as most beneficial for national

requirements. Further subscribirg to the policy that defense of the Zone of

the Interior ir not a responsibility of civilia defense alone, but substanially overlaps into the responsibilities of all of the Armed Services, the RDD should press upon the senior headquarters of each of the rervicee the acceptance of that

policy, and should obtain from each of the services in writing an acceptance of that policy, including broad plans for meeting their inherent resyonsibility

of defense of the Zone of the Interior, a commitment a8 to the extent in which

eech service plane to meet thct responsibility and/or an offici31 refusd or modificetion of that policy with recorded reasons therefor. 6.2.7 - Approgrl8tions and FinEinces -- The FZD, in cocrdinating fiscal arrangements with the three eervices and requesting its own allotments shoula

insure that ample funds are available either in appropriations to the indiviaual

, services or fund0 available to the AFSWP to finance the above training pro-

gram. Such funds a8 are not in service appropriations and are pleced in US'@ should be allocated with such flexlbility thzt they may be used in ways most

beneficial for radiological defense program. 6.2.8 - Considering that all training now in progress for rdiological i defense, jointly organfzed or conducted individually by any of the services,

io of aa interim nature, the HID should pres6 for an early submission of tho

final JRSTC report to the Joint Chief8 of Staff. It 8ppear8, however, that

this Inter+ training will conform to the final overall radiological defense training program with very slight adjustment, if q. Therefore, the BDD

'should insure that no treining now in progress Is ever discontinued unless an accaptablo oubstitnte procedure, likewise conforming to the plun for the eveLtw1 permanent treining progrem is in eristance. Upon submission of the

JXSTC report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the function of tbt committee

_- rhould retun to the BDD of the AFSWP a8 8hOdd the responeibility for deci- rionr and policy concerning joint radiological defense tr’alning. It ap,leare

that en advisory panel of representatives from each of the services vi11 be of considcrablo areistancc. Hawever, the BDD should insure that with the

establishment of that advirory panel no authority over RDD is vested in such

a group which might result in inherent delay in meking end ePfccting policy

Oecfeions with reqect to joint radiological defense training by the BDD. "Training of Berene Conrpanontr at Indtutrial Plantr?...... $400,000

%wriaor of ~nrtrwtorrat bv ~ortgnd.~;rtomool?...... -- 5O,ooO J wTraloing LA., Barg, etc., at Indumtrisl Plantr!...... 260,000 "Training Pro-Bochsrter Courre?...... ,..,,...... J 26,000 aTIlrrinlng at Radiological Woty Wonitor Schoolan...... J150,000

ROTE: Above received from Lt. Col. Joner, 3iecal & Logfeticr Divirion 1 June 1948.

, ......

., . . ..._ .>. .. f

I r mere 3:t ir

-- I-.. . .-.. - , ...... tr, JaSlC, This fiwl report is bzset upw cor,tfrue obaerpation of fnterir treirir,. icstitutrc' EE the rssdt of earlier recm- menrir;ticzr CC tLi6 Subconr:!ttcc ab the raparts of oti,:. Subcor?- titkes of Jp.S'iC ilistitr er precticeblr. She lnttrim trainiy program hare not beer, in tffeot long enough to permit this Sub camittee properly to eTFkfUttt the rEr*lltc, Continued arsiatsaae mB sdvice bj F- ,jn:-i ?;r2c1 is oonaiasrd neuesoerj. for t!;e EO- ord3astion of a~er&;1Babiot,cgical. Defexc trafriag.

- ...... -. .. . - .. !h Joint nsture of training at the indoctrfutfon le:^; will be mnintelned & the we of inatructars trained in the Joht courses uonduetcd at higher levelfie

The potential of a carefully planned ooaplstr motion plctnre on the subject of rsdiologiczP defencc fat Indoctrbation of lmr,p numbers of wrsonnel and as training aid in all raD1ological defrnee aowm~,$6 unique. Swh a film designed urd intended fox UEC b;.- Civil Dsfense crnd npitlly wrbfltsed Armed Porcm, M well ab by tbe regular cervices), rhoFtld be plaeed in production im~LtlieteU. Ths AFSWP, ab rn ainglt cccrdiatirg agesic;, shaulC: 6u;)emIet an& finance this production with CI VIeW toward rcs)rtw the finiehed film available fo the heed Servicec for wide prozulgation etii, i.-I!ien tUrsct*:e, to the Civil Defense orgaization. The produetion of such s fila reriee s?mSb G:L; preclude bfforte of each of ths rervices to con&ut eup?Iernentary radfologial defensc indoctrinec tion by we of routine treinix film,

3 E. l;~~hicalTralnlnz Personad trained to aztivelg defend wainst end lainlmiee raciio!.ogical. weam noedsd in operstiom2 positions, both in the Arned Semicea and in civil defsatae. This lmel ez3r~cegapschlice8 persoertoi who mr be required tn technical DO65t~ORSa-:thln R deftme organisation. A erctezi or obus~tionof medical persoanel muat parallel the above line training. 1: 1: Lins Officere

4 .. .

c, R&.l~l~gi~d.Dsfcmc IF30 \ L requtranent vlll axiBt for the trainfw ob en- lleted mcn .~LBtts:lnfal assi~t~teto offloerr referred to iu a LYE b 8bO~6, ach asnice ahauld praride this type train2ng in mcordaaoe wfth ita r eqai rem pnt a

. ., 'i E, .. .i.

I 1

The ecsrcttg of iaetmvaenZe et thfs tine fri a grwt obstatle to the proper pweuit of a trafniw prow * for monitors.

.... -. 3, Reserve CqonarAr Stnce the ozficsrc and edieted man of the ROB~XT~ Components will be required to fill poaitions deasribed in the pracebing paragxqhs in the went cf acbilizetion, their tra’+rirsgrhould pardlel that of tho regular radiological persormal. In riev of the difficultfrs there permmnel hare fa purcuixg couree~laa~er than two week8O duration, re00me offieera mhoulb be trainoil in a two resident co-uee rupplsr,snted by outside study of the extension aoisrce ROY in preparation, Tht train- iA(: thw acquired vi11 approximdts that 02 the rZz WSS:~~officere cowre referred to b P8ragmph 1 b above. (For curriaulum mee Tab C).

4. Cirfllanr !

AE all iaporttmt requirement for aitil defenae per- c sonnel trdneb cit tClc level sxiets, Canslderhg ij the totel ambers of the natioaal population who must f be protecteb, bC: tho ctro&&likelihood that 8 radiolo,$c&l cetaotrophe vill levolro clrillanr ae a sub- 6tmti.l or predaninrant praportion of the a8sdty gmu?; tt becoaeu appAirect that 00llplet6 trdw of - a Large number of monitori, inrtrument and laborator3r teshnfciana, mebical an& taotid advisory OffiOid8r g:I may well be the keyrtone ail ryrrirsl of the national public In an all-out atonic var. Them8 rhoulCL bo trained to wrk in oonJumtion vith armed ranioes psrlronnal in pa-ld podtioar or alone, by utillrlrig the name ourrimla and equipment now, or In the futurr,in uee in armed senleer oot~mot. The source and illsporitioa of trainem ahauld bo fati- mately uovm into their pemsnsat oooupation, ror InitPPCe. Instrument technicians m&y be drawn from the ciailian t~diorecdr trade, monitorr from poltoe

, E. fn~trvctore

A vide varktta:. of requirement6 for instructor8 exleta. Hove%erta gtad;rate cf nqv coune at the teckicd levcl is oonefciered capalSe of conducting inazc’rfr.atlon and, In eomif cas6~.wlth rrbdftiod or-the-job trthing of instructing la aourue~wh%c?i &e ha8 aomleteG ht a otudsnt, Instructorr for the techalod trainin& level are automathally produod. Ae an e-ler for the rubleva1 o? Qadiolof;iCa Defsnae OfflcerH, instnrstors will be srdlablo ftaE srtsx graduztes of tha next highsr level Of Portwsb- mte graw, The Badiolo&;icel Defanae Officer grad- Ute is quelified to terrch the eollsted monitcr arid c,3 OT?, In gmerril m.6 upon prerrsnt eatinrates, for propz inatructioa at this lerel, the instnrstor- at-dmt ratto by numbsr cho*dd be approxiaktely tak instrmtots on duty per one hun&reC etudentr In at- tsn&rics at a rlh;el.

c -_

-9-

id- Present St&tuD

lo I.kc following interim lndoctrinstlon is ic progreer at t2iC tine of thic rer.378;

Dietribution of Eadiologlcal Defense k&i-~I,Volursre It through Arqv eilfsted sen indoctrinattlon by lectnrr, trainiG film, armed forcee talicr,

Distribution of manual of medical aspects.

--- .---...--.- I ., . -.,. - ._. . .-.-,...... II ?

Participtior kr, sir-lectwc ooorbfnz$ct reries for usniar officers (Air Unirsreity an8 Pentzgon)* Inciustan of g-lscttlre coorLinatsc?. serf ee for low- tern; ech001~ in curricula of those BC~OQ~E,

386 of trolning fllme.

DistrFbutior, of RabLolo(;ical Defense Kanual, Volnrrj I, througbut Air Forces.

12 2. Thti f~ll~~iwinteriz technic& training le in propsesp at the timo of this report.

Joint RiUiiologicA3. Deftnee Officerit cour6c at U.So Naval Dana@ Control Training Center, Treesure Island, Probction 50 offioerr/f weeki.

Jo~G~,Radiologicdl Defense Officers' aou.rsc at Chsnienl hrp8 School, Axmy Cbsm.Lcal Center, Ma. Traduction 50 afPicere/I weeks.

Jcint Reaervs Officers two woekra mmae at both above whoole, Pro5uction varies.

Prcptlretion of .Joint extension wurse for mmme officere by Fadtological Defense school facu3tp a6 the A~YCbmicd Center under &piaea of 15~s~~ Totair trained at thla level to dater

...... 164 N8W ...... Air E~rceOsC.Co8 26;19 OSPES ...... 8 Cif&lPez 8 0 C 0 0 0 _Isr TOT& 562

13 ... .--- ..... (3) Reseroe Officerr:

&g ...... 43 ......

4, Gencr;.?. C, Thst within the semictes programs of indoctrination should bc continued ezC- extendo9, These should bc adn;:nleteru& by e:s!l CNWVICB, trtiiimg it6 mioaps~biiities an meaiF for the dlesednation of this indoctrination; parallel indoc- traibstloa to Incluiie baaio medical aspects should be similar- Q cond;;etcC in the me&icd departments of the berYfceI;,

0, That CCX?CG; ehoS:' bc ectctltskcb by each o€ the asrvices t3 trzin kbiologichl Dafense NCObe and enlisted morftorf IE quzntitp vith 2: rrscticnl course stenrlerdizc' by dpSit? as tr, minim.: cwrioulucl requirements, but not lbiites necessarily at3 to location or joint personnel, Thlc trtiinix mag bs csslil:.t.s& io echoole or in the fislZ, accordiw to the ncc2 Of the partiOa&l' Esl'YtC6, Tkt sll scmlsc sshmls catducting training of mediad ctl L~;ltzllaboratory techoicien6 should. inetttuts traioing radio1oC;ickl lakretoq procedures end photodosimotxy etan- dnrtizct by UShF as to dnim cuxriclslu-, requirements.

llhat abvancg.6- training by tSe eervices of retsem=, component Off'_KY IC inpr&ct4csbl€c

.. Qc

-1 7- 4

lo, of Borne

Ch~i6t~D...... r...... ,...... 3 D$o~%~~f~~~o~~*.,...... a Defsilsc OpsriitioS&l PrQbleFs...... 11. ~as~i~.~f~lh~...... 11 %;l.oF;Ion Phenoilrexs ...... 7 iadoetrinction Progrmz ...... C ~rsbo~to...... 19 ~th~~io[j...... 4 I me^^...... 6

Meteo~oZogr...... i... 3

Hoaltoriing sea SumC~...... 37

PhpSlCII ...... 31 Soi6ntifib Viaats...... 7 Diaeursion, I~P~~wE~Critiquee snC Supeniaed Study...... 42

TOTAL...... Z44 *

-19-

i - So. of Houza rhea? ...... l& AdmiL3Rt*.tL,+*,...... 6 Notloa Pfcturae ...... 3 E#ininatfcsF...... 2 Prasticc?. Wcrk...... 33 Student Ynrtici~ctize...... 14

. . -_ . . --..... ___Icrc19.-c.cIc-..-c----. - .-

.... -nb .___ - ...... ___I...... I ...... _-.TI- __”..,.-- . -. ... .“___--_ .., Total of Clserro2,n Hours

Arm DweControl (DeZenee & Protcctfon Problems)...... 12 Erplocfon Pheaoms~saud Fall-aut...... 9

IiUClGr ~hVeiC8...... 1h Practied Wo.s%torIEt: and Sp~v.i;*...... 16 Rev'iewse IkzuIirtatiartr and Cr:tiqt;r3 ...... 9 Thecry ani; Uee of LnsLr~snts,...... 11 A~llf8t~ti~8...... 18 -

(POTKL...... 80

~. ------*- -- .'- Stsmti. Tern I KA 102 Ore, Diff. Eqyatlaxro dc Q~rigb...... 6 Ph Bpfiorr, Atomic ItrcEtrrre 0rIe-a of Spaetra ...... 6 Ch 10% GenoW Inorganlo &An&~~na~pt$crl.Chm...... 6 Ntteralog;y, ner;;ar;'~sry(bit t% oam) ...... 3 22 Pa31 Tern

PW5tiOnB Of SWSd va&pdbh a:!VMtOT &3&?6i$...... 6 &I~~tr?-a+rbytanti k&netirrrP...... 6 Ele~tron%~E...... 8 Drganh Obdstq...... , . 6 2% , __~- -1 Winter Tc:: \ Ha lo4 Mreaced Cdoulue & Probabilltp., ...... 4 . Ph ~C6...... 4 Ph X-%v, Baal@8ctlvkty 8,tlb.EWla- ~i8ht~ZYStfOA...... 6 Oh 4a PhySfUdb Chezlctry...... 'J . 8 22

tlDWTern Spocssdi Math, -Prop, for Thwrethal Pmic-a...... 4 ?& ginrticr ThGQ~...... ,..,...... a Fh 2Lestronh 6 Bgdf&Oon MesBuseaen;c...... , ...... 6 FW&%etl of hfl&ChB...... 4 EiQlOQ db PhSSfoaGe;~...... _,Q c.*.'1

. . ____ ...... ,_ __ . . . - -_ ... .4 I...... uy_ .. .-e-.-.....

if ,I F.7 L Se30iiC Ter,xi = Civilla;; University &ntrer 1em Bo, of Unit8 - Zoology 10 - GmeFal Ehuasn Biolofi...... i. . 8 oh=. (5pd = Ba41atlon Msefirsslents...... a = Watioa M~&~~LTCWU~SLaboqtoty...... a P4+rlolw n4, 814 - Oeaard FQniiolc~...... 6 Fa31 Tern Cb. 123 - Nuc1Ss;r Oh4cDiatry...... 2 -8. lab - Wadfeal HqvAor...... % Physiolw 1OoB - Qsnersl & Oanptuative mW1~.. ,. . a phsr. la - htr. to Atomic Structure...... 3 m7r. 11oD - Hodern Phyolor Lab...... 1 -8. lo& - kdytlool Moebauidf...... a uathsmatiar...... 3 I€

Pall Term nI&D TRIP - BMtetQePoint - VSW Rabfatiea bbomtoy - Unir. ob Calli.

-8. a24 - lttaclecr PhyBiC@...: ...... a PlQ-a. 290 " Sda&P...... : ...... 14 . phscc, 296 - Tho6ro...... 14

-.-.. ... --... I la

i i ! a,

.. .. -

SECTIOI? 6. .

DEVEIDPIJEXT DIVISIGK. c (at+.14%)

4-64 . General . The Development Mvision was another of the six original divisions of the Headqusrters of the AFsR[p which were authorized officiaU7 5 by the memorandum charter of 8 July 1947 (see pr, 3-51) This Didaim was originally charged with "military participation in the developnent of atomic vsapons of all types". The charter sthted further: "It my discharge thi~responsibility by direct participetion or by exercising staff supervision. It must work in closest caordinatior, with the Atomic Energy Commission and with all other interested agencies of the Bar and

Nav Departments" (which later became by inference: "of the Departments of the Bmsy, the Kavy and the Air Force"); and: "It must closely foUm the scientific development of atomic energy." The Division was sometimes called the Qesearch and Develop- ment Divisionn (or the "R & D DiPision"), but its official me was the "Development Division".

The Division may be said to have been activated with the appointment of a Chief on 8 August 1947. The corresponding AFSlKP Develop- ment Division at Sandia Base was initiated on 19 August 1947, end the uJa5 staf'f work of the Headquarters Division bacbaa,carried out close coordination with that field division.

4-6-2. Sandia Research and Development Board.

As described in Section 2 of this chapter, a joint Research and Development Board vas established at Sandia Ease about 1 March 1943, The Board was initiated by joint agreement between the Mrector, Sandk Laboratory, and the Commanding General, Sadie Base, ~5ththe approval and concurrence of the Director, Cos Alamos feboratoq-, and the Chief, AFSiS. This Board helped effectively to praduce unified action toward the solution of the lp~nyproblems with which the Develop- ment Division was concerned, and in combining information and facilities for the co-n good. It has been accepted generally as a comptknt, Rrf.. +I, jOiEt, working-level body, (see par, 4-2-3bg); also, 13; n

4-6-3. ?leapons Status Survey. (uti-(W), At the request of the Ulltary Liaison Committee &e,,

the Division made a survey of the status of development of weapons? and methods of delivery of the veapons, and a draft of a study resulting from this survey was completed in September 1948. The document which was prepared analyzed the present weapons and considered variations of present beads as 0,eI.l as possible future developments, and it outlined present and future methods of delivery, As of 31 December 1948, this study was being revised in the light of comments received fromSandia (Ut+-60) Base, the slrndia Laboratory, and ths Los Blftmos Iaboratory, ,-$Sun ’=”,

To accomplish a mre detailed study along the Sam lines, a project WRS initiated, and roughly drafted at a meeting at Sandla Base on 1September 1948, for the work to be performed by Project RAND. The Military Liaison Committee approved inforn#3lv, in December 19@, the general arrangements cantumplated, and forwarded a proposal to the

AEC for approval..~ As of 31 December 1948, this approval still (Utf. \48, pendfng. p.4, par. 13.) A p.2, par. 2;

4-6-4. Imrovements and Tests, a. Ballistics and Aerodsnemics.

Barly in 1948 it was apparent that neither the 1561 bomb nor the MK-IV bomb had good Ustic characteristics and that little; if any, progress vas being mde toward improvenent. In January 1948, the Chief of the Sandia Development Division attempted to amange a visit to Sandia Laboratory by seveml leading aerodynamicists and other experts of Project RAMI; security difficulties, however, prevented the visit at that time. Later in 1948, the Chief and DepQ Chief of the Headquarters Developnsnt Division, during a meeting with the Director of Sandia Laboratory, proposed that a group of expert dynacdcists, who had meenwhile been granted "Q" clearances, might be consulted in connection with design problems on the M!bIV tail. ylr. Paul J. Larsen, the Mrectar, agreed after som discussion, and arrangements were made through the Air Force for attendance of six of the nation's leading aerodynamicists. In addition, experts from Aberdeen Proving Ground and from the Naval In Ordnance Test Station, &okern, California, wre invited by the Sandia laboratory. The meeting was held on 24 ky 19@ and resulted in the formation of a comprehensive test program, including both wind tunnel and drop tests, aimed at an early solution of the difficulties. The meeting clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of the Sandia Laboratory staff and facilities engaged in the problem, and indicated that little real progress had been made on the problem during the previous two years.

Adessiva following through of the proposed program by the Sandia Iabora- torg resulted in imediate improvement. At the end'of the year 1948, it appeared that a basic configuration recommended by the aerodynamicists, modified considerably by the laboratory, gave good ballistic properties to the kX-IV bomb.

b. Weawn Components, etc. The Sandia Research and Development Eoard considered improvements in various weapon components under development by Sandia Xaboratory. These includedt the new MK-I11 X-Unit; a new MK-IV deto- nator; nea batteries developed by the Killard Battery manuf'ecturem; neF clocks; a bench device to replace the existing mpsy Doodle" test of Archies; and others.

C. In-Flipht Nuclear Insertion.

In-flight nuclear insertion was considered abeolutaly imperative. As a result of a proposal by the Chief of the Sandia Denlop ment Division, and unrehearsed test of an extraction and insertion, in a plane on the ground, using a standard B-29 plane and a MK-IV bo&, was tried and accomplished, on 25 March 1948, without any special toola or equipment. A proposal for an AEC study of rsdesign of the MK-IV gsdget to facilitate this in-flight nuclear insertion was fomrded through the (e€+.IS\) Milltary Liaison Comrnittee on 7 April 1948. A- In accordance with a reconmendation of the Chief of the Sandia Developmnt Didsion, an Air Force ofPicer having some background In tool design was sent to Los Alam~s in the fall of 1948 to work out procedures and toole to accomplish the in-flight insertion and extraction.

d. Low Temmrature Tests.

As a redt of request from the serdces and from AFSTP, a program to test the bomb components for servlceabillty at low temperatures was underway at Ibs Alamos and at Sandla Iaboratory at the end of the year 1948. Positive Information was desired on the ability of the bomb - complete - to withstand extreme temperatures. If aqv part failed to stand up, or if nrany components failed this test, it vas planr,ed that a method would be developed for heating the bomb in flight, either nith an electric blanket or with space heaters In the plane bomb

e. Chickenpox Test.

The Development Division and the Operations and Training Division participated with the Air Force and the AEC in the development of "Chickenpox", rhich was an airborne assembly laboratory installed in a converted C-9rplane. (See par. 4-3-5c.) The Development Division participated also in the testing of this aircraft. It was cold-tested in the laboratory at Eglin Field, Florida, in July 1948, and accepted; it was then field-tested at Sandia Base (27 July 1948), accepted there, and mde an Item of standard usage. Klts for converting the C-97 aircraft to Chickenpox status were approved for standardizction and stock pile.

4-65. p omn for Ememencg Procedures. A comprehensive testing plan to determine emergency procedures in the event of mishap on take-off, ditching or crash landing, or an abortive mission, was received from the Air Force (deted 30 January 1948) and forwarded to the Military Liaison Codttee for approval

(&fa 152)- 29 March 1948& At the end of 1948, all three senices were preparing detailed plans and requirements for this program, for integration into a complete, detailed plan for final approval by the Military Liaison Coxnittee. It was proposed that the fhal plan frould list the required tests, the quantities of sup$.ies that would be requested of the AEC, the costs and the shares of cost5ib y the services, and the distribution of the tests to the services. The program was to be coordinated by the

Am.

4-64. Protective Construction Committee. The Development Division organized a Protective Construction

Committee, composed of members of all interested subdivisions of the aendces. This cormittee was to study the probable results of atomic warfare on military equipment and insbllations, to determine whether any changes in existing specifications were necessary. The cornnittee met several times in by and June 1948. It planned to overlap somewhat the field of investigation into non-atomic warfare, in order to evolve a formula for collective protection. This formula could then be used by other staff agencies to determine the advisability of consideration for protection of manufacturing plants, civilian activities, etc.

In this connection, the Division has handled some inquiries fron the public, regarding protection fron atomic bombs; for examplet one inquiry ms concerned with construction information and advice for a re r for the Chicago Tribune nerspaper; another involved a shelter for a publishing house in Eashington,

Do Ce

4-6-7. Nealxrneer Traininn Kits, The Division, in conjunction with the Sandia Research and Development Board, participated in the development of a maponeer training kit for using organizations. Six kits were deldvered to Sandis Iabora- tow for test, 26 July 194.8, and production item were expezte3 etirly in 1949

4-6-8. Parachute or Drome for Jettieonhg Eomb, The provision of a parachute or drogue for jettisoning a bomb was suggested by the Air Force Tactical and Technical Codttee (latar? the Air Force Field Office for Atomic Energy, flrtland Field),crnd recornended to the Air Force by the AFST, At the end of 1948, an Air

Force study for this development was underway by the Air Materiel Comd at Wright Field,

4-6-9, Vulnerability of Free-Falling Bomb , On 29 December 1947, the Development Division initiated a study of the vulnerability of a free-falling bomb, consulting pany senrlce reports. The study was oarried out by Board No. 4, Ground Porces, which concluded, on 25 February 1948? that the probability of detonating a free-falling bomb by anti-aircraft fire was rather remote. 4-6-10. Underground Explosfo~Tests. The Division planned to participate in the underground explosion tests which were to be carried aut in the latter part of 1948 by the Office of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Amy, to the extent of planning and financing the tagging of the earth near the explosives, and the analysis of its final distribution, in an effort to gain infomtion which might be useful in predicting residual radioactivity following the possible underground detonation of an atomic bomb. This test program vas postponed by the Engineers on 22 October 1948, because of lack of funds, but before the postponement a number of test shots were =de, using willemite (a zinc orthosilicate) ere furnished by the AlSP as a fluorescent tagging material. The results were good, indicating that the &$io4 was a satisfactory tracer material for such tests, making possible both a rapid check of distribution on the ground and a more thorough study by the analysis of collectecl dust samples. It was proposed that the AFSP particiption would coatinue when this testing program should be reactivated.

44-11. IB m Bombr &oc6L( Ocsiq-,

On 7 October 19@, dnqy ordnance was requested by the Development Division to undertake a project for the design and test of ' a practice Little Boy (or Gun) Type bomb. This project was mdemy at the end of the year 1948, A study was being mads to determino the feasibility of altering the M-lWA (practice replica of the 1561) by a change in the par section to approxbmts the W-IV bomb, in o&w to make usable 80m 2,200 of these bombs still in existence. 4-6-12. LiRht-Beight Casinn forHKCIV.

At an aerodynamics-conference at bs Alamns on 2-3

4.6.8 September 1948, it was pointed out by bcr. John K. Northrop, President of Northrop Aircraft, Inc., thet a saving of perhaps one ton in the weight of the HK-IV could be =de by the use of a Uzht weight case, of aircraft type construction. This statement aroused much interest fro= various agencies. Action was suggested by Colonelm. M. Canterbury,

EX?,Chief of the Sandia Development Division, AFsp:P, in a teletype on ( art.I5 3;. 8 September 1948, and by b!r* Larsen in a letter on 29 September 1948f~ In response to the teletype from Colonel Canterbury, the ( q.I54), AFSmP wrote to the AEC, on 21 October 19GA-, indicating a military interest, requesting the development of this improvement, and

recommending that a contract be let to em aircraft company. In response to Llr. Larsen's letter, the AFSrrlp mote to the AEC, on 4 November 1948 (eft, I5 a), indicating a VibL interest and requesting that a suitable program be started. Erigadier General James McCormck, Jr.,

Director of the Division of Ulithry Application, AEC, requested, by Cut+ \%), letter dated 16 November 19Gn.that Ias Alamos and Sandia Base initiate a program for the design and msdacture of test quantities tht H€ of prototype light cases for,MK-XV. €b--specified continuous consultations

with the AFSJP, with disagreement8 to be referred to General MCCormack.

4-6-13. New Fusinn System. Before the end of the year 1948, pmMaI'Y steps had been initiated toward the invention of a new fusing system, to replace the existing Archie-clock-baro, etc., combination. The Air Force wa8 requested, on 2 November 1948, to get in touch with a group of experts capable of examining the problem- and miking recomandations. Aa of 31 December 1948, decision had not yet been made as to dether this program should be pushed .

4-6-14. Mfficulties and HandicaDs. Because of the nature of its primary mission, "military participation in the development of atomic weapons of all types", the Development Division of the AFSWP has probably suffered mare acutely thon any ohtlr divisiuvr A from the co~isedsituation in which the developxmnt of atomic weapons hes been placeda; perhaps, indeed, more than any other unit of the armed sedces. This confused situation, whereby one Government agency (the Atomic Energy Comrdssion) has been delegated the authority and reeponsibility to develop atomic weapons, dxUe the responsibility for their use, and for the preparation for their use, remains in the hands of other agencies (the armed services) has resulted from enact-

ments by the Congress, as described in the first chapter of this Historg.

(See par. 1-2c(4),) The agency of the Atomic Energ Connnission charged with the responsibility for weapons development was the Sandia Laboratory; although the establishment of the Sandia Research and Development Board (see par, 4-6-2) helped Immeasurably in obtaining effective action on problems relating to the official mission of the Development Mvieion, the efforts of tbe Division were still seriously handicapped si- be- cause it had no authority over the Laboratory or its personnel. The

Division had to stand idly by, although it was thoroughly aware of defeots which could have been cured. An appraisal of the situation by the Chief of the Develop-

ment Division, made at the end d the year 1948, contained the folia list of "contributing factors" to the %erg unsatisfactory conditionn of "this most important field of development":

a. nConfwion in the Military Establlshnrent resulting in lack of a coordinated military requirement"; b. "Apparent lack of fim direction from the AEC" (in this connection, principally to the Sandia Iaboratory);

C. WOrganizational and f'unctional intertrrining of research, development, and production activities within the AEC";

d. "General inadequacy of staff and facilities at Saadia Laboratory. It is alarming to consider that the facilltios and experience level available to reapan development (as distinct from warhead) are inferior to that being applied to other developnts of far less hportance"; e, RFailure of Sandia Laboratory to sufficiently utiUse outside facilities and experience, both civil and milltary. The laboratory has attempted tasks beyond its capabilities with resultant loss of time, money and effort. Correlated with this has been a failure to keep infonned on developments in related fields";

f, #Over emphasis on security in many instances";

g, wGeneral lack of appreciation among AEC personnel of the military implications and importance of various aspects of their work, end of military needo"; h, "...the paucity of authoritative information and the lack of any straightforward me@$ of keeping iapormed. There has been little disposition on the part of the AEX to make an effort to Inform MP regarding mapon development, The tendency has been to regard briefings, joint sessions, and re t, The codssion has steadfastly refused to transmit as a routine matter any classified documents in which the Development Division p€J& particularly interested”. met. 143 Rtt.4 I > -A -A PP* 6,798; also,,,- PP* Q,A3.) (Note; It is beliemd that the fore-going criticisms, which have been formally made, em properly a part of the History of this period and should be recorded herein; as a matter of policy, however, it mny be found desirable to delete them. This deserves carerul consideration. The same question applies to portions of the paragraphs which follcm.) Although the Development Mvisian has had to stand iw by insofar as correction of defects within the organization of the UC is concerned, the Division and the AFSW itself have done what they could to improve the situation in general, within the limitations of their authority, short of formal appeal as provided for in the Atomic

Energy Act of 1946, Near the end of 1948, particular consideration -8 given to the problem of providing a procedure whereby the Military Establishment could present specifications - technical and physical characteristics of secondary importance - applicable to the atomic weapons and related equipment. This problem was taben up with the b?ilitary Application Division of the AEC, with the recokndation that the Mreotor of that Division send a representative to Sandia, with authority to speak for the Director, and charged with responsibility for see- that military specifications are met. The Director of the U- taw Application Division decided to send a representative to each meeting of the Sandia Research and Development Board as an observer only. 4-6-15. Uaison Tith Other Agencies a. Sandia end Los Alamos Laboratories.

The difficulties described in the preceeding paragraph

inevitably affected the relations between the persolinel of the Develop-

ment Mvision and the personnel of the faboraturies.

At the end of the year 1948, relations with the Sandia faboratorg personnel had improved considerably but were still somhat

short of ideal. The same was true, to a lesser degree with regard to ( RL~.149, relations with the LOS Uams hboratorg personnel. fip. 7.) The Division made efforts better to acquaint Sandia

LBboratory personnel with the nature and capabilities of the various

service laboratories, proving grounds, and manufacturbg facilities.

These efforts included arrangement of visits by the Laboratory personnel to several installations in the tiashingtan arear and the transmission of miscellaneous data to the Laboratory. b. Atomic Energy Conmission. Contacts with the personnel of the AEC in Washington were usually good at the working level, while contact at the high level was usually very slow and tedious, ae noted in an earlier section of this chapter (see par. 4-2-2 b) . At the end of the year considerable improvement wae expected from developmnte within he Bw: by which the Director

of the Utary Application Division was given much broader powers, and

from possible improvement of liaison betwen that Director and the sandia Laboratory.

C. Llilitzry Liaison Committee. Relations of the Biasion with the Military Liaison Committee were close and usually very good, The changes within the Committee during mid-1948 appeared to facilitate good relations,

d, Armed Services,

Very good relations have been maintained between the

DeveJopent Division and the various agencies of the Arrqy, the Navy, and the Air Force. These agencies have included particularly: (1) The Research and Development Group of the Logistics

Division of the Gemeral Staff, U, S, Ariqy; also, the various Arnlp services.

(2) The Atomic Energy Division, Op-36, U, S, Naw; also, other Naval installations, including: the Naval Gun Factory; the Haval

Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern; and the Naval Reaearch Iaboratory, (3) The Special Weapons Group of the Deputy Chief of Staff, bkteriel, U, S, Air Force; also, other Air Force instellations, including

Wright Field,

4-6-16, Oranization and Persannel. The orighd charter of the stated, with respect to the Development Division: "1%will require a Chief and Assistants from the Axmy, Navy and Air Forces including representatives from specially interested technical agencies of the War and Navy Departments, including interested Technical Services and Bureausen a, Chief and Derruts Chief , Throughout the current period of thie History, the Develop- ment Division was headed by Captain E, H, Eckeheyer, 3S.N. From 14 Jvly 194.7 , Colonel A, IT* Kielsen, W, served as Deputy Chief of the Division, b, Ormnization. 88 of 31December 194.8, the Division consisted of five officers (3 Arnsy, 1 Navy, and 1 Air Force) and one civilian secretary,

C. Sandia Base Development Division,

The Sandia Base Development Mvlsion was headed, from itE

45 4 31 I)tcWt>tr I948 organizationAnas composed of eleven officers (I Army, 2 Navy, and 8 Air Force), two enlisted men, and two civilian secretaries.

t.6.15 SECTION 7, + CROSSROADS DIVISION. (Ref* 157)

4-74. General e

The Crossroads Division of the AFSW yas established for the purpose of completing the Whished business" of the Joint Cross- roads Committee and Joint Task Force One - concerned with the atomic bonb tests at Bikini. Atoll in July 1946, which constituted the major mission of Operation Crossroads.

The participation of the Manhattan astrict and its personnel in Operation Crossroads has been described in the Kanhattan District History, Book VIII, Vole 3, Chapter 8. An official unclassified re?ort of the Operation was published in 1947: "knbs at Bikini, the Official

Report of Operation Crossroads, Prepared under the Direction of the Comander of Joint Task Force Onea, by W, A. Shurcliff, Historian of

Joint Task Force One, Wme He Wise & Corn, Inca, New York. An official rclassified report was issued to the Joint Chiefs of Staff by the Commander of Joint Task Force One, 18 November 1946: "Technical Report of Operation Crossroads"; this report was compiled also by Dr. We Am Shurcliff. (Ref. 158, 159) Joint Task Force One was dissolved on 1 Novenber 196, by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Thereafter, the final activities of the Operation were carried on by the Joint Crossroads Committee, of which

Rear BQliral W. Se Parsons was Chairman (see "Bombs at Bikini", Pe 1721, until, on 10 June 1947, the residual functions were transferred to the W (Ref 160). The Crossroads Division mas activated on that date. his action occurred after General Groves had sent his memorandum to the Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, and the Chief of Naval Operations, dated 4 April 1947, which became the basis of the memorandum charter of 8 JuV 1947 (see par. 2 there was no provision in either of these documents for a Crossroads Division. As a matter of fact, this Division may be regarded as a teqorary division from the very beginning; at first, its duties were numerous and arduous, but later, after it became primarily a custodian of records, its division status mas cancelled and its personnel and functions were transferred to the Radiological Defense Division, on 22 December 1948 (see Section 5 of this chapter). The ofiginalmission of the Crossroads mvision was to complete the publication and distribution of technical and scientific reports and photography of Operation Crossroads, to qencies ofthe arned forces, the disposal of surplus material, and the disposition of administrative files. A similar mission was delegated to the Crossroads Division with respect to Operation Sandstone, concerned with the new weapons tests which were carried out at Eniwetok in the spring of 1948, by Joint Task Force Seven, in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission. On 20 April1948, the Joint Chiefs of Staff designated the AFsmp as the repository for the histories, operational and special reports, and certain administrative records, of Joint Task Force Seven, upon the fiture dissolution of that Task Force (Ref. 161). AFsT;p Administrative Memorandum No. 11, dated 20 May 1948, designated the Crossroads Division as the division to afiich the residual functions relating to Operation Sandstone were delggated. On 16 June 1948, the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved the inactivation of Joint Task Force Seven and charged the AFSWP with the responsibility for all residual mi2Lta.x-y activities of JTF7 (Ref. 162). Thereaf'ter, the mission of the Crossroads Division related to the reports, photography, surplus material, administrative files, etc., of Operation Sandstone in the same aay as it already related to the correuponding items of Operation Crossroads. 4-7-2 The principal activities of the Crossroads Division may be described as follows;

a. Resumes at Bikini Atoll.

A Joint Chiefs of Staff Memorandum, dated 16 May 1947, signed by Adndral U. D. LRahy, was addressed to the Secretary of the Navy and the Secretary of tar, and requested that a scientific resurvey (Ut+* 16 3). be conducted at Bikini Atolll, On 2 June 1947, the Chief of Bawl Operations directed the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, to assme operetional (et:-.f. !b4 ?, control of a Task Group to conduct the resurvey,, The technical and scientific aspects of this project were placed under the direction of the AFSTP, with Captain Christian L, Engleman, USN, as Project Officer, and Dr. E. S. Cilfillan, Jr., as Technical Mrector. The Task Group arrived at Eikini Atoll on 15 July 1947, just 355 days after Test B of Operation Crossroads. The meywas conducted from that date until 29 Awt1947, when the Group started home. The investigations undertaken consisted principally of the following items; (1) The amount and aature of radioactivity remaining in the lagoon water and on the reef and land structures of the atoll, wherever it exceeded normal levels of radioactivity and coslnic rays.

(2) The concentration and kind of radioactive materials in plants and animals of the area, and the effects of radioactidty upon such organisms.

(3) PhysiologlCal, geological, and oceanographic studies of organisms and reef-building processes, including the drilling of CO~Sdorm to 1300 (4) Detailed observations (including photographic recording)

of the following ships which were sunk as a result of Test B: Saratogb

(CV-3) P Pilotfish (SS-386) and Prpogon (SS-308) . (Some observations were also made on the Japanese battleship Nagato, but the time available did not permit obtaining comprehensiw information of this ship,) (Two other items were included in the mission of the resurvey, as originellg proposed; to recover from the wreck of the Negoto four instruments, which were believed to be possibly in good condition still, and to locate, if possible, a section of the ISIJ-60, directly under which the bomb of Test B of Operation Crossroads had been detonated.

The former of these two item was elidnated as being impracticeble,

! especially in viev of a recommendation by the Chief of the Eureau of

Ordnance, TEN, that it be abandoned; the latter item could not be fulfilled .) The wide variety of equipnt used by the Resurvey Task Group, to obtain information and records from their investigationa, not

only included core-drilling equipment, diving equipment, still and moving picture cameras, as well as numerow radiological and other scientific instruments, but also included an experimental undemater

television unit, which was used for the first timo at depths between 100 f!t, and 200 ft. This unit was developed and operated, under contsct, by the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory. Although it was found that the

television equipment did not constitute a mterial aid to the diving operations during the Bikini resurvey, it proved to be technically feasible and was considered highly desimble for many maritime mes. The experimentd trials developed a number of recommendations for possible future improvements.

From the scientific standpoint, it was the opinion of

the Technical Director that wthe principal result of the Bikini Scientific

Resnroey vas to show that the atomic explosions caused only minor, transient disturbance to the plant and animal populations of the area, the effects of which have almost completely disappeared after one year's

time .a

Voluminous data were collected during the resurvey and

brought back to the United States for study and analysis. A Technical

Report on the results was dtten under the direction of the Project

Officer and the Technical Director, and was published by the AT" in December 1947. (See Technical Report, %Bikini Scientific Resmeg"; Pol. I, Operations; Vol. 11, Report of the Technical Director, Kith Annex IV; Vol. 111, Report of the Mrecter of Ship hterial, Pith Annex I, I1 and IIIjJ r(t\. 165.) b. Crossroads Remrts.

( 1) Completion During the pr1947, final Crossroads Reparts prepared by the Director of Ship Haterial Organization, the Operetional Report,

the Technigal',Bsport of Operation Crossroads, and the Report of the ( &t. (6 6,) Technical Director were completed and printed. ,,At the end of 1948, finel reports were still pending from the Bureau of Medicine and Surgerg Research Group and from the Physical Measurements Group.

(2) Distribution

A basic allowance list was authorized, by JCS 1552/96, - -I -- (e+ 167)) dated 17 June 191$fi for distribution of some 157 sepamte Crossroads reports to 113 agencies of the armed forces. By the end of 19@ the

Division had virtually completed this distribution, involving approximately 15,COO volumes of rfpods. C. Joint Task Force Seven Reports,

On 18 June 1948, the AFStW was authorized (by JCS Memo- randum SU-10318, Ref. 168) to make distribution, of the Report of the Commander of Joint Task Force Seven to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to various agencies of the amed forces. The distribution made included

the Technical Report of the Communications and Electronics Section of the Special Staff of Joint Task Force Seven, At the end of the year, a

considerable number of technical and scientific reports, including a number of motion pictures, were yet to be received from the Atomic Energy Commission. After receipt, this material would have to be reproduced

and distributed to interested agencies of the anned services. d. J?ilmUbraru. An AIETiF film Library was established in the Pentagon Building in July 1948, for storing approximately 1,OOO,OOO ft, of motion picture film and 200,000 still photographs, The task of distribution, ind- and cataloguing this material continued throughout the balance of the current period of this History. U&il July 1948, tie Crossroads Division had used the facilities of the Naval Photographic Center at Anacostia, Maryland.

e. Motion Picture 8tAtomic EKDlosion". A documentary motion picture entitled "Atomic Explosion", classifibd Top Secret, was completed in July 1948. The viewing time of this picture is 3 hours and 45 minutes. Footage for this picture was obtained from: various sources in the armed services; various other Government agencies (including the Department of State, the Department of Agriculture and

the Atomic Energy Commission); the British Commomalth ScientFfic Office;

and various commercial organizations (including March of Time, RX%?athe, Paramount, UX, Movietone News, Warner Brothers, and Phillips Escport

Corporation). It is of interest to note that this is the second longest motion picture ever made in the history of the motion picture industry - second only to "Gone With The Wind".

f. Vault and Technical Librq.

In February 1948, a vault was installed in the office of the Crossroads Division and a technical library was established for storing technical and scientific data. The task of distribution, indexing and cataloguing these data continued throughout the balance of the current period of this History.

47-3. Liaison.

The functions of the Crossroads Division required close liaison Kith: the Atonic Energy Commission; Joint Security Control, Joint Chiefs of Staff; the Military Liaison Committee; and the various technical services of the armed forces. Uaison was also maintained, to a limited degree, with: the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the

Office of Naval. Intelligence; and the Military IntelUgence Service.

Within the BnW, close relations were maintained principally with the Security Division. 4-7-4. Organization and Personnel.

The personnel of the Crossroads Division included a number of officers and enlisted men mho had taken part in Operation Crossroads; it included also personnel who took part in the resurvey of Bildni Atoll; and it had assigned to it for temporary additional duty a rnunber of officers who were engaged in the completion of reports and served in an advisory capacity on tectrnicalmatters. The Chief of the Crossroads Division, from 10 June 1947 to 22 September 19.48, was Captain Harry R, Carson, Jr. , USN. From 22 September 1948 to 11 October 194.8, Lt. Cdr. R. L. Reaser, Em, the Deputy Chief, served as Acting Chief of the Mdsion; from 11 October 1948 to 22 December 1948, Major John B. Gulley, EA, was the Chief . b. Resurvey Personnel.

\ The Bikini Resurvey Project Officer, from 10 June 1947 to 12 September 1947, was Captain C. L. Englentan, USN, The personnel assigned to or attached to the Crossroads Division who took part in the resurvey totaled 3l4, composed of 64 officers ( 6 Axmy and 58 Navy)* 184 enlisted men (1 Amy and 183 Navy) and 66 civilians. c . Photographic Eranch. Major (then Captain) C, I. Gillett, EA, headed the

Photographic Branch of the Crossroads Division throughout the current period, operating first at the Naval Photographic Center at Bnacostia and later, from July 194.8, in the Pentagon/(goOm 1 D 245).

Lt. Cmdr. J, I). Roche, IISNR, served as Film Projects Supervisor throughout the period. He was in charge of film production, including production of the documentary motion picture, aAtomic Explosion”.

d. Officers Tempomrib AS s imea ,

The officers who were temporarily assigned to the Cross- roads Division for the completion of reports and for advisa duty included: Rear Adm, T, A. Solberg, USE Colonel C . H. h!. Roberts, USA Capt . USN Cdr. R. M. Ianger, USNR Cdr. R. H. Lee, MC, U%

Cdr. J. M. maters, US? e. Total Personnel.

At the start of its activities in June 1947, the persome1 assigned to the Crossroads Mvlsion totalled 50, composed of 16 officers (4 Arroy and 12 Navy) and 34 enlisted n (9 and 25 Navy) - all service personnel, with no civilians.

Xhen the Division WES dissolved, on 22 December 194.8, its I2 personnel (exclusive of those temporarily aEsigned) numbered 3% comprise? 3 I oft I, officers (2 Amy and j? Navp) , rud Navy enlisted YI, d nd SECTION 8. - SPECIAL PROJECTS DIVISICN . w-s ( Ltt.1% )

4-8-1 . General . The Special Projects Division was established by administrative Memorandum No. 16, Headquarters, AFSP, dated 25 June 19@/ (at?.170).

Its responsitilities were therein described as follows:

ma. Preperation of plans of a long-range nature, and of certain special studies, es distinguished from problems affecting current operations and matters which are pr0perl.y hrnctions of the other divisions of the headquarters staff. "b. Primary responsibility for relationships between Armed Forces Special7!eapons Project and the Military Liaison Codttee to the Atomic Energy Commission. "c. Keeping informed of activities affecting the relationships of Armed Forces Special Weapons Project and other agencies in the atomic energy field."

4-8-2. NLIE Ormisation for Atomic Enerev.

The Subcommittee on Organization, of the YL1itax-y Liaison Committee, appointed a panel, on 7 July 194.8, for the purpose of analyzing the Mational Military Establishment's existing organization for atomic energy and its responsibility and mission. (See Memrandum of MU: Sub- codttee on Orgenization, signed by Maj. Gen. D. K. Schlatter, Chairmn,

RCf 0 \71$ 7 JUlY 1948J Appointed to thie panel were: Colonel G. Y. Jmnper, aS2, Chairrmn; Conmander C. B. Martell, IISN; Lt. Colonel D. B. Parker, m; - an6 also "he Chisf of the Special Projects Division, Lt, Colonel J. B.

This psnsl begsc work on 13 Ju.I.7 194.8, and its first report ms considered by the MLC Sxbcornmittee on 23 July 1948 (Ref. 172). For t5e Governaent egencies listed belor, the reFort gave the overcll authority, mission, dutiss, and organization,er,d the specific ectivities and procedures, insofar as they concerned the Atonic Energg Program in ths ITME:

Co.dttee on the Ma tional Security Organizetion of the Codssion on Organization of the Executive Brench

National Security Council

?:ational Sozurity Resources Eoard

Central Intdligence 2-gencj-

Office of t.he Secretary of Defense War Council Military Uaison Committee

Cormittee on Atoxic Energy of the Iiesearch and Development Board

Munitions E ozrd

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Office of the DepuQ Director for Atomic Energy, Plans and Operations Division, U. S. Army General Staff

Atonic Ehergy Eranch, Research and Developlent Group, Logistics Division, U, S. Army General Staff Atonic Enem Clearance Section, Control Eranch, Operations Group, Pltns end Operations Division, U. S. Army General Staff Specie1 Projects Division, Cffice of the Surgeon General

Department, of the Navy, Office of the Director cl' Atonic Defense

United States Air Force

-4med Forces Spcid Weepons Project 4-8-3. Dhxeminatioc of Ato~icEnerm Information. At the request of the b!iU.tary Liaison Conrmittee, a study ms initiate? on 28 July 1942, of the problem of disseminction of information on atomic energ;. within the National UlLtary Esteblishmnt. (See BJsmorandum from MLC to the Chief, AKVP, 13 July 1948, subject: "Program for Dissemication of Informtion on Atomic Energyn; Paf. 173.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy and efTectiveness of edsting pzocsdures, arAd the need for changee ad eclditions, to d provide &tonic energy information to those persons ah0 nee$,it. Drafts of a report on this study were coordine",sd with: the armed services; the AEC; the Research and Development Board; the Office of Civil Defense Planning; the Military Uaison Cormittee; and all AFSW Division Chiefs. As of 31 Deceniber 1948, the final draft had been conpleted end aubraitted to the CMef and the Chiefs of Staff,

AFsmp, for review and comment before submission to the l5litary Uaison

Cormittee as an agenda item. (Ref. 174.) 4-G4. Rediolonical Warfare.

a. CAE Anende. Item, 23 September 19L8. In Section 5 of %hie chapter, relating to the

Radiological Befense Division, the establishment of the JcLnt Panel on Radiological Warfare, by the National Hlitary Establishuient and the

Atomic Energy Commission, is described (see par. 4-5-6 b) . The meethgs of tus joint panel, and its recomendations, ere also described, As the result of the recornendations contained in the

Joint A3C-Nii Panel Report on Radiological Piarfare, '29 August 1943, L?e Military Liaison Committee requestefi the Chief, .L3"Z, to draft a report for then, for presentstion to the Committee on Atomic Energy of the Re- search and Development Eoard, containing the recommended policies and the action required by the National Military Establishment, with reiation to the recomnendation%f the Joint Panel. (See Memorendum from the MU R€+.175.) to the Chief, mP, Attn: Lt. Colonel Iampert, 8 Septezber 1948j), The Special Projects Division had sfarted action and study on the subject

Chief, AFSW, and this Division, with the assistance of the Radiologiczl

Defense Division, drafted a report for the Chief, m,proposing a plan for the implemenhtion~withhthe National Xilikry EstabUshaent, ((7~t.17 6) of the recornendations of the Joint Panel The Division also drafted *E. an agenda item for the meeting of 23 September 1948 ofnCodttee on Atomic Ihergy of the Research and Developnent Board, subject: Qdio- logical Narfare". (The report of the Chief, A.F%P, becsme Inclosure 2 Rtf. \774- to this agenda iten, 13 September 19r$j,-L -'a- see also par. 4-5-6 b, in which later actions by the CAE and the -RDB are described.)

b, CAE benda Items, 22 October and 17 December 1948. The Special Projects Division, in cooperation with the

Radiological Defense Division, prepred agenda items for the Committee on Atomic Energy, concerning radiological instrumentation and dissemination

__ of rsdiologicsl werfare agents, and prepared recommendations on these

subjects for the Chief', AFSiP, These were subnitted tc the CA3 for consideration at its meting on 22 October 19@ (Ref. 178,) Similarly, an agenda item on radiological decontami-

nation WES pre-pared and submitted to the C.! for consideration at its meeting on 17 December 1948. (Ref. 178.)

These agenda items may be described as follom:

(1) Resefirch and Develoment of Radioloeicnl Instmmntc

(meeting of 22 Octcber 1948)

The history of this subject was reviered, indicating that most of the work to dste had been carried out by the =Cy and (that within the IJhiE) by the Nevy Departmen';, The Sign4 Corps of the Army had conducted 8 study of the problem but a prograz had been initiated ord~to a limited ex+,ent,

Because the Army would in the future hevs e large, and probably primary, interest in radiological defense, it ms recommended that the Signal Corps of the initiate an active program in the development of. radiological instruments. To implement this program it was proposeP that the AFSVIP transfer $500,000 from funds currently available in Fiscal Year 1949 to the Department of the Army, The developnsnt program of the Navy Department, constituting the only military progress currently being mde in this field, should not be interrupted at this time, The requirements of the Air Force, insofar as they were not met. by the current program of the Navy Department, ehould be provided for by the m, (meeting of 22 Octaber 1948)

The Committee on Atomic Energy, at the meeting of 23 September 194.8, recommended t3at the Department of the .4~be given primary responsibility for research and development of the memc of dissemination of radioactive agents. At the end of the year, tNs recommendation ms amiting action by the Research ar.d Development

Board.

The Department of the Ar'IFj'had established a project, subject to general supervlsion by AFSP and subsequent evaluation in the light of RIB action, to be Carrie?, on by the Chemfczl

Co-rps in connection with rer.sarch and development of techniqww to be used in selecting and evalueting radioactive agentsa The Chendcal

Corps proposed initially to study tho use of munitions for disseminating gamma emitters.

It was recommended that, as soon as RIB had allocatsd responsibility as recommended by CAE, AE'SXP tranPfer not to exceed $500,000 to the Department of the AT, to be used for research and development of the means of dissemination of radioactive agsnts. (3) Radiolodcal Decontamination (meting of 17 Decsmber 1948) By directive fron the RIB (JRW 88/2 14 October

47) the AFSWP was requested tor (a) undertdce a smey of the present statue of tfie decontamination work being done by various government agencies; (b) analyze the relative efficiency of the differsnt techniques for decontaminetion; and (c) repox5 its recommendations for additional resecrch and development to be initiated b~this field.

Ths PStT formsct t. panel, consistifig cf reFrs- sentatives of BuShips, BuAer, Chemicd Corps, Air Force, md the iX, to study the 3scontezixation problen and report its finding: t:, %ic

Chief, I!,

Based upon che report of this panel the Chief,

AFMP, by letter of 13 December 1948, reconmend& that EO prircar; responsilsllity in this fisld stodd be cgsigned ts ac3- :e-.pice s: this time, This letter pointed out that the Naval bdiological

Defense Laboratory ELF the only miUt3q- orgtiniztiticn ectively carrying out research in ths field of radiolc&al decanterination m? thht the 1Lr Force had had experience in decontexineting afrcrhft as a result of weapons tests operations. The follodcg recomendatfons were md.e b;. the Chief, ~~7i'P,for further resesrch mt! development in radialogicel decontmi.nation: (a) the KR~Departnnert should continue its research program at NXIL, with increeeed psrticipation b;- ~!IP Amy and Air Force and the latter serrices should present. their necessary research pro2ects in this field. to NRDL &ere their own f scilities were inadequzte; (b) final engineering and developent of end item for radiological decontmination shoulC be undertakes by the

Chemical Corps to insure standardization for eventual use. By letter of 24 Decenber 1948 the CAE approved, with dnor modifications, the letter of the Chief, AFS?,T, of 13 December 1948, C. Trcroseri !3C-X!.!Y Panel Ifeeting, 10 Jarimry 19Ee

On U, December 153, the Special Projects Division took on the responsibility of preparing and socrdireting, for the

Xational llEiUtary Establishment., the Status Report for the proposed thirc? meeting of tl.11: joint AEEXiG PaEd on Radiologicel Warfsre, scheduled for 10 January 1949. As of 31 December 1948, t?.?ie report ras in procsse of preparation, jointly by the hEE and the AEC, For the KhE, a lerge shsrs of the xork was being done by Dr. Xe Scoville of the Radiological Dsfense Division, For the AX, the representative? were 2ersormel of the Dirkion of Kiliterg Applicationo AEC.

4-S-5a Pmmzl Rmort of Secreterjr of DCense. The Office of the Secretrry of Defenze, by mewrandurn to the Chief, AFXP, 30 August 19@, requgsted data for the AFS'dP section of the Annual &port of the Secretary of Defense, These deta were prepared by the Special Projects Division. (Ref, 3C.)

4-8-6. Future Stozeze Eieauirements . Action $tarte? on 15 December 1948, on a j0ir.t study by the AXE and the AEC of ,future storage requirements for atomic weapona. The Chief of the Special Proj de a preliminary review of this subject on a visit to the storage sites in September 1948. Personnel of the AFSPrP and of the Division of MiUttiry Application of the AEC formulated plans in Kashington, prior to corrferring with appropriate personnel of the two agencies at Sandia Base.

4-8-7. Future Budget Requirements. PrelimFnery and informal work with the Programming Branch of the staff of the Military Liaison Cormnittee, on the budget for the

Fiscal Year 1951, vas stcrted on 23 December 1948. ThiB ms in connection with a study by the Research and Development Eoard to develop the relative priority of atomic energy projects and programs within the National Mili- tary Establishment, and to estimate the funding necessery to promote the existing NME research and development, in both the offensive and the defensive portions of the atomic energy program.

A-8-8. Future Tests.

On request to the kk'sIIIp from the Military Liaison Conmittee, and consequent instructions from the Chief of Staff, AI'S@, the Chief of the Special Project8 Divlsion initiated action on 24 November 19Q on planning for future atomic bomb tests (see Memorandum from h!U to et+.\I, Chief, AFSFCP, 19 November 1948, subject: W.anning for Next A-Bomb Tests)l. daw The request from the Military Liaison CodtteeAthatprelininary proposals should include "a list of the tests desired and sufficient diOo\Yrior of each test to indicate its purpose and the information and results one expects to obtain". Comments and suggestions were requested from the appropriate Division Chiefs, Headquarters, PJFSiip, and the Cormanding General, Sandia Base. In addition to the responsibilities specificdly assigned, the Special Projects Division carried out various tasks relating to the internal workings and functions of the Project. Most of these tasks stemmed from the prior service of the Division Chief in the Manhattan District, and as former Chief of the Personnel and Administration Division of the AFsmp.

4-8-10. Organization and Personnel.

The Chief of the Special Projects Division, throughout this period of its history, was Lt, Colonel 3. B. Iampert, USA, designcted (act. IW). Chief by Special Order No. 53, Headquarters, 2 July 19UA Colonel Lampert had previously served as Executive Officer to General Groves in the knhattan District, He had been assigned to the RFSP, effective

12 February 1947 (by AG Letter Order, File AGPA-G 471.6 Atonic (13 Februery 1947), Subject; "Confirmtory Orders", to CO, A.F'SWP, dated l4 February 1947) , He had served as Chief, Personnel and Administration Division, before his appointment as Chief of this Division (see Section 10, hereinafter). Major M. N. Stanford, USA, was on duty with the Special

Projects Mvision from 26 June 1948 throughout the balance of the current period of this History; he was designated Teohnical Operations

Officer by oral instructions of the Chief, AESF, 26 June 1948, confirmed by Special Order, 23 September 1948. The personnel of the Division, a8 of 31 December 1948, consisted of the two Ammy officers mentioned ahand one civFlian secretary.

4.8. 4-9-1 General a. Authorization and Activation. The Security Division was one of the six original divisions of the Headquarters of the AFslKp authorized officially by the memorandm charter of 8 July 1947 (see par. 3-5 d) , This Division vas charged as follows: The Project will be responsible for security within its own installations only. It will be responsible for proper clearances of

Project personnel as required under the Atomic Energy Act. It will handle Public Relations ." The Division was activated, however, at the very beginning of the existence of the AlWF, although at that time the Division person- SWO ne1 consisted of but eRe,officerZ. By 6 June 1947, the personnel had increased to three officers, four enlisted men, and one civilian steno- grapher. Shortly thereafter, the Public Relations Office, consisting of one officer and one civilian assistant, svfiich had been a separate organization, was combined with &e Division, The Division has been frequently called, both formslly and informally, the "Intelligence and Security Division", or the "I and S Division", but, its official name was Security Division, throu@out the current period of this History. The word "Intelligence" was probably inserted in the title by habit, carried over from the hlanhattan District, wherein analogous, or partially analogous, organizations were named *Intelllgmce and Secwity". The Division had no intelligence tbctions, within the comn definition of the term,

409.1 b.

In discharging its responaibilities m6er the AFSriip chmter, the Security Mvision performed the following broad hnctions: advlsed the Chief of AFserp on Illatters pertaining to security; provided pbysical security and all phases of security service for Headquarters, BFsp;p; inspected, advised and assisted the field installations in all phases of security; and rendered assistance, advice and recommendations to other government agencies ,

C. Routine Serve,

The routine services provided by the Division at Head- quarters, AlWP, and the dates on which they were orgenized, or became J Iff separately organized services rithin the Division, I.as follows (the branches, sec$ions, etc., of the Division, by which these services were adninistered, are described in a later paragraph): (1) Physics1 Security. This service included the provision and supervision of the physical security of the Ali"P Headquertcrs, and its guards, the utilization of special agents assigned to the headquarters, and the administrative control of the detachment of agents for the entire project. This service was separately organized on 7 July 1947. (2) TOP Secret Control, This service included the receipt, storage, distribution and transmission of all top secret documents, It was separately organized on 16 July 1947, and one of the first steps was the collection and registration of all top secret documents then existing at the headquarters. At the earn time, transmittal by officer courier became 8 responsibility of this service. (3) Personnel Security. This service included the processing of clearances for arters. It was

organized in August 1947. The history of the policies under lrrfiich this service was operated is set forth in a later paragraph.

(4) Public Relations. "his service included the maintenance

of liaison with the press through the offices of the Public Information Division, Department of the Army, the furnishing of assistance in the

preparation of talks by members of the bFstTp, and the maintenance of a clipping service and press file. This became a service of the Sacurity Division on 12 hgust 1947, (5) ReDroduction of Classified DOcuments. This service

included the making of classified photographic co$.es of various types,

and the operation of a special receipt system to account for all repro- ductions, negatives, spoiled copies, etc, Difficulty had been experienced in having classified documents reproduced, because there ms no reproduction agency in the War Department employing oaly cleared personnel.

This service was established by the Security Division on 12 November 1947. (6) Electrical Transinission of Messapes. This service

included the maintenance of security in the operation of direct TlYX facili-

ties installed in AF"C Headquarters for transmitting, electrically, res-

tricted data messages, krhg the early period of the existence of the AFsviT,

there were no means available in the War Department for electrical transmis-

sion of restricted data messages, and It nas necessary for all such messages to be carried by hand to the AEC for transmission; similarly, all inearning messages from Sandia Base ha8 to be so routed. This procedure greatly handi-

capped rapid transmission of messages and steps were taken to obtain the neces saw TDX facilities. Installation of basic equipment was completed on 22 December 1947, but transmission of classified messages could not be started until 12 Uarch 1945, because of delay in procureclent and installation of crypt0 equipment. (See also par. 4-10-0.) (7) Security Review of Cocuments. This service included security review of all docments sutmitted to AFsn’p Headquarters for classification or declassification. It required very close liaison m5th the Atonic %ergy Conmission. The Security Division was made responsible for this service on 2 September 1948. 4-9-2. Personnel Clearance . a. Early Uncertzinties. At the inception of the A.FSXP, the personnel clearance procehres which were then in effect in the AEC were followed exactly. The Cdssion accepted all requests for investigation and granted clearances as though the ~JISIT’were a field office of the AEC. As the

Ar”sPITp becme organized and physically separated fron the offices of the Commission, considerable doubt arose as to the status of the AFSWP’s clearance progran - and, in fact, as to the status of clearances for the entire armed forces. The Atomic Energy kt of 1946 did not adequately define the requirements for clearance of military personnel, and a panel convened on 29 May 1947 by the Military Liaison Committee, including representatives of the Army, the Navg and the Air Force and the Atomic Energy Cdssion, deadlocked over the question of ðer or not an investigation by the FBI was a necessary prerequisite for clearance of military personnel. Opinions written by the Adjutant General and the Attorney General held that, under the law, clearances under certain circumstances, night be granted by the military establishment upon such investigation b;v dlltarg

4.7.4 agents as might be vision of the AFSVP,

"a small voice crying in the wilderness", steadfastly maintzined that clearances granted by the AFC and based upon investigations by the FEI would be more efficient, more expeditiously processed, and more conviricing.

b. Interim Security Measures.

On 2 May 1947, the bE1ita-y Liaison Cdttee suhitted tc the services, with the concurrence of the BEC, a plan for interin security measures (see Xemorandum to the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, and Joint Security Control, 2 Xay 1947, subject: "Interim Security

Measurest1, signed by Lt. Ch. L. H. Brereton, Chairman, MU, Ref. 182). This plan outlined recomended security procedures for the services, to be used until a permanent plan could be adopted. It authnrixed the use of nilitary investigations and military clearances. This letter nas promptly follmd by implementing instructions Navy Secretaq Forrestd. on 9 Kay 1947, and Secretary of War Patterson on 23 ?day 1947. (The Air Force was not participating in the program at this early date.) (Ref .lB)

C. Clearance Policies of Secretam of Defense.

On 22 December 1947, the Secretary of Defense addressed

a memorandum to the Secretaries of the Amy, the Navy, and the Air Force,

to the chairman of the Eesearch and Development Board, the Emitions

Board, and the Militarg Liaison Codttee, and to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, dth the subject: "Clearance of Personnel of the National LiiliW

Establishment for Access to Atomic Energy Act 'Restricted Datal'"; (Ref.164).

This memorandum established the followin& policies:

(1) Military and civilian personnel of the National Klitarg Establishment would be given access to restricted data only after clearance based on a background investigation of the Rsame standard" as that applicable in the case of AEZ employees. (1) (2) Background investigations required under paragraph above would be performed by the FBI in all cases where access was to be given under Section 10 (b) (5)(B)(i,) of the Atonic Energy Act of 194.6 - that is, where access was to be given to a contractor or Frospective contractor or prospective licensee.

(3) Clearance might be granted the appropriate branch of the National Military Establishment, except in those cases covered (22) by paragraphAwabove. A11 clearances granted by the National Military Establishment would be submitted to the AEC, together mith all pertinent infonnation, and muld be subjeet to withdrawal upon objection by the AEZ. (4) hergency clearances might be granted prior to conpletion of background investigation, but only vrhen detemined by the AEC and the NEE to be in the interest of the common defense and security.

This memorandum also instructed the UiLitary Liaison Cornittee to consult with the AEC and the FBI and to subnit for the ap proval of the Secretaries of the Amy, the Navy, and the Air Force detailed procectures for implenenting these policies. (See Kenorandm from Secretary of Defense, 22 December 1947, App. I&) d. Establishment of Formal clearance Procedures. As a result, after several trial balloons, the Ulitarg Liaison Committee, on 9 April 1948, submitted to the three Secretaries detailed procedures for implementing the policies set forth the

Secretary of Defense, as described above. These procedures were approved the Secretary of the Navy on 1 August 1948, the Secretary of the Army on 15; August 1948, and by the Secretary of the Air Force in September 19@. The Security Division of the AFS3 played an active part in the formulation of these procedures. (See Memormdum ElLC to the Secretaries, 9 April 1948, signed by Admiral

These procedures provided for three tmes of form1 clearance as follomr

'lQn Clearance, descrited 6s a clearance pentad by the EC based on a background investigcition performed by the FEI, required for access to restricted data under Section 10 (b)(S)(P)(i) and (ii) of the Atomic lhergy Act of 1946.

"2" Clearance, described as a clearance granted by a depertment or joint agency based upon a beckground investigation by the

FEX and subject to reviev: and disapproval by the EC.

"2" Clearance, described as a clearance granted lg a department or joint agency baaed upon a background investigation by 8 department and subject to review and disapprove1 by the A2C. (Proce&res,

P. 2.) The procedures also established the AFSiiP as a "Joint

Agency", within the meaning of the term as used in these definitions. Other organizations described as joint agencies Feret Research and

Development Board, Munitions Board, Military Liaison Cornnittee, and

Joint Chiefs of Staff. (Proc, p. 1.) The nemorandum of 9 April 1948, transmitting these procedures (signed by Rear Admiral T. C. Solberg, Assistant Chairman, bm) requested each departmentrand joint agency1 to approve the procedures and prodgate appropriate implementing directives, e$.6.) Discussions were imediately initiated betveen the Security Division, AFSWP, and the Security Division, AEC, which resulted in a letter from the ~~;Pto the ESC, dated 1 May 194Br submitting for concurrence a set of proposed detailed procedures for AFSPPP personnel.

These detailed procedures were approved by the AEC, dth minor revisions, under date of 8 June 1948. (See letter from AEC to Col. Hasbrouck,

8 June 1948, subject: Tersonr.el Clearance for AFsmp Personnel, Refs Rzf.18 b .\ SPIPIV, and "Enclosure 'A' - (Revised)" therevithPA- A very important feature of this correapandence was the establishment of the principle that because of the intimate operational relationship between the fP and the AEC, including contrcictors of the

AX, all personnel assigned to the AFSWP would receive type clearances rather than the service or nI,P type. This principle is eet forth in the letter from the AF%F to the AX of 1 May 19#/ (et+.197).

The history of the procedures for clearance of AFST personriel has been set forth above in some detail because of its impor+vance.

Until 8 June 1448, the entire persomel clearance program was based on nothing but inform1 working agreements at staff level, and it was sus- ceptible to any change in policy that the BEC might mke without prior reference to the AEXP. Furthermore, personnel changes inlhe Central

Clearance Branch of the AEC usually resulted in nearly disastrous, although temporary, breakdown of clearance operations. Upon the establishment of the formal procedures, however, such difficulties were, to e. great extent, eliminated, and reference to the letters of 1 May and 8 June 1948 nomlly settled immediately all disagreements as to policy or procedure. e. Clearance Categories for Visitors.

When the Security Division first began to function, early in 1947, agreement was msde with the Atomic Energy Comnission to use the Sam general categories for all visitors to the installations of the BFsjop, as well as the installations of the AEC, These categories, thw adopted by the gFsAp, were designated by specific classifications defining the types of information, etc., to which the visitors were to have acwas, and each claasification was given a letter synbol, as follows (quoted from uObsoletem document, undated, in Security Division Files) : Cateaorg Definition of Information, etc, Size, weight, center of gravity, ability to withstand accelerations, ballistic properties. B Developments in prospect in size, refght, shepe, ability to withstand acceleratione, ballistic properties,

C Structure of an atomic weapon, *Little Boyu and Tat Manu detail6 of construction; visit to Delta Build-. D Use of nuclear energg for atomic power, details Of fast mCtOr0 E Use of atomic power for guided missiles, planes, etc, F Explosives as used in atomic weapons; detonators.

G Electronics as used in atomic weapons, fusing and firing. H Mechanical parts of atomic weapons not including complete assembly data , Ca tcnoq Definition of Information, etc, I Plutonium chemistry, metallurgy, fabrication of weapons, visit to DP Site, J Uranium 235 chemiatry, metallurgy, fabrication for waapons.

K Polonium chemistry, metallurgy, fabrication, initiator, const~ctionfor atomic weapons, visit to DP East, L Stockpile and storage problem of atomic weapons. Each case will be cleared by General Groves personally; information will not be disseminated thereon without positive asswnce that Genom1 Gnna has so cleared the person in question,

Ik Conetruction for stockpile and storage. Theoretical aspect89 design, cost, etc. Does not include visit to construction sites. LV Visits to construction sites. Iaclules U. M Assembly, handling and delivery problems of atomic weapona,

N Fission physics including fast reactor, water boiler.

0 Fnture developments in atomic weapons; implosion type weapons, gun type weapons, smaller weapons . 08 Pbyaical characteristics of new developments. OB Nuelear characteristics of new developments, P Rsuper" Q Wcal problem (We might be limited to one of the other subjects), R Administration in connection with ___--____, Includes clearance for pereonnel to recoive certain classified information in connection with admini8trative problems; i.8.) a specialist to visit Tmin connection with the housing problem would have to know our population forecast. Catevory Definition of Information, etcz

S nCooks Tour". For distinguished visitors, normally non-technical. Includes limited technical details of general knowledge only but is primarily to show magnitude, complerity and difficulties of plant. T Comprehensive Clearance. Includes detailed information of all categories, except L, IA, and LV, U Callinm chemistry, metallurgy, and fabrication, V Electronic instrumentation for health and/or research . Aunpkins, i.e., exterior characteristics of pumpkins - lnainly applicable to AAF and AAF coordinated activities (exaqle: pit loading equipment, etc .) . X Silverplate Y C-97 modification (Chickenpox) These categories remined in use by the BFSWP until October

1948, when the following new "Clearance Categories for Official Visitors" became effective (quoted from document dated 15 November 1949 in Security

Division Files) t Alpha Beta Ca teaom Definition (Weawn Data) JNon-Weamn Datal UPb no 1. Size, weight, center of gravity, ability to With- stand accelerations, ballistic properties . Alpha no 2 Developments in prospect in size, weight, shape, ability to withstand acceleretions, ballistic properties

Alpha no 3. Structure of an atomic weapon, W'Little BoyR ad WFat Manw details of construction, Beta CateP0l.g Definition JNon4eapon DBta)

Alpha Beta 4, Explosives and detonators upha Beta 5. Electronics (including, in Upba clearance, Atsing and firing).

Alpha no Mechanical parts of' atomic weapons not including complete asselnbly data.

no 7. Aseembly, handling and delivery problems of atomic weapons.

Alpha Beta 8, Handling and delivery problem of atomic weapons, including plane laodifications.

Alpha no 9. Physical characteristics of new developments in weapons.

UPk Beta 10 e Nuclear characteristics of new developments in weapons, including '?superm.

no 11, Complete clearance, Includes detailed informetion of all categories except stockpile and production information.

Alpha Beta 12, PlutoniUm chedetq, mtall~rg~, fabrication, visit to DP East (including, in Upha clearance, initiator construction but not stockpile) 0 upha Beta 13 e Uranium 235 chemistry, metallurgy, fabrication,

Alpha Beta 14e P010ni~mchemistry, mtall~rg~, fabrication, visit to DP East (including, in Alpha clearance, initiator construction but not Itockpile) , Alpha Definition (Heapon Data) (No no Beta 15 Non-weapon nuclear physics including fast reactor and water boiler.

Alpha Beta 16 Medical and health problems including health research and instnunents. Alpha Beta 17 . Special clearance in connection with administration, construction, aCook 1 s tour n9 safety, or allled matters, details to be spelled out. Includes clearance for personnel to receive certain classified informstion in connection with administrative problems . Alpha Eete 18. Effects of nuclear explosions and their measureaent . Alpha no 19 Clearance to attend Bo& Commander Course, Weaponeer Course, Staff Off. Orient- ation Course, or classified portion Assembly Team. (Course 8nd No. muat be stated with category when

granted) 0

no Beta 20 0 Access to Sites (designated) in connection with operations (includes 21).

no Beta 21. kcess to Sites (designated) fn connection with defense. no Beta 220 Access to Sites (designated) in connection with construction.

no Beta 23 Access to Sites (designated) in connection with administration. f Definition

Alpha no 50 a Stockpile andor production iafor;3ttltLa Ey approve1 of Chief, AFSV only. Extent to be spelled out in each case.

In a later chapter (chapter 6, wStorag.Bases") a list is given of persons authorized by Headquarters, US&', to have permanent mLV clearence, under the earlier (1947) classification of categories; persons authorized to have permanent clsarances of various categcries under the later (1948) classification are also listed, in a seprete

4-9-3. Clasaificatior Guide.

In September 1947, at the direction of Genezl Groves, the

L.9 8f Security Division made a survey to determine the feasibility of prepring

a classification guide for the entire atomic energy progran. The resultz

of this survey were disappointing, as, with the exception of Rear Admiral John Cingrich, Director of the Office of Security and Intelligence, AEC, responsible officials of the AEC were somevhat cold to the idea; there-

fore, the plan died in infancy, when strenuous resistance was met at the

working level. Eut the need for a guide to classification, particularly within the armed services, became increasingly apparent as the atomic energy program was stepped up in the National Military Establishment.

In addition, the accelerated military program wa8 being held back by the very restrictive clearance requirements for access to restricted data.

On 22 Virch 1948, after nearly a year of negotiations, the AEC had authorized the dissemination, with military safeguards only,

of all Crossroads information except for five exempted categories, but had required that all such information should be still designated as restricted data. The A3 further signified its willingness to consider the application of these policies to other types of restricted data requiring vide dessemination.

On 30 March 1948, the Military Liaison Cormnittee requested the AF%P to prepare a classification guide for military material in the field of atomic energy. The guide was to cover two categories of restricted data, namely: (a) that which required specific restricted data cleamnce$; and (a) that which did not require specific restricted data clearance.

Although it was obvious that only a beginning on this project could be made in the less than thirty days allowed, a panel was haEti@ brought together, composed of representatives of: the Am; the Research and Development Group, Logistics Division, GSUS.; 0~36,

4.9*9 the proposed guide ms submitted to the Uilitary Liaison ComJttee, with the recommendation that more study be given to the dmft before it should be considered adequate.

The draft was then returned infomlly to the kFSGP, augmented considerably, coordinated at staff level with the AX and the

Joint Chiefs of Staff, and resubmitted to the fsZCas an agenda item on

The draft of the guide was approved by the kilitsry Liaison (act. 8%). Committee and formerded to the AEC for approval on 15 June 194&,, After that date the section on weapons effects was etdied by an ed bKeapcns (appoiatcd by ~4 Gt~trg\MarJlc\qw 4 AEC’)- Effects Classificetion Board,,and considerably revised, and a section or‘. rad.iologica1 nrarfare was added, As of 31 Decemker lS,!+g, :% Feemed proSe5le that the gdde would receive final approve1 early in the year

1949 b The guide, as proposed, would shor, for thc first tine, the appropriate military claesification, from top secret to unclassified, for a broad range of categories of atosic energy information. The following three types would be included,

(a) Type A, defined as restricted data to which access might be permitted only by persons holding appropriate restricted date clearances ;

(b) Type E, defined as restricted data rhich might be disseminated with military classificstion safeguards only; and

(c) Informtion which, Tule relating to atoidc energy, is not considered to be restricted data, L-9-4. Fublic Relations. Aside from security z-eview of documents referred to the

AMP from the Public Information Division, Department of the Army, the principal function of the Public Information Officer of the Security

Division mas to prevent publication of material concerning classified activities of the AFSSTP. In ansver to press inquiries regarciing the military assignment of General Groves, it was necessary to issue on

24 July 1947, a guardet! statenent delineating the responsibilities and activities of the MSXP, and acknowledging, for the first time, ths fact that Sandin Base was an installation of the IIFsF:’p. As a resalt ofr AqU%t sensational newspaper articl+ ZI the Denver Post, on 24 ad2SA1*7, it was necessery to invite attention ag4.n to the original release.

From tine to time, steps have been taken to prepare for inadvertant release of information concerning Sites Able and Baker.

4-9-5. Securitv of Iploo end Ordnence Areas, Sandia E-. In November 1947, a survey of Sandia Ease was conducted by representatives of; the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic

Fhergy; the Security Division, &?SUP; and Sandia Base. It was determined by this survey that the physical safeguards of the Igloo and Ordnance areas mre not sufficient for the valuable equipment and supplies which they contained. After a thorough study of requirements, Skndia Base was authorized by letter on 12 December 1947 to proceed with an extensive security conRtruction program. This program included the installation of double chain-link fences, interior fences around individual structures, additional gwrd towers, a centrally located guard house, and additional flood lights. This construction program was essentially complete QT the early fall of 1948. 4-9-6. Other Activities.

a. Surveys for Other Agencies.

The Security Division Pendered assistance to other Govern- ment agencies on frequent occasions by performing security surveys and making recommendations for better security control. Among these agencies were: Office of the Chairman, Military Uaison Committee; the Cherical Center, Edgewood Arsenal; and Project RAND.

b. AFsmp Headquarters Offices. When the AFSBFP first moved to the Pentagon, on 15 April 1947, the office space assigned on the fifth floor was not considered sufficiently secure. A survey of the building was made and an appropriate area on the second floor was selected. The current occupants were moved and the area was converted into a secure installation, designed to meet the apecific needs of the AFsy;p. The Intelligence Division, USA, and the

Office of Naval Intelligence made security surveys of the installation and had no recommendations to offer. When the AFSFSP Headquarters moved to their new offices on the second floor on 6 and 7 October 19.67, a permanent guard post, and a pass and badge system, which had been impossible in the old location, were instituted. (See also par. 4-1-2.)

C. Clearance Processing.

By 31 December 1948, the AFSWP had processed a total of 8,244 Wt, or formal, clearances (see par. 4-+2d) and 7,761 "P", or infonnal clearances, based on central files checks by the FBI. The latter type of clearance was granted for employees of contractors who would not have access to Restricted Data, and would not work in an exclusive or limited area, but would work in a controlled area. within the same kistricted enclosures at Sandia Base during the year

1947. While that situation continued, admission to the area gave possitle access to the classified information of both agencies, and therefore a very catmbersome system of visitor control was necessary, vhich involved

sending duplicate T:'Xts from the headquarters of both the AFsp7p and the

AEC whenever a visitor from either agency went to Sandia Ease.

As soon as a physical separation of the installations of iv\%t CCCV\~SPO~I~ ~t- the two agencies at Sandia Base had been completed, 8it L448, the Security Division of the AFS@ approached the AEC, with a view to aiqlifying and streamlining the visitor control procedures. The proposed plan was subject to sone opposition and considerable delay by the AEC, but a written proposal submitted in May 1948 finally received the oral approval of the AM: in July, and was imnediately put into effect, Under the new procedures there WES no requirement for any liaison between the aFs?"Tp and the AEC, except in the case of an individual from one headquarters making a visit to the oL!erls installation.

e. Completed Storage Sites.

The occupation of completed storage sites by AFsp;p forces raised almost endless series of security questions, Although It was distinctly desirable, from the standpoint of national security, to suppress any knowledge of the interest of the AEYP in these locations, it was recognized before occupation that this was, in fact, impossible. The physical movement of military personnel and their dependents from Sandia

Base to the first site, and normal administrative and supply activities, nullified any absolute security of this kind.

Recognizing this lidtation, the security program for the sites was based on a policy of rigidly contzlling information concerning the sites when possible, but, in instances There informstion could not be suppressed, of handling it in a realistic =mer to prevent the attractios of undue interest. For example, Sandia Base was authorized to process for a site, as Unclassified matters, the routine requisitions, court martial records, and other papers which had to be handled through routirie channels, inasmuch as a high classification would have drawn attention to them immediately, On the other hand, military correspondence betreen

Sandia Esse and other headquarters, revealing the interest of in a site, vas classified Secret in order to insure proper handling.

As a further step in preserving the anon,plty of the sites, cover names vere assigned for the purposes of miling address of personnel, shipment of supplies, etc. In one instance, the site was given a distinctive military designation although it lies within the boundaries of an established army post, In another case, the name of a nearby Air Force Base was

%orrolPedn for this purpose, All official mail between the sites and

Sandia Base was sent through a dunmy cover address. No correspondence took place between Headquarters, AFSW, and any storage site. f. Liaison.

Throughout its operations, the Security Division =in- tained close liaison, on a personal basis, with the following agencies: Security Division, A%; Intelligence Division, (ISBA; Security Office, AF'OAT; Security Office, JCS; Security Office, Op-36; Security Office, Pu;; Office of the Air Provost Marsha l)'; Headquarters, CIC, Holabird, Maryland; FEI. Liaison was maintained with Sandia Base, yith the Area Engineer in Kansas City, and rrith all the storage sites, by frequent field trips, These trips have nearly always resulted in recommendations

4.9.14 to the field for improved operetions.

g. Security &ctures.

In December 1947, a representative of the Security Division attended the first of the series of Staff Officers' Orientation Courses given at Sandia Base. The recommendation was made that considerably more time be devoted in subsequent course8 to the problem of security. On request, the Division prepared a security lecture for that purpose, and

this was used for the security portion of the course in later seesions.

h. Exercise nAssenblvn.

During the preparatory stage of Exercise "Assembly", Thid

Army maneuver held at Camp Caapbell, Kentucky, in ky 1948, concern was expressed that air photos might reveal certain classified construction in that area. A representative of the Security Division vas attached to the Maneuver Cowander's staff to brief pilots, screen photographs and act as adviser to the Maneuver Comder on matters affecting security.

At one stage of the exercise, the Security Division had officers at:

Camp Campbell; maAir Force Base; New York City; and Fright-Patterson *q OgrJC'bd Field, Ohio;,,epem&&g in conjunction with Amy Field Forces, Air &torial Commandt Office of Chief of Engfneers, and Army Signal Corps, in screening reconnaissance photographs, commercial newsreelst and color camouflage detection photographs.

4-9-7. Organization and Personnel.

The Gharter of the AFsprp stated that the Security Divlsion would require, for personnel, "a Chief and Assistants and a trained Fublic Relations Officer or civilian". a. Chiefs.

Upon the activation of the AFSP, Captain Wayne A. Blair,

USA, was transferred from the Manhattan District and was designated Security Officer. 1st Lt. Josephine L. Redenius, WAC, was also transferred from the Manhattan District at the same time, and designated Assistant Security Officer. (As stated in paragraph 4-94, at that time there was no other personnel in the Security Division.) On 6 June 1947, Major Jeseph J. Jackson, USA, mstransferred from the Manhattan District and became Chief of the Security Division.

Lt. Colonel Staunton L. Brown, USA, was trm-sferred from the Manhattan District and succeeded Major Jackson as Chief of the Civision on 10 August 1947. Colonel Brm served as Chief for the balance of the current period of the History. (He was succeeded by Lt. Colonel J. D. Fleming, USAF, on 4 February 1949.) b. Ornanization. The Security Division, as of 31 December 1948, contained various units, including: the ph3.sical Security Branch, and, under it, the Top Secret Control Section, and the Classified Reproduction Section; the Personnel Security Branch; and the Public Relations Office. The

functions of these units have been described in a previous paragraph.

I Captain Robert R. Cook, USA, was designated Chief of the F%ysical Security Branch on 7 July 1947. The Top Secret Control Section was established on 16 July 1947, and the Classified Reproduction Section wa8 established on 12 November 1947, both under the Physical Securitg Branch. The Personnel Security Branch was organized in August 1?47

Q Captain Wayne Blair. It operated under his supervision until 23 &gust 1948. At that time Captain Blair was transferred and replaced by Captain WilliamMann. The until his transfer on 29 October 1948. He was replaced by 1st Lt. Francis C. Smith.

The functions of the Public Helations Office were formally delegated to the Security Division on 12 August 1947, as previously noted (see par. 4-91 c (4)). On that date, Major Jackson, who had just been relieved as Chief of the Division, was assigned as Public Relations Officer.

C. Total Personnel.

As we have seen, the Security Division started dth total personnel of two officers, and on 6 June 1947 it comprised three officers, four enlisted, and one civilian. On 10 August 1947, it had four officers, three enlisted and tm civilians. The peak of the Division's personnel during the current period of the History was reached in October 14.60, with a total strength of seventeen. As of 31 December 1948, the total strength was sixteen, conposed of 7 officers (4 USA, 3 USAF), 3 enlisted (USA) and 6 civilians. .-

The Personnel and Administration Division was the first

of the six original divisions of the Headquarters of the AFsiFP authorized officially by the memorandum charter of 8 July 1947 (see par. 3-5 c). Its responsibilities were therein described as follows: "This Division will have general charge of personnel administration. It will keep the

files. It dll, in coordination with the Operations and Training Division,

make recomendations for student quotas at civilian and militery educational institutions. It will be charged Rith legal matters and with inspections.

For personnel, it will require a Chief who can be of any bmch with

comparatively junior assistants to hmdle personnel metters of the other

ttro branches. It will require a trained Judge Advocate, pzrticultirl,? qualified in contract matters, and an Inspector General." The Division may be said to have been activated at the tiae of the establishment of the AFS? by the Secretaries of Kar adthe

Navy on 29 January 1947, effective as of 1 January 1947 (see par. 2-2).

Among the officers, of the Manhattan District, &o mre loaned to the

AEC as of 31 Docenber 1946 but were very soon transferred back to the AlWP, were Lt, Colonel J. B. Lampert, asA, who had fornerlp teen Generd Groves' executive officer, and Major John C, Healey, USA, who had also

been a member of General Groves' steff in Rashington, D, C., and these

two officers organized the Personnel and Administration Divisicz.

The Divisior., as finally organized, vas conposed of: three service personnel sections, to handle persow-el Frocure.nent and

other personnel ratters for each of the three services, Aw, Navy end

Air Force; a brtinch to handle civdlian personnel; an Administrative Era~ch; and Inspector General's section; and a Judge Advocate General Bfficer,

4-1G-2 Service Fersonnel Sections . In the beginning, the AFSW consisted ahost wholly of

Army Officers, and therefore the Personnel and Administration Divisioc

Kas at first composed solelg of what was horn later es the Arq Section.

As the Project continued, during the current period of the History, to

coneist preciomhmtly of Arqj personnel, the Xrqy Section continued to be the largest of the three service sections. The functions of this

sectim pertained to Army administration an? persorinel for both the AE3.T

Headquarters End Sa2dia Ease.

The Kavy Section (consisting of one Navy officer) wes established on 29 September 1947. It hendled the administretion work concerned with the Navy Personnel of the project. When Air Force personnel first came to the AFST:P thcy were officially assigned to Headquarters, BFSI',Z', and they coctb-ued on

this status through most of the current period of the Histoqy, with Captain Herbert M, Foster, LEU, handling administrative metters pertinent 4~ Ai* Foutt to the Air Force. With the activation of ----'Special Reporting (Hq.BH*%S, AgencyA AF'SPiPp on 28 August 194.8, horewr,

these Air Force personnel were assigned to the new unit, for reporting

purposes only. (See General Order 16, Headquarters Command, USE', Eolling Base Air ForceA,20 August 19189, At that time Captain Foster was designated Chief of the Air Force Personnel Section, and this section supervised all mtters pertaining to administration of Air Force officers and enlisted personnel on duty with Headqumters, LT:?, acd subordinate installations.

4-10-3. Civilian Personnel Branch. At a meeting in brch 1947 with representatives of the

Management Office, Office of the Chief of Staff, the following conclasionz

were reached with respect to the administration of civilian personnel of

the AFSiP:

(1) That the AFSVJP would be set up as a field agency. (2) That the deprtmenkl civilian staff attached to the Project's headquarters would be considered "field fr, Washingtor," . (3) That the Mject %auld establish its own personnel office to administer on a self-coctair.ed basis all aspcts of civilian personnel administration, including classification of positions, recruit- ment, employment, employee relations, training, efficiency ratings, personnel transactions, preperation of reports, suggestions and arrards, grievacces, and other related personnel activities" . (See IJernorzdum of Recort), dated 27 krch 1947, signed by Donovan Q. Zook, Assistant Chief, Eanqerr,ent Office, oc of s,y Rtf. t934

On 21 March 194'7, Colonel S, V. Hastmuck, Chief of Staff, AFSFP, subnitted to Brig. General H. I. Hodes, Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, a memorandum in which it was proposed that

the civW.an personnel procedures of the AFSWP would be the same as those defined in the civilian personnel program of the Kar Department, the Chief of the Project to exercise the authority defined in pmragraph 2 of Far Department Orders C, 6 June 1946, "for independent installations reporting directly to the Kar Department" , This memorandum indiceted concurrence, on behalf of the Navy Department, by Rear AdrArzl P'. S, Parsons, Deputy Chief, AWil'. By first indorsement, dated 26 krch

1947, Lt. Colonel C, Clough, Jr., Chief, hnaeement 'Office, OC of S, dd s. 4qwr( b indicated concirrrence by the Assistant Deputy Chief of Stef f ,A

The Civilian Personnel Branch of the Personnel and Administration Division was activated on 1 April 1947, to handle the necessary civilian persow-el activities at Headquarters, AFSW, and to exerciso staff supervision over the civilian personnel propm et Sandia Base and at any other field locations where such programs might be initiated. Its components and their principal routine duties may be briefly summarized 6s follows: a, The Chief of the Branch: to plan, direct, and coordinate the civilian personnel progrm; to cooperate with other unite of the

AFSWP; and to represent the Project in contects rith outside agencies on civilian personnel matters.

b, The ELployeeUtilization Section: to recruit Eaployees; to aid in establishing standards of performance; to counsel Kith employees and assist in the maintenance of good work relationships; to provide clerical assistance within the Branch; and to perform all routine processing of personnel actions, maintaining files and records, and preparing personnel reports.

C. The Classification and Wane Administration Section: to analyze and evaluate civilian positions an$ repare position descriptions; to conduct surveys and recommend changes in title or grade; to evduate and prepare descriptions of newly establishedest 1

4JOa4 in obtaining and maintaining equitable wages for ungraded positions.

d. The Payroll Section: to Frepare and certify payrolls; to maintain time and leave records and retireaent records; to operate the payroll deduction plan for bond purchases; to prepare all necessary payroll information reports; and periodically to audit the work of payroll sections at field installations.

4-10-4. Administrative Eranch.

The Administrative Eranch of the Personnel and Adminis- tration Division was established on 31 !3ay 1947. The routine services provided by this Braxh, in general for the entire AFShP Headqnarters, included the following:

a. Travel. The Travel Section issued travel orders and transportation requests, and made transportation and hotel reser-Jations.

b. Teletype. The Teletype jection was responsible for 02~rh- tion of wire communications betireen hashington and sandia Ea3e, regkrd- less of classification, and for transmittal elsewhere of unclassified matter only. The Security Division was responsible for the security of the classified messages (see par. &-9-lc( 6)). This service was nomally operated only during the business day, but was equipped for 24 hours operation if required.

C. Supplies. The Supply Section maintained all necessary types of supplies for AFSWP Headquarters. d. i4essage Center. The Piessage Center was responsible for the distribution of all incoming and outgoing mail of AFSAP Headquarters. It also handled mimeograph and ditto duplication work.

e. Central Files. All files of AFSLiP Headquarters, except the

Top Secret Files, which were in the custody of the Security Division

(see par. L-9-1 c(2)) were kept by the Central Files Section. This I".

section coordinated fully xith the Messaee Center.

f. Motor Pool, The motor pool consisted of three drivers and

three vehicles. Maintenance was handled by the Motor Center of the

Militarg District of Kashington. One vehicle was used almost exclusively by the Chief, AFslrs), and his immediate staff. The other two vehicles were used for mail runs, and trips to the BEC, Bolling Field end other Washington points vhen required, g. . A draftsman was held airailable for service

to all divisions of the AFNP headquarters, Coordinated through the, Chief of the Administrative Branch.

h, Property and Parking. The Chief of the Administrakive

Branch, in addition to his other duties, served as Property Xccountebility

Officer aqd as Parking Cor;trol Officer, for AFXTP Headquarters.

4-10-5. Inswctor General,

The chrter of the AFSiiP, of 8 July 1947, contained the statement that the Personnel and Administration Division would require an inspector general. On 28 November 1947, Major Robert R. Hall, IW,

USA, reported for duty with the AFslllp as inspector general, but he was hospitalized on 9 December 1947, 80 that his service with the project lasted only a few days. Bccept for this brief period, the AFSWP had no regularly assigned inspector general until 15 June 1948, and during that time the Office of the Inspector General and the Commanding General of the Fourth Army were called upon whenever the services of an inspector general were necessary. On 15 June 1948, Major Richard E. Cox, IGD, EA, reported for duty, and he served as inspector genersl of the AF'SP for the balance of the current period of the Historj, Major Cox had

. 4.10.6 been permansntly assigned to the Project as early as 28 January 1948, but completion of an overseas assignment and delay in transit had prevented him from assuming his duties earUer. The mission of the Inspector Generdl of the Project was to supply infomation when appropriate, to suggest ways and means to improve conditions, to inquire into and report upon matters uhich per-

.-- - tained to the efficiency and econo ject and the U. S. Army as a whole, to afford periodically recurring opportunities for ell mili- taw pergonnel to register grievances, and to make such inspections, investigations, surveys, studies and reports as might be prescribed by law or regulations, or directed by the Chief of the Project.

4-10-6. Judge Advocate General.

The charter of the AFS@ also stated that the Personnel and Administration Division of the AFSP would require "a trained Judge Advocate, particularly qualified in contract matters" Arrangements were made with the Judge Advocate General's Office to place an officer of hi3 department on adcl,itional duty with AFSPTP Headquarters. The first officer in this position, Major VI. N. J. Nelson, USA, assumed his duties in November 19.47.

4-10-7. zersonnel Procurement.

a. Militaq. The initial Army personnel of the LWZ, asigned from the Manhattan District, was gradually augmented by additional Arqy personnel and by Nav and Air Force personnel as well. To accomplish the mission of the Project, highly qualified officers and enlisted perFonnel, experienced in technical flelds, were required, and therefore the procurement of suitable personnel was not easy. On 10 June 1948, General Nichols addressed # identical letters to the Chief of Staff, USA, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Chief of Staff, W, setting fourth a proposal for equitable personnel support (both militazy and civilian) of the Project by the threte services. This proposal was approved in principle 8 S by the three services, and each provided its proportionate share of military personnel.

(1) Enlisted Personnel.

For procurement of enlisted personnel, authority was obtained from the Department of the Amy to screen enlisted personnel at various Any installations, with special emphasis on those of electrical or mechanical experience, gained while in the service or elsewhere (2e:.

194a). A group of officers from the 36th Engineer Eattalion (Special), at Sandia Ease, all of whom were thoroughly faniliar with the type of personnel required, were responsible for interviewing and screening the records of personnel at the Army stationsin certain areas. This action resulted in procuring the assignment of 5s highly qualified enlisted personnel, experienced in such fields as mechanics, electricity, and electronics,

The authority described above was issued on a one-time basis, and another similar survey was carried out some months later, in Kovenber 1947 . This was a time-consuming and expensive procedure, however, and it was accordingly proposed that a new plan be instituted, wnereby personnel with certain required qualifications would be automatically assigned to Sandia Ease by training divisions and by Ports of Embarkation

(Ref. 194b). This plan was approved by the Army and the necessary instructions were issued to the installations involved, but it did not accomplish effectively the puvose for which it was intended. Only about 20 qualified personnel, who not only met the conditions of the selection criteria established by the AF~KP(see later par. of this section), but also had the required tecnnical qualifications, were tnus obtained, and it becane apparent that another procedure must be instituted. It was then proposed (in

Novenber 19LS) that a number of school-trained Dersonnel in specific “ilitary Occupatiorial Specialties would be assigned to the Project upon completion of their courses of instruction, as it was felt that this would result in a more effective and reliable replacement stream. Action was iritiated by the hFSkP and coordinated with the Chief Signal Officer, Departnent cf the Army, and the Adjutant General, to put the policy into effect. :;ar,y qualified enlisted technicians were secured in this manner. (fief. 154c.)

The selection criteria for enlisted personnel, referred to above, were estatlished for the purpose of reducirx the r,u;nber assigned to the Project who were lost through non-clearance. These criteria were set fortt in ljepartment of the Army Circular 98, dated 8 E-pril 19&L (iief. 155). Enlisted personnel had to meet the folloiJing requirements:

(a) They must have U. S. citizenship; (b) They mcst fulfill .nir,ir,m age requirements; (c) Tney must have had no record of time lost, under Ah 107 or of a special or general court rnartial; (a) Any previous cFscharges must have been under honorat le conditions; (e) Tney must have a minimum of 18 months to serve in current enlistnent with at least 24 months service sukseq1:ent to 7 December 1948; and the following personnel could not be assigned to the project:

! i Enlisted men granted waivers by thb Adjutant Cerersl under the provisions of DA Circular 66, 19b6 (Ref. 196);

ii Restored prisoners under the provisions of AD Circular t6, 1947 (Ref. 197);

iii Enlisted men whose intelligence files contaired information which, in the opinion of the appropriate intelligence officers, would prevent clearance for duties on classified projects. ese criteria were strictly enforced . To secure R high standard of ofzicer personnel, TLG 201 files of all Army and Air Force officers being considered were scrutinizeti before assignsnent to either the headqmrters or the.subordinate units

of the AFsrP. Because of the vzrious technical aspects of the pork of the AFSPVP, many officers who had coqleted graduate studies in technic51 at fields were procured for duty, both in Washington andASandia Ease. thr Frocursment of Air Force officers for duty withAW:P was coordinated through the Office of the Deput;. Chief of Staff, USU,

Operations for Atomic Energy. Nominations were received fromthat office, and the official 201 file of the nominee was obtained from the Air Adjutant General for reviea. If the individual was considered sxitsble for sssignnent to the Project, complete data were fomarded to the loner units, which then ddvised if assignment vas desired. For h'avy personnel, requests for additional allowances, as required by Headquarters, AFF;P, or by Sandia Base, vere forwarded to the Chief of Naval Operations, Attention: Op-36, Director of Atomic

Defense. i The care exercised in screening the TAG 201 files and utlit the efficiency reports of officers before assigyd rendered it unnecessary to apply the selection criteria which have been described above for enlisted perSOnn01. Loss of officers because of dmial of clearance was extremely rare. (See also par. 4-19-8, "Stabilization Policy11.) (3) Farrant Officers.

Early in 1948, a program was instituted to establish Q Regua? Azz Career Warrants relative to the activities of the m, for personnel assigned to the 38th Engineer Eattalion (Special) at

Sandia Ease. The Department of the !,my authorized four such tyFes

of warrants: Armed Forces Career ~arrants,?Des A, E, C, and G, all

tec,hnical ir, nature. i4inimurn standard scores for the technical examinations were establisned to prevent unqualified individuals fro.7 re- ceiving Eiegular Army narrants. (Fief . 158.) These programs resulted in the appointment of fourteen enlisted men as harrant officers

(Junior Grade) Regular Army, although more were required. (Ref. 159.) t. Civilian Personnel,

A considerable amount of difficulty was experienced, both in Lashington and at Sandia Ease, ir. procuring appointyents of civilian personnel in accordance Kitti the competitive requirements of the Civil Service Act. Efforts were made to have the .GS,vP exenpted from these requirements, with conferences between representatives of the P.FS;J#P, of the Civilian Personnel Civision, Office of the Secretqj of the Any, and of the Civil service Commission. On 13 Axil l9&, the Cornmission approved the making of I1appointments to investigative, professional, subprofessional, tecnnical and scientific positions" in the AFShF "under Schedule A-(k)-(iv) of Civil Service Rule VItt, which had the effect desired insofar as these types of appointments were concerned.. The Commission ruled, however, that Itappointments to administrative and clerical positions in this Froject must be made in accordance with the usual civil service procedures". (Fief.

200. ) The difficulty, which developed during lyke, in procuring personnel auth-izations to permit the accomplishment of the overall mission of the AFSCP, cthated in the letter which General Nichols addressed to the three services on 10 June 1948, which applied

to both military and civilian personnel (see par. 4-10-7 a; also, Security

Div. File, C-401.) The Amy and the Air Force provided authorizEtions

for the enploynent of civilians, but the Navy Deprtment found thet

administrative procedure was lacking which would enable it to allocate

civilians directly to the Project. After much discussion, the Chief,

Manpower Group, Office of the Army Comptroller, was requssted to allocate the required civilian spaces entirely out of the authorized ceiling of

the Department of the Arqy, which was understood to have been augmented

so as to allow certain spaces to be filled by individuals engaged in

Air Force and Navy functions under the administrative control of the Department of the Am. On 31 December 1948, action on this request was pending, but it was anticipated that the Air Force authorization, direct to the Project, of 425 civilian spaces would continue in effect, and that the Arqy would furnish an authorization for 455 spaces, comprising 340 spacea acknowledged to be the Army's proportionate share and 115 spaces eetlrmted as the Navyls share, making a grand total of 880 civilian

spaces authorized to the Project. (See correspondence in files of

Civllian Personnel Branch.)

4-10-8 . Stabilization Policy . In January 1948, a policy was effected to stabilize tour of duty assignments of officers assigned to the AFSFOP. A memorandum (Qt f .20\) which General Groves sent to the Chief of Staff, zRA,,(with similar .. memoranda to the Chief of h’aval Operations and the Chief of Staff, USA??), read in part as follows:

“Due to the highly technical character of the duties performed by personnel nith this Project, even a superior officer does not reach a reasonable degree of usePulness until he ha6 been with the Project for at least six months. It follows that cn officer 8hould remain with the ?roject for at least two pan. On the other hand if the officer should continue with this highly specidzed duty, during a single tour for more than four years, his proper career development rill suffer. A two to four year tour of duty, therefore, appears to be a practical and desirable normal detail, the exact durtltion to depend largely on the career development value of any proposed assignment. There is also involved the matter of foreign service for personnel who have served with atomic energy agencies. Every officer on duty Kith this project undergoes a searching investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. blost officers subsequently come into possession of a certain amount of highly classified information. It would appear that, for at least two years after relief from atonic energy duty, almost any officer is certain to possess knowledge and information valuable to a foreign power.”

Upon the recommendation xhich General Groves made in this memorandm, the following policy relating to Qn9. officers assigned to the AFSWP and related actidties was announced:

(a) The norm1 tour of duty assignments would be three years, and the maxim four years.

(b) Everg effort would be made to meet requirements through the assignment of officers whose previous foreign service was

such as to make them relatively ineligible for Merforeign senrice; but any officer so assigned would be assured of a minimum tour of tro years from date of assignment, regardless of the amount of foreia

service rendered.

(c) Upon relief from such assignment, an Am officer would be ineligible for foreign service for a period of two years, except

for assignment to those areas vhich might be specifically designated by (RCt. 205’ the Chief of the UW. AA+tir---nAw For enlisted men, a normal tour of duty of twc yeanwith the AFSitP was established two months later (Ref. 203).

A similar program for the Air Force was established for both officers and enlisted men, by AFL 35-136, dated 13 :ky 1946

(Ref. 204),

The Chief of Naval Fersonnel was in general agreement with the policy recommended ty the Chief of the ,FS.,F. In a letter dated 5 Yiay 194€,he stated that when special considerations made it desirable that officers be restricted as totheir duty assignment their cases would be referred ty the Chief of Yaval Personnel to the Chief of FTaval Operations, for resolution of the matter with tke

Chief of the AFSwP. (Ref. 205.) Py 1st Indorsement the Chief of Kaval Operations stzted that recommendations as to future assign-nents should be submitted ty the Chief, AFs"P, to the Chief of Kaval Opera- tions for consideration. (Ref. 236.)

4-10-9. Civilian Schooling for Officers.

One of the responsibilities of the Fersonnel and Ad-rlin- istration Division which was prescribed by the memorandum charter of 8 Juiy 19b7 was that it should make recommendations for student quotas at civilian and military educational institutions. Eefore the charter was issued, however, a change was made in this responsibility, by 80

Admirristrative Kemorandum KO. 16, Headquarters' AFSkP, dated 25 June 1948 (Ref. 207). This memorandum stated: ttXatters affecting civilian educational institctions, which have heretofore been the primary responsibility of the Person- nel and Administration Division, are assigned as a primarj- responsi- bility to the Operations and Training Division of Hq., AFS'iF. The assignment of individuals to and from schools remains as a F e: A function, accomplished in accordance with normal staff procedures."

In carrying out this policy, the Operations and

Training bivision established the requirements for officer personnel educated at postgraduate levels, while the Fersonnel and Admir-istra- tive Dlvision filled these requirenents . This program pertained primarily to Regular Army Officers, tcj be trained in electronics, electrical engineering, metallurgical engineering, nuclear and optic physics, mechanical engineering, mathematics, and personnel administration and statistical analysis (Ref. 208)

Requirements were filled by officers from any of the cmtat arms and technical services (predominantly the Corps of Engineers), provided that they had demonstrated a high capacity for academic work, as well as outstanding efficiency. Officers with prior background education and experience in the appropriate technical field were desired.

/.i-lO-lO. Organization and Fersonnel.

a. Chiefs. U/ S/ A/, became Chief of the Personnel and Administration Division, officially, on 12 Februi=v

194’7, the date of his transfer to the AES:,T from loan to AEC. He served as Chief from then until 2 July 1948 (when he became chief of the Special Projects Division), and was succeeded by Major John C. Healey, IffA6 who had been transferred to the PEsPllp as of 28 February 194’7 and had served as Deputy Chief of the Division.

btajor Hedey served as Chief throughout the balance of the current period of the History. b, Omanization. (1) Service Personnel Sections. As of 31 December 1948, the Arrqy Section was hetided by $0 6.Ns Dds,V* ; the limy Section was headed by Lt .(jg) S. G. Poole, USN, who reported for duty on 29 September 1947; and the Air Force Section was headed by Captain Herbert M.

Foster, USAF.

(2) Civilian Personnel Eranch. b, John A. Rosado served as Chief of the Civilian Personnel Branch of the Personnel and Bdminis- tration Division from 14 April 1947 throughout the current period of the History. The Employee Utilization Section was headed by Miss S, Olson; the Classification and Wage Administration Section by Miss U. J. Schafer; and the Pay Roll Section by MI?, N. F. Martin. (3) Adlrdnistrstive Branch. The Chief of the Administrative

Branch, from 31 May 1947 to the end of the current period, waa 1st Lt.

Glen Baker. (4) Inspector General, Major Pdchard F, Cox, IGD, mA, headed an Inspector Generalre Section, under the Personnel end Adminis- _. -*.""- tratig Division, from the da4e he -repor%d* duty, 15 June 191$, .through the end of the year 1948.

(5) Judge Advocate General. Major FI. N. J. Nelson, USA, became the first JAG officer of the Project, under the Personnel and Administrati% Division, on 12 November 1947, and served until he was repleced on 28 1918, by Lt. Col. Edward J. McConnell, USA. e. Total Personnel. As of 31 December 1948, the Personnel and Adzdnistration v\\v\t Division was composed of,,* officers (6US.4, 1 USE, 2 USAF), eight enlisted men (7 USA and 1 W), and 19 civiUant3, a total personnel strength of 36.