Field Guide Commercial Marine and Brackish Water Species of Pakistan

Home , Arabian scad, Arius (fish), Barcheek trevally, Batrachocephalus, Blacktip sea catfish, Cleftbelly trevally

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES PROJECT UNDP/FAO PAK/77/033

FIELD GUIDE COMMERCIAL MARINE AND BRACKISH WATER SPECIES OF PAKISTAN

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES

FIELD GUIDE TO THE COMMERCIAL MARINE AND BRACKISH-WATER SPECIES OF PAKISTAN

Gabriella Bianchi Consultant Marine Resources Service Fishery Resources and Environment Division Fisheries Department, FAO

Prepared with the support of PAK/77/033 and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome 1985 - ii -

The designations employed and the presentation of mater al in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boudaries.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

- iii -

PREPARATION OF DOCUMENT

This document was prepared under the UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project (PAK/77/033), in collaboration with the FAO Regular Programme. The author travelled to Pakistan in November 1984 for the purpose of assessing, at landing places and in markets, present constraints in local routine work involving identification and denomination of commercial marine and brackish-water species, and to examine, in collaboration with national counterpart personnel, the species composition of catches at selected places, for the purpose of collecting data and information by species to be used for the preparation of this field guide. Additional information, especially on local denominations, was provided by Dr B.C. Russell, who travelled to Pakistan in September/October 1985. The basic reference used during the mission was the recently published set of FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes - Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51) which proved to be invaluable for this purpose. However, this document is somewhat cumbersome to use for the average data collector since it includes many species not landed in Pakistan. It also does not provide local species denominations used within the country. The preparation of the actual field guide was carried out by using illustrations and taxonomic data from the above-mentioned set of Identification Sheets, as well as the notes and local species names collected during the field mission. The final document was prepared under the FAO Species Identification Programme, and the printing was funded by the FAO Regular Programme. The author wishes to express her gratitude to all those who have contributed in one way or another to the implementation of this project, and particularly to:

- Dr W. Brandhorst, Chief Technical Adviser, UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project (Pakistan) for his effective support to the field activities in Pakistan and to the elaboration of the final document at FAO/HQ. - Dr Abdul Majid, Director General, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan). - Ms Nadira Mirza, Museum Curator, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan) for her valuable help in the collection of data by species throughout the mission. - Messrs M. Khalil Uddin, Research Officer and A.H. Zaidi, Senior Statistician, Marine Fisheries Department (Pakistan), for providing valuable information especially on local species names and statistical data, respectively. - Messrs M. Moazzam Khan, Senior Research Officer, Directorate of Fisheries Government of Baluchis- tan and M. Sadic Niazi, Zoologist, Zoological Survey Department (Pakistan), for having provided precious information on local species denominations and fisheries of the Baluchistan region. Mr Niazi, in particular, made available an unpublished work on "The commercial fishes of Pakistan" (by M. Farooq Ahmad and M. Sadiq Niazi). - Mr N.P. van Zalinge, Resources Management Adviser, UNDP/FAO Marine Fisheries Development Project, Karachi (Pakistan), for the information on the shrimp fisheries of Pakistan. - To the FAO staff in Pakistan and at FAO/HQ for their valuable assistance at the various stages of the work and in particular to Mrs M. Kautenberger-Longo who skillfully assisted with the typing and page composition of the document. - To Dr J.E. Randall, B. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, for kindly providing his valuable colour slides which were already used in the Species Identification Sheets for the Western Indian Ocean. Special thanks are due to: - Dr B.C. Russell, Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia, for his substantial contribution in the collection of local names and additional information on habitat and biology of several species. - Dr Mathias Stehmann, Institut für Seefischerei, Zoologisches Institut and Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, for having provided all the taxonomic information on the batoid fishes of Pakistan. This section could not have been included without his help. - Dr L.B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Histoire, The Netherlands, for helping in the selection of species of crabs and for providing information and iconographic sources for this group. Technical Editor: W. Fischer Senior Fishery Resources Officer Marine Resources Service Fishery Resources and Environment Division

For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows:

Bianchi, G., FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and 1985 brackish-water species of Pakistan. Prepared with the support of PAK/77/033 and FAO (FIRM) Regular Programme. Rome, FAO, 200 p. - iv -

Summary

This field guide includes the marine and brackish-water species of bony fishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods believed to be of interest to fisheries in Pakistan. Each major resources group is introduced by a general section on technical terms, fol- lowed by an annotated and illustrated list of the more important species which includes FAO names, local names commonly used (Sindhi, Baluchi and English), maximum size, habitat, fishing gear and interest to fisheries. A composite index of scientific and vernacular family and species names is also provided.

click for next page

click for previous page - v -

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION xi BONY FISHES TECHNICAL TERMS 1 Families Megalopidae - Tarpons 3 Albulidae - Bonefishes 3 Elopidae - Tenpounders 3 Clupeidae - Sardinellas, sardines, herrings, shads, pellonas 4 Engraulidae - Anchovies, thryssas 11

Chirocentridae - Wolf-herrings 14 Muraenidae - Morays 15 Muraenesocidae - Pike congers 16 Congridae - Congers 17

Ariidae - Sea catfishes 18 Plotosidae - Eel catfishes 22

Chanidae - Milkfishes 23

Synodontidae - Lizardfishes 23

Harpadontidae - Bombay ducks 24

Bregmacerotidae - Codlets 25

Exocoetidae - Flyingfishes 25

Hemiramphidae - Halfbeaks 26

Belonidae - Needlefishes 27

Holocentridae - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes 28

Fistulariidae - Cornetfishes 28 Scorpaenidae - Scorpionfishes, stingfishes, etc 29 Triglidae - Gurnards 29

Platycephalidae - Flatheads 30 Centropomidae - Barramundis 31

Serranidae - Groupers, seabasses, rockcods, etc 31

Teraponidae - Terapon perches, terapons 36

Sillaginidae - Sillagos 37

Lactariidae - False trevallies 38 Rachycentridae - Cobias 38 Echeneididae - Sharksuckers 38

Carangidae - Jacks, trevallies, scads, runners, etc 39

Coryphaenidae - Dolphinfishes 53

Menidae - Moonfishes 53

Leiognathidae - Ponyfishes, toothponies 54 Gerreidae - Silver-biddies 57

Lutjanidae - Jobfishes, snappers 58

Nemipteridae - Threadfin breams, monocle breams 64 Lobotidae - Tripletails 67

Haemulidae (Pomadasyidae) - Sweetlips, rubberlips, hotlips, grunters, piggies 68

Lethrinidae - Emperors, pig-face breams, large-eye breams 73

Sparidae - Seabreams, soldierbreams 74 Sciaenidae - Croakers, drums, etc 78 Mullidae - Goatfishes 86

Ephippidae - Spadefishes 89

Drepanidae - Sicklefishes 89

Platacidae - Batfishes 89

Scatophagidae - Scats 90 90 Pomacanthidae - Angelfishes

Pomacentridae - Damselfishes 90 91 Mugilidae - Mullets

Sphyraenidae - Barracudas 95

Polynemidae - Threadfins 97 98 Labridae - Wrasses

Scaridae - Parrotfishes 98

Siganidae - Spinefoots, rabbitfishes 99 Scombridae - Albacores, bonitos, kawakawas, mackerels, etc 100 Trichiuridae - Hairtails 104 Istiophoridae - Sailfishes, marlins 105 107 Xiphiidae - Swordfishes

Stromateidae - Silver pomfrets 107 Nomeidae - Driftfishes 108 Ariommidae - Ariommas 109 Psettodidae - Spiny turbots 109 109 Bothidae - Lefteye flounders

- vi -

Page

Soleidae - Soles 112 Cynoglossidae - Tonguesoles 115

Balistidae - Triggerfishes 115 Monacanthidae - Leatherjackets 115 Tetraodontidae - Pufferfishes 116 Triacanthidae - Tripodfishes

SHARKS 117 TECHNICAL TERMS Families 118 Alopiidae - Thresher sharks 119 Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks Ginglymostomatidae - Nurse sharks 124 125 Hemigaleidae - Snaggletooth sharks 125 Hemiscylliidae - Carpetsharks 126 Lamnidae - Makos Odontaspididae - Tigersharks 126 Rhiniodontidae - Whalesharks 127 Scyliorhinidae - Catsharks 127 127 Sphyrnidae - Hammerheads 129 Stegostomatidae - Zebra sharks 129 Triakidae - Topes

BATOID FISHES TECHNICAL TERMS 131 Families 132 Dasyatidae - Stingrays, whiprays Gymnuridae - Butterfly rays 135 135 Mobulidae - Devilrays, mantas 136 Myliobatidae - Eaglerays 138 Narcinidae - Electric rays 138 Narkidae - Numbrays Pristidae - Sawfishes 139 139 Rajidae - Skates 140 Rhinobatidae - Guitarfishes 141 Rhinopteridae - Cownose rays 141 Rhynchobatidae - Wedgefishes 142 Torpedinidae - Electric rays

LOBSTERS TECHNICAL TERMS 143 Families 144 Palinuridae - Spiny lobsters 146 Scyllaridae - Locust lobsters

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS TECHNICAL TERMS 147 Families

Penaeidae - Penaeid shrimps, penaeid prawns 148 155 Solenoceridae - Mud shrimps

TRUE CRABS TECHNICAL TERMS 157 Families Portunidae - Coral crabs, swimming crabs 158

Calappidae - Box crabs 159

CEPHALOPODS TECHNICAL TERMS 161 Families Loliginidae - Squids 163

Octopodidae - Octopuses 164 Sepiidae - Cuttlefishes 167

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES 169

COLOUR PLATES

click for next page click for previous page - vii -

COLOUR PLATES

PLATE I

MEGALOPIDAE 1 Megalops cyprinoides 580 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi CLUPEIDAE 2 Anodontostoma chacunda 105 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall

3 Hilsa kelee 228 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 4 Sardinella albella 148 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi ENGRAULIDAE 5 Stolephorus commersonii 95 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall SYNODONTIDAE 6 Saurida undosquamis 363 mm TL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE II

HEMIRAMPHIDAE 7 Hemiramphus far 355 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi BELONIDAE Strongylura strongylura 343 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 8 SERRANIDAE 9 Epinephelus bleekeri 337 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 10 Epinephelus chlorostigma 327 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall 11 Epinephelus diacanthus 329 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 12 Epinephelus fasciatus 153 mm SL, Mauritius Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE III

13 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus 90 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall 14 Epinephelus latifasciatus 274 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 15 Epinephelus malabaricus 584 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall 16 Epinephelus morrhua 345 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J. E. Randall 17 Epinephelus tauvina 310 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J. E. Randall 18 Epinephelus undulosus 158 mm SL, the Philippines Photo: J. E. Randall

PLATE IV

TERAPONIDAE 19 Terapon jarbua 138 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 20 Terapon pota 105 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall SILLAGINIDAE 21 Sillago sihama 1B7 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall CARANGIDAE 22 Alectis indicus 265 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 23 Alepes djedaba 185 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi

24 Carangoides bajad 430 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE V

25 Carangoides chrysophrys 262 mm FL, India Photo: J.E. Randall

26 Carangoides ferdau 243 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall

27 Carangoides malabaricus 272 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall 28 Caranx ignobilis 215 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 29 Caranx sexfasciatus 705 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 30 Megalaspis cordata 372 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi

PLATE VI

31 Scomberoides ly san 202 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 32 Scomberoides tol 365 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 33 Trachinotus blochii 687 mm TL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall 34 Trachinotus mookalee 548 mm FL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 35 Trachurus indicus 189 mm TL, The Gulf Photo: J.E. Randall MENIDAE 36 Mene maculata 175 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi

PLATE VII

prov. by P.S.B.R. James LEIOGNATHIDAE 37 Gazza minuta 127 mm TL Drawing

38 Leiognathus berbis 93 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James

Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James 39 Leiognathus bindus 123 mm TL

40 Leiognathus blochi 90 mm TL Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James

41 Leiognathus brevirostris 104 mm TL Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James

Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James 42 Leiognathus daura 131 mm TL

PLATE VIII

Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James 43 Leiognathus dussumieri 131 mm TL

P.S.B.R. James Drawing prov. by 44 Leiognathus equulus 156 mm TL

Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James 45 Leiognathus fasciatus 90 mm TL

Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James 46 Leiognathus leuciscus 125 mm TL

Drawing prov.by P.S.B.R. James 47 Leiognathus lineolatus 103 mm TL

prov. by P.S.B.R. James 48 Leiognathus splendens 120 mm TL Drawing - viii -

PLATE IX

Drawing prov. by P.S.B.R. James 49 Secutor insidiator 107 mm TL LUTJANIDAE 50 Aphareus furcatus Drawing: M. Thompson 51 Aprion virescens Drawing: R. Swainston 52 Etelis carbunculus Drawing: M. Thompson 53 Lipocheilus carnolabrum Drawing: M. Thompson 54 Lutjanus argentimaculatus Drawing: R. Swainston

PLATE X

55 Lutj anus bengalensis Drawing: M. Thompson 56 Lutjanus bohar Drawing: M. Thompson 57 Lutjanus caeruleolineatus Drawing: M. Thompson 58 Lutjanus ehrenbergii Drawing: M. Thompson 59 Lutjanus erythropterus Drawing: R. Swainston 60 Lutjanus fulviflamma Drawing: R. Swainston

PLATE XI

61 Lutjanus fulvus Drawing: M. Thompson 62 Lutjanus g ibbus Drawing: R. Swainston 63 Lutjanus j ohnii Drawing: R. Swainston 64 Lutjanus kasmira Drawing: M. Thompson 65 Lutjanus lemniscatus Drawing: R. Swainston

Drawing: M. Thompson 66 Lutjanus lunulatus

PLATE XII

R. Swainston 67 Lutjanus lutjanus Drawing:

68 Lutj anus malabaricus Drawing: R. Swainston 69 Lutjanus rivulatus Drawing: M. Thompson 70 Lutjanus russelli Drawing: R. Swainston 71 Lutjanus sanquineus Drawing: M. Thompson 72 Lutj anus sebae Drawing: R. Swainston

PLATE XIII

R. Swainston 73 Lutjanus vitta Drawing: 74 Macolor niger Drawing: R. Swainston

75 Paracaesio xanthurus Drawing: R. Swainston pinball Pinball 76 Pinjalo pinjalo Drawing: P. Lastrico

77 Pristipomoides multidens Drawing: M. Thompson 78 Pristipomoides zonatus Drawing: M. Thompson

PLATE XIV

NEMIPTERIDAE 79 Nemipterus bipunctatus Drawing: D. Eggleston 80 Nemipterus japonicus 186 mm SL, Madras, India Photo: J.E. Randall 81 Nemipterus metopias Drawing: D. Eggleston 82 Parascolopis eriomma 198 mm SL, Ryukyu Islands Photo: J.E. Randall 83 Scolopsis vosmeri 159 mm SL, Sri Lanka Photo: J.E. Randall 84 Scolopsis bimaculatus 90 mm SL, Mulloor Point, India Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE XV

85 Scolopsis ghanam 150 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall LOBOTIDAE 86 Lobotes surinamensis 480 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi HAEMULIDAE 87 Diagramma pictum 504 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall 88 Plectorhinchus gibbosus 277 mm SL, Seychelles Photo: J.E. Randall 89 Plectorhinchus orientalis 216 mm SL, Sri Lanka Photo: J.E. Randall 90 Pomadasys furcatus 230 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi

PLATE XVI

91 Pomadasys maculatura 122 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 92 Pomadasys kaakan 212 mm TL Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi LETHRINIDAE 93 Lethrinus elongatus 430 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall 94 Lethrinus harak 207 mm SL, Sudan Photo: J.E. Randall 95 Lethrinus microdon 122 mm SL, New Britain Photo: J.E. Randall 96 Lethrinus nebulosus 234 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall - ix -

PLATE XVII

97 Lethrinus ramak 295 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall 98 Monotaxis grandoculis 220 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall

SPARIDAE 99 Acanthopagrus berda 185 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi 100 Acanthopagrus bifasciatus 260 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall

101 Argyrops sinifer 288 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall 102 Crenidens crenidens 198 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi

PLATE XVIII

SCIAENIDAE 103 Dendrophysa russelli 137 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 104 Otolithes ruber 217 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall MULLIDAE 105 Mulloides flavolineatus 158 mm SL, Mauritius Photo: J.E. Randall 106 Mulloides vanicolensis 150 mm SL, Tanzania Photo: J.E. Randall 107 Parupeneus barberinus 243 mm SL, Fanning Islands Photo: J.E. Randall 108 Parupeneus bifasciatus 198 mm SL, Oaku, Hawaii Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE XIX

109 Parupeneus cinnabarinus 234 mm SL, Lord Howe Islands Photo: J.E. Randall 110 Parupeneus cyclostomus 159 mm SL, Marshall Islands Photo: J.E. Randall 111 Parupeneus cyclostomus 222 mm SL, Kona, India Photo: J.E. Randall 112 Parupeneus indicus 164 mm SL, Tuticorin, India Photo: J.E. Randall 113 Parupeneus macronema 151 mm SL, Red Sea Photo: J.E. Randall 114 Upeneus moluccensis 136 mm SL, Ambon, Indonesia Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE XX

115 Upeneus sulphureus 160 mm SL, Madras, India Photo: J.E. Randall 116 Upeneus taeniopterus 120 mm SL, Madras, India Photo: J.E. Randall 117 Upeneus tragula 116 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall 118 Upeneus vittatus 155 mm SL, Mauritius Photo: J.E. Randall DREPANIDAE 119 Drepane punctata 159 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall PLATACIDAE 120 Platax orbicularis , Maldives Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE XXI

SCATOPHAGIDAE 121 Scatophagus argus , India Photo: J.E. Randall Mugilidae 122 Liza parsia 217 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 123 Mugil cephalus 254 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 124 Valamugil speigler i 122 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 125 Eleutheronema tetradactylum 125 mm SL, India Photo: J.E. Randall POLYNEMIDAE 126 Polynemus sextarius 186 mm TL, Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi

PLATE XXII

SIGANIDAE 127 Siganus canaliculatus Drawing: A. Meschini 128 Siganus ja vus Drawing: A. Meschini 129 Siganus sinus Drawing: A. Meschini SCOMBRIDAE 130 Auxis thazard 401 mm FL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall 131 Rastrelliger kanagurta 238 mm FL, Cochin, India Photo: J.E. Randall 132 Scomberomorus commerson 658 mm FL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE XXIII

PSETTODIDAE 133 Psettodes erumei Madagascar Photo: G. Bianchi SOLEIDAE 134 Euryglossa orientalis 170 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall BOTHIDAE 135 Bothus pantherinus 124 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall BALISTIDAE 136 Abalistes stellatus 280 mm SL, Bahrain Photo: J.E. Randall TRIACANTHIDAE 137 Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer 75 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall 138 Triacanthus biaculeatus 175 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall

PLATE XXIV

CARCHARHINIDAE 139 Carcharhinus leucas 690 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 140 Loxodon macrorhinus 723 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall 141 Rhizoprionodon acutus 515 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall EHINOBATIDAE 142 Rhinobatos granulatus 716 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall RHYNCHOBATIDAE 143 Rhynchobatus djeddensis 705 mm TL, India Photo: J.E. Randall

click for next page click for previous page

- xi -

INTRODUCTION

This guide is designed as a practical tool for all fisheries workers within Pakistan, particularly those who are confronted with the daily task of collecting fisheries statistics and other data by species on landing places and in fish markets. It includes those marine and brackish water species of bony fishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs and cephalopods considered as regular components of the catches along the Pakistan coast.

Correct identification of species entering the catches is of significant importance for the i mprovement of the quality of statistical data utilized by the Fisheries Division and other relevant units in the Pakistan administration, in order to facilitate an adequate planning of fisheries development and management of the countrys living marine and brackish-water resources.. Because of the great species diversity characteristic of this area, the considerable difficulties in separating similar species, in establishing meaningful groupings of species, and the unavailability of proper taxonomic literature, it is essential to provide national fishery workers with practical and reliable guidance in this field. Our leading idea was to achieve a compact and easily manageable booklet that would be at the reach of fishery workers at all levels. Consequently, the guide had to be based largely an illustrations, while the text was kept as succint as possible. This obviously implies certain limitations of the guide as a means of scientific identification of all species. It is therefore strongly recommended, in case of doubt, to consult the regional set of FAO Species Identification Sheets for the Western Indian Ocean, which is more comprehensive in species coverage and gives a much more detailed account of the diagnostic characters of each species.

Pakistan has a coastline of 527 nautical miles and has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extending offshore to 200 nautical miles. There are two main fishing areas: Karachi-Sind, extending southeast from Karachi to the Indian border (about 180 miles) and the Mekran coast, west of Karachi and along the coast of Baluchistan to the Iranian border (about 350 miles). The former area, with Karachi harbour as its main base, is characterized by a broad continental shelf (extending about 60 nautical miles out from the coast to a depth of 200 m), a coastline marked by innumerable small creeks and the Delta of the Indus River, and by a muddy, easily trawlable bottom. The sparsely populated Mekran coastline is formed by large bays and has a narrow (25 to 30 miles wide), abruptly descending shelf (to 1 500 to 3 000 m), and many widely despersed landing places. The bottom is mostly rocky and the fishing is only possible within the narrow plain ground of the shelf which varies in its width from 10 to 30 miles. Thl entire shelf areas are estimated to be about 35 740 km in the Karachi/Sind area and about 14 530 km in the Mekran area. The climate and oceanographic conditions are generally tropical and subject to monsoons during the summer to autumn. Upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich, low-oxygen waters occur all year round but is stronger during the southwest monsoon period and greatly affects the distribution and migration of fish in the region.

The total annual fish production of Pakistan is in the order of 300 000 t of which about 260 000 t is marine fish. Of this total, about 20 000 t are shrimp. At present, fishermen using traditional fishing craft and gear, exploit coastal waters to a depth of about 10 to 15 m. Apart from the foreign joint venture trawlers operating in the EEZ, there is little or no local fishing in deeper waters. The major groups taken are rays, sharks, sardines, catfish, jewfish and croakers, mackerels, tuna and Indian Shad. Most of the shrimp is frozen and exported to Japan, USA, UK, Singapore, Belgium, France, etc. Finfish is dried or dried-salted and exported mainly to Sri Lanka.

Presentation and Format

Each one of the major commercial groups is introduced by a schematic illustration showing the main parts of a typical representative and some measurements and technical terms of general use to fishery workers.

Families (block letters in boxes at upper right corner of the sheets) are arranged by similarity for the bony fishes and in alphabetical order for the other groups. Species are arranged in alphabetical order (by scientific names) within each family.

Texts for each species are restricted to information on names (scientific, regional and local) size, fishing gear and habitat. Families including several species are introduced by a general section where information on interest to fisheries of that group is also given. The words in brackets following local names indicate the language to which the name belongs: Sindhi (Sin), Baluchi (Bat) or English (En). All information on species identification is presented in the form of captions and arrows directly on the species illustrations.

click for next page

click for previous page - 1 -

BONY FISHES

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS

total length standard length fork length interdorsal space 1st dorsal fin base head length 2nd dorsal fin base postorbital lenght

preorbital eye lenght of lenght caudal peduncle

depth of body

anal fin base length of pectoral fin

General Nomenclature of the External Morphology

1st dorsal fin upper jaw 2nd dorsal fin opercle premaxilla maxilla caudal fin preopercular 2nd dorsal (upper lobe) membrane nos- opercle fin origin trils nape

chin lower jaw caudal peduncle anus caudal fin suborbital branchio- (lower lobe) plate stegal lateral line rays anal fin pectoral fin

pelvic fin

- 2 -

BONY FISHES

Details (all schematic examples)

incisor like canine-like terminal subterminal

retracted protracted molar-like villiform

inferior superior protrusible

types of mouth most common types of teeth

spines (unsegmented, soft rays always (segmented, unbranched) usually branched) adipose fin finlets

example of a continuous dorsal fin of a spiny-rayed fish gill arch posterior posterior (upper part) margin margin smooth spiny gill filaments

cycloid ctenoid gill rake gill arch (lower part) schematic examples of "normal" scales first left gill arch

pointed and rounded truncate emarginate lunate forked pointed separated from the dorsal and anal fins most common types of caudal fin

click for next page

click for previous page - 3 -

BONY FISHES

MEGALOPIDAE Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782) PLATE I, 1

Synonyms : None Loc. names : Kinarhal (Sin); Mota (Bal) Tarpon (En) FAO names : En - Indo-Pacific tarpon Fr - Tarpon indo-pacifique Sp - Tarpon indo-pacifico Size : Max.: 55 cm; common to 30 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines and trawls Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, usually found in coastal waters, including lagoons and estuaries. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans Interest to fisheries : Present all along the coast, but caught only in small quantities

underside of head

ALBLIDAE Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : None Loc. names : Viat (Sin); Mushk (Bal) Lady fish (En) FAO names : En - Roundjaw bonefish Fr - Banane lèvre ronde Sp - Macabi boca redonda Size : Max.: to at least 50 cm Fishing gear : Taken mainly with gillnets, on hook and line and by castnets Habitat and biology : Usually found over sand and mud bottoms, in shallow coastal waters. Feeds on the bottom, using the snout for grubbing Interest to fisheries : Caught only occasionally, no special fishery for this species. The flesh is said to be rather good.

NOTE: The species Albula vulpes has recently been separated into two new species, A. glossodonta and A.

neoguinaica because of differences in the shape of the mouth and of the parasphenoid and basibranchial tooth

patches. For questions of simplicity, and since more research is still needed, we use here the old name A. vulpes for both forms

ELOPIDAE Elops machnata (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms Elops saurus (misidentification)

Loc. names : Kinarhal (Sin); Nar, Bagga (Bal) Tenpounder (En) FAO names : En - Tenpounder Fr - Guinée saumon Sp - Malacho salmòn

Size : Max.: 90 cm; common to 50 cm Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and handlines

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, i n coastal waters, sometimes entering

lagoons and estuaries. Spawning probably takes place at sea and the larvae migrate to inshore nursery areas. Feeds on small fishes and crustaceans

Interest to fisheries : Caught occasionally, no special fishery for this species

underside of head - 4-

BONY FISHES

CLUPEIDAE

Loc. names : Palli, Palla, Goi, Mittoo, etc.

FAO names : En - Herrings, shads, sardinellas, sprats, sardines, etc. Fr - Sardinelles, aloses, shadines, harengs, chardins, etc. Sp - Sardinelas, sábalos , sardines, sardines , arenques, etc.

Size : Most species are rather small (between 15 and 20 cm) except for Tenualosa species which may reach 60 cm

Fishing gear : Seines, trawls, gillnets, castnets, beach seines and stakenets

Habitat and biology : Most species are marine but several ( Dussumieria, Thrissocles and Ilisha species) can stand low salinities and are often caught in estuaries. Tenualosa ilisha ascends rivers for breeding. Most species form large schools

Interest to fisheries : The combined annual catches of clupeid fishes (from 1972 to 1983) averaged 32 533 t and were represented mainly by Tenualosa ilisha and Sardinella longiceps (Marine Fisheries Department, Government of Pakistan, 1984). However, these figures probably include many other clupeid species. Most of these small pelagic fishes are caught together in mixed catches and are used for fishmeal

Anodontostoma chacunda (Ham.Buch., 1822) PLATE I, 2

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Daddi-palli (Sin); Goi (Bal) Shortnose gizzard shad (En)

FAO names : En - Chacunda gizzard-shad Fr - Alose chaconde Sp - Sábalo chacunda

Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 14 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, shallow trawls, castnets and wire nets (modified purse seine)

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in inshore waters. Feeds upon detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton (predominantly small copepods and larval fishes). Sexually ripe from November to January

Interest to fisheries : Caught mainly in November and December on the Baluchistan coast. Dried and used for the production of fishmeal - 5 -

BONY FISHES

CLUPEIDAE

Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes, 1847

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin) Common sprat (En)

FAO names : En - Rainbow sardine Fr - Sardine arc-en-ciel Sp - Sardina arco iris

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with setnets, beach and purse seines and shallow water trawls

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in inshore waters

Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847)

Synonyms : Kowala thoracata Fowler, 1941 Kowala coval auct.

Loc. names : Mithoo (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal) White sardine, Transparent herring (En)

FAO names : En - White sardine Fr - Alose bianche Sp - Sardina bianca

Size : Max.: 10 cm; common to 8 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and shallow trawls

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters. Feeds on zooplankton (copepods, crab and bivalve larvae, fish eggs) and on phytoplankton

Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829) PLATE I, 3

Synonyms : Macrura kelee Fowler, 1941 Hilsa kanaqurta (Bleeker, 1852)

Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Kolgar, Barrag (juv.)(Bal) Fivespot herring (En)

FAO names : En - Kelee shad Fr - Alose palli Sp - Sábalo chandano

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls. Consumed fresh but also processed to fishmeal

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters - 6 -

BONY FISHES

CLUPEIDAE Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson, 1839)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal)

FAO names : En - Bigeye ilisha Fr - Alosa à gros yeux Sp - Sardineta ojigrande

Size : Max.: 28 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters

Ilisha melastoma (Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms Ilisha indica (Swainson, 1839) Ilisha brachysoma (Bleeker, 1852) Ilisha filigera (Valenciennes) (mis.)

Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal) Jewelled shad (En)

FAO names : En - Indian ilisha Fr - Alose indienne Sp - Sardineta indica

Size : Max.: 13 cm; common to 12 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters

Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Daddi-palli (Sin); Goi (Bal) Long-ray bony bream (En)

FAO names : En - Blochs gizzard-shad Fr - Chardin gros nez Sp - Machuelo narigón

Size : Max.: 22 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters, also entering estuaries. Found in large numbers in creeks

- 7 -

BONY FISHES

CLUPEIDAE

Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier, 1829)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Koor, Palli (Sin); Portuk (Bal) Long finned herring . (En) Big-eyed herring (En)

FAO names : En - Tardoore Fr - Poisson-papiér tarture Sp - Arenquillo tardore

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 18 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in shallow coastal waters, most abundant in creeks

Pellona dichela Valencienne, 1847

Synonyms Pellona hoevenii Bleeker, 1852

Loc. names : Palli (Sin); Bee-chum (Bal) Toothed shad (En)

FAO names : En - Indian pellona Fr - Alose-écaille indienne Sp - Sardinata indica

Size : Max.: 16 cm; common to 13 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, liftnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Usually found in shallow coastal waters, but sometimes abundant in estuaries, lagoons and even rivers

PLATE I, 4

Sardinella albella (Valenciennes, 1847)

Synonyms Sardinella bulan (Sleeker, 1849) Sardinella perforata (Cantor, 1850) Harengula dollfusi Chabanaud, 1933

Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal) Short-bodied sardine (En)

FAO names : En - White sardinella Fr - Sardinelle blanche Sp - Sardinela bianca

Size : Max.: 14 cm; common to 10 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gilinets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : A schooling species, usually in coastal waters. Due to misidentifications, published biological data are quite unreliable. Said to spawn in February to April. Feeds on zooplankton (crustaceans, larval molluscs) and on phytoplankton scale - 8 -

BONY FISHES

CLUPEIDAE Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)

Synonyms : Sardinella jussieu (Lacepède 1803) (no

Sardinella tembang (Bleeker, 1851)

Sardinella taiwanensis Raja Hiyama, 1969

Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Goldstripe sardinella Fr - Sardinelle dorée Sp - Sardinela dorada

Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls

Habitat and biology : Coastal, pelagic, schooling. The possible confusion with other Sardinella species, especially S. fimbriata, makes published biological data not fully reliable

scale

Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal) Oil sardine (En)

FAO names : En - Indian oil-sardine Fr - Sardinelle indienne Sp - Sardinela aceitera

Size : Max.: 23 cm; common to 16 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls, castnets and wire nets (modified purse seine)

Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, mainly coastal. Forms large schools and is highly migratory. Feeds mainly on phytoplankton and detritus. Espe- cially abundant along the Baluchistan coast. Sexually ripe from July to December

Interest to fisheries : Caught throughout the year, but in the Gwader area on the Baluchistan coast occurs in abundance during May and September. Separate catch statistics reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 4 008 t (1974) to 56 346 t (1981) with an average of 25 059 t. However, these figures probably also include other species of Sardinella

click for next page

click for previous page - 9 -

BONY FISHES

CLUPEIDAE Sardinella melanura (Cuvier, 1829)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Tarli, Lunar (Sin); Lugger, Luar, Bee-chum (Bal)

FAO names : En - Blacktip sardinella Fr - Sardinelle queue noire Sp - Sardinela rabo negro

Size : Max.: 12 cm; common to 10 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls

Habitat and biology : A coastal pelagic species, forming schools but never abundant

Sardinella sindensis (Day, 1878)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Tarli, Luar (Sin); Lugger, Luar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sind sardinella Fr - Sardinelle miyako Sp - Sardinela sinda

Size : Max.: 17 cm; common to 14 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with seines and trawls

Habitat and biology : A pelagic schooling species, found in coastal waters scale

Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett, 1831)

Synonyms : Stolephorus delicatulus: Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin); Pasali (Bal)

FAO names : En - Delicate round herring Fr - Hareng rond Sp - Arenquillo fino

Size : Max.: 7 cm; common to 6 cm

Fishing gear : Beach seines

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in shallow coastal waters - 10 -

BONY FISHES

CLUPEIDAE

Spratelloides gracilis (Schlegel, 1846)

Synonyms : Stolephorus japonicus : Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Tel-tampri (Sin); Basali (Bal) Blue sprat ? (En)

FAO names : En - Striped round herring

Fr - Hareng gracile

Sp - Arenquillo de banda

Size : Max.: 9.5 cm; common to 7 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in shallow coastal waters

Tenualosa ilisha (Ham.Buch., 1822)

Synonyms : Hilsa ilisha : Fowler, 1941; Whitehead, 1973

Loc. names : Palla (Sin); Palwar, Tikki palwar (Bal) River shad, Indian shad (En)

FAO names : En - Hilsa shad

Fr - Alose paluva

Sp - Sábalo de la India

Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 36 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with fishing weirs and drift gillnets during the upstream migration in rivers, with gillnets and seines in the sea

Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, found in estuarine areas and in rivers. This species breeds in the upper reaches of rivers, where eggs, larvae and juveniles are found during the southwest monsoon season (main breeding season). The young and juveniles migrate to the lower reaches of estuarine areas and to the sea from about November onwards. The variation of the intensity of the monsoon during the breeding season seems to be responsible for the considerable fluctuations in the abundance of this fish. This species is heterosexual but cases of hermaphroditism have been observed. Feeds on both zoo- and phytoplankton, filtered with the closely-set, sieve-like gillrakers. (For further information see FAO Synopsis FB/S25, 1963)

Interest to fisheries : Separate catch statistics reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan

(1973-83) range from 1 592 t (1983) to 11 795 t (1973) with an average of 7 474 t. However, these figures

probably also include T. toli - 11 - BONY FISHES CLUPEIDAE Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, 1847)

Synonyms : Hilsa toli : Fowler, 1941; Whitehead, 1973

Loc. names : Nur-palla (Sin); Palwar (Bal) Tali shad (En)

FAO names : En - Toli shad Fr - Alose toll Sp - Sábalo toli

Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Mainly caught with gillnets and seines

Habitat and biology : It occurs in coastal waters, and forms large concentrations in bays and creeks. Unlike T. ilisha , it is said not to ascend rivers to breed. Feeds on detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton

Interest to fisheries : Mainly caught along the Baluchistan coast. Separate statistics are not officially reported for this fish, although Burney et al. (1985) report about 1 450 t caught from the Baluchistan coast in 1983

ENGRAULIDAE Loc. names : Patia, Phyasa, Kagaya, etc.

FAO names : En - Anchovies, thryssas Fr - Anchois, alices, anchois-moustache Sp - Anchoas, boquerones, bocartes

Size : Max.: about 20 cm, but most common between 7 and 15 cm

Fishing gear : Seines, bagnets, stakenets, gillnets and trawls

Habitat and biology : Found mainly in coastal waters, including creeks and estuaries. Some species form large schools

and Thryssa species) concentrate in large numbers in Interest to fisheries : Some species (Coilia dussumieri creeks along the Sind coast, especially during the cold season. Most species are caught in mixed catches and are mainly used for fishmeal. No separate statistics are reported

Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, 1848

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Patia (Sin); Padni (Bal) Dussumiers flag-tail anchovy (En)

FAO names : En - Gold-spotted grenadier anchovy Fr - Alice taches dor Sp - Anchoa granadera dorada

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, bagnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and eastuaries - 12 -

BONY FISHES

ENGRAULIDAE

Coilia neglecta Whitehead, 1968

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Patia (Sin); Padni (Bal) Flag-tail anchovy (En)

FAO names : En - Neglected grenadier anchovy Fr - Alice franche Sp - Anchoa granadera plebeya

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and estuaries

Stolephorus commersonii Lacepède, 1803 PLATE I, 5

Synonyms : Anchoviella commersonii : Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Phyasa (Sin); Padni (Bal) Commersons anchovy (En)

FAO names : En - Commersons anchovy Fr - Anchois bombra Sp - Boquerón bombra

Size : Max.: 10 cm; common of 8 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters

Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823)

Synonyms : Anchoviella indica : Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Phyasa (Sin); Padni (Bal) Indian anchovy (En)

FAO names : En - Indian anchovy Fr - Anchois indien Sp - Boquerón indio

Size : Max.: 15.5 cm; common to 12 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, trawls and stakenets in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters - 13 -

BONY FISHES

ENGRAULIDAE

Thryssa hamiltonii (Gray, 1835)

Synonyms : Thrissocles hamiltonii : Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin); Padni (Bal)

FAO names : En - Hamiltons thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache mamata Sp - Bocarte bolinado

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 17 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, perhaps alto in estuaries

Thryssa malabarica (Bloch, 1795)

Synonyms : Thrissocles malabarica: Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin); Padni (Bal) Malabar anchovy (En)

FAO names : En - Malabar thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache malabar Sp - Bocarte malabarico

Size : Max.: 18 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with boat seines, gillnets and trawls, in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters, maybe also in estuaries

Thryssa mystax (Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms : Thrissocles mystax : Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin) Padni (Bal) Moustached anchovy (En)

FAO name : En - Moustached thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache sardelle Sp - Bocarte dompilón

Size : Max.: 16 cm; common to 14 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, also in estuaries

- 1 4 -

BONY FISHES ENGRAULIDAE

Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782)

Synonyms Thrissocles setirostris : Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Phyasa (small); Paddan (large) (Sin); Gore padni (Bal) Long-jaw anchovy (En)

FAO names : En - Longjaw thryssa Fr - Anchois-moustache cornu Sp - Bocarte de cuernos

Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 12 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic in coastal waters, also in estuaries

Thryssa vitrirostris (Gilchrist Thompson, 1908)

Synonyms Thrissocles vitrirostris : Fowler, 1941

Loc. names : Phyasa (small), Paddan (large) (Sin); Padni (Bal)

FAO names : En - Orangemouth anchovy Fr - Anchois-moustache cristal Sp - Bocarte cristal

Size : Max.:

Fishing gear : Boat seines, gillnets and trawls in shallow waters

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in coastal waters, also in estuaries

CHIROCENTRIDAE

Loc. names : Kerli, Gairi (Sin); Pashant (Bal)

FAO names : En - Wolf-herrings Fr - Chirocentres Sp - Arencones

Size : Max.: 100 cm; common to 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines, shallow trawls and traps

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, inshore species, feeding mainly on small fishes, crustaceans and other invertebrates. Sexually ripe specimens of C. dorab are found in August and December on the Baluchistan coast, but detailed information about breeding season lacking. C. nudus and C. dorab are often confused sand the information on the biology of the two species can hardly be used

Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are given for Chirocentrus dorab, but they probably also represent catches of C. nudus. Catches reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 353 t (1983) to 10 574 t (1982), with an average of 4 217 t. Marketed fresh or salted-dried. Exported to Sri Lanka

- 15 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Chirocentridae CHIROCENTRIDAE

Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål , 1775) Dorab wolf-herring size: to 100 cm

Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839

Whiten wolf-herring size: to 100 cm

MURAENIDAE

Loc. names : Barn, Sand (Sin); Riami slang (Bal)

FAO names : En - Morays Fr - Mourns Sp - Arenas

Size : Max.: to over 400 cm total length

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with loneliness , trawls, traps and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Mostly found in rocky areas of shallow waters where they inhabit holes and crevices. Some species are found in turbid waters and estuaries. Active at night, they feed on bottom-dwelling fishes and crustaceans. Their powerful jaws and teeth can inflict deep and painful wounds.

Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery for members of this family. Only occasionally caught and consumed fresh.

Species of Muraenidae

Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) Starry moray size: to 80 cm

Thyroidea mercer (Bleeker, 1854) Giant slender moray size: to 400 cm

click for next page

click for previous page - 16 -

BONY FISHES MURAENESOCIDAE

Loc. names : Barn, Sankh (Sin); Saang, etc.(Bal)

FAO names : En - Pike congers Fr - Morénésoces Sp - Morenocios

Size : Max.: to 250 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines , draftiest and trawls

Habitat and biology . Found on the continental

shelf and slope. Species inhabiting shallow waters are known to be nocturnal and to feed on bottom-living fishes and crustaceans

Interest to fisheries : Muraenesox species constitute the bulk of eels caught in Pakistan, but catch statistics reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) include Conger species as well. Annual catch figures range from 350 t (1980) to 3 921 t (1982). They are good food fishes and sold mostly fresh, dry- salted or used as bait for shark fishing

Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853)

Synonyms : Muraenesox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853) Loc. names : Barn, Sand (Sin); Saang, Tayabi saang, Barn (Bal) Pike eel (En)

FAO names : En - Indian pike conger Fr - Morénésoce indien Sp -Morenocio indio Size : Max.: 250 cm; common to 180 cm Fishing gear : Caught mainly by lobeline , driftnets and trawls at night Habitat and biology : Lives on soft bottoms in coastal waters to about 100 m depth; also in estuaries. Feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling fishes and on crustaceans

Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms Muraenesox arabicus (Schneider, 1801)

Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Barn, Saang, Tayabi saang (Bal) Silver conger eel (En)

FAO names : En - Daggertooth pike conger Fr - Morenesoce dague Sp - Morenocio dentón

Size : Max.: 200 cm; common to 150 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and handlines, driftnets, bottom set gillnets and trawls.

Habitat and biology: Found on the continental shelf and slope. In shallow

waters, known to be nocturnal. Feeds on bottom-living fishes and crustaceans. Sexually ripe specimens found in November to January on the Baluchistan coast.

Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are not officially reported for this dorsal view of head species. However, Burney et al. (1985) report total landings of about 746 000 t for the Baluchistan coast in 1983. Dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. Also used as bait for shark fishing

- 17 -

BONY FISHES

MURAENESOCIDAE Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)

Synonyms Muraenesox yamaguchiensis Katayama Takai, 1954

Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Tayabi saang (Bal)

FAO names : En - Common pike conger Fr - Morénésoce commun Sp - Morenocio común

Size : Max.: 180 cm; common to 150 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with driftnets, longlines and trawls width about 10 or 11 times in head length interorbital Habitat and biology : Lives on soft bottoms, down to 100 m depth. A nocturnal species feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling fish and on crustaceans

dorsal view of head

CONGRIDAE

Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal)

FAO names : En - Conger eels Fr - Congres Sp - Congrios

Size : Max.: to 80 cm

Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Conger eels occur from the coast to deep waters of the shelf and slope. They are mostly active at night, hiding in burrows during daytime. They feed on bottom-dwelling organisms

Interest to fisheries : These fishes are valued as food and are sold mostly fresh.

Conger cinereus cinereus Rüppell, 1828

Synonyms Conger cinereus Rüppell , 1828

Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal)

FAO names : En - Longfin African conger

Fr Congre oiro

Sp - Congrio de aleta larga (Africa)

Size : Max.: 80 cm; common to 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly by hook and line

Habitat and biology : A common reef species, mostly active at night. Feeds on small reef organisms

- 18 -

BONY FISHES

CONGRIDAE Uroconger lepturus (Richardson, 1848)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Bam, Sankh (Sin); Bam, Saang (Bal)

FAO names : En - Slender conger Fr - Congre gracile Sp - Congrio coludo

Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with fine-meshed trawls

Habitat and biology : Lives offshore on sandy and muddy bottoms. Feeds on bottom-dwelling crustaceans

Interest to fisheries : No special fishery but appears regularly in the catches. Marketed mostly fresh. roof of mouth

ARIIDAE

Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sea catfishes Fr - Mâchoirons Sp - Bagres

Size : Max.: to over 100 cm total length

Fishing gear : Bottom trawls, bagnets, dipnets. stake traps, shore seines and on hook. and

Habitat and biology : Sea catfishes are mostly marine but occur also in brackish and fresh waters. They are usually confined to muddy coastal waters to 50 m depth, but a few species are caught at greater depths. The sharp pectoral and dorsal fin spines can inflict painful wounds

Interest to fisheries : The sea catfishes may occur in large quantities and their flesh is said to be good. They are usually marketed fresh, but also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka, and used for the production of fishmeal. The combined catches of ariid catfishes reported by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 7 382 t (1983) to 28 642 t (1978) with an average of 16 952 t

Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792)

Synonyms : Arius falcarius Richardson, 1844

Tachysurus maculatus (Thunberg, 1792)

Loc. names : khagga, Singhara (Sin); Aasi, Raingi Spotted catfish (En)

FAO names : En - Spotted catfish Fr - Machoiron tacheté Sp - Bagre manchado

Size : Max.: 61 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets, dipnets, bamboo-stake traps and with line gear

Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters and estuaries. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes. Full maturity is attained by males and females at about 16 cm length - 1 9 -

BONY FISHES

ARIIDAE Arius platystomus Day, 1877

Synonyms : Tachysurus platystomus (Day, 1877)

Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Khaggi (Bal) Flat-mouth catfish (En)

FAO names : En - Flatmouth sea catfish Fr - Mâchoiron canard Sp - Bagre pato

Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 10 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, stake traps, shore seines, set bagnets and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Lives close to the coast, in marine waters as well as in estuaries

Arius tenuispinis Day, 1877

Synonyms Hemipuniclodus tenuispinis Misra, 1976 Tachysurus tenuispinis (Day, 1877)

Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal)

FAO names : En - Thinspine catfish Fr - Mâchoiron aiguillette Sp - Bagre aqujilla

Size : Max.: 36 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets, dipnets, bamboo-stake traps and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Common in marine coastal waters, to about 50 m depth

Arius thalassinus (Rüppell, 1837)

Synonyms Arius serratus Day, 1877 Tachysurus serratus (Day, 1877) Tachysurus thalassinus (Rüppell, 1837) Netuma thalassinus (Rüppell, 1837)

Loc. names : Khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (large), Kup-a-go (Bal) Giant catfish (En)

FAO names : En - Giant catfish Fr - Mâchoiron titan Sp - Bagre titan

Size : Max.: 185 cm; common to 70 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, bamboo-stake traps, with handlines, longlines and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : A marine species, often found in estuaries and brackish water, but never entering freshwater. Feeds on crabs, prawns and other crustaceans, but also on fishes and molluscs. Sexually ripe adult juvenile specimens found in January and April. Mass spawning occurs in the last week of March and first week of April along the Baluchistan coast - 20 -

BONY FISHES

Other species of Ariidae ARIIDAE

teeth on roof of mouth dorsal view of head

teeth on roof of mouth

dorsal view of head

Arius arius Hamilton, 1822 Threadfin sea catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Bargai (Bal) size: to 20 cm

Arius caelatus Valenciennes, 1840 Engraved catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Shazada, Siah-gosh khaggi (Bal) size: to 45 cm

teeth on roof of mouth

dorsal view of head

Arius crossocheilus Bleeker, 1846 Roughback sea catfish teeth on roof Bagga, Singhara (Sin) dorsal view of head Bargai (Bal) of mouth size: to 40 cm

Arius dussumieri Valenciennes, 1840 Blacktip sea catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Gallo (Bal) size: to 30 cm - 21-

BONY FISHES

Other species of Ariidae ARIIDAE

teeth on roof of mouth

dorsal view of head

teeth on roof of mouth Arius sagor (Hamilton, 1822) Sagor catfish Khagga, Singhara (Sin) Bargai (Bal) size: to 45 cm

Arius sona (Hamilton, 1822) Sona sea catfish Khagga, Singhara (Sin) Torro gallo (Bal) size: to 90 cm

teeth on roof of mouth dorsal view of head

Arius subrostratus Valenciennes, 1840 Shovelnose sea catfish teeth on roof Bagga, Singhara (Sin) of mouth Kun (Bal) size: to 30 cm

Arius sumatranus Bennett, 1830 Goat catfish Bagga, Singhara (Sin) Matar (Bal) size: to 30 cm - 22 -

BONY FISHES

ARIIDAE

Batrachocephalus mino (Hamilton, 1822)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : khagga (Sin); Chonaro (Bal) Beardless sea catfish (En)

FAO names : En - Beardless sea catfish

Fr - Mâchoiron i mberbe Sp - Barge lampiño

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common from 8 to 10 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, bamboo-stake traps, hook and line and lobeline

Habitat and biology : A marine species, occurring in shallow coastal waters, estuaries and tidal rivers

Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Osteogeneiosus sthenocephalus Day, 1877

Loc. names : khagga, Singhara (Sin); Kun (Bal)

FAO names : En - Soldier catfish

Fr - Mâchoiron soldat Sp - Bagre soldado

Size : Max.: 35 cm; common from 20 to 26 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, dipnets, bamboo stake traps and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : A marine coastal species, occurring also in estuaries and river mouths, mostly in turbid

waters. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes

PLOTOSIDAE

Loc. names : Bam-khagga (Sin); Robila (Bal)

FAO names : En - Eel catfishes Fr - Balibots Sp - Patunas

Size : Max.: to over 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, seines, traps and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, including reef areas, estuaries and tidal pools. Feed on crustaceans, molluscs and fishes. The dorsal and pectoral spines are venomous and may inflict painful wounds.

Gregarious in habits, the juveniles of P. limbatus form large aggregations

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family do not form the object of a special fishery and some fishermen dread handling them. The flesh is said to be delicate in taste - 23 -

BONY FISHES PLOTOSIDAE Species of Plotosidae

Plotosus limbatus Valenciennes, 1840 Darkfin eel catfish size: to 41 cm

Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) Striped eel catfish size: to 30 cm

This species has been often misidentified as P. canius which may also occur in the area. In P. canius the

maxillary barbels extend to the pectoral fin base

CHANIDAE Chanos chanos (Forsskål , 1775)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Ghonshi (Sin); Murro, Murra (Bal)

FAO names : En - Milkfish

Fr - Chanos

Sp - Chano

Size : Max.: 180 cm; common to 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with scoopnets, dragnets, setnets and traps

Habitat and biology : This is a coastal species, entering estuaries, fresh waters and lakes. The eggs are found at

The occurrence of fry seems to be restricted to specific sea. The larval stages shift slowly toward the coast.

areas of the Indo-Pacific region (i.e. ., southern India and Sri Lanka, Indonesia, etc.). The distribution of the

species seems to depend on the temperature and on predators. Feeds on bottom invertebrates. Much experimental data are available on this species but very little is known of its biology and life cycle in its natural

habitat (see FAO Synopsis No. 4 (1960) for further information) Interest to fisheries This species is very important in many countries of the Indo-Pacific region where it is cultured in ponds and tanks. In Pakistan it is occasionally caught and sold fresh

SYNODONTIDAE

Loc. names : Koniari (Sin); Bombala (Bal)

FAO names : En - Lizardfishes

Fr - Anolis Sp - Lagartos

Size : Max.: Some species may exceed 45 cm

It is accidentally caught with bottom trawls Fishing gear :

Habitat and biology : They are bottom-dwelling fishes, found around coral reefs and on open flats to about 500 m depth. Most species are fish eaters and they usually wait motionless to seize the prey with a rapid motion

Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery for any of the species of this family and there are no separate

statistics reported. If caught it is marketed fresh or used for fishmeal. The flesh is said to be of good quality

and flavour although quite bony. Saurida undosquamis and S. tumbil are the most widespread and abundant, as well as the largest, members of the family

click for next page click for previous page

- 24 -

BONY FISHES SYNODONTIDAE Species of Synodontidae

Saurida longimanus Norman, 1939 Longfin lizardfish size: to 25 cm

Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) Greater lizardfish size: exceeds 40 cm

Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) Brushtooth lizardfish size: to 45 cm or, more PLATE I, 6 Synodus indicus (Day, 1873) Indian lizardfish size: to 20 cm

Synodus macrops Tanaka, 1917 Triplecross lizardfish size: to 18 cm

Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) Bluntnose lizardfish size: to 40 cm

HARPADONTIDAE Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Bombil (Sin); Bombala (Bal) Bombay duck (En)

FAO names : En - Bombay duck Fr - Bumalo Sp - Bumalo

Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and estuaries

Interest to fisheries : This species is not as important in Pakistan as in India and no separate statistics are reported from this country in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan. It is usually marketed dried- salted

- 25 -

BONY FISHES

BREGMACEROTIDAE

Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson, 1840

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Mac Lelland's Unicorn-codfish (En)

FAO names : En - Spotted codlet

Fr - Varlet de lOcéan Indien Sp - Bregmacero manchado

Size : Max.: 10 cm; common to 7 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets and trawls

Habitat and biology : Over the continental shelf but possibly also oceanic, sometimes found in estuaries. Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans

Interest to fisheries : No special fishery for this species which is only accidentally caught

EXOCOETIDAE

Loc. names : Thuri (Sin); Jirri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Flyingfishes Fr - Exocoets Sp - Voladores

Size : Some species reach to 25 cm

Fishing gear : No special fishing gear has been developed for these particular fishes in Pakistan

Habitat and biology : Species of this family inhabit surface waters of open oceans. They are well known for leeping out of the water and gliding over a long distance with open pectoral and sometimes pelvic fins. Young (up to 10 cm) are quite different from adults, with different shape of fins and often with conspicuous barbels at chin

Interest to fisheries : An important fisheries for flying fishes has developed in India but they are not known of being of commercial value in Pakistan where they are not yet exploited. The flesh is said to be of excellent quality

Species of Exocoetidae

Cheilopogon nigricans (Bennett, 1840) African flyingfish size: to 24 cm

Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, 1846 Barbel flyingfish size: to 20 cm - 26 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Exocoetidae EXOCOETIDAE

Exocoetus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Tropical two-wing flyingfish size: to 18 cm

Hirundichthys coromandelensis (Hornell, 1923) Coromandel flyingfish size: to 19 cm

Hirundichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1852) Bony flyingfish size: to 20 cm

HEMIRAMPHIDAE

Loc. names : Thute (Sin); Murrant (Bal)

FAO names : En - Halfbeaks Fr - Demi-becs Sp - Agujetas

Size : Max.: to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, pelagic trawls, and dipnets

Habitat and biology : Mainly marine, but some species are found in brackish as well as fresh waters. They are epipelagic, sometimes leaping out of the water and gliding on the surface by vibrating the lower lobe of caudal fin. They are omnivorous, feeding on floating sea grass, crustaceans and small fishes

Interest to fisheries : These species are not of great commercial value but they are regularly found in local markets. The flesh is said to be of excellent quality

- 27 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Hemiramphidae HEMIRAMPHIDAE

Hemiramphus far (Forsskål, 1775) Blackbarred halfbeak size: to 44 cm PLATE II, 7

Hyporhamphus (Reporhamphus) dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1846) Dussumiers halfbeak size: to 30 cm

Hyporhamphus (Hyporhamphus) limbatus (Valenciennes, 1846) Congaturi halfbeak size: to 22 cm

BELONIDAE

Loc. names : Kango, Kungi (Sin); Aabre (Bal)

FAO names : En - Needlefishes Fr - Aiguillettes Sp - Agujones

Size : May attain a very large size (to 200 cm)

Fishing gear : Caught with lines and by trolling

Habitat and biology : They occur in marine as well as brackish and fresh waters. They are pelagic and able to leap out of the water and skitter on the surface. They feed mainly on small fishes

Interest to fisheries : Most species are found frequently in markets. The flesh is said to be excellent but some people have misgivings about consuming this fish because of the green colour of the bones

Species of Belonidae

Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846) Flat needlefish size: to 120 cm

Platybelone argalus platyura (Bennett, 1837) Keeltail needlefish size: to 40 cm

Strongylura leiura (Bleeker, 1850) Banded needlefish size: to about 80 cm - 28 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Belonidae BELONIDAE

Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt, 1823) Spottail needlefish size: to 40 cm

PLATE II, 8

Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker, 1850) Agujon needlefish size: to 90 cm

Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron LeSueur, 1821) Hound needlefish size: to 125 cm

HOLOCENTRIDAE

Loc. names : Gilhari (Sin); Koh mitar (Bal) large

FAO names : En - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes Fr - Marignans Sp - Candiles

Size : Max.: to about 45 cm

Fishing gear : Probably taken in gillnets, traps and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Usually found in shallow waters and coral reef areas or on rocky bottoms. Feed on invertebrates.

The preopercular spine of Sargocentron is venomous

Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught in artisanal fisheries

FISTULARIIDAE

Loc. names : Bangri (Sin); Moorat (Bal)

FAO names : En - Cornetfishes, Flutemouths Fr - Cornettes Sp - Cornetas

Size : Max.: 200 cm

Fishing gear : Occasionally caught in bottom trawls and in artisanal fisheries

Habitat and biology : Two species occur: Fistularia petimba generally occurs in deeper waters offshore

while F. commersonii usually occurs in shallow inshore

waters, often associated with reefs. Feed on small fishes and shrimps

Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught - 29 -

BONY FISHES

SCORPAENIDAE

Loc. names Serin (Sin); Bheel-alari (Bal)

FAO names : En Scorpionfishes, Stingfihes, etc . Fr - Rascasses Sp - Rascacios

Size : Max.: to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Occasionally caught in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Mostly found in inshore waters on rocky bottoms and coral reefs, but also occurring on sandy or muddy bottoms further offshore. Scorpionfishes have venomous spines and should be handled with extreme

care. Wounds can cause intense pain, respiratory distress and, in some cases, death. Immerse wound in hot water to relieve pain.

Interest to fisheries : The flesh is white and good eating but these fishes are not valued as food in Pakistan

TRIGLIDAE

Loc. names : Bheel-alari (Bal) Sea robin (En)

FAO names : En - Gurnards Fr - Grondins Sp - Cabetes

Size : Max.: to about 16 cm

Fishing gear : Accidentally caught in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Bottom-living species, found between 50 and about 250 m depth, usually in deeper waters

of their range. They occur on sandy and muddy substrates, rubble or reef-type bottoms, using the free rays of their pectoral fins to search for food.

Interest to fisheries : There is no special fishery and if caught they are used for fishmeal

Species of Triglidae

(dorsal view) (dorsal view) rostral process rostral process

Lepidotrigla bispinosa (Steindachner, 1898) Bullhorn gurnard size: to 16 cm

Lepidotrigla spiloptera Günther, 1880 Spottedwing gurnard size: to 10 cm (dorsal view) rostral process

Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan, 1905 Oman gurnard size: to 12.5 cm - 30 -

BONY FISHES

PLATYCEPHALIDAE

Loc. names : Khuker (Sin); Khuker (Bal)

FAO names : En - Flatheads Fr - Platycéphales Sp - Chatos

Size : Max.: 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Bottom-living fishes, found on mud or sand, to about 75 m depth. Some species are associated with rocky shores and coral reefs

Interest to fisheries : These species are only accidentally caught. Although quite frequent in the catches, they are never in large quantities. Most species are good food- dorsal view fishes

Species of Platycephalidae

Cociella crocodila (Tilesius, 1812) Crocodile flathead size: to 50 cm

Grammoplites suppositus (Troschel, 1840) Spotfin flathead size: to 25 cm

Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bartail flathead size: to 100 cm

click for next page click for previous page - 31 -

BONY FISHES CENROPOMIDAE Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dangri (Sin); Dangri (Bal) Cock-up, Giant perch (En) FAO names : En - Barramundi Fr - Barramundi Sp - Barramundi

Size : Max.: 200 cm; common between 25 and 100 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, handlines, bottom gillnets and traps; also in sport fishing Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, estuaries and lagoons, usually at depths between 10 and 40 m. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans Interest to fisheries : Catches of this species reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973- 83) range from 457 t (1980) to 3 018 t (1982), with an average of 936 t. Marketed fresh

SERRANIDAE Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Chanco, Klancho (Bal)

FAO names : En - Groupers, seabasses, rockcods, etc. Fr - Vielles, mérous, serrans, etc.

Sp - Chernas, meros, serranos, etc.

Size : May exceed 200 cm

Fishing gear : They are usually taken in traps, on hook and line, on longlines and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : These are mostly demersal fishes, ranging from shallow coastal waters to moderate depths, rarely beyond 200 m. Most occur in rocky or reef areas, but some species show preference for sandy or muddy areas or seagrass beds. They are mostly solitary species and they only form breeding aggregations. Juveniles are

often found in estuaries. They feed on fish and invertebrates (including crabs and spiny lobsters). Most are hermaphrodites, beginning life as females and then becoming males, or are synchronous hermaphrodites

Interest to fisheries : Many are excellent foodfishes, fetching high prices in local markets and thus sought in commercial fisheries. Usually marketed fresh for local consumption and exported to Arabian Gulf countries. Also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. Catch of Epinephelus species reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 410 t (1974) to 5 463 t (1982), with an average of 1 784 t. More than 30 species belonging to this family have been reported from Pakistan. Separate information will be given only for the most important species. The remaining ones are only illustrated in plates

Epinephelns bleekeri (Vaillant, 1877) PLATE II, 9

Synonyms : Epinephelus coromandelicus Day, 1878

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Golori (Jiwani area) Klancho (Bal) Bleeker's reef cod (En)

FAO names : En - Duskytail grouper Fr - Mérou demideuil Sp - Mero medioluto

Size : Max.: 70 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : On rocky bottoms and reef areas - 32 -

BONY FISHES

SERRANIDAE Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) PLATE II, 10

also co-occurs with E. chlorostig ma. Synonyms None. A similar, possibly undescribed species of Epinephelus , This species differs notably in having 15 to 17 soft dorsal rays and in having spots present only on the inner surface of the pectoral fin.

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Klancho, Golori (Jiwani area)(Bal)

FAO names : En - Brownspotted grouper Fr - Mérou pintade Sp - Mero pintado

Size : Max.: 75 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Occurs on coral reefs and rocky bottoms, from the shore to 280 m depths

Epinephelus diacanthus (Valenciennes, 1828) PLATE II, 11

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Chancho (Bal)

FAO names : En - Thornycheek grouper Fr - Mérou épineux

Sp - Mero espinudo

Size : Max.: 52 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets, traps, liftnets and in trawls

Habitat and biology : A bottom living species, sometimes forming large aggregations. Occurs in waters between 2 and 50 m depth

Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål , 1775) PLATE II, 12

Synonyms : Epinephelus emoryi Schultz, 1953

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Chancho (Bal) Banded reef cod (En)

FAO names : En - Redbanded grouper Fr - Mérou oriflamme Sp - Mero banderilla

Size : Max.: 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, traps and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Occurs on coral reefs and rocky bottoms from the shore to 160 m depth. Feeds upon bottom-living invertebrates such as molluscs and prawns, and also small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in July and August and in December on the Baluchistan coast - 33 -

BONY FISHES

SERRANIDAE Epinephelus flavocaeruleus (Lacepède, 1802)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) Blue and yellow reef cod (En)

FAO names : En - Blue and yellow grouper Fr - Mérou faraud

Sp - Mero azul y amarillo

Size : Max.: 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in traps and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Occurs in coral reef areas and on rocky bottoms, from the shore to 160 m depth

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE III, 13

Synonyms : Epinephelus horridus (Valenciennes, 1828)

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)

FAO names : En - Brown-marbled grouper Fr - Mérou marbré

Sp - Mero manchado

Size : Max.: 90 cm; 11 kg

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line and gillnets as well as in traps

Habitat and biology : Mainly in reef areas, to at least 30 m depth

Epinephelus latifasciatus (Temminck Schlegel, 1842) PLATE III, 14

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)

FAO names : En - Banded grouper Fr - Mérou à bandes

Sp - Mero abanderado

Size : Max.: 70 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, in traps, gillnets and trawls

Habitat and biology : Occurs between 20 and 200 m depth, juveniles over muddy or sandy bottoms, adults in rocky areas juvenile - 34 -

BONY FISHES

SERRANIDAE Epinephelus malabaricus (Schneider, 1801) PLATE III, 15

Synonyms Often misidentification as " Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775)", which is a different species

Loc. names Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)

FAO names En - Malabar grouper Fr - Mérou malabare Sp - Mero malabarico

Size : Max.: 100 cm (perhaps 200 cm)

Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in traps, gillnets and trawls

Habitat and biology : Occurring in turbid waters, i.e., estuarine areas, harbours, as well as in reef areas, to about 30 m depth. This is the most common inshore species of grouper of the Western Indian Ocean

Epinephelus morrhua (Valenciennes, 1833) PLATE III, 16

Synonyms : Epinephelus cometae Tanaka, 1927

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal) Banded-cheek reefcod (En)

FAO names : En - Comet grouper Fr - Mérou comète Sp - Mero cometa

Size : Max.: 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Found from about 100 to more than 350 m depth

Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE III, 17

Synonyms : Epinephelus elongatus Schultz, 1953 Epinephelus chewa Morgans, 1965

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari, Mait (large)(Bal) Greasy reefcod (En)

FAO names : En - Greasy grouper Fr - Mérou loutre Sp - Mero lutra

Size : Max.: 65 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and longlines (using shrimp bait), traps and gillnets. Main fishery season is from November to April.

Habitat and biology : Mainly found in coral reef areas from 1 to 50 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living crustaceans, especially shrimp and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens are found in December and March along the Baluchistan coast - 35 -

BONY FISHES

SERRANIDAE Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotari (Bal)

FAO names : En - Potato grouper Fr - Mérou patate Sp - Mero patata

Size : Max.: 200 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with hook and line

Habitat and biology : Occurs on rocky bottoms, from 10 to 150 m depth

Epinephelus undulosus (Quoy Gaimard, 1824) PLATE III, 18

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Lotinri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Midwater grouper Fr - Mérou nodulé

Sp - Mero ondulado

Size : Max.: 75 cm; 7 kg

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Over sandy banks, from 20 to 90 m depth. Feeds on fishes, small crustaceans and tunicates

Promicrops lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhambo, Gisser (Sin); Nambo, Mait (large)(Bal) Grouper (En)

FAO names : En - Brindle grouper Fr - Mérou lancéolé

Sp - Mero lanceolado

Size : Max.: 270 cm (over 400 kg)

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line and spears

Habitat and biology : Common in harbours, estuaries and around wrecks, from 5 to 100 m depth

juvenile - 36 -

BONY FISHES TERAPONIDAE

Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli, Kabloosh (Bal)

FAO names : En - Terapon-perches, terapons Fr - Violons Sp - Baraongas

Size : Max.: usually not exceeding 30 cm

Fishing gear : They are likely to be caught with many types of inshore artisanal fishing gear, including: gillnets, traps, hook and line, handlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Species of this family inhabit inshore waters and some are common in estuaries and in fresh water

Interest to fisheries : They are good foodfishes and they are rather common in the catches. None of these species, however, is important enough to support a special fishery

Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli (Bal) Trumpeter perch (En)

FAO names : En - Fourlined terapon Fr - Violon crépuscule Sp - Baraonga aurora

Size : Max.: 30 cm, common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Occurs in inshore waters, often in estuaries. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates

Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE IV, 19

Synonyms : Holocentrus servus Bloch, 1790

Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli, Kabloosh (Bal)

Crescentperch (En)

FAO names : En - Jarbua terapon Fr - Violon jarbua Sp - Baraonga jarbua

Size : Max.. 30 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fishing gear, including gillnets, traps, handlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters, sometimes in estuaries and fresh waters. Feeds on fishes and invertebrates, also a scale-eater - 37 -

BONY FISHES

TERAPONIDAE

Terapon puta ( Cuvier, 1829) PLATE IV, 20

Synonyms : Authistes puts Whitley, 1943

Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Gwarak (large), Kabloosh (Bal) Small-scaled banded grunt (En)

FAO names : En - Smallscaled terapon Fr - Violon grogneur

Sp - Baraonga ronco

Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 12 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fishing gear, including gillnets, traps, handlines and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Found mainly in inshore waters, also in estuaries and in fresh waters. Feeds on fishes and invertebrates

Terapon theraps (Cuvier, 1829)

Synonyms Eutherapon theraps: Whitley, 1943

Loc. names : Ginghra (Sin); Adhi kuli (Bal) Large-scaled banded grunt (En)

FAO names : En - Largescaled terapon

Fr - Violon tigre

Sp - Baraonga tigre

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with all types of inshore fishing gear including gillnets, traps, handlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Found in inshore areas, sometimes in brackish waters. Feeds on invertebrates and fish

SILLAGINIDAE

Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE IV, 21

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Bhambor (Sin); Hashoor (Bal) Silver whiting (En)

FAO names : En - Silver sillago Fr - Pêche- madame ardent Sp - Silago plateado

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm

Caught with beach seines and handlines Fishing gear :

Inhabits shallow sandy bottoms of shores and bays; also in creeks and estuaries. Feeds on Habitat and biology : small invertebrates

) together with mullet and Interest to fisheries : The main fishery for this species takes place in June-July (Undo

prawns. It is said to be caught in creeks in very large numbers when the sea is rough and the fishermen do not

go far from shore. The flesh is said to be tasty. The catches reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 102 t (1980) to 859 t (1982) with an average of 404 t

click for next page

click for previous page

- 38 -

BONY FISHES

LACTARIIDAE

Lactarius lactarius (Bloch Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms Lactarius delicatulus Valenciennes, 1833

Loc. names : Bukko (Sin); chilanker (Bal) White milkfish (En)

FAO names : En - False trivially

Fr - Péliau chanos Sp - Pagapa

Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls, seines and traps

Habitat and biology : Found in various types of habitats, usually in waters shallower than 100 m. Feeds on bottom- living organisms

Interest to fisheries : A popular fish, sold fresh or dried salted. The reported catches from Pakistan totalled 650 t in 1982 (FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1982)

RACHYCENTRIDAE

Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sanghra, Aangh (Sin); Sanglor (Bal) Black kingfish (En)

FAO names : En - Cobia Fr - Mafou Sp - Cobia

Size : Max.: 200 cm; common to 110 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, bottom trawls, driftnets and floating gillnets Habitat and biology : This is an essentially pelagic species, sometimes occurring over shallow coral reefs and off rocky shores; also in estuaries. Feeds on crabs, squid, fishes and sea snakes. Sexually ripe specimens found in March and April along the Baluchistan coast. Interest to fisheries : A rather common species, with a very delicate flesh, usually sold fresh, or dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. The catches reported in the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) range from 606 t (1980) to 1 971 t (1982), with an average of 1 231 t

ECHENEIDIDAE

Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758

dorsal view of head

Synonyms : None showing cephalic disc

Loc. names : Masi (Sin); Li-ching (Bal) remora (En)

FAO names : En - Live sharksucker

Fr - Rémora commun Sp - Pegatimón

Size : Max.: to more than 75 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines, but more often captured attached to the body of its host

Habitat and biology : Formed in shallow, coastal waters, often free-swimming but will attach temporarily to a

wide range of host such as sharks, seaturtles and ships. Feeds mainly on food scraps of the host species

Interest to fisheries : Of little commercial interest, but sometimes taken in coastal fisheries along with other species, and sold in local markets - 39 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE

Trachinotus

Atropus

Decapterus

Caranx Scomberoides

Examples of body shapes

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar, Seem, etc. (Sin); Pattar, Kakkawan, Gishran, Seem, etc. (Bal) FAO names : En - Jacks, trevallies, scads, runners, amberjacks, pompanos, pomfrets Fr - Carangues, cordonniers, pompanos, comères, castagnolines

Sp - Jureles, pampanos , macarelas , palometones, palometas Size : Some species may exceed 200 cm Fishing gear : They are caught with trawls, purse seines, traps and on line gear Habitat and biology : This family covers a large number of species with rather different habitats and behaviour. Some species are pelagic and schooling, some, especially the juveniles, are found in estuaries and brackish waters, some are oceanic, found far offshore.

Interest to fisheries : This is one of the most important families of commercial fishes, often occurring in large quantities, their flesh being highly appreciated. Marketed mostly fresh. The only carangid fishes identified separately for reported purposes by the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83), are species of

Scomberoides , catches of which range from 92 t (1983) to 9 106 t (1979). However, these figures probably also included other carangid species

- 40 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1788)

Synonyms Atlantic Ocean: Alectis crinitus ( Mitchill, 1826) or

Blepharis crinitus Mitchill, 1826)

Hawaii: Carangoides ajax Snyder, 1904

Loc. names : Patted (Sin); Siah-pattar, Ushtar, Banzali (juv.)(Bal) young of 13 cm Thread-finned trivially (En) standard length

FAO names : En - African pompano

Fr - Cordonnier fil Sp - Pampano de hebra

Size : Mar.: (possible) 150 cm total length; common to 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line (adults), with beach seines (juveniles and in trawls)

Habitat and biology : Solitary, found in coastal waters to about 100 m depth. Juveniles are pelagic and drifting. Feeds mainly on slow- swimming or sedentary crustaceans

Alectis indicus (Rüppell, 1830) PLATE IV, 22

Synonyms : None young Loc. names : Patted (Sin); Ushtar , Safay-pattar (Bal) Indian threadfinned trevally (En)

FAO names : En - Indian threadfish Fr - Cordonnier plume Sp - Pampano indico

Size : Mar.: 150 cm (total length)

Fishing gear : Taken on hook and line (adults),

in beach seines (juveniles) and in bottom tram Is. An appreciated sportsfish

Habitat and biology : Adults are reported to form large schools, mainly in coastal maters. Juveniles are usually solitary and often enter estuaries. Feeds on fish, small squid and crustaceans

PLATE IV, 23 Alepes djedaba (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Atule djedaba (Forsskål 1775) Caranx djedaba (Forsskål, 1775)

Loc. names : Bangra, Seem (Sin); Bakoi (Bal)

FAO names . En - Shrimp scad Fr - Sélar subari Sp - Jurel subari

Size : Max.: 29 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Occurs in coastal maters, around reefs as well as in more turbid areas. Often forming large schools. Feeds on invertebrates (crustaceans and copepods), the larger specimens also on small fish - 41 -

BONY FISHES

CARANGIDAE Alepes melanoptera Swainson, 1839

Synonyms Caranx malam (Bleeker, 1851) Alepes malam (Bleeker, 1851) Caranx nigripinnis Day, 1876 Caranx pectoralis Chan, 1968

Loc. names : Bangra, Seem (Sin); Kakawan pattar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Blackfin scad Fr - Sélar aile noire Sp - Jurel alinegro

Size : Max.: 21 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters. Feeds on shrimp, copepods and other small invertebrates

Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833)

Synonyms Caranx macrurus (Bleeker, 1852) Alepes macrurus (Bleeker, 1852) Alepes qlabra Fowler, 1904

Loc. names : Bangra, Seem (Sin); Kakaan pattar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Herring scad Fr - Sélar harangule Sp - Jurel arenque

Size : Max.: 46 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught in trawls and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Common in shallow coastal waters. Feeds on shrimps, copepodes, decapod crustaceans and small fishes

Atropus atropos (Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Mori, Pattal (Sin); Pattar (Bal) Kuwehs (En)

FAO names : En -Cleftbelly trevally Fr - Pompano à quille noire Sp - Pampano de quilla

Size : Mar.: 23 cm (fork length); possibly to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, often swimming near the surface. Feeds on shrimps, copepods, decapod crustaceans and small fishes underside of belly - 42 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE

Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833)

Synonyms Caranx mate Cuvier, 1833

Caranx affinis Rüppell, 1836 Decametres politus (Jenkins, 1904)

Decapterus lundini Jordan Seale, 1906

Decapterus normani Bertin Dollfus, 1948

Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Pattar (Bal) One-finlet scad, King fish (En)

FAO names : En - Yellowtail scad Fr - Selar queue jaune Sp - Jurel rabo amarillo Size : Max.: 28 cm (fork length); common to 26 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in trawls, on hook and line and various types of artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in shallow coastal waters to about 50 m depth. Feeds on crustaceans and cephalopods

Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Rüppell, 1830)

Synonyms : Caranx caeruleopinnatus Rüppell, 1830

Carangoides altissimus Jordan Seale, 1907

Caranx formosanus Jordan Snyder, 1910

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Coastal trevally Fr - Carangue côtière Sp - Jurel costero

Size : Max.: 36 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line, in gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, but rarely close to the shore; also found in deeper reef areas. A rather sluggish fish

Carangoides chrysophrys ( Cuvier, 1833) PLATE V, 25

Synonyms Caranx chrysophrys Cuvier, 1833

Carangoides chrysophryoides Bleeker, 1851

Caranx typus Gilchrist Thompson, 1917

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal) Dusky trevally (En)

FAO names : En - Longnose trevally Fr - Carangue tapir Sp - Jurel tapir

Size : Max.: 60 cm (total length)

Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, in bottom trawls, with gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to about 60 m depth, juveniles in estuaries - 43 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE

Carangoides ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE V, 26

Synonyms Caranx ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) Carangoides hemigymnostethus Bleeker, 1857,

Caranx gilberti Jordan Seale, 1906

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar, Gal-bat (Bal) Ferdaus trevally (Eh)

FAO names : En - Blue trevally Fr - Carangue tachetée Sp - Jurel manchado

Size : Mar.: 70 cm (total length)

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls, on hook and line, with gillnets and in traps

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, especially over sandy bottoms, to about 60 m depth. Feeds on prawns, crabs and small fish

Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Caranx fulvoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775)

Turrum emburyi Whitley, 1932

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Kakawan (Bal)

FAO names : En - Yellowspotted trevally Fr - Carabeue pailletée Sp - Jurel centellante

Size : Max.: 80 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line and by spearing; also with gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Prefers rocky and coral reefs, but occasionally found over offshore banks to about 100 m depth. Feeds mainly on small invertebrates and fishes

Carangoides gymnostethus (Cuvier, 1833)

Synonyms Caranx qymnostethus (Cuvier, 1833)

Carangoides gymnostethoides Bleeker, 1851

Kakkawan (Bal) Loc. names Bangra, Kakkar (Sin);

FAO names : En - Bludger Fr - Carangue balo Sp - Jurel balo

Size : Max.: about 80 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, on hook and line, in gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology ; Adults are solitary in deeper offshore reefs; juveniles form large schools. Feeds on small invertebrates and fishes - 44 -

BONY FISHES

CARANGIDAE

Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch Schneider, 1801) PLATE V, 27

Synonyms Caranx malabaricus (Bloch Schneider, 1801) Carangoides rectipinnis Williams, 1958 Carangoides rhomboides Kotthaus, 1974

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Malabar trevally Fr - Carangue monique Sp - Jurel malabarico

Size : Max.: about 25 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line, with gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Usually on rocky and coral reefs, but also in shallow, sandy bays. Feeds on crustaceans, small squid and shrimp

Other species of Carangoides

Carangoides bajad (Forsskål, 1775) Carangoides hedlandensis (Whitley, 1933) Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Bumpnose trevally Kakkawan (Bal) Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) size: to 55 cm (TL) Pattar (Bal) PLATE IV, 24 size: to about 30 cm (FL)

Carangoides oblongus (Cuvier, 1833) Carangoides plagiotaenia Bleeker, 1857 Coachwhip trevally Barcheek trevally Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Pattar (Bal) Kakkawan (Bal) size: to 40 cm (FL) size: to 40 cm (FL) click for next page click for previous page - 45 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Other species of Carangoides

Carangoides praeustus (Bennett, 1830) Carangoides talamparoides Bleeker, 1852 Brownback trevally Imposter trevally

Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Bangra, Kakkar (Sin) Kakkawan (Bal) Pattar (Bal) size: to 28 cm (FL) size: to 28 cm (FL)

Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål , 1775) PLATE V, 28

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Gishran (Bal) Yellow-fin trevally (En)

FAO names : En - Giant trevally Fr - Carangue têtue

Sp - Jurel gigante

Size : Max.: 146 cm (fork length); common to 80 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, with hook and line, by spearing, in gillnets and traps. An excellent sportfish

Habitat and biology : Abundant in all marine habitats; juveniles

often encountered in estuaries. Feeds primarily on fish common less common rare underside of head types of solation patterns on breast

Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833

Synonyms Caranx stellatus Eydoux Souleyet, 1841

Caranx medusicola Jordan Starks, 1895

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Gishran, Gal-bat (Bal)

Bluffing jack (En)

FAO names : En - Bluefin trevally

Fr - Carangue aile bleue

Sp - Jurel de aleta azul

Size : Max.: 100 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught primarily on hook and line and by spearing; also with traps and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Mostly associated to reef areas. Feeds primarily on fish

- 46 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE

Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy Gaimard, 1824 PLATE V, 29

Synonyms Caranx marginatus Gill, 1863 Caranx elacate Jordan Evermann, 1904

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Kakawan (Bal)

FAO names : En - Bigeye trevally Fr - Carangue vorace Sp - Jurel voraz

Size : Max.: 78 cm (fork length); common to 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with hook and line at night using light; also with gillnets, purse seines and other artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : A reef-associated species, the juveniles in estuarine areas. Feeds primarily on fish and crustaceans

"Caranx" para Cuvier, 1833

Synonyms Caranx kalla Cuvier, 1833 (misapplied to C. para Caranx microchir Cuvier, 1833 Caranx miyakamii Wakiya, 1924

Loc. names : Bangra, Kakkar (Sin); Bakko (Bal)

FAO names : En - Banded scad Fr - Comère ruban Sp - Macarela bandoneada

Size : Max.: to about 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, on hook and line and in gillnets

Habitat and biology : An inshore coastal species, feeding mainly on planktonic crustaceans and larval fishes

Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker, 1851

Synonyms Decapterus lalang Bleeker (A synomym of

D. russelli , but this name has often been

misapplied to D. macrosoma)

Decapterus afuerae Hildebrand, 1946

Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Seem (Bal) Jack mackerel (En)

FAO names : En - Shortfin scad Fr - Comère fine Sp - Macarela alicorta

Size : Max.: 30 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught in trawls and purse seines

Habitat and biology : A schooling species, usually occurring

between 30 and 170 m depth. Feeds on small planktonic invertebrates - 47 -

BONY FISHES

CARANGIDAE Decapterus russelli (Rüppell, 1830)

Synonyms Decapterus kiliche (Cuvier, 1833)

Decapterus lalang Bleeker, 1885 (This name has often been misapplied to D. macrosoma)

Decapterus dayi Wakiya , 1928

Decapterus tabl Berry, 1968 (A valid species for which the name D. russelli has often been misapplied in Japan)

Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Seem (Bal) Jack mackerel (En)

FAO names : En - Indian scad Fr - Comère indienne Sp - Macarela indica

Size : Max.: 35 cm (fork length); common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with purse seines and trawls

Habitat and biology : This is the most common Decapterus species in the Western Indian Ocean. It occurs in schools in waters not exceeding 100 m depth. Reaches maturity during the first year of life, at about 12 cm total length. Feeds primarily on small planktonic invertebrates

Elagatis bipinnulata (Quay Gaimard, 1824)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Santo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Rainbow runner Fr - Comère saumon Sp - Macarela salmon

Size : Max.: 120 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear. Caught mainly on hook and line; also in gillnets, trawls and seines

Habitat and biology : A pelagic species, usually near the surface. May form sizeable schools. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes

Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Caranx speciosus (Forsskål, 1775)

Loc. names : Bangra (Sin); Gishran (Bal) Golden toothless trevally (En)

FAO names : En - Golden trevally Fr - Carangue royale jaune Sp - Jurel dorado

Size : Max.: 110 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by spearing

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, including rocky reefs, deep lagoons, etc. A bottom feeder, on crustaceans, molluscs and small fish. Sexually ripe specimens found in October and November along Baluchistan coast - 48 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE

Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) PLATE V, 30

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Bangra (Sin); Datum , Dardumb (Bal) Torpedo trevally (En)

FAO names : En - Torpedo scad Fr - Comère tortilla St - Macarela torpedo

Size : Max.: 80 cm (total length); common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, with beach seines, trawls, purse seines and traps

Habitat and biology : A pelagic, schooling species, feeding on fish and small crustaceans . Sexually ripe

specimens found in October and December along the Baluchistan coast

Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms Naucrates indicus Lesson, 1830

Loc. names : Karoo (Sin); Zarkao, Zrkaok (Bal) Pilotfish (En)

FAO names : En - Pilotfish

Fr - Poisson pilote

Sp - Pez piloto

Size : Mar.: 70 cm; common to 35 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with pelagic trawls

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, in oceanic waters, usually associated with sharks, rays, sea turtles, other fishes, ships and driftwood

Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795)

Synonyms : Apolectus niger (Bloch, 1795)

Formio niger (Bloch, 1795)

Citula halli Everrnann Seale, 1907

Loc. names : Karopitho, Kala-poplet (Sin);

Siah tighlum, Kala pithoo (Bal)

Brown pomfret (En)

FAO names : En - Black pomfret Fr - Castagnoline noire St - Palometa negra

Size : Max.: 55 cm (total length); common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, trawls and seines

Habitat and biology : Usually found over muddy bottoms between 15 and 40 m depth. Near the bottom during the day, rises near the surface at night. Feeds on zooplankton, crustaceans and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in August to October

- 49 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE

Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepède, 1802

Synonyms Chorinemus commersonnianus (Lacepède, 1802)

Loc. names : Aal, Saram (Sin); Saram gazdani (Bal) Blacktipped leather skin (En)

FAO names : En - Talang queenfish Fr - Sauteur talang Sp - Jurel saltador

Size : Max.: 120 cm (total length)

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, seines, on hook and line and in trawls. The main fishing season for this species is "Katti" (August to October), but it is also caught, in smaller quantities, in "Chetta" (April to May) and "Unaro" (June to July) Habitat and biology : Mostly a coastal species, sometimes entering estuaries. Forms small schools. Feeds primarily on fish, cephalopods and other pelagic organisms; young are scale-eaters. Sexually ripe specimens are -found in August and September along the Baluchistan coast. The spines of first dorsal and anal fins are venomous

Scomberoides lysan (Forsskl , 1775) PLATE VI, 31

Synonyms Chorinemus sanctipetri Cuvier, 1832

Chorinemus orientalis Temminck Schlegel, 1844

Loc. names : Aal, Saram (Sin); Saram alari (Bal) Leather skin (En)

FAO names : En - Doublespotted queenfish Fr - Sauteur sabre Sp - Jurel sable

Size : Max.: 60 cm (fork length)

Habitat and biology : Lives from close inshore to 100 m depth, from shallow lagoons to offshore areas. Forms small schools and it is reported to be attracted by hitting the surface of the water repeatedly in rapid succession. Feeds primarily on fishes, the young are scale-eaters. The spines of first dorsal and anal fins are venomous

Scomberoides tol (Cuvier, 1832) PLATE VI, 32

Synonyms Chorinemus tol Cuvier, 1832

Loc. names : Aal, Saram (Sin); Saram kainchan (Bal) Slender queenfish (En)

FAO names : En - Needlescaled queenfish Fr - Sauteur leurre Sp - Jurel saltarin

Size : Max.: 50 cm (fork length)

Habitat and biology : A coastal species, usually found in small schools near the surface. Feeds primarily on fish, juveniles are scale-eaters. The spines of the first dorsal and anal fins are venomous - 50 -

BONY FISHES

CARANGIDAE

Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)

Synonyms Trachurops crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)

Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Chum-na, Tailgo seem (Bal) gill chamber Kingfish (En) after lifting opercle

FAO names : En - Bigeye scad

Fr - Sélar coulisou

Sp - Chicharro ojón

Size : Max.: about 30 cm (standard length); common to 27 cm

Fishing gear : Caught on hook and line, with beach seines, trawls, purse seines and traps

Habitat and biology : Found from inshore waters to about 170 m depth; occurs in small to large schools. Feeds on planktonic and benthic invertebrates, including shrimps, crabs and foraminifers; also on fish

Selaroides leptolepis ( Cuvier, 1833)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Bakoi (Bal)

FAO names : En - Yellowstripe scad

Fr - Sélar à bande dorée

Sp - Chicharro banda dorada

Size : Max.: to about 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : A demersal species, sometimes forming large schools, usually on soft bottoms to 50 m depth. Feeds on various invertebrates and on small fish

Seriolina nigrofasciata (Rüppell, 1829)

Synonyms : Zonichthys nigrofasciata ( Rüppell, 1829)

Loc. names : Seem (Sin); Sarkao, Zarkaok (Bal) Blackbanded kingfish (En)

FAO names : En - Blackbanded trevally Fr - Sériole amourez Sp - Medregal listado

Size : Max.: about 70 cm (total length)

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, traps, gillnets and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : A solitary species, mostly around offshore reefs, at depths between 20 and 150 m depth. Feeds on demersal fish, cephalopods and prawns juvenile - 51 -

BONY FISHES

CARANGIDAE

Trachinotus africanus Smith, 1967

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Sonam, Sonab (Bal) Pompano (En)

FAO names : En - African pompano Fr - Pompaneau africain Sp - Pàmpano africano

Size : Max.: about 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines, bottom trawls and by spearing

Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, mainly around reefs and rocky outcrops. Usually solitary or in pairs, may form larger aggregations during the breeding season. Feeds on molluscs (mainly rock mussels) and on crabs

Trachinotus bailloni (Lacepède, 1801)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Kainchan (Bal) Pompano (En)

FAO names : En - Smallspotted dart Fr - Pompaneau muscadin Sp - Pàmpano abotonado

Size : Max.: 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters

Trachinotus blochii (Lacepède, 1801) PLATE VI, 33

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Sonam, Sonab (Bal) Blochs dart, Pompano (En)

FAO names : En - Snubnose pompano

Fr - Pompaneau lune Sp - Pompano lunero

Size : Max.: about 90 cm (total length)

Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, trawls and handlines

Habitat and biology : Occurs in shallow coastal waters, mainly around coral and rocky reefs juvenile - 52 -

BONY FISHES CARANGIDAE Trachinotus mookalee Cuvier, 1832 PLATE VI, 34

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Sonam, Sonab (Bal) Pompano (En)

FAO names : En - Indian pompano Fr - Pompaneau indien Sp - Pámpano indico

Size : Max.: about 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with traps, gillnets, handlines and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters

Treacherous indicus Nekrasov, 1966 PLATE VI, 35

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sonaf (Sin); Seem, Chum-ma (Bal)

FAO names : En - Arabian scad Fr - Chinchard dArabie Sp - Jurel arabigo

Size : Max.: 35 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls, handlines and gillnets

Habitat and biology : A demersal, schooling species, occurring between 20 and 100 m depth. Reported not to occur in waters colder than 20-C or with oxygen saturation below 30%. Feeds on small crustaceans and fish fry

Uraspis secunda (Poey, 1860)

Synonyms Caranx hullianus McCulloch, 1909

Bassetina hullianus ( McCulloch, 1909)

Uraspis reversa Jordan, Evermann Wakiya, 1927

Uraspis heidi Fowler, 1938

Uraspis wakiyai Williams, 1961

Uraspis cadenati Blache Rossignol, 1962

Loc. names : Kakkar (Sin); Pattar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Cottonmouth jack Fr - Carangue coton Sp - Jurel volantin

Size : Max.: about 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, purse seines, longlines and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Mainly oceanic, solitary, forming small schools at times

click for next page click for previous page - 53 -

BONY FISHES CORYPHAENIDAE

Loc. names : Mahlar (Sin); Amlooshk, Amrusk (Bal) Dolphin fish (En)

FAO names : En - Dolphinfishes Fr- Coryphènes Sp - Dorados

Size : Max.: 200 cm; common to 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by trolling on tuna longlines and in driftnets

Habitat and biology : Pelagic, inhabit open waters, sometimes approaching the coast. Follow ships and form. small concentrations below floating objects. Feed on fish, crustaceans and squids. Breed, in open sea.

Sexually ripe specimens of C. hippurus are found in May and June along the Baluchistan coast.

Interest to fisheries : The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of C. hippurus ranging from 309 t (1979) to 751 t (1983), but these figures probably also include C. equiselis . The flesh is highly appreciated

Species of Coryphaenidae

Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758 Pompano dolphinfish size: to 75 cm

Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 Common dolphinfish size: to 200 cm

MENIDAE

Mene maculata (Bloch Schneider, 1801) PLATE VI, 36

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Girpai (Sin); Mith (Bal) Moon fish (En)

FAO names : En - Moonfish Fr- Luneur Sp - Lunero

Size : Max.: 24 cm; common to 18 cm

Fishing gear : Taken with bottom trawls and various types of artisanal gear, especially beach seines and traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits deeper coastal waters, sometimes entering estuaries. Feeds on small invertebrates

Interest to fisheries : Although it has little flesh, the quality is excellent. It is usually marketed fresh - 54 -

BONY FISHES

LEIOGNATHIDAE

Loc. names : Kaanteri (Sin); Mith (Bal)

FAO names : En - Ponyfishes, toothponies Fr - Sapsaps Sp - Motambos

Size : Max.: to 25 cm, but most species to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, shore seines, bagnets and other types of artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, including brackish waters and especially estuaries. Some species are found in dense schools

Interest to fisheries : Although most species are rather small, they may be rather abundant, particularly in creeks

Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1797) PLATE VII, 37

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Neela punto (Sin); Mith (Bal) Toothed ponyfish (En)

FAO names : En - Toothpony Fr - Sapsap dentu

Sp - Motambo dentudo

Size : Max.: 14 cm; common to 10 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, also in bagnets and shore seines

Habitat and biology : coastal waters, down to bout 40 m depth, predominantly near the bottom. Feeds on small fishes, prawns and other crustaceans and on polychaets

Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829) PLATE VIII, 48

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Kaanteri (Sin); Mith (Bal) Ponyfish (En)

FAO names : En - Splendid ponyfish Fr - Sapsap soleil

Sp - Motambo esplendor

Size : Max.: 14 cm; common to 10 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls, but also with shore seines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow waters to about 40 m depth; found near the bottom, in schools, often entering estuaries. Feeds on small crustaceans, foraminifera and bivalves - 55 -

BONY FISHES

LEIOGNATHIDAE

Other species of Leiognathus

Leiognathus berbis (Valenciennes, 1835) Berber ponyfish size: to 11 cm PLATE VII, 38

Leiognathus bindus (Valenciennes, 1835) Orangefin ponyfish size: to 11 cm PLATE VII, 39

Leiognathus blochi (Valenciennes, 1835) Two-blotch ponyfish size: to 10 cm PLATE VII, 40

Leiognathus brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835) Shortnose ponyfish size: to 13.5 cm PLATE VII, 41

Leiognathus daura ( Cuvier, 1829) Goldstripe ponyfish size: to 14 cm PLATE VII, 42

- 56 -

BONY FISHES

LEIOGNATHIDAE Other species of Leiognathus

PLATE VIII, 43 PLATE VIII, 44 Leiognathus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1835) Dussumiers ponyfish size: to 14 cm Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål, 1775) Common ponyfish size: to 24 cm

Leiognathus leuciscus (Günther, 1860) Leiognathus fasciatus (Lecepède, 1803) Whipfin ponyfish Striped ponyfish size: to 12 cm size: to 21 cm PLATE VIII, 46 PLATE VIII, 45

Leiognathus lineolatus ( Valenciennes, 1835) Ornate ponyfish size: to 9.5 cm PLATE VIII, 47

Secutor insidiator (Bloch, 1787) PLATE IX, 49

Synonyms : Leiognathus insidiator Weber de Beaufort, 1931

Loc. names : Kaanteri (Sin); Mith (Bal) Slender barred ponyfish (En)

FAO names : En - Pugnose ponyfish Fr - Sapsap boxeur Sp - Motambo boxeador

Size : Max.: 10.5 cm; common to S cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, shore seines and bagnets

Habitat and biology : Lives near the bottom, in shallow coastal waters to about 40 m depth; usually in schools. Feeds on small crustaceans

click for next page

click for previous page - 57 -

BONY FISHES GERREIDAE

Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal)

FAO names : En - Silver-biddies Fr - Blanches Sp - Mojarras

Size : Max.: to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, beach seines, stakenets and other types of artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, some species also in brackish waters,

lagoons and estuaries. Bottom-living, feed on benthic organism.

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are rather common and are frequently caught in creeks, often in large quantities. They are dried with or without salt or used in manure

Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829

Synonyms Gerres punctatus Cuvier, 1830

Pertica filamentosa Munro, 1955

?Gerres macracanthus Bleeker, 1854

Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal) Long-rayed silver-biddy (En)

FAO names : En - Whipfin silver-biddy

Fr - Blanche fil Sp - Mojarra de hebra

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Lives in shallow coastal waters, to about 50 m depth, on sandy bottoms, but also in rocky and

coralline areas

Gerres oyena (Forsskål , 1775)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal) Lined silver-biddy (En)

FAO names : En - Common silver-biddy Fr - Blanche commune Sp - Mojarra común

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and seines

Habitat and biology : Common on sandy beaches, also entering estuaries and brackish lagoons. Lives on small benthic organisms - 58 -

BONY FISHES

GERREIDAE

Gerres poieti Cuvier, 1829

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal)

FAO names : En - Strongspine silver-biddy Fr - Blanche armée Sp - Mojarra espinuda

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Taken with stakenets, liftnets and beach seines

Habitat and biology : Common in estuaries and coastal lasons; forms small schools . Feeds on small benthic invertebrates

Pentaprion longimanus ( Cantor, 1850)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Jerki (Sin); Mudro (Bal)

FAO names : En - Longfin silver-biddy Fr - Blanche à pagaies Sp - Mojarra alona

Size : Max.: 15 cm; common to 10 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Lives near the bottom, to . about 70 m depth; forms large schools. Feeds on small benthic organisms

LUTJANIDAE

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal)

FAO names : En - Snappers, jobfishes, etc. Fr - Vivaneaux, colas, etc. Sp - Pargos , panchitos, etc.

Size : Some species may exceed 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls, handlines, longlines, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : These are mostly demersal species, found from inshore waters to considerable depths (continental slope), the juveniles of some species entering estuaries. They are not schooling species but some form aggregations. They feed mainly at night, on the bottom, on fish, crustaceans, cuttlefish and worms.

Interest to fisheries : Snappers are usually of high commercial value because of their delicate flesh. The

Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of Lutjanus species ranging from 940 t (1983) to 4 365 t (1973), with an average of 2 241 t - 59 -

BONY FISHES LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE IX, 54

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Red snapper (En)

FAO names : En - Mangrove red snapper

Fr - Vivaneau des mangroves Sp - Pargo de manglar

Size : Max.: 120 cm; common to 80 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, bottom trawls and bottom longlines

Habitat and biology : A coastal species, the juveniles in shallow water and mangrove areas, the adults to 80 m

depth. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fishes

Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790 PLATE X, 59

Synonyms Lutjanus altifrontalis

Lutjanus malabaricus (non-Bloch Schneider)

Loc. name : Hira, Hiro (Sin), Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal)

FAO names : En - Crimson snapper Fr - Vivaneau cramoisi Sp - Pargo carmesi

Size : Mar.: 60 cm; common to 45 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters to about 60 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fish

Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE X, 60

, 1775) Synonyms : Lutjanus fulviflammus (Forsskål

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal)

One-spot golden snapper (En)

FAO names : En - Blackspot snapper Fr - Vivaneau gibelot Sp - Pargo tintero

Size : Mar.: 35 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, traps and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Shallow coastal waters, mainly around mangroves on muddy or rocky bottoms; also in reef

areas. Feeds on invertebrates and small fishes. - 60 -

BONY FISHES

LUTJANIDAE

Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792) PLATE XI, 63

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Moses perch (En)

FAO names : En - Johns snapper Fr - Vivaneau ziebelo Sp - Pargo jaspeado

Size : Max.: 70 cm; common to 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines, bottom trawls and traps

Habitat and biology : Shallow coastal waters, including mangrove areas; also found down to depths of 80 m. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes

Lutjanus lunulatus (Park, 1797) PLATE XI, 66

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Crescent snapper (En)

FAO names : En - Lunartail snapper

Fr - Vivaneau queue lune Sp - Pargo raboluna

Size : Max.: 35 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, traps and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Mainly in reef areas, to about 50 m depth. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans

Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790 PLATE XII, 67

Synonyms : Lutjanus lineolatus (Rüppell, 1828)

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Rosy snapper (En)

FAO names : En - Bigeye snapper Fr - Vivaneau gros yeux Sp - Pargo de Madras

Size : Max.. 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters to 80 m depth, including reef areas. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes - 61 -

BONY FISHES

LUTJANIDAE

Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch Schneider, 1801) PLATE XII, 68

Synonyms : Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier, 1828)

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Hiro, Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Malabar snapper (En)

FAO names : En - Malabar blood snapper Fr - Vivaneau malabar Sp - Pargo malabárico

Size : Max.: 90 cm; common to 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, bottom longlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 100 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates

Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier, 1828) PLATE XII, 69

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal) Blue-lined snapper (En)

FAO names : En - Blubberlip snapper Fr - Vivaneau maori Sp - Pargo maori

Size : Max.: 65 cm; common to 35 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, traps, gillnets. Occasionally trawled

Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters to 150 m depth, usually around rocks and coral reefs. The adults are solitary. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans

Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier, 1828) PLATE XII, 72

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hira, Hiro (Sin); Kunla, Kanalcha (Bal)

FAO names : En - Emperor red snapper Fr - Vivaneau bourgeois Sp - Pargo imperial

Size : Max.: over 100 cm; common to 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology :In coastal waters, the juveniles in mangrove and seagrass areas, the adults down to 100 m

depth. Feeds on crustaceans and bottom living fishes

- 62 -

BONY FISHES

Other species of Lutjanidae LUTJANIDAE

Aphareus furcatus (Lacepède, 1802) Small-toothed jobfish size: to 40 cm

Apron virescens Valenciennes, 1830 PLATE IX, 50 Green jobfish

size: to 80 cm PLATE IX, 51

head of large adult

Etelis carbunculus (Cuvier in Cuv. Val. 1830) Ruby snapper size: to 70 cm PLATE IX, 52 Lipocheilus carnolabrum (Chan, 1970) Tangs snapper size: to 60 cm PLATE IX, 53

Lutjanus bohar (Forsskål, 1775) Two-spot red snapper size: to 75 cm PLATE X, 56

Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775) Humpback red snapper size: to 50 cm PLATE XI, 62 Lutjanus lemniscatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Yellowstreaked snapper size: to 65 cm PLATE XI, 65 - 63 -

BONY FISHES

Other species of Lutjanidae LUTJANIDAE

PLATE XII, 71

Lutjanus sanguineus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828

Humped snapper size: to 85 cm

Lutjanus fulvus (Schneider, 1801) Blacktail snapper size: to 50 cm PLATE XI, 61

PLATE X, 55

Lutjanus bengalensis (Bloch, 1790) Bengal snapper size: to 30 cm PLATE X, 57

Lutjanus coeruleolineatus (Rüppell , 1835) Blueline snapper size: to 35 cm

PLATE XI, 64

Lutjanus Kashmir (Forsskål 1775) Common bluestripe snapper PLATE X, 58 size: to 30 cm Lutjanus ehrenargii (Peters, 1869) Ehrembergs snapper size: to 30 cm

PLATE XII, 70

PLATE XIII, 73

Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker, 1849) Russells snapper Lutjanus vitta (Quoy Gaimard, 1824) size: to 40 cm Brownstripe snapper size: to 40 cm - 64 -

BONY FISHES

Other species of Lutjanidae LUTJANIDAE

PLATE XIII, 74 PLATE XIII, 76

Macolor niger (Forsskål , 1775) Pinjalo pinjalo (Bleeker, 1850) Black and white snapper Pinjalo snapper Gazi-gwazi (Bal) size: to 80 cm size: to 60 cm

top of head

PLATE XIII, 75 PLATE XIII, 77

Paracaesio xanthurus Bleeker, 1869 Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1870) Yellowtail blue snapper Goldband job size: to 45 cm size: to 90 cm

PLATE XIII, 78

Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Oblique-banded snapper size: to 50 cm

NEMIPTERIDAE

Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Threadfin breams, monocle breams, dwarf monocle breams Fr - Cohanas, mamilas Sp - Bagas, besugatos

Size : Max.: 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and on line gear

Habitat and biology : Small to medium- sized fishes, mostly living in shallow coastal waters, on sandy or muddy bottoms as well as in coral reef areas, but also in deeper waters (to 400 m depth). They feed chiefly on bottom-living invertebrates

Interest to fisheries : Some species, i.e., Nemipterus japonicus, form large schools and are excellent foodfishes.

In Pakistan , however, they are mainly used for fishmeal. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-

83) reported 81 t of Nemipterus only for 1983. Nemipterus species are however an important part of the catch of the joint venture trawl fishery click for next page click for previous page - 65 -

BONY FISHES

NEMIPTERIDAE

Nemipterus bipunctatus (Ehrenberg in Cuv. Val., 1830) PLATE XIV, 79

Synonyms : Nemipterus bleekeri (Day, 1875) Nemipterus delagoae Smith, 1941

Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Delasa threadfin bream Fr - Cohana delogoa Sp - Baga delagoa

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and on line gear

Habitat and biology : Bottom-living, to 100 m depth. Very little is known about the biology and feeding habits of this species

Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791)

PLATE XIV, 80 Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) Japanese threadfin bream (En)

FAO names : En - Japanese threadfin bream Fr - Cohana japonaise Sp - Baga japonesa

Size : Mar.: 30 cm (standard length); common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters to about 60 m depth; males grow to a larger size than females. Feeds on worms, crustaceans, mussels, cephalopods and fishes; young prefer small crustaceans

* N. japonicus is often caught in combination with an undescribed species of Nemipterus. Since these two forms

are very similar, they have, until now, always been considered as one species under the name N. japonicus.

The new species however, differs from N. japonicus in having yellow markings on the lower 3/4 of the dorsal fin; a reddish caudal filament and a yellow band along the anal fin

Nemipterus metopias (Bleeker, 1852) PLATE XIV, 81

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Slender threadfin bream Fr - Cohana élégante Sp - Baga elegante

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Bottom-living, at depths of 30 to 100 m. Very little is known on the biology of this species - 66 -

BONY FISHES

NEMIPTERIDAE Nemipterus peronii (Valenciennes, 1830)

Synonyms : Nemipterus tolu (Valenciennes, 1830) (as used in SIS for Areas 57/71)

Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Perons threadfin bream Fr - Cohana tolu Sp - Baga tolu

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Bottom-living, usually to 60 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living organisms

Parascolopsis aspinosa (Rao Rao, 1981)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Katti (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Smooth dwarf monocle bream Fr - Mamila lisse

Sp - Besugato liso

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits offshore waters, from 60 to 500 m depth, usually over soft bottoms

Other species of Nemipteridae

PLATE XIV, 82

Parascolopsis eriomma Jordan Richardson, 1909

Parascolopsis boesemani (Rao Rao, 1981) Rosy dwarf monocle bream Redfin dwarf monocle bream size: to 30 cm size: to 15 cm

PLATE XIV, 84

Parascolopsis townsendi Boulenger, 1901 Scolopsis bimaculatus Rüppell, 1828 Scaly dwarf monocle bream Thumbprint monocle bream size: to 20 cm size: to 30 cm - 67 -

BONY FISHES

Other species of Nemipteridae NEMIPTERIDAE

PLATE XV, 85

Scolopsis ghanam (Forsskål, 1775) Scolopsis taeniatus (Cuvier, 1830) Arabian monocle bream Banded monocle bream size: to 30 cm size: to 30 cm

PLATE XIV, 83

Scolopsis vomeri (Bloch, 1792) Whitecheek monocle bream size: to 25 cm also Pandya (Sin); Shahar bano (Bal)

LOBOTIDAE

Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) PLATE XV, 86

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Dai (Sin); Dai, Gazi-gwazi (Bal) Brown triple-tail (En)

FAO names : En - Tripletail Fr - Croupia roche Sp - Dormilona

Size : Mar.: 100 cm; common to 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines, gillnets, traps and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : A sluggish fish, living in coastal waters, mainly in muddy estuarine areas. The juveniles float on their sides and look like dead mangrove leaves. Feeds on bottom-dwelling crustaceans and on fish

Interest to fisheries : Although never found in large quantities, it is a valuable foolish for the quality of its flesh. It is marketed fresh

click for next page click for previous page

- 68 -

BONY FISHES HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE)

Loc. name : Dother, Dhotri gisser, Jabal-moi, etc. (Sin)

Kumpo, Chippil, Soredaf, etc. (Bal)

FAO names : En - Grunts, sweetlips, rubberlips, hotlips Fr - Diagrammes, grondeurs, gorets Sp - Burros, corocoros, roncos

Size : Max. : to 80 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, with longlines, gillnets, etc.

Habitat and biology : Small to medium-sized fishes, usually inhabiting shallow coastal waters. They occur in coral reef areas, as well as in muddy or weedy waters. Feed mainly on Bottom invertebrates and fishes

Interest to fisheries : Several of the species belonging to this family are rather common in Pakistan. Their flesh is said to be of excellent quality and keep for a fairly long time without spoiling and thus it is much esteemed as

food. Marketed fresh, also dry-salted. The main fishing season is "Katti" (August to October), and small

quantities are also caught in "Siyaro" (November to January) and "Charo" (February to March). The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of haemulids ranging from 1 334 t (1980) to 5 069 t (1982) with an average of 3 436 t

Diaqramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792) PLATE XV, 87

Synonyms : Spilotichthys pictus Munro, 1955

Plectorhynchus pictus (Thunberg, 1792)

Loc. names : Jabal -moi, Dhotri-gisser (Sin); Chippil (Bal)

Painted sweetlip (En)

FAO names : En - Painted sweetlips Fr - Diagramme voilier Sp - Burro velero

Size : Max. : 60 cm; common to 45 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by handlines, traps, bottom longlines and trawls

Habitat and biology : Shallow coastal waters and reef

areas, to 80 m depth. Feeds on bottom invertebrates and fishes

Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepède, 1802) PLATE XV, 88

Synonyms : Pseudopristipoma nigra Munro, 1955

Gaterin niger (Cuvier Valenciennes, 1830)

Plectorhynchus crassispina (Rppell , 1835) Plectorhynchus nigrus (Cuvier, 1830)

Loc. names : Dhotri-gisser, Jabal-moi (Sin); Lunti, Soredab, Soredaf (Bal) Black sweetlip (En)

FAO names : En - Harry hotlips Fr - Diagramme noire Sp - Burro negro

Size : Max. : 70 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by handlines, spears and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Lives in coastal waters, mainly around reefs, sandbanks and near estuaries - 69 -

BONY FISHES

HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE)

Plectorhinchus orientalis (Bloch, 1793) PLATE XV, 89

Synonyms : Gaterin orientalis (Bloch, 1793)

Loc. names : Jabal-moi, Dhotri-gisser (Sin); Chippil, Soredaf (Bal) Oriental sweetlip (En)

FAO names : En - Oriental sweetlips Fr - Diagramme oriental Sp - Burro oriental

Size : Max. : 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly by handlines and spears

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coral reef areas and inshore rocky bottoms juvenile

Plectorhinchus pictus (Tortonese, 1935)

Synonyms Plectorhynchus fangi Whitley, 1951

Gaterin cinctus Munro, 1955

Loc. names : Dhotri-gisser, Jabal -moi (Sin); Chippil, Soredaf (Bal) Three-banded sweetlip (En)

FAO names : En - Trout sweetlips Fr - Diagramme truit Sp - Burro trucha

Size : Max. : 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by handlines and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters

Plectorhinchus schotaf (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Gaterin schotaf (Forsskål, 1775)

Loc. names : Jabal-moi, Dhotri-gisser (Sin); Soredaf (Bal) Grey sweetlip (En)

FAO names : En - Minstrel sweetlip Fr - Diagramme mnestrel Sp - Burro trovador

Size : Max. : 80 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by handlines and spears, occasionally in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, near reefs - 70 -

BONY FISHES

HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE)

Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Pomadasys hasta (Bloch, 1790)

Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kimpo (Bal) Lined silver grunter (En)

FAO names : En - Silver grunt Fr - Grondeur argenté Sp - Corocoro plateado

Size : Max. : to 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, handlines, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in March and May on the Baluchistan coast juvenile

Pomadasys argyreus (Valenciennes, 1833)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) Silver grunter (En)

FAO names En - Bluecheek silver grunt Fr - Grondeur à joues bleues Sp - Corocoro mejilla azul

Size : Max. : 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, handlines, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters

Pomadasys commersonni (Lacepède, 1802)

Synonyms Pristipoma operculare Day, 1878

Pomadasys operculare Smith, 1949

Loc. names : Dhother, Holoola (Sin); Aloola (Bal) Blotched grunter (En)

FAO names : En - Smallspotted grunter Fr - Grondeur moucheté Sp - Corocoro arvejado

Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, sheltered estuaries and tidal creeks. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes - 71 -

BONY FISHES

HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE) Pomadasys furcatus (Schneider, 1801) PLATE XV, 90

Synonyms : Rhonciscus furcatus (Schneider, 1801) Rhonciscus anas (Valenciennes, 1862)

Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Paarlari (Bal) Banded grunter (En)

FAO names : En Banded grunt Fr - Goret à six bandes Sp - Ronco de seis bandas

Size : Max.: 38 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, near reefs

PLATE XVI, 92

Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830)

Synonyms : Pristipoma hasta (non-Bloch, 1797) Pomadasys nageb (Rüppell, 1835)

Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal)

FAO names : En -Javelin grunter Fr - Grandeur javelot Sp - Corocoro jabalina

Size : Max. : 80 cm; common to 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology :Inhabits coastal waters to 60 m depth. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes

Pomadasys maculatum (Bloch, 1797) PLATE XVI, 91

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Tantar (Bal) Spotted grunter (En)

FAO names : En - Saddle grunt Fr - Grandeur selle Sp - Corocoro montura

Size : Max. : 50 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, handlines and traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes - 72 -

BONY FISHES

HAEMULIDAE (= POMADASYIDAE)

Pomadasys multimaculatum (Playfair, 1866)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Cock grunter Fr - Grandeur coq Sp - Corocoro gallito

Size : Max. : about 80 cm; common ng 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters

Pomadasys olivaceum (Day, 1875)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Dhother (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) Olive grunter (En)

FAO names : En - Olive grunt Fr - Goret olive Sp - Corocoro aceituna

Size : Max. : 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom longlines, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters

Pomadasys stridens (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Rhonciscus stridens Forsskål, 1775

Loc. names : Bukra (Sin); Kumpo (Bal) Stripped grunter (En)

FAO names : En - Striped piggy Fr - Goret à trois bandes

Sp - Ronco de tres bandas

Size : Max. : 16 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by hook and line and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters. Feeds on crustaceans and fishes

click for next page click for previous page - 73 -

BONY FISHES LETHRINIDAE

Loc. names : Mulla (Sin), Gadeer (Bal)

FAO names : En - Emperors, pigface breams, large-eye breams Fr - Empereurs Sp - Emperadores

Size : Max. : to 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, gillnets, traps, spears and bottom trawls Habitat and biology : Moderate to large-size fishes, inhabiting coastal waters, especially coral reefs and rocky areas. Most species have molariform teeth, with which they crush molluscs, sea urchins and other hard shelled invertebrates. They are slow swimmers, close to the bottom, and form small schools. Some species are capable of rapidly adopting a dark mottled or reticular colour pattern and just as rapidly turning it off Interest to fisheries : Although most species belonging to this family are excellent as foodfishes , they are not of

great commercial importance in Pakistan because they are not very often caught. Usually marketed fresh or dry salted for export to Sri Lanka

Lethrinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1830 PLATE XVI, 93

Synonyms Lethrinus miniata (non Bloch Schneider, 1801)

Lethrinus rostratus Valenciennes, 1830

Lethrinus waigiensis Valenciennes, 1830

Loc. names : Mulla (Sin); Gadeer (Bal) Longnose pigface bream (En)

FAO names : En - Longface emperor Fr - Empereur gueule longue Sp - Emperador trompudo

Size : Max. : 100 cm; common to 60 cm

trawls Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, gillnets, longlines and bottom

Inhabits bottoms of the continental shelf down to 190 m depth, but it is most abundant in Habitat and biology :

coral reef areas. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes

Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE XVI, 96

Synonyms Lethrinus choerorynchus (Bloch Schneider, 1801)

Lethrinus fraenatus Valenciennes, 1830

Lethrinus fletus Whitley, 1943

Lethrinus opercularis Valenciennes, 1830 Loc. names : Mulla (Sin); Gadeer (Bal) Starry pigface bream (En) FAO names : En - Spangled emperor Fr - Empereur moris Sp - Emperador relámpago

Size : Max. : about 90 cm; common to 60 cm Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, seine nets, traps, gillnets and handlines (shrimp used as bait). Main fishing season from July to October on the Baluchistan coast.

Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters, to about 50 m depth, mainly in reef areas but also in

mangrove creeks and around jetties. The juveniles live in shallower waters than the adults. Feeds on molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in July and August along the Baluchistan coast - 74 -

BONY FISHES

LETHRINIDAE Other species of Lethrinidae

PLATE XVI, 95 PLATE XVI, 94

Lethrinus microdon Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) Smaltooth emperor Thumbprint emperor size: to 60 cm size: to 60 cm

PLATE XVII, 97

PLATE XVII, 98

Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775)

Lethrinus ramak (Forsskål , 1775) Humpnose big-eye bream Yellow banded emperor Tails (Bal) size: to 50 cm lateral view of mouth size: to 60 cm

SPARIDAE

Loc. names : Dandya, Dateri, Kissi, etc. (Sin) Tintle, Shumala, Nawar , etc. (Bal)

FAO names : En - Seabreams, soldierbreams Fr - Pagres, sargues, spares

Sp - Argos , salemas

Size : Max.: 75 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, longlines, traps, etc.

Habitat and biology : Seabreams are demersal fishes inhabiting sandy, muddy or rough bottoms of the continental shelf; occasionally also found in estuaries, used as nurseries. Most are carnivorous, feeding on crustaceans, molluscs and small fish, but some species feed also on algae and seagrass. Hermaphroditism is widespread in this family

Interest to fisheries : Some species (i.e., Argyrops spinifer , Crenidens crenidens , Acanthopaqrus beta ) are very common. The flesh is excellent and highly esteemed. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83)

reports catches of Acanthopagrus berda as ranging from 293 t (1983) to 5 091 t (1982) with an average of 2 519 t. However, these figures probably also include other species of seabreams - 75 -

BONY FISHES PLATE XVII, 99 SPARIDAE

Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Mylio berda (Forsskål, 1775)

Loc. names : Dandya, Daleri (Sin); Tintle (Bal) Black bream (En)

FAO names : En - Picnic seabream Fr - Pagre picnic Sp - Sargo picnic

Size : Max. : 75 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls,

handlines and gillnets. Main fishing seasons along the Baluchistan coast are April, May and November-February

Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy grounds, particularly in estuaries, to about 50 m depth. Feeds on worms, echinoderms, crustaceans, molluscs and other invertebrates. Sexually ripe specimens are found in March and April along the Baluchistan coast

Acanthopagrus bifasciatus (Forsskål 1775), PLATE XVII, 100

Synonyms : Sparus bifasciatus Forsskål, 1775

Mylio bifasciatus (Forsskål, 1775)

Loc. names : Dandya, Daleri, Daro-dandya (Sin);

Shumala (Bal)

FAO names : En - Twobar seabream

Fr - Pagre double bande Sp - Sargo de dos bandas

Size : Max. : 50 cm; common to 35 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, longlines, stakenets and traps

Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, mainly in estuaries and around reefs

Acanthopagrus latus ( Houttuyn, 1782)

Synonyms Sparus latus Houttuyn, 1782

Mylio latus (Houttuyn, 1782)

Loc. names : Dandya, Daleri (Sin); Tintle (Bal) Japanese silver bream (En)

FAO names : En - Yellowfin seabream

Fr - Pagre à nageoires jaunes

Sp - Sargo aleta amarilla

Size : Max. : 45 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and lines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters

to 50 m depth, enters estuaries. Carnivorous, feeds on invertebrates (echinoderms, worms, crustaceans and molluscs) - 76 -

BONY FISHES SPARIDAE

Argyrops spinifer (Forsskål 1775) PLATEål, XVII, 101

Synonyms Sparus spinifer Forsskål, 1775

Loc. names : Dhand (Sin); Sorro, Malelak (Bal) Long-spined red bream (En)

FAO names : En - King soldierbream Fr - Spare royal

Sp - Sargo real

Size : Max. : 65 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, longlines and handlines. Shrimp used as bait

Habitat and biology : Inhabits various types of bottoms, from 5 to 100 m depth. Juveniles occur in shallow waters, including estuaries, adults in deeper

waters. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates, mainly on molluscs and shrimps. Sexually ripe speci mens common in december and April. Juvenies up to 3 cm common in July along the Baluchistan coast

Interest to fisheries : The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports an annual catch of 1959 t for this species in 1983. Fished throughout the year but largest catches in October on the Baluchistan coast

Cheimerius nufar (Valenciennes, 1830)

Synonyms : Dentex nufar Valenciennes, 1830

Loc. names : Dandya (Sin); Shumala, Tinles (Bal)

FAO names : En - Anter seabream

Fr - Denté nufar Sp - Dentón nufar

Size : Max. : 60 cm; common to 35 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, longlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, young seek shelter in estuaries when stormy weather approaches

Crenidens crenidens (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE XVII, 102

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Kissi, Karo-dandia (Sin);

Nawar (Bal)

FAO names : En - Karanteen seabream Fr - Saupe de Mer Rouge Sp - Salema del Mar Rojo

Size : Max. : 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with trammel nets and beach seines

Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, often in estuaries. Feeds mainly on algae but also on invertebrates (crustaceans, worms, etc.) upper and lower tooth - 77 -

BONY FISHES

SPARIDAE

Diplodus sargus kotschyi (Steindachner, 1876)

Synonyms : Diplodus noct Valenciennes, 1830 pro parte

Loc. names : Kissi, Kukkidia (Sin); Tippuch (Bal)

FAO names : En - One spot seabream

Fr - Sar lune

Sp - Sargo luna llena

Size : Max. : 30 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : A common species, especially in rocky shallow coastal waters. Feeds on algae and small invertebrates

Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskål 1775)

Synonyms : Sparus sarba Forsskål, 1775

Loc. names : Dandya, Kissi (Sin); Chah (Bal) Tarwhine silverbream, Guilt bream (En)

FAO names : En - Goldlined seabream

Fr - Sargue doré

Sp - Sargo dorado

Size : Max. : 60 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets, longlines, handlines and stake traps

Habitat and biology : A shallow water species, occurring in waters never deeper than 60 m. Juveniles are found in estuaries and move to deeper waters with growth. Feeds right half of on bottom invertebrates, particularly molluscs upper jaw

Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes, 1830)

Synonyms Chrysophrys cuvieri Day, 1875

Acanthopagrus cuvieri (Day, 1875)

Loc. names : Dandya (Sin); Nawar (Bao)

FAO names : En - Sobaity seabream Fr - Spare sobaity Sp - Sargo sobaity

Size : Max. : 35 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and on line gear

Habitat and biology : From shallow coastal waters to moderate depths. Carnivorous

click for next page click for previous page

- 78 -

BONY FISHES

SCIAENIDAE

Loc. names : Mushka, Chan, Boro, etc. (Sin); Tont, Mushka, etc. (Bal)

FAO names : En - Croakers, drums, meagres, weakfishes Fr - Courbines, maigres, verrues Sp - Corvinas, bombaches

Size : Max.: to 160 cm, but most species to 30 cm

Fishing gear : The smaller sciaenids are taken in bottom trawls while the larger ones are caught with trawls, gillnets or with encircling nets

Habitat and biology : Coastal waters, mainly over

muddy bottoms, and in estuaries. Most feed on small crustaceans, fishes and benthic organisms

Interest to fisheries : The croaker fishery is very important in Pakistan. During the periods February to April

and September to November , large schools of Protonibea diacanthus and other species move toward the east of

the Arabian Sea. When forming a school they swim close to the surface. Swimbladders of the larger species are dried and exported to India and Far East countries for manufacturing isinglass used in the wine industry as

clarifying agent. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports combined catches of sciaenids ranging from 8,000 t (1977) to 18,658 t (1980), with an average of 12 477 t

Argyrosomus amoyensis (Bleeker, 1863)

Synonyms Pseudosciaena amoyensis Bleeker, 1863

Sciaena bleekeri Day, 1876

Argyrosomus bleekeri: Talwar Joglekar, 1972

Nibea milchthyoides Chu, Lo Wu, 1963

Pseudosciaena indica Tang, 1937

Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Bhola (Bal)

FAO names : En - Amoy croaker Fr - Maigre dAmoy

Sp - Corvina de Amoy

Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters over muddy bottoms, to about 60 m depth; forms small schools

Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Lacepède, 1802)

Synonyms Sciaena antarctica Castelnau, 1872

Sciaena margaritifera Haly, 1875

Sciaena neglecta Ramsay Ogilby, 1886

Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Sooli (Bal)

FAO names : En - Southern meagre Fr - Maigre africain

Sp - Corvina africana

Size : Max.: 150 cm; common to 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters - 79 -

BONY FISHES

SCIAENIDAE

Dendrophysa russelli ( Cuvier, 1830) PLATE XVIII, 103

Synonyms : Umbrina russelli Cuvier, 1830

Sciaena russelli : Bleeker, 1874; Weber de Beaufort, 1936;

Lin, 1938; Chu, Lo Wu, 1963 Umbrina kuhlii Cuvier, 1830

Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Tont (Bal) Russells jewfish (En)

FAO names : En - Goatee croaker Fr - Bourrugue chèvre Sp - Lambe chivato

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters to 50 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates

Johnieops aneus (Bloch, 1793)

Synonyms : Sciaena osseus Day, 1876 Johnius osseus: Munro, 1955; Misra, 1962

Wak osseus : Talwar, 1971; Khalaf, 1961

Johnieops osseus : Mohan, 1972

Johnius (Johnieops) aneus : Trewavas, 1977

(Bal) Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Mundsar-tont

Grey-fin jewfish (En)

FAO names : En - Greyfin croaker Fr - Courbine grise

Sp - Covina plomiza

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, boat and shore seines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits inshore waters to 30 m depth. Feeds on small crustaceans, benthic worms and small fishes

sagitta (inner surface) - 80 -

BONY FISHES

SCIAENIDAE

Johnieops sina (Cuvier, 1830)

Synonyms : Corvina sina Cuvier, 1830

Sciaena parva Gilchrist Thompson, 1908

Wak sina : Chu, Lo Wu, 1963

Wak menoni Talwar Joglekar, 1970

Johnius (Johnieops ) sina : Trewavas, 1977

Loc. names : Sua (Sin); Tont (Bal) Small salmon, Drab jewfish (En) teeth in Johnieops sp. sagitta (inner surface)

FAO names : En - Sin croaker Fr - Courbime chinoise

Sp - Corvina china

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 13 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, bottom gillnets, etc.

Habitat and biology : Found in inshore waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on small crustaceans

Johnius belangerii ( Cuvier, 1830)

Synonyms : Sciaena belengeri Day, 1876

Corvina lobata Cuvier, 1830

Corvina carouna Cuvier, 1830

Sciaena (Corvina) nasus Steindachner, 1866

Corvina australis Günther , 1880

Corvina comes de Vis, 1884

Pseudomycterus maccullochi Ogilby, 1908 sagitta (inner surface)

Johnius fasciatus Chu, Lo Wu, 1963

Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Bholari-tont (Bal)

Jewfish (En) swimbladder

FAO names : En - Belangers croaker Fr - Courbine de Belanger

Sp - Corvina de Belanger

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and boat seines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on invertebrates, particularly benthic worms

- 81 -

BONY FISHES

SCIAENIDAE

Johnius carutta Bloch, 1793

sagitta (inner surface) Synonyms : Sciaena carutta : Day, 1876

Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Tont (Bal) Purple jewfish (En)

FAO names : En - Karut croaker Fr - Combine carutte

Sp - Corvina carota first gill arch swlmbladder

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, seines and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 cm depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates

Johnius dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1833)

Synonyms Umbrina dussumieri Valenciennes, 1833

Sciaena dussumieri Bleeker, 1872; Fowler, 1933; Weber de Beaufort, 1936; Len, 1938

Dendrophysa dussumieri : Trewavas, 1964

Umbrena amblycephala Bleeder , 1855 Johnius amblycephalus: Cuu, Lo & Wu, 1963;

Trewavas, 1977 sagitta (inner surface)

Umbrina fuscolineata von Bonde, 1923

Blythsciaena dussumleri : Talwar, 1971 swimbladder Loc. names : Musuka, Chan (Sin); Tont (Bal) Dussumiers croaker, Silver jewfesu (En)

FAO names : En - Bearded croaker Fr - Combine barbecue Sp - Corvina de barba

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and boat seines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates

click for next page click for previous page

- 82 -

BONY FISHES

SCIAENIDAE

Johnius glaucus (Day, 1876) sagitta (inner surface)

Synonyms : Sciaena dussumieri (non Cuvier Valenciennes): Day, 1865

Sciaena glaucus : Day, 1878

Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Tont (Bal)

FAO names : En -Pale spotfin croaker

Fr - Courbine alle tachetée

Sp - Corvina glauca swimbladder

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and boat seines

Habitat and biology : Coastal waters over muddy bottoms to 30 m depth

Kathala axillaris (Cuvier, 1830)

Synonyms : Corvina axillaris Cuvier, 1830

Sciaena axillaris : Day, 1876

Pseudosciaena axillaris : Weber deBeaufort, 1936

Wak azillaris : Chu, Lo Wu, 1963

Dhoma axillaris : Talwar Joglekar, 1970

Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Mundsar bholari (Bal) Black-spot jewfish (En) swimbladder

FAO names : En - Kathala croaker Fr - Courbine kathala

Sp - Corvina catala

Size : Max.: 27 cm; common to 18 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines

Habitat and biology :Inhabits shallow coastal waters - 83 -

BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE

Nibea maculata (Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms Johnius maculatus: Fowler, 1933; Weber de Beaufort, 1936

Sciaena maculata : Day, 1876

Loc. names : Mushka, Chan (Sin); Tont, Riami tont (Bal) Black-banded jewfish (En)

FAO names : En - Blotched croaker Fr - Courbine tachetée

Sp - Corvina manchada

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 22 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and boat seines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters

Nibea soldado (Lacepède, 1802)

Synonyms Johnius soldado : Fowler, 1933

Pseudosciaena soldado : Weber de Beaufort, 1936

Wak soldado : Chu, Lo Wu, 1963

Corvina miles Cuvier, 1829 outer surface inner surface

Sciaena miles : Day, 1876 sagitta

Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Soli chuk, Karra (Bal) Greenback jewfish (En)

swimbladder FAO names : En - Soldier croaker Fr - Courbine soldat Sp - Corvina soldato

Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines

Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters, to 40 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates

Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas, 1974

Synonyms None

Baddi, Mushka, Mushko, Loc. names : Mushka (Sin);

Pandasi, Warna musko (Bal)

FAO names : En - Lesser tigertooth croaker Fr - Verrue tigre Sp - Bombache tigre

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits inshore and coastal waters

- 84 -

BONY FISHES SCIAENIDAE

Otolithes ruber (Schneider, 1801) PLATE XVIII, 104

Synonyms Otolithus argenteus Cuvier, 1830 (quoted in Day, 1876)

Otolithes argenteus : Chu, Lo Wu, 1963

Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Baddi, Mushka, Mushko, Pandasi, Warna musko (Bal) Longtoothed salmon; Rosy jewfish (En)

FAO names : En - Tigertooth croaker

Fr - Grande verrue tigre

Sp - Bombache tigre mayor

Size : Max.: 70 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines (sardinella and anchovies used as bait). Along the Baluchistan coast caught mainly with gillnets from November to April, and by handlines from July to September

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 40 m depth. Feeds on fishes and invertebrates. Sexually ripe specimens abundant in December first gill arch and March and in lesser numbers throghout the year along the Baluchistan coast. Juveniles up to 10 cm caught in abundance along the Baluchistan coast in July and August

Otolithoides biauritus (Cantor, 1850)

Synonyms Otolithus brunneus Day, 1873

Sciaenoides brunneus : Day, 1876

Otolithoides brunneus : Fowler, 1933; Chu, Lo Wu, 1963

Loc. names : Rangan (Sin); Bhola, Mushka (Bal) Jew fish (En) sagitta (inner surface)

FAO names : En - Bronze croaker Fr - Verrue bronzée Sp - Bombache bronzeado

Size : Max.: 160 cm; common to 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal and inshore waters. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates

Paranibea semiluctuosa ( Cuvier, 1830)

Synonyms Nibea luctuosa (Cuvier, 1830), in FAO Species Identification Sheets Areas 57/71

Corvina semiluctuosa Cuvier, 1830

Johnius semiluctuosus : Weber deBeaufort, 1936; Chu, Lo Wu, 1963 Sciaena semiluctuosa : Day, 1876

Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Mushka (Bal) Jew fish (En)

FAO names : En - Half-mourning coraker Fr - Combine lugubre Sp - Corvina lugubre Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, gillnets and handlines Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters - 85 -

BONY FISHES

SCIAENIDAE

Pennahia macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1850)

Synonyms : Sciaena aeneus (non Bloch): Day, 1876

Loc. names : Mushka (Sin); Mushka (Bal)

FAO names : En - Bigeye croaker Fr - Courbine gros yeux

Sp - Corvina ojona

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls and seine nets

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters to 60 m depth. Feeds on small shrimps and fishes

Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802)

Synonyms Corvina maculata (part, nec Schneider), 1830

Corvina catalea Valenciennes, 1834 Johnius valenciennii Eydoux Souleyet, post-1848 Sciaena diacanthus: Day, 1865 Corvina nigromaculata Borodin, 1930

Pseudosciaena diacanthus : Weber de Beaufort, 1936

Sciaena antarctica rex Whitley, 1945 (inner surface)

Nibea diacanthus: Lin, 1938; Chu, Lo Wu, 1963 sagitta

Sciaena Boma Tanaka, 1915, quoted in Matsubara, 1937

Loc. names : Ghol, Sua (Sin); Kir (Bal) Two-spined jewfish (En)

FAO names : En - Spotted croaker Fr - Courbine pintade

Sp - Corvina pintada

Size : Max.: 120 cm; common to 70 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines, handlines, bottom-set and drift gillnets, encircling nets and bottom trawls. Main fishing seasons are from March to May and Octo- ber to November. Very large catches of schooling fish occur along the Baluchistan coast in March and April

Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters to 60 m depth; mainly over muddy bottoms. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in March and April and July and August along the Baluchistan coast

Umbrina canariensis Valenciennes, 1843

Synonyms Umbrina sinuata Day, 1876

Sciaena sinuata : J.L.B. Smith, 1949

Umbrina striata Boulenger, 1888

Loc. names : Mushka, Boro (Sin); Tont (Bal) Tasselfish (En)

FAO names : En - Canary drum

Fr - Ombrine bronze Sp - Verrugato de Canarias

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm Fishing gear : Caught with trawls Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters

click for next page click for previous page

- 86 -

BONY FISHES

MULLIDAE

Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Goatfishes Fr - Rougets-barbets Sp - Salmonetes

Size : Some species may reach 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bottom trawls, shore seines, traps, gillnets and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Goatfishes live mostly in shallow waters, on sandy or muddy bottoms or in coral reef areas. Their barbels are used to locate food organisms in the sediment, particularly crustaceans and worms

Interest to fisheries : The flesh of goatfishes is of good quality and highly esteemed in certain areas. These fishes are common but not particularly abundant in Pakistani waters

Mulloides vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) PLATE XVIII, 106

Synonyms : Mulloides auriflamma

Mulloides erythrinus Klunzinger, 1884

Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) Golden banded goatfish (En)

FAO names : En - Yellowfin goatfish

Fr - Capucin de Vanicolo

Sp - Salmonte vanicolense

Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by traps, gillnets and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, forming aggregations on coral reefs during the day and feeding individually at night; also in coral reef areas

Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) PLATE XIX, 114

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Goldband goatfish

Fr - Rouget-souris bande or

Sp - Salmonete de banda dorada

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with shore seines and bottom trawls, sometimes with traps

Habitat and biology : Lives in shallow coastal waters, from 10 to 40 m depth - 87 -

BONY FISHES

MULLIDAE Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1829 PLATE XX, 115

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sulphur goatfish

Fr - Rouget-souris aurore Sp - Salmonete aurora

Size : Max.: 23 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with shore seines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, sometimes entering estuaries, between 20 and 60 m depth; usually in schools

Upeneus taeniopterus Cuvier, 1829 PLATE XX, 116

Synonyms : Upeneus arge Jordan Evermann, 1902

Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal)

FAO names : En - Fin-stripe goatfish

Fr - Rouget-souris rayé Sp - Salmonete estriado

Size : Max.: 33 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, traps and also in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : A shallow water species, usually on sandy bottoms and coral reef areas

Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775) PLATE XX, 118

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Manori (Sin); Kolonto (Bal) Yellow-striped goatfish (En)

FAO names : En - Striped goatfish Fr - Rouget-souris orangé Sp - Salmonete naranjero

Size : Max.: 28 cm; common to 18 cm

with bottom Fishing gear : Caught mainly trawls and shore seines

Habitat and biology : Usually in turbid waters, from a few to 100 m depth; occurs in schools

- 88 -

BONY FISHES

Other species of Mullidae MULLIDAE

PLATE XVIII, 105

Mulloides flavolineatus (Lacepède, 1802) Yellowstripe goatfish size: to 40 cm

PLATE XVIII, 107

Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepède , 1801) Dash-and-dot goatfish size: to 50 cm

PLATE XVIII, 108

Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepède, 1801) Doublebar goatfish size: to 35 cm PLATE XIX, 109

Parupeneus cinnabarinus (Cuvier, 1829) Cinnabar goatfish size: to 30 cm

PLATE XIX, 110

Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepède, 1801) Goldsaddle goatfish size: to 50 cm

PLATE XIX, 112

Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803) Indian goatfish size: to 40 cm

PLATE XIX, 113

Parupeneus macronema (Lacepède, 1801) Longbarbel goatfish size: to 32 cm

Upeneus sundaicus (Bleeker, 1855) Ochreband goatfish PLATE XX, 117 size: to 20 cm , Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1845

Freckled goatfish - 89 -

BONY FISHES EPHIPPIDAE

Ephippus orbis (Bloch, 1787)

Synonyms : Chaetodon orbis Bloch, 1787

Loc. names : Phanna (Sin); Riami sarando (Bal) Spadefish (En)

FAO names : En - Spadefish Fr - Disque Sp - Paguala

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines and traps

Habitat and biology : Found in shallow water from 10 to 30 m. Feeds on bottom living invertebrates and fishes

Interest to fisheries : Common in creeks. Separate statistics are not reported for this species

DREPANIDAE

Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758) PLATE XX, 119

Synonyms Chaetondon punctata Linnaeus, 1758

Loc. names : Rupichand (Sin); Sarando (Bal) Spotted batfish (En)

FAO names : En - Spotted sicklefish Fr - Forgeron tacheté Sp - Catemo manchado

Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with handlines, traps and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : A coastal species, often entering estuaries. Probably migrating to deeper waters

during the winter season. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes

Interest to fisheries : A rather common species, its flesh is said to be of excellent quality. Separate statistics are not reported for this species

PLATACIDAE

Platax orbicularis (Forssk ål, 1775) PLATE XX, 120

Synonyms : Platax vespertilio (Bloch, 1802)

Loc. names : Tanak-chand (Sin); Riami sarando (Bal)

FAO names : En - Batfish

Fr - Poule deau Sp - Dalapugan

Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with handlines and nets

Habitat and biology : Inhabits creeks, bays and rocky shores, juveniles in brackish water

Interest to fisheries : Common but not particularly abundant. Appreciated as aquarium fish - 90 -

BONY FISHES

SCATOPHAGIDAE

Scatophagus argus (Bloch, 1788) PLATE XXI, 121

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Korgi (Sin); Dateera (Bal)

Spotted butterfish (En)

FAO names : En - Spotted scat Fr - Pavillon tacheté

Sp - Pingo manchado

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with traps and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Inhabits brackish estuaries, mangroves, harbours, etc., usually occurring in schools. Feeds on bottom detritus and small benthic invertebrates

Interest to fisheries : A quite common species, especially

i n creeks

POMACANTHIDAE

Loc. names : Jabal koi (Sin); Datero (Bal)

FAO names : En - Angelfishes Fr - Demoiselles Sp - Isabelitas

Size : Max.: to 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with traps and gillnets. Taken accidentally in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Usually inhabit shallow coral reef areas but a few species range to depths of 80m or more. Adults are omnivorous, juveniles are mainly herbivorous

Interest to fisheries : Not important as foodfish, but juveniles of some species are popular aquarium fishes

POMACENTRIDAE

Loc. names : Kohmai (Bal)

FAO names : En - Damselfishes Fr - Chauffets Sp - Petacas

Size : Most species less than 15 cm

Fishing gear : Accidentally caught in trawls

Habitat and biology : Found mainly in shallow rocky areas and coral reefs, but some species occur in deeper offshore waters. Plankton feeder, or omnivorous

Interest to fisheries : Not important as foodfish, but some species are popular aquarium fish

click for next page click for previous page - 91 -

BONY FISHES

MUGILIDAE

Loc. names : Boi, Mori, Chhodi, Pharra, etc. (Sin);

Murbo, Mundi, etc. (Bal)

FAO names : En - Mullets Fr - Mulets Sp - Lisas, pardetes

Size : Max.: to 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with castnets, setnets, liftnets and beach seines

Habitat and biology :Inhabit coastal marine waters, estuaries and fresh water. Most species are adaptable to great changes in salinity, from almost fresh water to salinities of 75 °/°°. Most species spawn at sea and feed on bottom detritus by taking in sand and mud and rejecting the most indigestible parts. Due to their rapid growth and hardiness, they are often used in fish pond culture

Interest to fisheries : These have been important foodfishes since ancient times. They are appreciated as food and usually marketed fresh or dry-salted. Some species also used for bait for handline and longline. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of mullets ranging from 1 018 t (1981) to 8 768 t (1978), with an average of 4 575 t

Liza abu (Heckel, 1846)

Synonyms Mugil (Liza) abu zarondnyi Berg, 1949

Mugil hashni Misra, 1943

Loc. names : Boi, Mori (Sin); Anjara (Bal)

FAO names : En - Abu mullet Fr - Mulet abu Sp - Lisa abu

Size : Max. : 20 cm; common to 17 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : Occurs in small schools, mainly in freshwater, sometimes in estuaries

Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836)

Synonyms : None

Murbo (Bal) Loc. names : Boi, Mori (Sin);

En - Keeled mullet FAO names : Fr - Mulet caréné

Sp - Lisa de carena

Size : Max.:

Fishing gear : Caught with castnets, setnets, liftnets and beach seines

Habitat and biology : Lives mainly in marine coastal waters - 92 -

BONY FISHES

MUGILIDAE

Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1849)

Synonyms : Mugil borneensis Bleeker, 1851

Mugil troschelii Bleeker, 1858

Liza akame Tanaka , 1916

Loc. names : Boi, Chhodi (Sin);

Mundi, Murbo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Largescale mullet Fr - Mulet à grandes écailles Sp - Lisa godeya

Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, liftnets and beach seines

Habitat and biology :Inhabits shallow coastal, waters estuaries and backwaters, forming large schools during the °

spawning season. Able to survive 87 /oo salinity. Feeds on detritus small algae, diatoms, etc. taken in with sand or mud. This is one of the most common species of mullet in the Indian Ocean

Liza melinoptera (Valenciennes, 1836)

Synonyms Mugil ceramensis Bleeker, 1852

Mugil oligolepis Day, 1876; Smith, 1935, 1948, 1949, non-Bleeker, 1859

Mugil anpinensis Oshima, 1922

Loc. names : Boi, Mori (Sin); Murbo (Bal) Large-scale grey mullet (En)

FAO names : En - Otomebora mullet Fr - Mulet otomebora Sp - Lisa otomebora

Size : Max.: 22 cm; common to 18 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets and beach seines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters and estuaries. Spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on algae, diatoms, minute bottom-living organisms and organic material found in mud or sand

Liza parsia (Hamilton Buchanan, 1822) PLATE XXI, 122

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Boi, Parse (Sin); Polat, Murba (Bal)

FAO names : En - Gold-spot mullet Fr Mulet joue dor Sp - Lisa mejilla dorada

Size : Max.: 16 cm; common to 15 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, liftnets and beach seines

Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in shallow coastal waters including brackish waters. Capable to survive in waters with salinity up to 87 °/°°. Spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on small bottom invertebrates and detritus found in sand or mud - 93 -

BONY FISHES

MUGILIDAE

Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836)

Synonyms : Mugil dussumieri Valenciennes, 1836

Mugil jerdoni Day, 1876

Loc. names : Boi, Chhodi (Sin); Maing, Murbo (BAL)

FAO names : En - Greenback mullet Fr - Mulet dos vert

Sp - Lisa lomo verde

Size : Max.: 30 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, liftnets and beach seines

Habitat and biology : Inhabits coastal waters, including estuarine areas. Spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on detritus and small bottom organisms, taken in with sand or mud

Liza tade (Forsskål , 1775)

Synonyms : Mugil planiceps Valenciennes, 1836

Loc. names : Boi, Chhodi (Sin); Mundi (Bal)

FAO names : En - Tade mullet Fr - Mulet tade Sp - Lisa tade

Size : Max.: 70 cm; common to 33 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets, castnets, stakenets and beach seines

Mainly a marine species, often entering estuaries and backwaters. Feeds on small algae, Habitat and biology : diatoms and other organic matter taken in with sand and mud

Liza vaigiensis ( Quoy Gaimard, 1824)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names Mangan (Sin);

Murbo , Gid, Pee-ant (juv.)(Bal) Diamond-scale grey mullet (En)

FAO names En - Square-tail mullet Fr - Mulet mopiro Sp - Lisa mopiro

Size : Max.: 55 cm; common to 35 cm

Caught mainly with castnets, stakenets and beach seines Fishing gear :

A coastal species, entering rivers during the rainy season. Feeds on small bottom Habitat and biology : organisms, algae, diatoms and detritus, taken in with mud and sand. Sexually ripe specimens common in March and July along the Baluchistan coast - 94 -

BONY FISHES MUGILIDAE Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 PLATE XXI, 123

Synonyms : Mugil oür Forsskål, 1775

Mugil japonicus Schlegel, 1845 Loc. names : Boi, Meengh (Sin); Murbo, Tagan (Bal) Grey mullet; Springer (En) FAO names : En - Flathead mullet Fr - Mulet cabot Sp - Pardete

Size-: Max.: 90 cm; common to 35 cm Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, liftnets and beach seines

Habitat and biology :A coastal species, found also in estuaries and freshwater, capable of standing salinities up to 87 °/°° of and temperatures between 12 and 25 C. Feeds on detritus, algae and small bottom organisms, taken in with sand and mud and rejecting the indigestable parts. During the spawning migration the feeding is reduced or completely interrupted. For furhter information see CSIRO Fisheries Synopsis No.1

Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836)

Synonyms Mugil amarulus Valencien es, 1836 Mugil strongylocephalus Richardson, 1846 Mugil ophuysenii Bleeker, 1859

Mugil longimanus Gcnther , 1861

Mugil kelaartii G ünther, 1861

Loc. names : Pharra, Boi (Sin); Murbo, Palo (Bal) Roundhead grey mullet (En)

FAO names : En - Longarm mullet Fr - Mulet longue aile

Sp - Lisa de aleta larga

Size : Max.: 41 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, beach seines and occasionally in trawls

Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in coastal waters, estuaries and backwaters. Forms large aggregations when spawning takes place. Feeds on algae, diatoms, small bottom organisms and detritus taken in with sand and mud

Valamugil seheli (Forssk ål, 1775)

Synonyms : Mugil axillaris Valenciennes, 1836

Mugil caeruleomaculatus Lacepède, 1803

Loc. names : Boi, Pharra (Sin); Murbo, Guarez, Mundsar (Bal) Bluespot grey mullet (En)

FAO names : En - Blue-spot mullet Fr - Mulet à tache bleue Sp - Lisa de mancha azul

Size : Max.: 50 cm; common to 24 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, stakenets, barrier nets and beach seines

Habitat and biology : A schooling species, found in estuaries and backwaters; spawning takes place at sea. Feeds on algae, diatoms, small bottom organisms and detritus taken in with sand and mud

- 95 -

BONY FISHES

MUGILIDAE

Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker, 1858)

PLATE XXI, 124 Synonyms None

Loc. names : Boi, Pharra (Sin);

Anjara, Murbo, Badli (juv.) (Bal)

FAO names : En - Speiglers mullet Fr - Mulet chiraya Sp - Lisa chiraya

Size : Max.: 20 cm; common to 14 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets, castnets, stakenets, barrier nets, beach seines and trawls

Habitat and biology : A coastal species, also in estuaries, backwaters and often entering fresh water. Feeds on small algae, diatoms, small bottom organisms and detritus taken in with sand or mud

SPHYRAENIDAE

Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal)

FAO names : En - Barracudas Fr - Barracudas, bécunes Sp - Barracudas, picudas

Size : Max.: 180 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly by trolling but also in trawls and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Mostly occurring in coastal waters, from the surface to 100 m depth. The young form large schools, adults are usually solitary. Known to be particularly voracious, the adults of the larger species being

dangerous to man. Attacks are most frequent in shallow murky waters

Interest to fisheries : The Sphyraenidae are of some importance as food, the flesh being delicate and well flavoured. Usually marketed fresh, but also dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of barracudas ranging from 1 962 t (1980) to 3 606 t (1981)

Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792)

Synonyms : Sphyraena picuda Bloch Schneider, 1801

Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En)

FAO names : En - Great barracuda Fr - Barracuda Sp - Picuda barracuda

Fishing gear : Taken by trolling, in trawls and in nets

:In coastal waters, from near the surface to 100 m depth, the juveniles in shallow waters, Habitat and biology

including mangrove swamps and estuaries. This species is everywhere dreaded for its ferocity, the large individuals attacking man and not uncommonly causing death

- 96 -

BONY FISHES

SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier, 1829

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En)

FAO names : En - Bigeye barracuda Fr - Bécune de Forster Sp - Picuda de Forster

Size : Max.: 64 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by trolling and in trawls

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters over shallow banks, mainly close to the bottom. Feeds on fishes, peneid shrimps and cephalopods

Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En)

FAO names : En - Pickhandle barracuda Fr - Barracuda jello Sp - Picuda serpentina

Size : Max.: 150 cm; common to 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught by trolling and in trawls

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, predominantly near the surface. Adults are solitary, young occur in schools and sometimes enter rivers. Feeds on fish and squid

Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829

Synonyms Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 Sphyraenella chrysotaenia: Dutt Seshagiri Rao, 1867

Loc. names Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En)

FAO names : En - Obtuse barracuda Fr - Bécune obtuse Sp - Picuda obtusa

Size : Max.: 40 cm; common to 25 crn

Fishing gear : Caught by trolling (using Sardi- nella species as bait), in trawls and with bottom gillnets

Habitat and biology : Found in coastal waters from the surface to the bottom, smaller individuals occurring in schools. Feeds mainly on fishes. Sexually ripe specimens found in December and April along the Baluchistan coast - 97 -

BONY FISHES

SPHYRAENIDAE

Sphyraena putnamiae Jordan Seale, 1905

Synonyms : Sphyraena bleekeri Williams, 1959

Loc. names : Kund (Sin); Kund (Bal) Barracuda (En)

FAO names : En - Chevron barracuda Fr - Bécune chevronnée Sp - Picuda galoneada

Size : Max.: 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in seines, bottom trawls and by trolling

Habitat and biology : A schooling species, mainly near the surface; primarily nocturnal

POLYNEMIDAE

Loc. names : Seeri, Ranwas (Sin); Gwanz (Bal)

Tasselfishes (En)

FAO names : En - Threadfins Fr - Barbures Sp - Barbudos

Size : Some species may reach 200 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with beach seines, gillnets, traps and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, over sandy or muddy bottoms, some species in brackish waters and entering river mouths. Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes

Interest to fisheries : Some species of this family attain a large size and occur in large shoals in shallow coastal waters and creeks. Their flesh is highly appreciated. The air-bladder of Polynemus indicus is used for isinglass. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of threadfins ranging from 276 t (1983) to 3 166 t (1982) with an average of 785 t

Species of Polynemidae

PLATE XXI, 125

Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) Four finger threadfin size: to 200 cm

Polynemus indicus Shaw, 1804 Indian threadfin size: to 140 cm - 98 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Polynemidae POLYNEMIDAE

Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 Polynemus plebeius Broussonet, 1782 Paradise threadfin Striped threadfin size: to 23 cm size: to 45 cm

PLATE XXI, 126

Polynemus sextarius Bloch Schneider, 1801 Blackspots threadfin size: to 30 cm

LABRIDAE

Loc. names

FAO names : En - Wrasses Fr - Labres, Vielles Sp - Viejas

Size : Max.: 200 cm, but most species are less than 20 cm

Fishing gear : Bottom trawls, gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Common in shallow, coastal habitats, but really rare in many areas. Feed mostly on bottom invertebrates. Most species are protogynous hermaphrodites and some are sexual dichromatic

Interest to fisheries : Many species are too small to be of commercial importance but the larger ones are excellent foodfishes. Rarely caught

SCARIDAE

Loc. names

FAO names : En - Parrot fishes Fr - Perroquets Sp - Loros

Size : Max.: to about 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in gillnets and traps

Habitat and biology : Most species are very colourful and exhibit striking sexual dichromatism. Many species of the family are protogynous hermaphrodites (individuals mature first as females and then sexually transform into males; this transformation is usually accompanied by changes in colour pattern). Parrotfishes inhabit inshore areas usually associated with rocky bottoms and coral reefs. They are benthic grazers and feed by scraping the algal coating from rocks, dead coral and compacted sand with their beak-like plates

Interest to fisheries : Only occasionally caught click for next page click for previous page - 99 -

BONY FISHES

SIGANIDAE

Loc. names : Kakina (Sin); Mahparri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Spinefoots, rabbitfishes Fr - Sigans Sp - Siganos

Size : Max.: to 45 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls and traps

Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters, including mangroves, estuaries and brackish lagoons. Some

species occur in schools, others in pairs or solitary. Herbivorous, feed by scraping algae from rocks and corals and by brousing on seaweeds and seagrasses. The fin spines are venomous and care should be taken when handling these fishes

Interest to fisheries : The members of this family do not form the object of a special fishery in Pakistan, because, although they are very good fishes, they do not seem to occur in large quanties

Species of Siganidae

Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) White-spotted spinefoot size: to 30 cm PLATE XXII, 127

Siganus javus (Linnaeus, 1766) Streaked spinefoot size: to 45 cm

PLATE XXII, 128

Siganus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Little spinefoot size: to 21 cm

PLATE XXII, 129 - 100 -

BONY FISHES

SCOMBRIDAE

Loc. names : Surmai, Dawan, Chuki, Gidder, etc. (Sin); Ahore, Gore, Chunki, Kulgun, etc. (Bal)

FAO names : En - Albacores, bonitos, kawakawas, mackerels, seerfishes, tunas and wahoos Fr - Thazards, bonitous, thonines, bonites, maquereaux, thons Sp - Petos, atunes, melvas, melveras, bacoretas, carites, etc.

Size : Some species exceed 3 m

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets, longlines and by trolling. The boats used are of fairly large size, "bedi" or "hors" in deeper waters and "dhatti hora" (outrigger boat) near the shore. Twelve to 14 fishermen work on large boats when gillnets are used and only 3 when lines are used

Habitat and biology : A rather diverse group of pelagic fishes, some, especially the smaller species, inhabit coastal waters while the larger ones, especially Thunnus species carry out wide transoceanic migrations. Feeding habits also vary from one species to the other, some being plankton feeders, others feeding on small schooling fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans, etc.

Interest to fisheries : Some species (Scomberomorous species, Euthynnus affinis , Katsuwonus pelamis ) are rather common. These fishes are highly priced if sold fresh. Some are dry-salted and exported to Sri Lanka. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports combined catches of mackerels ranging from 1963 t (1980) to 8 243 t (1983), with an average of 6 247 t; and of tunas from 2 921 t (1983 to 14 470 t 1975) with an average of 10 256 t

Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1831)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Ghore (Sin); Gore (Bal) Yahoo (En)

FAO names : En - Yahoo Fr - Thazard-bâtard Sp - Peto

Size : Max.: 210 cm (fork length)

Fishing gear : There is no special fishery for this species. It is occasionally caught by trolling

Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, oceanic species, mostly solitary but also forming small aggregations. Fecundity is believed to be quite high. Feeds on pelagic and bottom fishes and on cephalopods - 101 -

BONY FISHES

SCOMBRIDAE Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800) PLATE XXII, 130

Synonyms : Auxis tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1854 Auxis hira Kishinouye, 1915

Loc. names : Chuki (Sin); Chunki (Bal) Frigate mackerel (En)

FAO names : En - Frigate tuna Fr - Auxide Sp - Melva

Size : Max.: about 50 cm fork length

Fishing gear : Caught mainly by trolling and gillnetting

Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic as well as oceanic species. The spawning season extends from January to April and fecundity of fish (in Indian waters) ranged between 200,000 and 1.06 million eggs per spawning, depending on the size of the female (see also FAO Species Synopses Nos. 47, 71 and 124)

Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)

Synonyms : Euthynnus yaito Kishinouye, 1915

Loc. names : Dawan (Sin); Ulus (Bal) Mackerel tuna (En)

FAO names : En - Kawakawa Fr - Thonine orientale Sp - Bacoreta oriental

Size : Max.: 100 cm; common to 60 cm

Fishing gear : Gillnetting and trolling are the major fishing techniques in use Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic species, found in waters of 18- to 20-C temperature. This species

tends to form multispecies schools with small Thunnus albacares , Katsuwonus pelamis , Auxis thazard and

Megalaspis cordyla . Kawakawa is a predator, feeding on fish, shrimps and cephalopods. It is preyed upon by martins and sharks (see also FAO Species Synopses Nos. 48, 50 and 122)

Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Euthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Loc. names : Chuki (Sin); Kishki, Ahore (Bal) Striped tuna; Skipjack; Bonito (En)

FAO names : En - Skipjack tuna Fr - Bonite à ventre rayè Sp - Listado

Size : Max.: 100 cm (fork length); common to 80 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in gillnets and by trolling

Habitat and biology : An epipelagic , oceanic species, adults in waters warmer than 15 ° C, larvae in waters with surface temperatures of about 25 C. It is distributed from the surface to about 260 m depth during the day, mainly near surface at night. Feeds on a wide variety of small fishes, cephalopods (especially squids) and crustaceans. Cannibalism is also common. It is preyed upon by tunas and killifishes . Sexually ripe specimens found in March and April along the Baluchistan coast (see also FAO Species Synopses Nos. 64 and 136) - 102 -

BONY FISHES SCOMBRIDAE

Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) PLATE XXII, 131

Synonyms : Rastrelliger chrysozonus (Rüppell, 1836)

Loc. names : Surmai, Surmaya, Bangra (Sin); Bangra (Bal) Rake-gilled mackerel (En)

FAO names : En - Indian mackerel

Fr - Mâquereau des Indes Sp - Caballa de la India

Size : Max.: 35 cm; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with purse seines, liftnets and bamboo stake traps

Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic species, found in waters warmer than 17 ° C. Forms large schools. Feeds on phyto- and zooplankton (juveniles) and on fish and shrimp larvae (adults). The lifespan is believed to be about 4 years (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 29)

Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1801) PLATE XXII, 132

Synonyms : Cybium commersoni (Lacepède, 1801)

Loc. names : Ghore (Sin); Gore (Bal) Barred Spanish mackerel (En)

FAO names : En - Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel

Fr - Thazard rayé (Indo-Pacifique)

Sp - Carite estriado del Indo-Pacifico

Size : Max.: 220 cm; common to 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by trolled handlines. Along the Baluchistan coast it is caught mainly by handlines in July-August and April-May, and November to February it is mostly fished for with drift gillnets

Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, neritic species, known to undertake longshore migrations. Feeds primarily

on small fish (Stolephorus and Sardinella species) and on carangids, slipmouths, squids, etc. Feeding seems to

take place exclusively at night. Sexually ripe specimens found in September and December along the Baluchistan coast.

Interest to fisheries : Separate statistics are not officially reported for this species, but along the Baluchistan coast about 4 100 t were caught in 1983 (Burney et al. 1985)

Scomberomorus lineolatus (Cuvier, 1831) 1

Synonyms : Cybium lineolatum Cuvier, 1831

Indocybium lineolatum : Munro, 1955

Loc. names : Kalgund (Sin); Kulgun (Bal) Streaked Spanish mackerel (En)

FAO names : En -Streaked seerfish Fr - Thazard cirrus Sp - Carite rayado

Size : Max.: 80 cm; common to 70 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by trolling

Habitat and biology : The biology of this species is rather poorly known. It is epipelagic and neritic - 103 -

BONY FISHES

SCOMBRIDAE

Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms : Cybium guttatum : Cuvier, 1829

Indocybium guttatum : Munro, 1955

Loc. names : Kalgund (Sin); Kulgun (Bal) Spotted Spanish mackerel (En)

FAO names : En - Indo-Pacific king mackerel

Fr - Thazard ponctué (Indo-Pacifique)

Sp - Carite del Indo-Pacifico

Size : Max.: 76 cm fork length

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets, purse seines and by trolling

Habitat and biology : Epipelagic and neritic, less migratory than S. commersoni , found at depths from 15 to 200 m. Sometimes entering turbid estuarine waters. Forms small schools. Feeds primarily on small schooling

fishes (sardinellas and anchovies), squids and crustaceans. Sexually ripe specimens found in August and December along the Baluchistan coast. The main fishing season is from September to November and from January to March along the Baluchistan coast

Scomberomorus koreanus ( Kishinouye, 1915)

Synonyms : Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch Schneider, 1801)

Loc. names : Kalgund (Sin); Kulgun (Bal)

FAO names : En - Korean seer fish Fr - Thazard coréen

Sp - Carite coreano

Size : Max.: 150 cm (fork length); common to 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with gillnets and by trolling

Habitat and biology : Pelagic and neritic. Feeds mainly on small schooling fishes (anchovies and sardinellas) and on shrimp

Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Synonyms Neothunnus macropterus (Temminck Schlegel, 1844)

Neothunnus albacora (Lowe, 1839)

Thynnus argentivittatus ( Cuvier, 1831)

Loc. names : Gidder (Sin); Gidder, Goshi, Zarday (Bal)

Albacore (En)

FAO names : En - Yellowfin tuna Fr - Albacore Sp - Rabil

Size : Max.: 195 cm (fork length); common to 150 cm

Caught mainly with longlines and purse seines Fishing gear :

Habitat and biology : An epipelagic and oceanic species, whose vertical distribution seems to be influenced by the thermal structure of the water column. Oxygen concentrations less than 2 ml/l (encountered below the thermocline) and strong thermocline gradients exclude its presence below the discontinuity layer. Schooling occurs near the surface, sometimes in multispecies groups. Feeds on a wide variety of fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 53) - 104 -

BONY FISHES

SCOMBRIDAE

Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)

Synonyms : Parathunnus mebachi Kishinouye, 1923

Parathunnus sibi (Temminck Schlegel, 1844)

Loc. names : Gidder (Sin); Bum, Batali (Bal)

FAO names : En - Bigeye tuna Fr - Thon obèse Sp - Patudo

Size : Max.: over 200 cm; common to 180 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines and purse seines

Habitat and biology : A pelagic, oceanic species taken from the surface to depths of 250 m. Juveniles school with yellowfin and/or skipjack tuna. Feeds on fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 61)

Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851)

Synonyms : Kishinoella tonggol (Bleeker, 1851)

Loc. names : Dawan (Sin); Ahore, Dawan (Bal) Bluefin tuna (En)

FAO names : En - Longtail tuna Fr- Thon mignon Sp - Atun tongol

Size : Max.: 130 cm; common to 70 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines

Habitat and biology : Epipelagic, predominantly neritic, not found in turbid waters and areas with reduced salinity such as estuaries. Feeds on crustaceans, cephalopods and fishes (see also FAO Species Synopsis No. 74)

TRICHIURIDAE

Loc. names : Talwar (Sin); Tinji, Chindi (Bal)

FAO names : En - Hairtails Fr - Poissons sabre Sp - Peces sables

Size : Max.: 120 cm; common to less than 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with bagnets in estuaries, seines in inshore waters and with trawls offshore

Habitat and biology : Benthopelagic species, found in coastal waters to about 100 m depth. Often come near the surface at night. Feed on small fishes and crustaceans

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family occur in large quantities. Catches up to 6 t/hr were obtained by the R/V DR F. NANSEN in September 1983, off the Makran coast (O. Nakken, Fisheries Resources Survey, Pakistan, 5-16 September 1983). The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of hairtails ranging from 398 t (1978) to 6 642 t (1982) - 105 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Trichiuridae TRICHIURIDAE

Leptoracanthos savala ( Cuvier, 1829) Savalai hairtail size: to 120 cm

Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 Largehead hairtail Size: to 120 cm

IIOPHOIDAE

Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sailfishes, marlins Fr - Voiliers Sp - Peces vela

Size : Max.: to more than 450 cm total length

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines

Habitat and biology : Oceanic, highly migratory and epipelagic, they usually inhabit the upper layers of water above the thermocline. Feed on a wide variety of fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods

Interest to fisheries : All killifishes are excellent foodfishes and highly priced throughout the world. The reported catches of killifishes from Pakistan totalled about 520 t in 1983 (see FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1983).

Mostly dry-salted for export to Sri Lanka. The main fishing season for Makaira indica is in April, May and November along the Baluchistan coast

Istiophoros platypterus (Shaw Nodder, 1792)

Synonyms Istiophoros gladius (Bloch, 1793)

Histiophorus gladius (Bloch, 1793)

Histiophoros orientalis Temminck Schlegel, 1844

Istiophoros orientalis (Temminck Schlegel, 1844)

Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sailfish Fr - Voilier Sp - Pez vela

Size : Max.: about 320 cm total length, common to 270 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines

Habitat and biology : Oceanic, epipelagic and highly migratory, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods - 106 -

BONY FISHES

ISTIOPHORIDAE

Makaira indica ( Cuvier, 1832)

Synonyms : Makaira marlina Jordan Hill, 1926

Istiompax marlina (Jordan Hill, 1926)

Istiompax indicus (Cuvier, 1832)

Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) Indian spearfish (En)

FAO names : En - Black marlin Fr - Makaire noir

Sp - Aguja negra

Size : Max.: about 460 cm (total length); common to 380 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines

Habitat and biology : Oceanic, highly migratory and epipelagic, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods

Tetrapturus angustirostris Tanaka, 1915

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) Short-nosed swordfish (En)

FAO names : En - Shortbill spearfish Fr - Makaire à rostre court

Sp - Marlin trompa corta

Size : Max.: 230 cm (total length); common to 190 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines

Habitat and biology : Highly migratory oceanic and epipelagic, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods

Tetrapturus audax (Philippi, 1887)

Synonyms : Tetrapturus mitsukurii Jordan Snyder, 1901

Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan Snyder, 1901)

Makaira audax (Philippi, 1887)

Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal)

FAO names : En - Striped marlin Fr - Marlin rayé Sp - Marlin rayado

Size : Max.: about 340 cm (total length); common to 290 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines

Habitat and biology : Oceanic and highly migratory, epipelagic, usually above the thermocline. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods click for next page click for previous page - 107 -

BONY FISHES XIPHIIDAE

Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms : Xiphias estara Phillipps, 1932

Xiphias gladius estara : Whitley, 1968

Loc. names : Ghori (Sin); Asp (Bal) Broadbill swordfish (En)

FAO names : En - Swordfish Fr- Espadon Sp - Pez espada

Size : Max.: 444 cm (total length); common to 300 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines

Habitat and biology : Epipelagic, oceanic, sometimes in coastal waters. Highly migratory, does not form schools. Found above the thermocline but also to depths of 800 m. Feeds mainly on schooling fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods

Interest to fisheries : The flesh of this species is oily and tasty and appreciated worldwide. The catches of swordfish in Pakistan totalled 200 t in 1983 (see FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1983)

STROMATEIDAE

Loc. names : Achopitho, Sufaid-poplet (Sin); Tighlum, Pithoo, Wanag, etc. (Bal)

FAO names: En - Silver pomfrets Fr - Ailerons Sp - Palometones

Size : Max.: 60 cm; most common between 20 and 30 cm

Fishing gear : Taken with bottom trawls, occasionally with driftnets and bottom gillnets . Main fishing, seasons are January, February, May and September to December along the Baluchistan coast

Habitat and biology : Campus argenteus is found in coastal waters from 5 to 100 m depth and it is usually

associated with prawns, species of Nemipterus and Leiognathus . Pampus chinensis is found in shallow waters,

sometimes in estuaries. They both feed on ctenophores, salps, medusae, etc. Sexually ripe specimens of P.

argenteus found in July and October along the Baluchistan coast

The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of Pampus Interest to fisheries :

argenteus ranging from 2 694 t (1980) to 6 276 t (1979) with an average of 4 195 t. However, these figures

probably also include P. chinensis , as well as the black pomfret, Parastromateus niger . Highly desirable fish, marketed fresh

- 108 -

BONY FISHES

STROMATEIDAE Species of Stromateidae

Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) Silver pomfret

Achopito, Sufaid poplet (Sin) Tighul, Pithoo (Bal) size: to 60 cm

Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788) Chinese silver pomfret Achopito, Sufaid-poplet (Sin) Marz (Jiwani area), Wanag (Bal) size: to 60 cm

NOMEIDAE Psenes squamiceps (Lloyd, 1909)

Synonyms Cubiceps natalensis Gilchrist von Bonde, 1923

Cubiceps squamiceps (Lloyd, 1909) Mulichthys squamiceps Lloyd, 1909

Loc. names

FAO names : En - Indian driftfish Fr - Dérivant indien Sp - Savorin indio

Size : Max.: 18 cm; common to 14 cm

Fishing gear : Not exploited in Pakistan at present

Habitat and biology : Pelagic or near the bottom, from the edge of the continental shelf to about 450 m depth - 109 -

BONY FISHES ARIOMMIDAE

Ariomma indica ( Day, 1870)

Synonyms Psenes indicus Day, 1870

Psenes africanus Gilchrist von Bonde, 1923

Psenes extraneus Herre, 1950

Cubiceps dollfusi Chabanaud, 1930

Loc. names : Katni (Sin); Katni (Bal) Driftfish (English)

FAO names : En - Indian ariomma Fr - Ariomme indienne

Sp - Arioma indica

Size : Max.: 25 cm; common to 18 cm

Fishing gear : Not exploited in Pakistan at present

Habitat and biology : Found from 20 to 300 m depth, demersal during the day, pelagic at night. Often associated

with species of Saurida , Gerres , Trichiurus , Decapterus , Nemipterus and Lutjanus . Feeds mostly on zooplankton

PSETTODIDAE

Psettodes erumei (Schneider, 1801) PLATE XXIII, 133

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hajam (Sin); Dandani swaso, Kochuk (Bal) Indian halibut, Turbot (English)

FAO names : En - Indian spiny turbot Fr - Turbot épineux indien

Sp - Lenguado espinudo indio

Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls and bottom gillnets

Habitat and biology : Lives on sandy muddy bottoms of the continental shelf, down to about 100 m depth. Feeds on bottom-living animals. Sexually ripe specimens found in July along the Baluchistan coast

Interest to fisheries : This species is rather common and very often caught, although never in very large quantities. The main fishing season is from July to November along the Baluchistan coast. Marketed fresh, an excellent foodfish

BOTHIDAE

Loc. names : Kuker-jeeb (Sin); Buti, Swaso (Bal)

FAO names : En - Lefteye flounders Fr - Rombous Sp - Lenguados

Size : Some species may reach 40 cm, ba usually less than 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Bottom-dwelling, usually burrowing in sand or mud bottoms of the continental shelf. They are able to rapidly change their colour pattern in order to match the background. In some species there is a strong sexual dimorphism in length of rays, colour pattern, etc.

Interest to fisheries : Although never caught in large quantities, some species are often present in the catches. The flesh is of good quality but most species are quite small in size

- 110 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Bothidae BOTHIDAE

female male

Bothus pantherinus ( Rüppell, 1828) Leopard flounder size: to 25 cm

PLATE XXIII, 135

Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) Largetooth flounder size: to 35 cm

Pseudorhombus elevatus Ogilby, 1912 Deep flounder size: to 20 cm

Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker, 1853) Java flounder size: to 35 cm

Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Schneider, 1801) Three-spotted flounder size: to 15 cm

- 111 -

BONY FISHES

SOLEIDAE

Loc. name : Phani, Bans-patta (Sin) Buti, Swaso (Bal)

FAO names : En - Soles Fr - Soles Sp - Lenguados

Size : Some species may reach a maximum size of 30 cm but the common size is around 15 to 20 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls and shore seines

Habitat and biology : Found in shallow coastal waters, over sandy and muddy bottoms. Feed on bottom-living invertebrates. Capable of changing colour pattern to adapt to the background

Interest to fisheries : Although quite common in the catches, due to their small size and relatively low abundance, soles are of low commercial value

Species of Soleidae

Euryglossa orientalis (Bloch Schneider, 1801) Oriental sole size: to 24 cm

PLATE XXIII, 134

Solea elongata Day, 1877 Elongate sole size: to 30 cm

Synaptura commersoniana ( Lacepède, 1802) Commersons sole size: to 32 cm - 112 -

BONY FISHES

Species of Soleidae SOLEIDAE

Zebrias quagga Kaup, 1858 Fringefin sebra sole size: to 15 cm

CYNOGLOSSIDAE

Loc. names : Sole (Sin) Muna swasoo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Tonguesoles Fr- Langues Sp - Lenguas

Size : Max.: to 50 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : On muddy bottoms of the continental shelf including estuaries, but some species down to 400 m depth. Feed predominantly on bottom-living invertebrates

Interest to fisheries : Excellent foodfishes. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports

annual catches of Cynoglossus species ranging from 427 t (1980) to 2 474 t (1973) with an average of 996 t. These

figures, however, also include landings of turbot (Psettodes) , Bothidae and Soleidae

Cynoglossus arel (Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms : Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker, 1801)

Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Bal) Brown tonguesole (English)

FAO names : En - Largescale tonguesole Fr - Langue à grandes écailles Sp - Lengua escamuda

Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf. Feeds predominantly on bottom- living invertebrates

- 113 -

BONY FISHES

CYNOGLOSSIDAE

Cynoglossus bilineatus ( Lacepède, 1802)

Synonyms : Cynoglossus quadrilineata (Bleeker, 1851)

Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Ba!)

Fourlined tonguesole (English)

FAO names En - Fourlined tonguesole

Fr - Langue à quatre lignes

Sp - Lengua de cuatro lineas

Size: Max.: 35 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf, down to 80 m depth. Feeds predominantly on bottom-living invertebrates

Cynoglossus dispar Day, 1877

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo ( Bal)

FAO names : En - Roundhead tonguesole

Fr - Langue à tête ronde

Sp - Lengua roma

Size : Max.: 38 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf. Feeds predominantly on bottom-living invertebrates

Cynoglossus dubius Day, 1873

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Carrot tonguesole Fr - Languecarotte

Sp - Lengua zanahoria

Size: Max.: 50 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology :Inhabits sandy and muddy bot-

toms of the continental shelf. Feeds mainly on bottom-living invertebrates - 114 -

BONY FISHES

CYNOGLOSSIDAE

Cynoglossus lachneri Menon, 1977

Synonyms : None

Loc. names: Sole (Sin); Munsa swasoo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Lachners tonguesole

Fr - Langue de Lachner Sp - Lengua de Lachner

Size : Max.: 45 cm; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf. Feeds mainly on bottom-living invertebrates

Other species of Cynoglossidae

Cynoglossus carpenteri Alcock, 1889 Hooked tonguesole size: to 23 cm

Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson, 1846) Speckled tonguesole size: to 18 cm

Paraplagusia bilineata ( Bloch, 1784) Doublelsned tonguesole size: to 30 cm

click for next page

click for previous page - 115 -

BONY FISHES

BALISTIDAE

Abalistes stellatus (Lacepède, 1798) PLATE XXIII, 136

Synonyms Abalistes stellaris (Bloch Schneider, 1801)

Loc. names : Sukura (Sin); Toora, Tooro (Bal)

FAO names : En - Starry triggerfish

Fr - Baliste étoilé Sp - Pejepuerco estrellado

Size : Max.: 60 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Over sandy, weedy bottoms, to 100 m depth. Feeds on benthic animals

Interest to fisheries : Only accidentally caught as bycatch in commercial bottom trawls

MONACANTHIDAE Alutera monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Kakoo (Sin); Pooki (Bal) Yellow-lined leather jacket , Unicorn filefish (En)

FAO names : En - Unicorn leatherjacket Fr - Bourse loulou Sp - Lija barbuda

Size : Max.: 55 cm; common to 40 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : On the continental shelf, down to 50 m depth

Interest to fisheries : Caught as bycatch

TETRAODONTIDAE

Loc. names : Toroo (Sin); Toroo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Pufferfishes Fr - Compères Sp - Tamboriles

Size : Max.: up to 75 cm

Fishing gear : Accidentally caught in bottom trawls and in traps

Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow inshore waters, sometimes entering brackish and fresh waters. They have the ability to inflate them- selves with air or water as a deterrent to predators. In addition, the skin and viscera of several species are poisonous

Interest to fisheries : These fishes are mostly poisonous and are usually avoided - 116 -

BONY FISHES

TRIACANTHIDAE

Loc. names : Khokh (Sin); Pooki (Bal)

FAO names : En - Tripodfishes Fr - Tripodins Sp - Tripodinos

Size : Max.: 30 cm; usually smaller than 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught as bycatch in bottom trawls and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Benthic, occurring on sandy and weed-covered bottoms. Feed on bottom-living invertebrates

Interest to fisheries : These fishes are not used as food and considered as trash fish. They are used for fishmeal

Species of Triacanthidae

Triacanthus biaculeatus ( Bloch, 1786) Short-nosed tripodfish size: to 30 cm

PLATE XXIII, 138

Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer (Cantor, 1849) Long-spined tripodfish size: to 25 cm

PLATE XXIII, 137

click for next page click for previous page - 117 -

SHARKS

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENT (Straight-line distances)

precaudal pit fin dorsal second dorsal fin spine fin fin

interdorsal space keel snout spiracle

caudal caudal peduncle nos- labial anal fin trils folds pelvic fin gill mouth clasper slits (male sex organ)

pectoral length of fin pectoral fin head trunk tail

total lenght (caudal fin depressed to body axis)

Sharks sustain an important fishery in the coastal waters of Pakistan. Species of Galeocerdo , Carcharhinus ,

Scoliodon , Sphyrna , Chiloscyllium , Stegostoma and Triaenodon constitute a considerable part of the commercial catches. The most important aspect of the exploitation of sharks is the extraction of oil from the liver which has, many species, a high content of vitamin A but it is used mainly for smearing boats. Shark fins are exported to in China. The skin of some species is used for polishing (shagreen) or for leather. In the Sind, sharks generally are commercially graded by size, with three differently named groups being recognized: Mangra - small-size, less

- large-size, greater than 140 cm. than 80 cm; Barkali - medium-size, between 80 and 140 cm; and Paggas Fishermen, on the other hand, have more specific names for each species. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of sharks ranging from 8 127 t (1983) to 43 769 t (1973) with an average of 25 763 t. - 118 -

SHARKS ALOPIIDAE

Loc. names : Dummi-mangar (Sin); Dumbi, Mushk (Bal)

FAO names : En - Thresher sharks Fr - Renards Sp - Zorros

Size : Max.: to 500 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : Found in coastal and offshore waters to more than 500 m depth. Ovoviviparous, with 2 to 4 young per litter. Feeds on small fishes and pelagic invertebrates

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are not very often caught

Species of Alopiidae

Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1936 Pelagic thresher size: to 350 cm

dorsal view of head

Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) Bigeye thresher size: to 500 cm - 119 - BONY FISHES CARCHARHINIDAE

Loc. names : Mangra, Barkali (Sin) Nur-mani (Bal)

FAO names : En - Requiem sharks Fr - Requins Sp - Cazones picudos, tiburones, tintoreras

Size : Small to large sharks, some species to more than 600 cm

Fishing gear : Longlines and handlines, drift nets, gilinets, also caught in trawls eye

Habitat and biology : Species of this family are all strong swimmers and occur mainly over the continental shelf, often very close inshore, some species entering river mouths and even fresh waters. Not much is known about habitat and biology of several species. All are voracious predators and feed on a wide variety of organisms. The larger carcharhinids are dangerous to people

Interest to fisheries : Certainly the most important shark family for fisheries in Pakistan, as well as in the whole Yestern Indian Ocean. Mainly used for fishmeal, except for the liver from which oil is extracted. The fins are dried and exported for the oriental sharkfin soup market. Juveniles are marketed fresh

Carcharhinus melanopterus ( Ouoy Gaimard, 1824)

1870) Synonyms Hypoprion playfairi (Günther,

Loc . names : Mangra, Barkal (Sin); Barkali (Bal) Black shark (En) underside of head

FAO names : En - Blacktip reef shark Fr - Requin pointes noires Sp - Tiburón de puntas negras

Size : Max.: 200 cm, most adults less than 160 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly with longlines and gillnets

Habitat and biology : A rather common shark, mainly in inshore shallow waters, including brackish waters. Feeds on small bony fishes, octopuses and small sharks. There have been several reports of attacks on humans, but it should not be considered as a particularly dangerous shark due to its small size

Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes, in Müller Henle, 1839)

Synonyms Carcharhinus bleekeri ( Dumeril, 1865)

Loc. names : Kanatyan, Mangra (Sin); Kanaitor (Bal) Small grey shark (En)

FAO names : En - Spottail shark Fr - Requin tacheté Sp - Tiburón rabo manchado

Size : Max.: to 160 cm

and long- Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets lines

Habitat and biology : A rather common shark, inhabiting the continental shelf from inshore waters to about 140 m depth. Feeds on small bony fishes and cephalopods. Probably not dangerous to people due to its small size - 120 -

SHARKS

CARCHARHINIDAE

Galeocerdo cuvieri (Peron LeSueur, in LeSueur, 1822)

Synonyms : Galeocerdo arcticus (Faber, 1829)

Galeocerdo rayneri McDonald Barron, 1868

Loc. names : Mangra, Mohr (Sin); Nur-mani (Bal) underside of head FAO names : En - Tiger shark

Fr - Requin tigre commun Sp - Tintorera

Size : Max.: at least 650 cm, possibly more than 750 cm; common to 400 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and line gear. Live Pomadasys, Therapon or flesh of ray and eel are used as bait

Habitat and biology : From inshore coastal waters to offshore waters, close to the surface or to the bottom, sometimes entering brackish waters, river mouths and even fresh waters. Ovoviviparous and very prolific, with 10 to more than 80 young in a litter. Mature embryos found in May-June. Very voracious, feeds on a wide variety of animals and also on carrion. Often gulps also undigestable items. Considered as one of the most dangerous sharks because of its occurrence in shallow waters, its large teeth and size, and its indiscriminate appetite

Other species of Carcharhinidae

Carcharinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934) Graceful shark Mangra, Gussi (Sin)

Mussi (Bal) size: to 170 cm

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856)

Greyreef upper tooth shark

Gandan, Kanatyan (Sin)

Gurrin paggas (Bal)

size: to 250 cm

Carcharhinus amboinensis ( Müller Henle 1839) Pigeye shark Mangra, Lon (Sin); Ham (Bal) size: to 280 cm - 121 -

SHARKS

Other species of Carcharhinidae CARCHARHINIDAE

Carcharhinus dussumieri underside of head

(Valenciennes, in Müller Henle, 1839) upper tooth Yhitecheek shark Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) Gusso pishik (Bal) size: to 100 cm

Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron in Müller Henle, 1839) Silky shark upper tooth Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) Kanaitar paggas (Bal) size: to 350 cm

Carcharhinus hemiodon

(Valenciennes, in Müller Henle, 1839) Pondicherry shark Mangra (Sin); Barkali (Bal) size: to 200 cm

upper tooth

Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, in Müller Henle, 1839) Bullshark Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) upper tooth Bargore warook (Bal) size: to 350 cm

PLATE XXIV, 139

Carcharhinus limbatus

Valenciennes, in Müller Henle, 1839) Blacktip shark Mangra, Gandan (Sin) Kalawani kanaitor (Bal) size: to 250 cm Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) Oceanic whitetip shark Mangra, Kanatyan (Sin) Jagri ham (Bal) size: to 350 cm - 122 -

SHARKS

Other species of Carcharhinidae CARCHARHINIDAE

Carcharhinus macloti (Muller Henle, 1839) Hardnose shark underside of head Mangra, Hangor (Sin) Jaroi pishik (Bal) size: to 100 cm

Lamiopsis temmincki (Müller Henle, 1839) Broadfin shark Mangra (Sin); Gusso pishik (Bal) size: to 170 cm

Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell, 1837) Sicklefin lemonshark Mangra (Sin); Jagriham (Bal) size: to 310cm

Glyphis gangeticus ( Müller Henle, 1839)

Synonyms Carcharhinus g angeticus ( Müller Henle, 1839)

Carcharhinus temmincki ( Müller Henle, 1839)

Loc. names : Gandan, Mangra (Sin); Gwareen (Bal) Gangese grey shark (En)

FAO names : En - Ganges shark Fr - Requin du Gange Sp - Tiburón del Ganges

Size : Max.: uncertain, probably over 200 cm

Fishing gear : Probably caught like other sharks of similar habits and habitat, with gillnets and on line gear

Habitat and biology : This species has often been confused with Carcharhinus leucas or other species and for this reason not much is known of its habitat and biology. It is known to occur in inshore waters and to enter river mouths and swim upstream. The feeding habits are also unknown but the large jaws suggest large prey like bony

fishes, other sharks, etc. It has been reported to be dangerous to man but the reports might have actually

referred to C. leucas - 123 -

SHARKS

CARCHARHINIDAE

Loxodon macrorhinus Müller & Henle, 1839 PLATE XXIV, 140

Synonyms Scoliodon acutus ( Rüppell,ü 1837)

Scoliodon ceylonensis Setna Sarangdhar, 1946

Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Tailgo pishik (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sliteye shark Fr - Requin sagrin

Sp - Tiburón ojuelo

Size : Max.: about 90 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line

gear. Occasionally also in bottom trawls eye

Habitat and biology : Found in clear, coastal waters, from 7 to about 80 m depth. Viviparous, number of young per litter usually 2. A harmless shark, feeding on small fishes and crustaceans

Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) PLATE XXIV, 141

Synonyms Scoliodon acutus ( Rüppell, 1837)

Scoliodon palasorra (Bleeker, 1853)

Scoliodon walbeehmi ( Bleeker, 1856)

Loc. names : Mangra, Kamot (Sin); Sorapi pishik (Bal) underside of head

FAO names : En - Milk shark Fr - Requin à museau pointu Sp - Cazón picudo

Size : Max.: to about 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line gear

A very common small shark, found in coastal waters to about 50 m depth, close to the Habitat and biology : surface as well as the bottom. Viviparous, with 2 to 8 young in a litter, size at birth about 30 cm. Feeds on small bony fishes and crustaceans, harmless to people

Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Springer, 1964

(Bleeker, 1853) Synonyms : Scoliodon palasorra

Loc. names : Mangra, Kamot (Sin); Tailgo pishik (Bal) underside of head

FAO names : En - Grey sharpnose shark Fr - Requin aiguille gris Sp - Cazón picudo gris

Size : Max.: to about 60 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and gillnets

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, to about 40 m depth. Feeds on small fishes and invertebrates. Probably harmless to people - 124 -

SHARKS CARCHARHINIDAE Scoliodon laticaudus Muller Henle, 1838

Synonyms Physodon muelleri (Valenciennes, in Müller Henle, 1839) Scoliodon palasorra (Bleeker, 1853T Scoliodon sorrakowa (Bleeker, 1853)

Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Bhambol pishik (Bal)

FAO names : En - Spadenose shark Fr - Reguin épée Sp - Cazón espadachin

Size : Max.: to about 75 cm, but most individuals smaller

Fishing gear : Caught with line gear and gillnets

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters, near the bottom in rocky areas. Viviparous, with 5 to 14 young per

litter, very abundant where it occurs. Forms large schools. Feeds on small schooling fishes, including anchovies, the bombay duck, bregmacerotids, etc. Mature embryos present in June

Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell, 1837)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Mangra, Lone (Sin); Lone (Bal) Light-tip shark (En) underside of head FAO names : En - Whitetip reef shark Fr - Requin corail Sp - Cazón coralero trompacorta

Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm, but most adults below 160 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line gear

Habitat and biology : In coastal clear waters, often in holes and crevices. Viviparous, 1 to 5 young in a litter. Feeds on small fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans. Reported to be dangerous to man. Mature embryos present in May-June

GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE

Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1830)

Synonyms : Nebrius concolor Rüppell, 1837

Ginglymostoma ferrugineum ( Lesson, 1830)

Nebrius doldi Smith, 1953

Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Pishi (Bal) Sluggish shark (En) underside of head

FAO names : En - Tawny nurse shark Fr - Requin-nourrice fauve Sp - Gata riodriza atezada

Size : Max.: 320 cm; common to 250 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and on line gear

Habitat and biology : In coastal waters to about 70 m depth. A sluggish, bottom-living shark, common in lagoons, on sand flats and around coral reefs. Feeds on bottom invertebrates and small fishes

Interest to fisheries : Fins are used for the sharkfin oriental trade and oil is extracted from the liver. The offal is used for fishmeal - 125 -

SHARKS HEMIGALEIDAE

Loc. names : Mangra, Lone (Sin); Lone, Pishi (Bal)

FAO names : En - Weasel sharks Fr - Milandres Sp - Comadrejas

Size : Max.: usually rather small (not much more than 100 cm); H. elongatus said to reach 240 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets , longlines and other line gear

Habitat and biology : These sharks live on the continental shelf, mainly in coastal areas, not deeper than 100 m. Viviparous, with about 4 young per litter. Feed on a variety of small bony fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans and echinoderms

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are commonly caught although their abundance is rather modest. The fins are used for the oriental sharkfin trade and oil is extracted from the liver

Species of Hemigaleidae

upper and lower teeth underside of head

Chaenogaleus macrostoma (Bleeker, 1852) Hooktooth shark Mangra, Lone (Sin); Lone (Bal) size: to 100 cm

Hemipristis elongatus (Klunzinger, 1871) Snaggletooth shark Mangra, Gandan (Sin); Pishi (Bal) size: to 240 cm

HEMISCYLLIIDAE

Loc. names : Kamot, Mangra (Sin); Pishi (Bal)

FAO names : En - Longtail carpetsharks Fr - Requins-cabot Sp - Bamboas

Size : Max.: small sharks, usually less than 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Slow-swimming, bottom-dwelling inshore sharks, feeding on small fishes and invertebrates. Oviparous, eggs are deposited in cases on the bottom

Interest to fisheries : These sharks are among the most abundant along the coast of Pakistan - 126 -

SHARKS HEMISCYLLIIDAE Species of Hemiscylliidae

young

Chiloscyllium griseum Muller Henle, 1839 Grey bambooshark size: at least 75 cm

Chiloscyllium indicum ( Gmelin, 1789) Slender bambooshark size: to 65 cm

LAMNIDAE

Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810

Synonyms : Isurus glaucus (Muller Henle, 1839)

Loc. names : Mangra, Dandani (Sin); Nar manger (Bal)

FAO names : En - Shortfin mako Fr - Taupe bleu Sp - Marrajo dientuso

Size : Max.: 400 cm; common to 270 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and probably also with gillnets and on hook and line

Habitat and biology : An oceanic, as well as coastal species, usually in surface waters and known to leap out of the water. Ovoviviparous, 1 to 6 young in a litter. Feeds on schooling fishes and on larger species, such as tunas and swordfishes. Known to be very dangerous and to attack swimmers and boats

Interest to fisheries : The flesh of this species is renowned for being a delicacy, oil is extracted from the liver because of the high vitamin content, the skin can be processed into leather and the fins used for sharkfin soup

ODONTASPIDIDAE

Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque, 1810)

Synonyms A poorly known species, Eugomphodus tricuspidate (Day, 1878) might be a synonym of E. taurus

Loc. names : Mangra, Dandanee (Sin)

FAO names : En - Sand tigershark Fr - Requin taureau Sp - Toro bacota

Size : Max.: about 318 cm; most adults between 220 and 280 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines, handlines and gillnets

Habitat and biology : A coastal species, living in or near sandy bays. Ovoviviparous, with 1 or 2 young per litter. Feeds on a variety of small fishes, sharks and rays, squid and occasionally crabs and lobsters

Interest to fisheries ; Used m ainly for oil extracted from the liver - 127 -

BONY FISHES

RHINIODONTIDAE

Rhiniodon typus Smith, 1828

Synonyms : Rhincodon typus Smith, 1829

Loc. names : Andhi-mangar (Sin); Baran (Bal)

FAO names : En - Whale shark Fr - Requin baleine Sp - Tiburón ballena

Size : Max.: uncertain, probably to 18 m, but most specimens rarely above 12 m

Fishing gear : Harpoons

Habitat and biology : An epipelagic, oceanic, as well as coastal species, observed well offshore but also close

inshore and entering lagoons. Found individually or forming large schools. It seems to prefer areas with upwelling waters, probably because of the more favorable conditions for the production of plankton. Not much is known about its development. Egg cases of football size are deposited and the eggs hatch when the young is over 35 cm long. Filter-feeder, feeds on a wide variety of planktonic and nektonic organisms (crustaceans, schooling fishes, anchovies, sardines and squid)

Interest to fisheries : Although this species can weigh several tonnes, the flesh is not used for human consumption. Oil is extracted from the liver and used for smearing boats

SCYLIORHINIDAE

Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett, 1830)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Mangra (Sin); Tikki pishi (Bal)

FAO names : En - Marbled catshark Fr - Chien corail Sp - Pintarroja coral

Size : Max.: about 70 cm

Fishing gear : Probably caught with line gear and gillnets

Habitat and biology : Found in lnshore waters. Oviparous

Like other sharks, is used mainly for fishmeal and oil Interest to fisheries :

SPHYRNIDAE

Buther (adult); Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); Kanti (juv.)(Bal)

FAO names : En - Hammerhead sharks Fr - Requins marteau Sp - Cornudas

Size : Max.: medium to large sized, some species to more than 600 cm underside of head

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and longlines

Mainly in surface waters, the adults of most species are semi-oceanic while the young are Habitat and biology :

Reported to be dangerous to man found close inshore. Feed on bony fishes, sharks and rays.

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are abundant in Pakistan and sustain rather important fisheries. They are used mainly for extracting oil which seems to have a high content of vitamin A - 128 -

SHARKS

SPHYRNIDAE

Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier, 1817:

Synonyms : Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier, 1817)

Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); Buther, Dokzai, Dokan (Bal) underside of head Arrow-headed shark (En)

FAO names : En - Winghead shark Fr - Requin marteau planeur Sp - Cornuda planeadora

Size : Max.: about 150 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and longlines

Habitat and biology : Mainly in inshore waters. Vivipa- rous, with 6 to 11 young per litter

Sphyrna lewini (Cuvier, Griffith Smith, 1834)

Synonyms : Sphyrna diplana Springer, 1941

Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); underside of head

Bhuther, Alwandi , Kanti (juv.)(Bal)

FAO names : En - Scalloped hammerhead Fr - Requin marteau halicorne Sp - Cornuda común

Size : Max.: 420 cm; common to 360 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with gillnets and longlines. Flesh of rays and eels are used as bait

Habitat and biology : An offshore and semi-oceanic species, often encountered in inshore waters and estuaries, probably in search of food. Viviparous, number of young per litter up to 30. Feeds on small pelagic fishes, other

sharks and rays and also in invertebrates. Adults considered to be dangerous to man. The most common hammerhead in the area

Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell , 1837)

Synonyms : Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822)

underside of head Loc. names : Julia-mangar (Sin); Buther, Maish, Katial (medium) (Bal)

FAO names : En - Great hammerhead Fr - Grand requin marteau

Sp - Cornuda gigante

Size : Max.: 600 cm, but possibly more; common to about 360 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with longlines and gillnets

Habitat and biology : A coastal, as well as semi-oceanic species. Viviparous, with 18 to 38 young per litter. Feeds on bony fishes, other sharks, rays, squids and lobsters - 129 -

SHARKS

STEGOSTOMATIDAE

Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783)

Synonyms Steqostoma varium (Seba, 1758)

Stegostoma tygrinus or tigrinus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Loc. names Billi, Pusuni (Sin)

Pishi (Bal)

FAO names : En - Zebra shark Fr - Requin zèbre

Sp - Tiburón acebrado

Size : Max.: to more than 300 cm, but most specimens much smaller

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, gillnets and longlines young

Habitat and biology : An inshore shark, found near the bottom or on coral reefs. Oviparous, eggs are deposited

in oblong cases. Feeds mainly on molluscs but also on small fishes

Interest to fisheries : Quite common, but not particularly abundant. It is used for fishmeal, oil and the fins are dried for the oriental sharkfin trade

TRIAKIDAE

Loc. names : Mangra, Kari-mangar (Sin);

Chao, Zaid (Bal)

FAO names : En - Houndsharks, smoothhounds

Fr - Requins-hâ , emissoles

Sp - Cazones, musolas

Size : Small sharks, usually smaller than 100 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in bottom trawls, with gillnets and on line gear

Habitat and biology : Bottom-living sharks, found on the continental shelf, as well as in deeper waters, possibly to 2,200 m depth. Viviparous, feed on small bottom-living invertebrates and small fishes

Not particularly abundant. If caught, used for fishmeal and oil. The fins are dried for the Interest to fisheries : oriental sharkfin trade

Species of Triakidae

Mustelus mosis Hemprich Heremberg, 1899 Iago omanensis (Norman, 1939)

Kari-mangar (Sin); Zaid (Bal) Mangra (Sin); Chao (Bal)

Bigeye houndshark Arabian smoothhound

size: to 60 cm size: to 106 cm

click for next page click for previous page - 131 -

BATOID FISHES

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USED (Straight-line distances only)

thorns of median row spiracle

pelvic fin, anterior lobe orbit pelvic fin, posterior lobe clasper of males 1st dorsal fin 2nd dorsal fin caudal fin

lateral tail fold lenght of snout, preorbital

axil of pectoral fin Upper side of a typical skate length of disc

lenght of snout, preoral

anus

width of disc

nasal length of tail apertures

mouth

Lower side of a typical skate

gill slits

The batoid fishes constitute an important part of the commercial catches of Pakistan. Oil is extracted from the liver of some species and used mainly for smearing boats. They are not consumed as food but used mainly for fishmeal. - 132 -

BATOID FISHES

DASYATIDAE

Loc. names : Pittan (Sin); Pittan (Bal)

FAO names : En - Stingrays, whiprays Fr - Pastenagues Sp - Rayas latigo

Size : Variable, may reach more than 200 cm disc width

Fishing gear : Caught with lines, harpoons and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Stingrays are found mainly in shallow waters, including lagoons, river mouths and mangrove areas. Some species enter fresh waters. All species are ovoviviparous. The spines present on the tail can be rather dangerous and can inflict painful wounds which may take a long time to heal

Interest to fisheries : Not locally consumed, but the flaps are dried for export or used for fishmeal. Oil is extracted from the liver but the quality is said to be rather low. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches of stingrays ranging from 10 116 t (1983) to 49 017 t (1982), with an average of 29 600 t

Species of Dasyatidae

Dasyatis kuhlii (Miller Henle, 1841)

Pittan (Sin) Dasyatis zugei ( Miller Henle, 1841)

Chittipittan, Pittan, Phulano (Bal) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan (Bal) - 133 -

BATOID FISHES

Species of Dasyatidae

Himantura bleekeri (Blyth, 1800) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan, Gore dum (Bal) Himantura qerrardi (Gray, 1851) size: to more than 100 cm (disc width) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan (Bal)

Himantura imbricata (Bloch Schneider, 1801) Pittan (Sin); Uthar pittan (Bal) size: to 25 cm (disc width)

Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775) Himantura walga Pittan (Sin); Gara; Garamari (Bal) (Müller Henle, 1841) Pittan (Sin); Uther pittan (Bal) - 134 -

BATOID FISHES DASYATIDAE

Species of Dasyatidae

Hypolophus sephen (Forsskål, 1775) Taeniura lymna (Forsskål, 1775) Pittan (Sin); Pittan (Bal) Pittan (Sin); Pittan dum (Bal)

Taeniura melanospilos Bleeker, 1853 Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch Schneider, 1801) Pittan (Sin); Pittan, Limpmi garamari (Bal) Pittan (Sin); Pittan (Bal) - 135 -

BATOID FISHES GYMNURIDAE

Loc. names : Pittan (Sin); Pappo (Bal)

FAO names : En - Butterfly rays Fr - Raies-papillon Sp - Rayamariposas

Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm disc width

Fishing gear : Caught with lines and in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Usually found on sandy and muddy bottoms in shallow coastal waters, including estuaries and river mouths. Ovovivi- parous, feed mainly on crustaceans and clams

Interest to fisheries : Not locally consumed, but dried for export or used for fishmeal

Aetoplatea tentaculata Müller Henle, 1841 Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804)

MOBULIDAE

Loc. names : Karunj (Sin); Kareenaij (Bal)

FAO names : En - Devil rays, mantas Fr - Diables de mer, mantes Sp - Diablitos, mantas

Size : Max.: over 700 cm disc width

Fishing gear : Caught with line gear, harpoons and in trawls. Larger specimens known to pull a boat for several miles when hooked or harpooned

Habitat and biology : Pelagic and highly migratory, swimming at the surface by flapping their large wing-like pectoral fins and occasionally leaping out of the water. Usually over the continental shelf. They are mainly planktonic feeders, but also feed on small schooling fishes. Ovoviviparous

Interest to fisheries : Not used for food but mainly for fishmeal. Oil is extracted from the liver and used for smearing boats - 136 -

BATOID FISHES

MOBULIDAE Species of Mobulidae

underside of head

Manta species

Mobula diabola (Shaw, 1804) * Mobula japanica (Müller Henle, 1841) is also likely to occur in Pakistan. It can be distinguished from M. diabola for the presence of a stinging spine at base of tail

MYLIOBATIDAE

Loc. names : Karunj, Ghido (Sin); Chombo, Mulla pittan, Golat pittan (Bal)

FAO names : En - Eagle rays Fr - Aigles de mer Aetobatus Aetomylaeus, Myliobatis Sp - Aguilas, chuchos arrangement of teeth in upper jaw

Size : Max.: up to 250 cm disc width

Fishing gear : Caught with hook and line, harpoons and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Quick and active swimmers, capable of travelling long distances, usually over the continental shelf. All species are ovoviviparous and the newly-born closely resemble their parents. Although often observed leaping out of the water, they sometimes swim in groups close to the bottom where they feed on crustaceans and on hard-shelled molluscs

Interest to fisheries : Although species of this family are rather common and abundant, they are not locally used for food, but mainly processed fishmeal. The oil extracted from the liver is used for smearing boats

click for next page click for previous page - 137 -

BATOID FISHES

Species of Myliobatidae MYLIOBATIDAE

Aetobatus narinari (Blainville, 1816) Karunj (Sin); Chombo (Bal)

Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch Schneider, 1801) Ghido (Sin); Golat pittan (Bal)

lateral view of head

Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray, 1834)

Ghido (Sin); Mulla pittan (Bal)

Myliobatis species

Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch Schneider, 1801) also occurs in Pakistan waters. Like A. narinari has a single series of teeth in each jaw, but it can be distinguished from this species for having a uniform colour pattern - 138 -

BATOID FISHES

NARCINIDAE

Loc. names : Ghido (Sin); Botan (Bal)

FAO names : En - Electric rays Fr - Trembleurs Sp - Tembladores

Size : Max.: at least 50 cm total length

Fishing gear : Only occasionally caught as bycatch

Habitat and biology : Mainly in shallow coastal

waters. Electric organs are used to stun the

prey. The electrical discharge can be rather strong under water, but it cannot be perceived out of the water

Interest to fisheries : Not often caught

Species of Narcinidae

Narcine timlei (Bloch Schneider, 1801) Ghido, Botan

Two additional species occur in Pakistan: Narcine indica Henle, 1834 and N. brunnea Annadale, 1909, which can

be distinguised from N. timlei by having pectoral margins overlapping the anterior part of the pelvic fins and a plain coloured upper side of disc, respectively

NARKIDAE

Narke dipteryqia (Bloch Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms : Narcine dipteryqia Henle, 1834

Astrape dipterygia Müller Henle, 1841

Narce dipterygia Chabanaud, 1926

Loc. names : Ghido (Sin); Botan (Bal) Numb-fish (En)

FAO names : En - Numbray Fr - Sp -

Size : Max.: at least 30 cm total length

Fishing gear : Only occasionally caught as bycatch

Habitat and biology : In shallow coastal waters. The electric organs present on disc are used to stun the prey

Interest to fisheries : Not often caught - 139 -

BATOID FISHES

PRISTIDAE

Loc. names : Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Chaiti (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sawfishes

Fr - Poissons -scie Sp - Pejesierras

Size : Max.: to more than 500 cm total length

Fishing gear : Frequently caught with longlines and bottom trawls, mainly as bycatch

Habitat and biology : Mainly in inshore waters, including estuaries and river mouths, as well as in fresh water.

They prefer sandy or muddy bottoms and are rarely found in waters deeper than 10 m. Ovoviviparous, feed on various bottom-dwelling organisms and small schooling fishes. The toothed snout is used for feeding purposes and there have been reports of serious injuries to unlucky bathers

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family are quite common in Pakistan. Their liver oil has a high content of vitamin A. The saw is reported to be used by some fishermen for religious purposes

Species of Pristidae

Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham, 1794) Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Chaiti, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal)

Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794

Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal)

Pristis pristis Linnaeus, 1758

Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal)

Pristis zisjron Bleeker, 1851

Khari-mangar, Lair, Lairo (Sin) Suddo, Blundo (Jiwani area)(Bal) - 140 -

BATOID FISHES AJIDAE

FAO names : En - Skates Fr - Raies Sp - Rayas

Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm total length

Fishing gear : Not reported to be caught in Pakistan, probably because of their occurrence in deep waters

Habitat and biology : Most rays occurring in Pakistan are deep-

water species (to about 1,500 m depth). One species, Raja

( Okamejei ) powelli Alcock, 1898, is likely to occur on the

deeper part of the continental shelf and upper slope. Ovipa- rous, feed on various bottom-dwelling organisms

Interest to fisheries : Presently not exploited

RHINOBATIDAE

Loc. names : Kair (Sin); Zahro, Palore (Bal)

FAO names : En - Guitarfishes Fr - Poissons-guitares Sp - Guitaras

Size : Max.: to more than 200 cm total length

Fishing gear : Caught with line gear, and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Guitarfishes live on sandy or muddy bottoms in shallow coastal waters, including brackish and freshwaters. Feed on various bottom-dwelling invertebrates

Interest to fisheries : Species of this family may be caught in large quantities and together with other batoid fishes, they constitute a considerable part of the commercial catches

Species of Rhinobatidae

Rhinobatos annandalei Norman, 1926 underside of head Kair (Sin); Zahro (Bal)

PLATE XXIV, 142

Rhinobatos qranulatus Cuvier, 1829 Kair (Sin); Zahro (Bal) - 141 -

BATOID FISHES

Species of Rhinobatidae RHINOBATDAE

Rhinobatos halavi (Forsskål, 1775)

Kair (Sin); Palore (Bal)

Rhinobatos thouini (Lacepède, 1798)

Kair (Sin); Palore (Bal)

RHINOPTERIDAE

Rhinoptera j avanica Muller Henle, 1841

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kair (Sin); Dolant pittan (Bal)

FAO names : En - Javanese cownose ray Fr - Mourine javanaise

Sp - Gavilán javanés

Size : Known to reach 150 cm, but possibly reaching larger sizes

Fishing gear : Caught in shore seines, setnets and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Gregarious, often occurring in large numbers

Interest to fisheries : Not known

RHYNCHOBATIDAE

Loc. names : Matyabyllia (Sin); Kobayyadri, Baradri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Wedgefishes Fr - Poissons-paille Sp - Peces cuña

Size : Max.: to at least 180 cm

Fishing gear : Caught with line gear and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Sluggish, bottom-living fishes, on sandy and muddy bottoms of shallow

coastal waters. Feeds on a wide variety of bottom-dwelling animals

Interest to fisheries : Although there is no special fishery for these species, they are rather commonly caught and constitute, together with other batoid fishes, a considerbly part of the commercial catches - 142 -

BATOID FISHES

Species of Rhynchobatidae RHYNCHOBATIDAE

Rhina ancylostoma Bloch Schneider, 1801 Matyabyllia (Sin) Kabayyadri, Kohbaradri, Baradri (Bal) PLATE XXIV, 143

Rhynchobatus djeddensis (Forsskål, 1775) Muchcho (Sin); Khail (Bal)

TORPEDINIDAE

Loc. names : Ghido (Sin); Tikki bhotan (Bal)

FAO names : En - Torpedos Fr - Torpilles Sp - Torpedos

Size : Most species less than 100 cm total length

Fishing gear : Caught as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : Mainly in shallow, inshore waters, over soft bottoms, often buried in sand or mud. Feed on various bottom-living invertebrates but also on fishes. Two well-developed and powerful electric organs flank the head along its entire length and are used to stun the prey

Interest to fisheries : Not often caught

Species of Torpedinidae

Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831 Ghido (Sin) Tikki bhotan (Bal)

Two additional species have been recorded from Pakistan: Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855 and T. panther

Olfers, 1831. They can be distinguished from T. sinuspersici for having 6 or 7 spiracular tentacles and the rear end of the first dorsal fin base at level of, or anterior to, rear end of pelvic fin bases

click for next page

click for previous page - 143 -

LOBSTERS TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS

antennal antennular peduncle flagella

leg 2 leg 1 leg 3 antennular peduncle leg 4 fontal horn eye antennular plate

lenght antennal of flagellum carapace leg 5

body lenght transverse grooves abdominal lenght segments of tail

tail fan

telson uropods general shape (dorsal view) of a spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.Xno rostrum, no pincers) rostrum transverse grooves eye lateral rostral antennal spines spine pleura of 2nd and 3rd segments postrostral cervical abdominal spines groove appendages (pleopods)

tail fan uropods

telson carapace (dorsal view) of a lobsterette (Metanephrops sp.) tail (abdomen) in lateral view

Lobster fisheries are only of moderate importance in Pakistan. Two species, Panulirus polyphagus and P. ornatus have greatest commercial value. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83 reports annual catches of lobsters ranging from 48 t (1980) to 805 t (1983), with an average of 172 t - 144 -

LOBSTERS

PALINURIDAE

Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius, 1798)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal)

FAO names : En - Ornate spiny lobster Fr - Langouste ornée antennular plate Sp - Langosta ornamentada

Size : Max.: 50 cm body length; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Caught in beach seines and bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Inhabits shallow coastal waters from 1 to 8 m depth, including river mouths and coral reefs, on various types of bottoms. Lives solitary or in pairs

Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793)

Synonyms : Panulirus fasciatus (Fabricius, 1798)

Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal)

FAO names : En - Mud spiny lobster Fr - Langouste de vase Sp - Langosta fanguera antennular plate

Size : Max.: 37 cm body length; common to 25 cm

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in bottom trawls and in beach seines

Habitat and biology : Found on muddy bottoms, in turbid waters, often close to river mouths. Reported in depths from 3 to 90 m. This species is the most common lobster in Pakistan waters - 145 -

LOBSTERS

PALINURIDAE Panulirus versicolor (Latreille, 1804)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal)

FAO names : En - Painted spiny lobster Fr - Langouste barriolée Sp - Langosta colorete

Size : Max.: about 40 cm body length; common to 30 cm

Fishing gear : Only accidentally caught as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : Found in shallow waters, to about 15 m depth in areas with clear, strong-flowing waters. A nocturnal and gregarious species, during daytime hides in deep caverns and cavities in the rocks

Puerulus sewelli Ramadan, 1938

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka, Khadda kikka (Bal)

FAO names : En - Whip lobster Fr - Langouste fouet

Sp - Langosta de fusta

Size : Max.: about 20 cm body length

Fishing gear : Only taken by deepsea trawls

Habitat and biology : Known to occur in depths between 180 and 1,300 m depth, but most common between 180 and 300 m, on coarse sand, mud or shell bottoms - 146 -

LOBSTERS

SCYLLARIDAE

Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kikat (Sin); Kikka (Bal)

FAO names : En - Flathead locust lobster Fr - Cigale raquette Sp - Cigarro chato

Size : Max.: about 25 cm body length

Fishing gear : Taken accidentally in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Found on sandy or muddy

bottoms between 8 and 70 m depth, usually between 10 and 50

click for next page

click for previous page

- 147 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

TECHNICAL TERMS

longitudinal suture antennal flagellum

transverse suture 1 to 6 abdominal segments (or somites) rostrum flagella carapace

antennula

antenna dorsal crest telson

pleopods tail uropod fan

pereopods or legs

epigastric (or 1st rostral teeth rostral) tooth apical portion postorbital spine suprahepatic spin (tip) antennal crest cervical groove hepatic spine rostrum orbito-antennal groove epatic crest

orbital margin

gastrofrontal crest gastrofrontal groove gastro-orbital crest carapace (lateral view)

median groove postrostral crest adrostral groove adrostral crest

non-grooved carapace carapace (dorsal view)

spines spines fixed movable types of spined telsons

- 148 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE

FAO names : En - Penaeid shrimps, pennies prawns Fr - Crevettes, crevettes chamois, crevettes royales Sp - Camarones peneiedo s, gambas

Size : Max.: to more than 30 cm total length, but most species much smaller

Fishing gear : Various kinds of seines, stake-

nets and castnets, used in shallow waters, and trawlers in offshore waters

Habitat and biology : Benthic, living on a large variety of bottoms such as rock, mud, sand, etc. In the genus Penaeus spawning takes place offshore, at depths between 10 and 80 m. Females bear sperm sacs attached to the thelycum (genital modification between the last pair of walking legs) which are used when the eggs are shed. After fertilization, the eggs hatch in a few hours. The planktonic larvae are carried by currents toward the shore where they arrive after about 3 weeks, at a size of 6 to 14 mm. Further development to the adult stage takes place in brackish waters, river mouths, creeks, mangrove areas and the cycle is completed with migration to offshore waters for spawning.

Interest to fisheries : This family contains the greatest number of commercially important species of shrimps in Pakistan, as well as worldwide. The fishery is carried out in shallow waters from October to March, while in

July, August and September shrimps and prawns are caught in creeks and backwaters. Most of the catches are frozen for export to the USA and European markets. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports catches of peneid shrimps and prawns ranging from 15 829 t (1974) to 30 000 t (1981), with an average of 22 285 t

Metapenaeus affinis (H.Milne Edwards, 1837)

Synonyms : Metapenaeus mutatus (Lanchester, 1901) Metapenaeus alcocki George Rao, 1968

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Kalri, Madak (Bal)

FAO names : En - Jinga shrimp Fr - Crevette jinga

Sp - Camarón jinga

Size : 15 cm (males) and 19 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with shrimp trawls offshore, and seines, stakenets and other types of artisanal gear in shallow inshore waters

Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 60 m depth (sometimes deeper) on mud and sandy-mud bottoms. Juveniles inhabit estuarine areas and backwaters

petasma, ventral view thelycum - 149 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE

Metapenaeus brevicornis (H.Milne Edwards, 1837)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira, Lassa (Bal)

FAO names : En - Yellow shrimp Fr - Crevette jaune. Sp - Camarón amarillo

Size : 10 cm (males) and 13 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with stakenets, traps, castnets and other types of artisanal gear; also in trawls

Habitat and biology : A marine to almost freshwater species, on sandy or muddy bottoms to about 40 m depth, but also reported in depths of 90 m. Juveniles are found in estuaries, creeks and backwaters

petasma, ventral view thelycum

Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Kalri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Speckled shrimp Fr - Crevette mouchetée Sp - Camarón moteado

Size : 15 cm (males) and 20 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with shrimp trawls in offshore waters, and seines, stakenets, castnets and other types of artisanal gear in inshore and nearshore waters

Habitat and biology : From the coastline to 70 m depth, but also reported from 170 m depth, on sandy, mud or silt bottoms. Juve- niles inhabit estuaries, backwaters and inshore waters. Breeds in deeper waters off Karachi and Somniani Bay, during winter and spring (February to May)

- 150 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE Metapenaeus stebbingi Nobili, 1904

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Kalri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Peregrine shrimp Fr - Crevette fauçon

Sp - Camarón peregrino

Size : 11 cm (males) and 14 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught in trawls in deeper waters, and with seines, stakenets, castnets and other types of artisanal gear in shallow, inshore waters

Habitat and biology : Found from the shore to about 90 m depth on sandy or muddy bottoms. Juveniles are found nearshore

merus of fifth petasma, telson pereopod (male) ventral view thelycum

Parapenaeopsis hardwickii ( Miers, 1878)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kiddi (Sin); Kalri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Spear shrimp Fr - Crevette javelot Sp - Camarón lanzón

Size : 11 cm (males) and 14 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught in trawls, stakenets, seines and other types of artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 90 m depth, on mud, sandy-mud or sandy bottoms - 151 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE

Parapenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller, 1862)

Synonyms : Parapenaeopsis affinis sensu Hall, 1962 rostrum in large males

Loc. names : Kiddi (Sin); Kalri (Bal) Tiger shrimp (English)

FAO names : En - Rainbow shrimp Fr - Crevette arc-en-ciel

Sp - Camarón arco iris

Size : 11 cm (males) and 17 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with stakenets, seines and in trawls

Habitat and biology : In shallow waters, from the coastline to 40 m depth on sandy, mud or mixed bottoms

Parapenaeopsis stylifera (H.Milne Edwards, 1837)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kiddi (Sin); Kiddi, Madak (Bal)

FAO names : En - Kiddi shrimp Fr - Crevette kidi Sp - Camarón kidi

Size : 12 cm (males) and 15 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with seines, stakenets and in trawls

Habitat and biology : Most common from the coastline to 50 m depth, but also occurring to 90 m depth, on mud or sandy-mud bottoms. The entire life cycle takes place at sea. Breeding occurs in February and March

telson petasma, ventral view - 152 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE

Panaeus ( Melicertus) canaliculatus (Oliver, 1811)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Madak (Bal)

FAO names : En - Witch prawn Fr - Crevette sorcière Sp - Camarón brujo

Size : 15 cm (males) and 18 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with stakenets and bagnets, possibly also in trawls

Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 50 m depth, also in estuaries and backwaters

Penaeus ( Marsupenaeus ) japonicus Bate, 1888

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin);

Kalri, Pata patti ( Kalmat area) (Bal)

FAO names : En - Kuruma shrimp Fr - Crevette kuruma Sp - Camarón kuruma

Size : 20 cm (males) and 24 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught in trawls, driftnets and stakenets

Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 50m depth on sandy bottoms. Adults bury in the substrate during daytime - 153 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE

Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus ) indicus H.Milne Edwards, 1837

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira (Bal)

FAO names : En - Indian white shrimp

Fr - Crevette royale blanche (des Indes)

Sp - Camarón bianco de la India

Size : 18 cm (males) and 23 cm (females) maximum total length

Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 90 m depth but most common to 30 m, over sandy or mud bottoms

Penaeus ( Fenneropenaeus ) marguiensis De Man, 1888

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira (Bal)

FAO names : En - Banana shrimp

Fr - Crevette banane Sp - Camarón banana

Size : 20 cm (males) and 24 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught mainly in trawls, shrimp driftnets, set gillnets, stakenets, seines, scoopnets and other types of artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 50 m depth, but most abundant to 20 m, on sandy and sandy-mud bottoms. Pre- fers turbid waters. This species together with P. penicillatus is by far the most important in Pakistan. Breeding occurs in deeper waters from December to April - 154 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE

Penaeus ( Penaeus) monodon Fabricius , 1798

Synonyms : Penaeus bubulus Kubo , 1949

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Tiger madak, Kalri (Bal) Tiger shrimp (En)

FAO names : En - Giant tiger shrimp Fr - Crevette géante tigrée

Sp - Camarón tigre gigante

Size : 27 cm (males) and 34 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, seines, stakenets, traps, etc.

Habitat and biology : From the coastline to about 150 m depth, occasionally in deeper waters. Large concentrations are found at about 60 m, on mud or sand. Juveniles in mangrove swamps, estuaries and backwaters

Penaeus ( Fenneropenaeus ) penicillatus Alcock, 1905

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Jaira (Sin); Jaira (Bal)

FAO names : En - Red tail prawn Fr - Crevette queue rouge Sp - Camarón colorado

Size : 16 cm (males) and 21 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and seines (adults) and scoopnets and other artisanal gear (juveniles and subadults)

Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to 90 m depth, but most abundant in shallow waters near the shore, on sandy and mud bottoms. Breeding occurs in October to May - 155 -

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

PENAEIDAE Penaeus (Penaeus) semisulcatus DeHaan, 1844

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Jaira (Bal)

FAO names : En - Green tiger prawn

Fr - Crevette tigrée verte

Sp - Camarón tigre verde

Size : 18 cm (males) and 23 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls and drift-

nets, seines, stakenets and other types of artisanal gear

Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 130 m depth, but most abundant to 60 m depth on mud, sandy-mud or sandy-grit bottoms. Buries in the substrate during daytime. Breeding occurs in January to May

SOLENOCERIDAE

Solenocera crassicornis (H.Milne Edwards, 1837)

Synonyms : Solenocera indica Nataraj, 1945

Solenocera subnuda Kilo, 1949

Loc. names : Kalri (Sin); Madak (Bal)

FAO names : En - Coastal mud shrimp

Fr - Salicoque des vases côtières Sp - Camarón fanguero de orilla

Size : 9 cm (males) and 14 cm (females) maximum total length

Fishing gear : Caught with trawls, stakenets and seines

Habitat and biology : Found from the coastline to about 80 m depth, but most common to 20 m depth on muddy bottoms

telson

click for next page

click for previous page - 157 -

TRUE CRABS

TECHNICAL TERMS

hand palm dactyl

1 antennule rostrum antenna eye 2

walking legs 1 to 4

lateral spine

carapace

abdomen

dorsal view 4

telson

thoracic sternites

abdomen of female abdomen of male

ventral view

Crabs are not exploited in Pakistan at present because of the low demand. Some species, however, have a high nutritional value and seem to be abundant enough to have a potential commercial value - 158 -

CRABS

PORTUNIDAE

Charybdis feriata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms Charybdis cruciata (Herbst, 1794)

Loc. names : Kekra (Sin); Kukri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Coral crab Fr - Crabe corail Sp - Cangrejo de coral

Size : Max.: to 16 cm carapace width

Fishing gear : Caught accidentally in bottom trawls

Habitat and biology : Found in waters from 5 to 15 m depth, over sandy or muddy bottoms, but also in deeper waters, on hard bottoms

Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Neptunus pelagicus (Linnaeus , 1758)

Loc. names : Kekra (Sin); Kukri, Googoo tanga (Bal)

FAO names : En - Blue swimming crab Fr -. Etrille bleue SP - Jaiba azul

Size : Max.: almost to 20 cm carapace width

Fishing gear : No special fishery, only occasionally caught by hand, in the littoral zone, or by hook and line and nets in deeper waters

Habitat and biology : A coastal marine species (in waters to about 40 m depth) also found in brackish waters, estuaries and lagoons. Mainly pelagic, swims close to the bottom hiding in the sand in case of danger. Usually

found on sandy or sandy-mud bottoms. The largest specimens are usually in deeper waters. Sexual maturity is attained at about 11 cm carapace width in females, at 10 cm in males. Males seem to attain a larger size than the females. There is a strong sexual dimorphism, the males having much longer chelipeds and first pair of walking legs, and bright blue carapace and legs, while the females are more drably coloured. Carnivorous, feeds on various fishes and invertebrates.

Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1796)

Synonyms None

Loc. names : Kekra (Sin);

Kukri, Googoo tanga (Bal)

FAO names : En - Redspot swimming crab Fr - Etrille tache rouge SP - Jaiba colorete

Size : Max.: to 18 cm carapace width

Fishing gear : No special fishery, only occasionally caught by hand, in shallow waters, or as bycatch in gillnets and trawls in deeper waters

Habitat and biology : A marine species, inhabiting waters from 3 to 30 m depth, over sandy or sandy-mud bottoms. Also found in brackish waters. Swims to the surface at night. Reproduction seems to take place, quite irregularly, all year long. Feeds on fishes and various invertebrates - 159 -

CRABS PORTUNIDAE

Scylla serrata (Forsskål , 1775)

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Khakua (Sin); Kukri (Bal)

FAO names : En - Indo-Pacific swamp crab Fr - Crabe des palétuviers Sp - Cangrejo de manglares

Size : Max.: 20 cm carapace width

Fishing gear : No special fishery, occasionally caught by hand or with hooks

Habitat and biology : A coastal marine species, also living in brackish waters, estuaries, mangrove areas and even

in fresh water. Spawning takes place at sea in inshore waters. The females are usually smaller than the males and shed about 2 million eggs. The juveniles migrate into river mouths and swim upstream searching for food and

shelter. This species lives in holes excavated in muddy or sandy-mud bottoms. Feeds on shrimp, small fishes, molluscs and small crabs. It has also been observed feeding on carrion, seaweeds and small fragments of wood

Other species of Crabs

all Kekra (Sin); Kukri (Bal)

Charybdis callianassa ( Herbst, 1789) (Family: PORTUNIDAE)

Mutula lunaris (Forsskål, 1775) Matuta planipes Fabricius Family: CALAPPIDAE) Family: CALAPPIDAE)

click for next page click for previous page - 161 - CEPHALOPODS

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS

1 2 3

4 suckers arms

tentacle

funnel groove carpus (fixing apparaus) head

funnel manus funnel-mantle fusion funnel locking cartilage mantle locking cartilage

mantle dactylus photophores

fin

lamellae fin lenght

modified portion tail

mantle lenght

a composite diagram illustrating basic squid (teuthoid) features normal suckers ventral view

example of hectocotylized arm in male (lllex)

arm I (dorsal)

Although cuttlefishes, squids and octopuses are rather common in Pakistan waters, they are not commercially

exploited and they occur in the catches as bycatch of other fisheries. The Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan (1973-83) reports annual catches ranging from 49 t (1982) to 152 t (1983)

- 162 -

CEPHALOPODS

tentacular club

stalk medial suckers 3 2 1 (moderately 4 enlarged)

hectocotylus

tentacular club

mantle funnel

fin

modified portion

spine

diagram of basic cuttlefish features hectocotylus (ventral view)

mantle length

dorsal eye mantle

suckers

funnel ventral

total length

diagram of basic octopus features (lateral view) - 163 -

CEPHALOPODS

LOLIGINIDAE Loligo duvauceli Orbigny, 1848

Synonyms : Loligo oshimai Sasaki, 1929

Loligo indica Pfeffer, 1884

Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Indian squid Fr - Calmar indien

Sp - Calamar indico

Size : Max.: 29 cm mantle length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, taken as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : A neritic species, living in waters

between 30 and 170 m depth. Forms large aggregations

during the spawning season. Spawning takes place throughout the year, but peaks are recorded when the

water temperature increases. The smallest sexually mature individuals are about one year old. Feeds on crustaceans, fishes and squids

Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830

Synonyms : Sepioteuthis sieboldi Joubin, 1898

Sepioteuthis malayana Wülker, 1913

Sepioteuthis krempfi Robson, 1928

Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Bigfin reef squid

Fr - Calmar tonnelet Sp - Calamar manopla

Size : Max.: 36 cm dorsal mantle length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : A neritic species, found from the surface to about 100 m depth. Finger-shaped egg capsules are attached to twigs, rocks, seaweeds, etc., in coastal waters. Sexual maturity is attained at the age of 10 to 14 months in males and from 12 to 17 months in females. Feeds primarily on shrimps and fishes - 164 -

CEPHALOPODS

OCTOPODIDAE

Octopus aegina Gray, 1849

Synonyms : Octopus kagoshimensis Ortmann, 1888

Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Sandbird octopus

Fr - Poulpe des sables Sp - Pulpo reticulado

Size : Max.: 30 cm total length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : A bottom-living species, found on the continental shelf from 30 to 120 m depth

tip of hectocotylized dorsal view right arm III of male

Octopus cyaneus Gray, 1849

Synonyms : Octopus marmoratus Hoyle, 1885

Octopus horsti Joubin, 1898

Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Big blue octopus Fr - Gros poulpe bleu Sp - Pulpo azulón

Size : Max.: 120 cm total length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : A bottom-living species, found

i n shallow coastal waters. Unlike other octopuses, this species is active during daytime

dorsal view

lateral view tip of hectocotylized of body and head right arm III of male - 165 -

CEPHALOPODS OCOPODIDAE

Octopus macropus Risso, 1826

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - White-spotted octopus Fr - Poulpe tacheté Sp - Pulpo manchado

Size : Max.: 150 cm total length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught accidentally as bycatch

Habitat and biology : A bottom-dwelling, shallow- water species, with a lifespan of about 1 year. Feeds on crustaceans, molluscs and fishes

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Common octopus Fr - Pieuvre Sp - Pulpo común

Size : Max.: 130 cm total length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, only accidentally caught as bycatch

Habitat and biology : Lives on various habitats, from the coastline to the edge of the continental shelf. Eggs are deposited in the form of strings in crevices and holes in shallow-water areas. Feeds on bivalves and crustaceans

dorsal view - 166 -

CEPHALOPODS

OCTOPODIDAE

Octopus membranaceus Quoy Gaimard, 1832

Synonyms : Octopus ocellatus Gray, 1849

Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Webfoot octopus Fr - Poulpe à quatre yeux Sp - Pulpo membranoso

Size : Max.: 30 cm total length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, accidentally caught as bycatch

Habitat and biology : A bottom-living, shallow- water species, occurring in depths of about 60 m. Hides in holes on flat bottoms

dorsal view

Cistopus indicus (Orbigny, 1840)

Synonyms : Octopus indicus Orbigny, 1840

Cistopus bursarius Steenstrup in Hoyle, 1886

Loc. names : Hasht-pa (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Old woman octopus Fr - Poulpe vieille femme Sp - Pulpo perforado

Size : Max.: 60 cm total length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, only accidentally caught as bycatch

Habitat and biology : A benthic species, occurring on soft bottoms to about 50 m depth

dorsal view - 167 -

CEPHALOPODS

SEPIIDAE

Sepia latimanus Quoy Gaimard, 1832

Synonyms : Sepia rappiana Ferussac, 1835

Sepia mozambica Rochebrune, 1884

Sepia hercules Pilsbry, 1894

Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Broadclub cuttlefish Fr - Seiche grandes mains Sp - Sepia mazuda

Size : Max.: 50 cm mantle length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : A shallow-water species, inhabiting waters to 30 m depth

dorsal view

Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831

Synonyms : Sepia rouxi Orbigny, 1841

Sepia formosana Berry, 1912

Sepia tigris Sasaki, 1929

Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Pharaoh cuttlefish Fr - Seiche pharaon

Sp - Sepia faraonica

Size : Max.: 43 cm mantle length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch in trawls

Habitat and biology : A demersal species, occurring from the coastline to about 110 m depth. Spawning takes place in very shallow waters, where the eggs are attached in clusters to plants, shells, etc. Longevity is estimated at about 2 years. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes dorsal view - 168 -

CEPHALOPODS

SEPIIDAE

Sepia prashadi Winckworth, 1936

Synonyms : None

Loc. names : Mayya (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Hooded cuttlefish Fr - Seiche capuchon Sp - Sepia caperuza

Size : Max.: 14 cm mantle length tentacular club

Fishing gear : No special fishery, taken as bycatch of other fisheries

Habitat and biology : A bottom-living species, found from the coastline to about 40 m depth

dorsal view

Sepiella inermis Orbigny, 1848

Synonyms : Sepia (Sepiella) microcheirus Gray, 1849 Sepia affinis Eydoux Souleyet, 1852

Sepiella maindroni Rochebrune, 1884

Loc. names : Makul (Sin); Mus (Bal)

FAO names : En - Spineless cuttlefish

Fr - Sépia inerme tentacular club Sp - Sepia inerme

Size : Max.: 13 cm mantle length

Fishing gear : No special fishery, caught as bycatch

Habitat and biology : A bottom-living, shallow- water species found to depths of 40 m. Capsules containing eggs are attached to various substrates in shallow waters. Feeds on small dermersal fishes, crustaceans and other cephalopods

dorsal view click for next page

click for previous page

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES

EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM

Type faces used:

Italics : Valid scientific names (genera and species)

: Synonyms (preceded by an asterisk)

ROMAN (caps) : Family names

Roman : International (FAO) species names

: Local names 41

- 171 -

PAGE PAGE

Alepes macrurus 41 Alepes malam 41 A Alepes melanoptera 41

Alepes vari 41

Alice franche 12

Aal 49 Alice taches dor 11

Aalore 27 Al ices 11

Aangh 38 Aloola 70

Abalistes stellaris 115 Alopias pelagicus 118

Abalistes stellatus 115 Alopias superciliosus 118

Ablennes hians 27 ALOPIIDAE 118

Abu mullet 91 Alosa à gros yeux 6

abu, Liza 91 Alose blanche 5

Acanthocybium solandri 100 Alose chaconde 4

Acanthopagrus berda 75 Alose indienne 6

Acanthopagrus bifasciatus 75 Alose palli 5

Acanthopagrus cuvieri 77 Alose paluva 10

Acanthopagrus latus 75 Alose toli 11

Achopitho 107 Alose-écaille indienne 7 Achopito 108 Aloses 4

acuta, Dussumieria 5 altifrontalis, Lutjanus 59

acutidens, Negaprion 122 altissimus, Carangoides 42

acutus, Rhizoprionodon 123 Alutera monoceros 115

acutus, Scoliodon 123 Alwandi 128

Adhi kuli 36-37 amarulus, Mugil 94

aegina, Octopus 164 Amberjacks 39

aeneus, Sciaena 85 amblycephala, Umbrina 81

Aetobatus flagellum 137 amblycephalus, Johnius 81

Aetobatus narinari 137 amblyrhynchoides, Carcharhinus 120

Aetomylaeus maculatus 137 amblyrhynchos, Carcharhinus 120

Aetomylaeus nichofii 137 amboinensis, Carcharhinus 120

53 Aetoplatea tentaculata 135 Amlooshk

Amoy croaker 78 affinis, Caranx 42

amoyensis, Argyrosomus 78 affinis, Euthynnus 101

amoyensis, Pseudosciaena 78 affinis, Metapenaeus 148

Amrusk 53 affinis, Sepia 168

anas, Rhonciscus 71 African flyingfish 25

12 Anchoa granadera African pompano 40,51

109 plebeya africanus, Psenes

Anchoa granadera dorada 11 africanus, Trachinotus 51

11 46 Anchoas afuerae, Decapterus

Anchois 11 Aguilas 136

106 Anchois bombra 12 Aguja negra

Anchois indien 12 26 Agu jetas

Anchois-moustache 11 Agujon needlefish 28

14 Anchois-moustache Agujones 27

100-101,104 cristal Ahore

136 Anchois-moustache 13 Aigles de mer

27 malabar Aiguillettes

107 Anchois-moustache 13 Ailerons

40 mamata ajax, Carangoides

Anchois-moustache 13 92 akame, Liza

sardelle aibacares, Thunnus 103

103 Anchois-moustache cornu 14 albacora, Neothunnus

103 Anchoviella commersonii 12 Albacore

100 Anchoviella indica 12 Albacores

11 7 Anchovies albella, Sardinella

142 ancylostoma, Rhina Albula vulpes 3

127 ALBULIDAE 3 Andhi-mangar

79 148 aneus, Johnieops alcocki, Metapenaeus

79 aneus, Johnius (Johnieops) Alectis ciliaris 40

90 Angelfishes Alectis crinitus 40

40 angustirostris, Tetrapturus 106 Alectis indicus

40 Anjara 91,95 Alepes djedaba

140 Alepes glabra 41 annandalei , Rhinobatos

- 172 -

PAGE PAGE

140 Atunes 100 Annandales guitarfish 4 audax, Makaira 106 Anodontostoma chacunda 23 audax, Tetrapturus 106 Anolis auriflamma, Mulloides 86 139 Anoxypristis cuspidata 80 92 australis, Corvina anpinensis, Mugil 78,85 Authistes puta 37

antarctica, Sciaena 101 Aphareus furcatus 62 Auxide Apolectus niger 48 Auxis hira 101 Aprion virescens 62 Auxis tapeinosoma 101 Arabian monocle bream 67 Auxis thazard 101 82 Arabian scad 52 axillaris, Corvina 82 Arabian smooth hound 129 axillaris, Dhoma 82 arabicus, Muraenesox 16 axillaris, Kathala 94 arcticus, Galeocerdo 120 axillaris, Mugil 82 arel, Cynoglossus 112 axillaris, Pseudosciaena 82 Arencones 14 axillaris, Sciaena 82 Arenques 4 axillaris, Wak Arenquillo de banda 10 Arenquillo fino 9 Arenquillo tardore 7 argenteus, Otolithes 84 argenteus, Otolithus 84 argenteus, Pampus 108 argenteus, Pomadasys 70 argentimaculatus, Lutjanus 59 B

argentivittatus, Thynnus 103

arge, Upeneus 87

argus, Scatophagus 90 Bacoreta oriental 101

argyreus, Pomadasys 70 Bacoretas 100

Argyrops spinifer 76 Baddi 83-84

Argyrosomus amoyensis 78 Badli 95

Argyrosomus bleekeri 78 Baga delagoa 65

Argyrosomus hololepidotus 78 Baga elegante 65 Baga japonesa ARIIDAE 18-22 Baga japonesa 65

Arioma indica 109 Baga tolu 66

Ariomma indica 109 Bagas 64 Ariomme indienne 109 Bagga 3

ARIOMMIDAE 109 bagio, Muraenesox 17

Arius arius 20 Bagre aqujilla 19 Arius caelatus 20 Bagre manchado 18 Arius crossocheilus 20 Bagre pato 19 Arius dussumieri 20 Bagre soldado 22 Arius falcarius 18 Bagre titan 19 Arius maculatus 18 Bagres 18 Arius platystomus 19 baillonii, Trachinotus 51 Arius sagor 21 bajad, Carangoides 44 Arius serratus 19 Bakko 46 Arius sona 21 Bakoi 40,50 Arius subrostratus 21 Balibots 22 Arius sumatranus 21 Baliste étoilé 115 Arius tenuispinis 19 BALISTIDAE 115 Arius thalassinus 19 Bam 15-17,22 arius, Arius 20 Bamboas 125 Arrow-headed shark 128 Banana shrimp 153 arsius, Pseudorhombus 110 Banane lèvre ronde 3 Asp 105-107 Banded grouper 33 asperrimus, Urogymnus 134 Banded grunt 71 aspinosa, Parascolopsis 65 Banded grunter 71 Astrape dipterygia 138 Banded monocle bream 67 Atelomycterus marmoratus 127 Banded needlefish 27 atropos, Atropus 41 Banded reef cod 32 Atropus atropos 41 Banded scad 46 Atule djedaba 40 Banded-cheek reefcod 34 Atule mate 42 Bangai 18 Atun tongol 104 Bangra 39-48,102

- 173 -

PAGE PAGE

Bangri 28 Big-eyed herring 7

Bans-patta 111 Bigeye barracuda 96 Banzali 40 Bigeye croaker 85

Baradri 141-142 Bigeye houndshark 129

Baran 127 Bigeye ilisha 6

Baraonga aurora 36 Bigeye scad 50

Baraonga jarbua 36 Bigeye snapper 60

Baraonga ronco 37 Bigeye thresher 118

Baraonga tigre 37 Bigeye trevally 46

Baraongas 36 Bigeye tuna 104

Barbel flyingfish 25 Bigfin reef squid 163

barberinus, Parupeneus 88 bilineata, Paraplagusia 114 Barbudos 97 bilineatus, Cynoglossus 113

Barbures 97 Billi 129

Barcheek trevally 44 bimaculatus, Scolopsis 66

Bargai 20-21 bindus, Leiognathus 55

Barge lampiño 22 bipinnulata, Elagatis 47

Bargore warook 121 bipunctatus, Nemipterus 65 Barkal 119 bispinosa, Lepidotrigla 29 Barkali 117,119,121 Black and white snapper 64 Barracuda 95-97 Black bream 75 Barracuda jello 96 Black kingfish 38 Barracudas 95 Black marlin 106 barracuda, Sphyraena 95 Black pomfret 48 Barrag 5 Black shark 119 Barramundi 31 Black sweetlip 68 Barred Spanish mackerel 102 Black-banded jewfish 83 Bartail flathead 30 Black-spot jewfish 82 Basali 10 Blackbanded kingfish 50 Bassetina hullianus 52 Blackbanded trevally 50 Batali 104 Blackbarred halfbeak 27 Batfish 89 Blackfin scad 41 Batrachocephalus mino 22 Blackspot snapper 59 Bearded croaker 81 Blackspot threadfin 98 Beardless sea catfish 22 Blacktail snapper 63 Bécune chevron née 97 Blacktip reef shark 119 Bécune de Forster 96 Blacktip sardinella 9 Bécune obtuse 96 Blacktip sea catfish 20 Bécunes 95 Blacktip shark 121 Bee-chum 5-7,9 Blacktipped leather 49 Belangers croaker 80 skin belangerii, Johnius 80 Blanche à pagaies 58 belengeri, Sciaena 80 Blanche armée 58 BELONIDAE 27-28 Blanche commune 57 Bengal snapper 63 Blanche fil 57 bengalensis, Lutjanus 63 Blanches 57 Berber ponyfish 55 Bleekers reef cod 31 berbes, Leiognathus 55 bleekeri, Argyrosomus 78 berda, Acanthopagrus 75 bleekeri, Carcharhinus 119 berda, Mylio 75 bleekeri, Epinephelus 31 Besugato liso 66 bleekeri, Himantura 133 Besugatos 64 bleekeri, Nemipterus 65 Bhambol pishik 124 bleekeri, Sciaena 78 Bhambor 37 bleekeri, Sphyraena 97 Bhangan 93 Blepharis crinitus 40 Bheel-alari 29 Blochs dart 51 Bhola 78,84 Blochs gizzard-shad 6 Bholari-tont 80 blochii, Eusphyra 128 biaculeatus, Triacanthus 116 blochii, Sphyrna 128 biauritus, Otolithoides 84 blochii, Trachinotus 51 bifasciatus, Acanthopagrus 75 blochi, Leiognathus 55 bifasciatus, Mylio 75 Blotched croaker 83 bifasciatus, Parupeneus 88 Blotched grunter 70 bifasciatus, Sparus 75 Blubberlip snapper 61 Big blue octopus 164 Bludger 43

- 174 -

PAGE PAGE

67 Blue and yellow grouper 33 Brown triple-tail Blue and yellow reef 33 Brown-marbled grouper 33 cod Brownback trevally 45 Blue spotted stingray 132 Brownspotted grouper 32 Blue swimming crab 158 Brownstripe snapper 63 Blue trevally 43 brunnea, Narcine 138 Blue-banded eagle ray 137 brunneus, Otolithoides 84 Blue-lined snapper 61 brunneus, Otolithus 84 Blue-spot mullet 94 brunneus, Sciaenoides 84 Blue-sprat 10 Brushtooth lizardfish 24 154 Bluecheek silver grunt 70 bubulus, Penaeus 38

Bluefin jack 45 Bukko 72

Bluefin trevally 45 Bukra 7 Bluefin tuna 104 bulan, Sardinella

29 Blueline snapper 63 Bullhorn gurnard

121 Bluespot grey mullet 94 Bullshark Blundo 139 Bum 104

24 Bluntnose lizardfish 24 Bumalo

44 Blythsciaena dussumieri 81 Bumpnose trevally Bocarte bolinado 13 Burro negro 68 Bocarte cristal 14 Burro oriental 69 Bocarte de cuernos 14 Burro trovador 69 Bocarte dompilón 13 Burro trucha 69

Bocarte malabarico 13 Burro velero 68 Bocartes 11 Burros 68 boesemani, Parascolopsis 66 bursarius, Cistopus 166 bohar, Lutjanus 62 Buther 127-128 Boi 91-95 Buti 109,111

Bombache bronzeado 84 Butterfly rays 135 Bombache tigre 83

Bombache tigre mayor 84

Bombaches 78

Bombala 23-24

Bombay duck 24

Bombil 24

Bonite à ventre rayè 101

Bonites 100 C

Bonito 101

Bonitos 100

Bonitous 100 Caballa de l a India 102

Bony flyingfish 26 Cabetes 29

Boquerón bombra 12 cadenati, Uraspis 52 Boquerón indio 12 caelatus, Arius 20 Boquerones 11 caeruleomaculatus, Mugil 94 borneensis, Mugil 92 caeruleopinnatus, Carangoides 42 Boro 78,82-83,85 caeruleopinnatus, Caranx 42 Botan 138 Calamar índico 163 BOTHIDAE 109-110 Calamar manopla 163 Bothus pantherinus 110 CALAPPIDAE 159

Bourrugue chèvre 79 calcarifer, Lates 31

Bourse loulou 115 callianassa, Charybdis 159

Bowmouth wedgefish 142 Calmar i ndien 163 brachysoma, llisha 6 Calmar tonnelet 163

Bregmacero manchado 25 Camarón amarillo 143

Bregmaceros macclellandi 25 Camarón arco iris 151 BREGMACEROTIDAE 25 Camarón banana 153

brevicornis, Metapenaeus 143 Camarón bianco de l a 153

brevirostris, Leiognathus 55 India

Brindle grouper 35 Camarón brujo 152 Broadbill swordfish 107 Camarón colorado 154 Broadclub cuttlefish 167 Camarón fanguero de 155 Broadfin shark 122 orilla Bronze croaker 84 Camarón jinga 148 Brown pomfret 48 Camarón kidi 151 Brown tonguesole 112 Camarón kuruma 152

- 175 -

PAGE PAGE

Camarón lanzón 150 Caranx mate 42 Camarón moteado 143 Caranx medusicola 45 Camarón peregrino 150 Caranx melampygus 45 Camarón tigre gigante 154 Caranx microchir 46 Camarón tigre verde 155 Caranx miyakamii 46 Camarones peneidos 148 Caranx nigripinnis 41 canadum, Rachycentron 38 Caranx para 46 canaliculatus, Panaeus 152 Caranx pectoralis 41 (Melicertus) Caranx sexfasciatus 46 canaliculatus, Siganus 99 Caranx speciosus 47 canariensis, Umbrina 85 Caranx stellatus 45 Canary drum 85 Caranx typus 42 Candiles 28 carbunculus, Etelis 62 Cangrejo de coral 158 CARCHARHINIDAE 119-124 Cangrejo de manglares 159 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides 120 Capucin de Vanicolo 86 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos 120 CARANGIDAE 39-52 Carcharhinus amboinensis 120 Carangoides ajax 40 Carcharhinus bleekeri 119 Carangoides altissimus 42 Carcharhinus dussumieri 121 Carangoides bajad 44 Carcharhinus falciformis 121 Carangoides caeruleopinnatus 42 Carcharhinus gangeticus 122 Carangoides chrysophryoides 42 Carcharhinus hemiodon 121 Carangoides chrysophrys 42 Carcharhinus leucas 121-122 Carangoides ferdau 43 Carcharhinus limbatus 121 Carangoides fulvoguttatus 43 Carcharhinus longimanus 121 Carangoides gymnostethoides 43 Carcharhinus macloti 122 Carangoides gymnostethus 43 Carcharhinus melanopterus 119 Carangoides hedlandensis 44 Carcharhinus sorrah 119 Carangoides hemigymnostethus 43 Carcharhinus temmincki 122 Carangoides malabaricus 44 carinata, Liza 91 Carangoides oblongus 44 Carite coreano 103 Carangoides plagiotaenia 44 Carite del Indo- 103 Carangoides praeustus 45 Pacifico Carangoides rectipinnis 44 Carite estriado del 102 Carangoides rhomboides 44 Indo-Pacifico Carangoides talampariodes 45 Carite rayado 102 Carangue aile bleue 45 Carites 100 Carangue balo 43 carnolabrum, Lipocheilus 62 Carangue côtière 42 carouna, Corvina 80 Carangue coton 52 carpenteri, Cynoglossus 114 Carangue monique 44 Carrot tonguesole 113 Carangue pailletée 43 carutta, Johnius 81 Carangue royale jaune 47 carutta, Sciaena 81 Carangue tachetée 43 Castagnoline noire 48 Carangue tapir 42 Castagnolines 39 Carangue têtue 45 catalea, Corvina 85 Carangue vorace 46 Catemo manchado 89 Carangues 39 Cazón coralero 124 Caranx affinis 42 trompacorta Caranx caeruleopinnatus 42 Cazón espadachín 124 Caranx chrysophrys 42 Cazón picudo 123 Caranx djedaba 40 Cazón picudo gris 123 Caranx elacate 46 Cazones 129 Caranx ferdau 43 Cazones picudos 119 Caranx formosanus 42 CENTROPOMIDAE 31 Caranx fulvoguttatus 43 cephalus, Mugil 94 Caranx gilberti 43 ceramensis, Mugil 92 Caranx gymnostethus 43 ceylonensis, Scoliodon 123 Caranx hullianus 52 Chacunda gizzard-shad 4 Caranx ignobilis 45 chacunda, Anodontostoma 4 Caranx kalla 46 Chaenogaleus macrostoma 125 Caranx macrurus 41 Chaetodon orbis 89 Caranx malabaricus 44 Chaetondon punctata 89 Caranx malam 41 Chah 77 Caranx marginatus 46 Chaiti 139

- 176 -

PAGE PAGE

Chan 78-81,83 Cinnabar goatfish 88

88 cinnabarinus, Parupeneus Chancho 32 166 Chanco 31 Cistopus bursarius CHANIDAE 23 Cistopus indicus 166 Chano 23 Citula halli 48 Chanos 23 Cleftbelly trevally 41 Chanos chanos 23 CLUPEIDAE 4-11 44

Coachwhip trevally chanos, Chanos 23

155 Coastal mud shrimp Chao 129 42

Chardin gros nez 6 Coastal trevally 38

Chardins 4 Cobia 30

Charybdis callianassa 159 Cociella crocodila Charybdis cruciata 158 Cock grunter 72

31 Charybdis feriata 158 Cock-up

63 coeruleolineatus, Lutjanus Chatos 30

65 Chauffets 90 Cohana delogoa

65 Cheilopogon nigricans 25 Cohana é légante

65 Cheimerius nufar 76 Cohana japonaise Chernas 31 Cohana tolu 66 Chevron barracuda 97 Cohanas 64 chewa, Epinephelus 34 Coilia dussumieri 11 Chhodi 91-93 Coilia neglecta 12 Chicharro banda dorada 50 Colas 58 Chicharro ojón 50 Comadrejas 125 Chien corail 127 Comère fine 46 Chilanker 38 Comère indienne 47 Chiloscyllium griseum 126 Comère ruban 46 Chiloscyllium indicum 126 Comère saumon 47 Chinchard dArabie 52 Comère torpille 48 Chindi 104 Comères 39 chinensis, Pampus 108 comes, Corvina 80 Chinese silver pomfret 108 Comet grouper 34 Chippil 68-69 cometae, Epinephelus 34 Chirocentres 14 Commersons anchovy 12 CHIROCENTRIDAE 14-15 Commersons sole 112 Chirocentrus dorab 15 commersoniana, Synaptura 112 Chirocentrus nudus 15 commersoni, Cybium 102 Chittipittan 132 commersonii, Anchoviella 12 chlorostigma, Epinephelus 32 commersonii, Fistularia 28 choerorynchus, Lethrinus 73 commersonii, Stolephorus 12 Chombo 136-137 commersonnianus, Chorinemus 49 Chonaro 22 commersonnianus, Scomberoides 49 Chorinemus commersonnianus 49 commersonni, Pomadasys 70 Chorinemus orientalis 49 commerson, Scomberomorus 102 Chorinemus sanctipetri 49 Common bluestripe 63 Chorinemus tot 49 snapper chrysophryoides, Carangoides 42 Common dolphinfish 53 Chrysophrys cuvieri 77 Common octopus 165 chrysophrys, Carangoides 42 Common pike conger 17 chrysophrys, Caranx 42 Common ponyfish 56 chrysotaenia, Sphyraena 96 Common sawfish 139 chrysotaenia, Sphyraenella 96 Common silver-biddy 57 chrysozonus, Rastrelliger 102 Common sprat 5 Chuchos 136 Compères 115 Chuki 100-101 concolor, Nebrius 124 Chum-ma 52 Congaturi halfbeak 27 Chum-na 50 Conger cinereus 17 Chunki 100-101 Conger cinereus cinereus 17 Cigale raquette 146 Conger eels 17 Cigarro chato 146 Congre gracile 18 ciliaris, Alectis 40 Congre oiro 17 cinctus, Gaterin 69 Congres 17 cinereus, Conger 17 Congresox talabonoides 16 cinereus, Conger cinereus 17 CONGRIDAE 17-18 cinereus, Muraenesox 16 Congrio coludo 18

- 177 -

PAGE PAGE

Congrio de aleta larga 17 Courbine lugubre 84

( Africa) Courbine pintade 85 Congrios 17 Courbine soldat 83

Coral crab 158 Courbine tachetée 83 Cordonnier fil 40 Courbines 78

Cordonnier plume 40 covai, Kowala 5 Cordonniers 39 Crabe corail 158 cordyla, Megalaspis 48 Crabe des palétuviers 159 Cornetas 28 crassicornis, Solenocera 155 Cornetfishes 28 crassispina, Plectorhynchus 68 Cornettes 28 Crenidens crenidens 76 Cornuda común 128 crenidens, Crenidens 76 Cornuda gigante 128 Crescent snapper 60 Cornuda planeadora 128 Crescentperch 36 Cornudas 127 Crevette arc-en-ciel 151 Corocoro aceituna 72 Crevette banane 153 Corocoro arvejado 70 Crevette fauçon 150 Corroboro gallito 72 Crevette géante tigrée 154 Corocoro jabalina 71 Crevette jaune 143 Corocoro mejilla azul 70 Crevette javelot 150 Corocoro montura 71 Crevette jinga 148 Corocoro plateado 70 Crevette kidi 151 Corocoros 68 Crevette kuruma 152

Coromandel flyingfish 26 Crevette mouchetée 143

coromandelensis, Hirundichthys 26 Crevette queue rouge 154

coromandelicus, Epinephelus 31 Crevette royale blanche 153

Corvina australis 80 (des Indes)

Corvina axillaris 82 Crevette sorcière 152 Corvina carouna 80 Crevette tigrée verte 155 Corvina catalea 85 Crevettes 148 Corvina comes 80 Crevettes chamois 148 Corvina lobata 80 Crevettes royales 148 Corvina maculata 85 Crimson snapper 59 Corvina miles 83 crinitus, Alectis 40 Corvina nigromaculata 85 crinitus, Blepharis 40 Corvina semiluctuosa 84 Croakers 78 Corvina sina 80 crocodila, Cociella 30 Corvina africana 78 Crocodile flathead 30 Corvina carota 81 crocodilus, Tylosurus 28 Corvina catala 82 crocodilus Corvina china 80 crossocheilus; Arius 20 Corvina de Amoy 78 Croupia roche 67 Corvina de barba 81 cruciata, Charybdis 158 Corvina de Belanger 80 crumenophthalmus, Selar 50 Corvina glauca 82 crumenophthalmus, Trachurops 50 Corvina lugubre 84 Cubiceps dollfusi 109 Corvina manchada 83 Cubiceps natalensis 108 Corvina ojona 85 Cubiceps squamiceps 108 Corvina pintada 85 cunnesius, Valamugil 94 Corvina plomiza 79 cuspidata, Anoxypristis 139 Corvina soldato 83 cuvieri, Acanthopagrus 77 Corvinas 78 cuvieri, Chrysophrys 77 Coryphaena equiselis 53 cuvieri, Galeocerdo 120 Coryphaena hippurus 53 cuvieri, Otolithes 83 CORYPHAENIDAE 53 cyaneus, Octopus 164 Coryphènes 53 Cybium commersoni 102 Cottonmouth jack 52 Cybium guttatum 103 Courbine aile tachetée 82 Cybium lineolatum 102 Courbine barbiche 81 cyclostomus, Parupeneus 88 Courbine carutte 81 CYNOGLOSSIDAE 112-114 Courbine chinoise 80 Cynoglossus arel 112 Courbine de Belanger 80 Cynoglossus bilineatus 113 Courbine grise 79 Cynoglossus carpenteri 114

Courbine gros yeux 85 Cynoglossus dispar 113

Courbine kathala 82 Cynoglossus dubius 113

- 178 -

PAGE PAGE

135

Cynoglossus lachneri 114 Devil rays

31-35 Cynoglossus macrolepidotus 112 Dhambo

76 Cynoglossus puncticeps 114 Dhand

Cynoglossus quadrilineata 113 Dhoma axillaris 82

68,70-72 cyprinoides, Megalops 3 Dhother

Dhotri -g isser 68-69

Diables de mer 135 Diablitos 135 diabola, Mobula 136 diacanthus, Epinephelus 32 diacanthus, Nibea 85 diacanthus, Protonibea 85 D diacanthus, Pseudosciaena 85 diacanthus, Sciaena 85

Diagramma pictum 68 Daddi-palli 4,6 Diagramme ménestrel 69 -palli Daddi

Daggertooth pike conger 16 Diagramme noire 68

Dai 67 Diagramme oriental 69

Dalapugan 89 Diagramme truité 69 Daleri 75 Diagramme voilier 68 Damselfishes 90 Diagrammes 68 Dandanee 126 Diamond-scale grey 93 Dandani 126 mullet Dandani swaso 109 diplana, Sphyrna 128 Dandya 74-77 Diplodus noct 77 Dangri 31 Diplodus sargus kotschyi 77 Dardum 48 dipterygia, Astrape 138 Dardumb 48 dipterygia, Narce 138 Darkfin eel catfish 23 dipterygia, Narcine 138 Daro-dandya 75 dipterygia, Narke 138 Dash-and-dot goatfish 88 dispar, Cynoglossus 113 DASYATIDAE 132-134 Disque 89 Dasyatis kuhlii 132 ditchela, Pellona 7 Dasyatis zugei 132 djedaba, Alepes 40 Dateera 90 djedaba, Atule 40 Dateri 74 djedaba, Caranx 40 Datero 90 djeddensis, Rhynchobatus 142 daura, Leiognathus 55 Dokan 128 Dawan 100-101,104 Dokzai 128 dayi, Decapterus 47 Dolant pittan 141 Decapterus afuerae 46 doldi, Nebrius 124 Decapterus dayi 47 dollfusi, Cubiceps 109 Decapterus kiliche 47 dollfusi, Harengula 7 Decapterus lalang 46-47 Dolphin fish 53 Decapterus lundini 42 Dolphinfishes 53 Decapterus macrosoma 46 Dorab wolf herring 15 Decapterus normani 42 dorab, Chirocentrus 15 Decapterus politus 42 Dorados 53 Decapterus russelli 46-47 Dormilona 67 Decapterus tabi 47 Doublebar goatfish 88 Deep flounder 110 Doublelined tonguesole 114 Delagoa threadfin bream 65 Doublespotted queenfish 49 delagoae, Nemipterus 65 Drab jewfish 80 Delicate round herring 9 Drepane punctata 89 delicatulus, Lactarius 38 DREPANIDAE 89 delicatulus, Spratelloides 9 Driftfish 109 delicatulus, Stolephorus 9 Drums 78 Demi-becs 26 dubius, Cynoglossus 113 Demoiselles 90 ductor, Naucrates 48 Dendrophysa dussumieri 81 Dumbi 118 Dendrophysa russelli 79 Dummi-mangar 118 Denté nufar 76 Dusky trevaIly 42 Dentex nufar 76 Duskytail grouper 31 Denton nufar 76 Dussumiers croaker 81 Dérivant indien 108 Dussumiers flag-tail 11

- 179 -

PAGE PAGE

Dussumiers flag-tail 11 Epinephelus chlorostigma 32 Dussumiers halfbeak 27 Epinephelus cometae 34 Dussumiers ponyfish 56 Epinephelus coromandelicus 31 Dussumieria acuta 5 Epinephelus diacanthus 32 dussumieri, Arius 20 Epinephelus elongatus 34 • dussumieri, Blythsciaena 81 Epinephelus emoryi 32 dussumieri, Carcharhinus 121 Epinephelus fasciatus 32 dussumieri, Coilia 11 Epinephelus flavocaeruleus 33 • dussumieri, Dendrophysa 81 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus 33 dussumieri, Hyporhamphus 27 Epinephelus horridus 33 dussumieri, Johnius 81 Epinephelus latifasciatus 33 dussumieri, Leiognathus 56 Epinephelus malabaricus 34 • dussumieri, Mugil 93 Epinephelus morrhua 34 • dussumieri, Sciaena 81-82 Epinephelus tauvina 34 • dussumieri, Umbrina 81 Epinephelus tukula 35

duvauceli, Lol igo 163 Epinephelus undulosus 35 Dwarf monocle breams 64 equiselis, Coryphaena 53 equulus, Leiognathus 56 eriomma, Parascolopsis 66

erumei, Psettodes 109

erythrinus, Mulloides 86 erythropterus, Lutjanus 59 Escualosa thoracata 5 E Espadon 107 estara, Xiphias 107 estara, Xiphias gl adius 107

Etelis carbunculus 62 Eagle ray 137 Etrille bleue 158 Eagle rays 136 Etrille tache rouge 158 ECHENEIDIDAE 38 Eugomphodus taurus 126

Echeneis naucrates 38 Eugomphodus tricuspidatus 126

Echidna nebulosa 15 Euryglossa orientalis 112

Eel catfishes 22 Eusphyra blochii 128

Ehrembergs snapper 63 Eutherapon theraps 37

ehrenbergii, Lutjanus 63 Euthynnus affinis 101

elacate, Caranx 46 Euthynnus pelamis 101 Elagatis bipinnulata 47 Euthynnus yaito 101

Electric rays 138 EXOCOETIDAE 25-26

Eleutheronema tetradactylum 97 Exocoets 25

elevatus, Pseudorhombus 110 Exocoetus monocirrhus 25

elongata, Solea 112 Exocoetus volitans 26

Elongate sole 112 extraneus, Psenes 109

elongatus, Epinephelus 34

elongatus, Hemipristis 125

elongatus, Lethrinus 73

ELOPIDAE 3

Elops machnata 3

Elops saurus 3

emburyi, Turrum 43 Emissoles Emissoles 129 F

emoryi, Epinephelus 32

Emperador relámpago 73

Emperador trompudo 73 falcarius, Arius 18

Emperadores 73 falciformis, Carcharhinus 121

Empereur gueule longue 73 False trevally 38

Empereur moris 73 fangi, Plectorhynchus 69

Empereurs 73 Fantail stingray 134

Emperor red snapper 61 far, Hemiramphus 27

Emperors 73 fasciatum, Stegostoma 129

ENGRAULIDAE 11-14 fasciatus, Epinephelus 32

Engraved catfish 20 fasciatus, Johnius 80

EPHIPPIDAE 89 fasciatus, Leiognathus 56

Ephippus orbis 89 fasciatus, Panulirus 144

Epinephelus bleekeri 31 Feathertail stingray 134 Epinephelus chewa 34 Ferdaus trevally 43

- 180 -

PAGE PAGE

ferdau, Carangoides 43 Galeocerdo rayneri 120 * ferdau, Caranx 43 Gallo 18,20 feriata, Charybdis 158 Gambas 148 * ferrugineum, Ginglymostoma 124 Gandan 120-122,125 ferrugineus, Nebrius 124 Ganges shark 122 * filamentosa, Pertica 57 Gangese grey shark 122 filamentosus, Gerres 57 gangeticus, Carcharhinus 122 * filigera, llisha 6 gangeticus, Glyphis 122 Fin-stripe goatfish 87 Gara 133 Fistularia commersonii 28 Garamari 133 Fistularia petimba 28 Gata riodriza atezada 124 FISTULARIIDAE 28 Gaterin cinctus 69 Fivespot herring 5 Gaterin niger 68 Flag-tail anchovy 12 Gaterin orientalis 69 flagellum, Aetobatus 137 Gaterin schotaf 69 Flat needlefish 27 Gavilán javanés 141 Flat-mouth catfish 19 Gazi-gwazi 64,67 Flathead locust lobster 146 Gazza minuta 54 Flathead mullet 94 gerrardi, Himantura 133 Flatheads 30 GERREIDAE 57-58 Flatmouth sea catfish 19 Gerres filamentosus 57 flavocaeruleus, Epinephelus 33 Gerres macracanthus 57 flavolineatus, Mulloides 88 Gerres oyena 57 * fletus, Lethrinus 73 Gerres poieti 58 Flutemouths 28 Gerres punctatus 57 Flyingfishes 25 ghanam, Scolopsis 67 Forgeron tacheté 89 Ghido 136-138,142 * Formio niger 48 Ghol 85 * formosana, Sepia 167 Ghonshi 23 * formosanus, Caranx 42 Ghore 100,102 forsteri, Sphyraena 96 Ghori 105-107 Four finger threadfin 97 Giant catfish 19 Fourlined terapon 36 Giant perch 31 Fourlined tonguesole 113 Giant slender moray 15 * fraenatus, Lethrinus 73 Giant tiger shrimp 154 Freckled goatfish 88 Giant trevally 45 Frigate mackerel 101 gibbosa, Sardinella 8 Frigate tuna 101 gibbosus, Plectorhinchus 68 Fringefin sebra sole 112 gibbus, Lutjanus 62 fulviflamma, Lutjanus 59 Gid 93 * fulviflammus, Lutjanus 59 Gidder 100,103-104 fulvoguttatus, Carangoides 43 gilberti, Caranx 43 * fulvoguttatus, Caranx 43 Gilhari 28 fulvus, Lutjanus 63 Ginghra 36-37 furcatus, Aphareus 62 Ginglymostoma ferrugineum 124 furcatus, Pomadasys 71 GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE 124 * furcatus, Rhonciscus 71 Girpai 53 fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus 33 Gishran 39,45,47 * fuscolineata, Umbrina 81 Gisser 31-35 fuscomaculata, Torpedo 142 glabra, Alepes 41 gladius, Histiophorus 105 gladius, Istiophorus 105 gladius, Xiphias 107 glaucus, Isurus 126 glaucus, Johnius 82 glaucus, Sciaena 82 Glyphis gangeticus 122 G Gnathanodon speciosus 47 Goat catfish 21 Goatee croaker 79 Gadeer 73 Goatfishes 86 Gairi 14 Goi 4,6 Gal-bat 43,45 Golat pittan 136-137 * Galeocerdo arcticus 120 Gold-spot mullet 92 Galeocerdo cuvieri 120 Gold-spotted grenadier 11

- 181 -

PAGE PAGE

Gold-spotted grenadier 11 Gurnards 29

Goldband goatfish 86 Gurrin paggas 120 Goldband jobfish 64 Gussi 120 Golden banded goatfish 86 Gusso pishik 121-122 Golden toothless 47 guttatum, Cybium 103 trevally guttatum, Indocybium 103

Golden trevally 47 guttatus, Scomberomorus 103

Goldlined seabream 77 Gwanz 97 Goldsaddle goatfish 88 Gwarak 37 Goldstripe ponyfish 55 Gwareen 122 Goldstripe sardinella 8 gymnostethoides, Carangoides 43 Golori 31-32 gymnostethus, Carangoides 43 goma, Sciaena 85 gymnostethus, Caranx 43

Googoo tanga 158 Gymnura poecilura 135

Gore 100,102 GYMNURIDAE 135

Gore dum 133

Gore padni 14

Goret à six bandes 71 Goret à trois bandes 72 Goret olive 72 Gorets 68 Goshi 103 H Graceful shark 120 gracilis, Spratelloides 10 Grammoplites suppositus 30 Grand requin marteau 128 HAEMULIDAE 68-72

Grande verrue tigre 84 Hairtails 104 grandoculis, Monotaxis 74 Hajam 109 Granulated guitarfish 140 halavi, Rhinobatos 141 granulatus, Rhinobatos 140 Half-mourning croaker 84 Greasy grouper 34 Halfbeaks 26 Greasy reefcod 34 halli, Citula 48 Great barracuda 95 Ham 120 Great hammerhead 128 Hamiltons thryssa 13

Greater lizardfish 24 hamiltonii, Thryssa 13 Green jobfish 62 Hammerhead sharks 127

Hangor 122 Green sawfish 139

harak, Lethrinus 74 Green tiger prawn 155

Hardnose shark 122 Greenback jewfish 83 Greenback mullet 93 hardwickii, Parapenaeopsis 150 Grey bambooshark 126 Hareng gracile 10 Grey mullet 94 Hareng rond 9 Grey sharpnose shark 123 Harengs 4 Grey sweetlip 69 Harengula dollfusi 7 Grey-fin jewfish 79 Harpadon nehereus 24 Greyfin croaker 79 HARPADONTIDAE 24 Greyreef shark 120 Harry hotlips 68 griseum, Chiloscyllium 126 hashni, Mugil 91 Grondeur à joues bleues 70 Hashoor 37 Grondeur argenté 70 Hasht-pa 164-166 Grondeur coq 72 hasta, Pomadasys 70 Grondeur javelot 71 hasta, Pristipoma 71 Grondeur moucheté 70 hasta, Sparidentex 77 Grondeur selle 71 hedlandensis, Carangoides 44 Grondeurs 68 heidi, Uraspis 52 Grondins 29 HEMIGALEIDAE 125 Gros poulpe bleu 164 hemigymnostethus, Carangoides 43 Grouper 35 hemiodon, Carcharhinus 121 Groupers 31 Hemipristis elongatus 125 Grunts 68 Hemipuniclodus tenuispinis 19 Guarez 94 HEMIRAMPHIDAE 26-27 Guilt bream 77 Hemiramphus far 27 Guinée saumon 3 HEMISCYLLIIDAE 125-126 Guitaras 140 hercules, Sepia 167 Guitarfishes 140 Herring scad 41

- 182 -

PAGE PAGE

Indian driftfish 108 Herrings 4 88 hians, Ablennes 27 Indian goatfish

Hilsa ilisha 10 ndian halibut 109 Hilsa kanagurta 5 Indian ilisha 6 Hilsa kelee 5 Indian lizardfish 24 Hilsa toli 11 Indian mackerel 102 Hilsa shad 10 Indian oil-sardine 8 Himantura bleekeri 133 Indian pellona 7 Himantura gerrardi 133 Indian pike conger 16 Himantura imbricata 133 Indian pompano 52 Himantura uarnak 133 Indian scad 47 Himantura walga 133 Indian shad 10 hippurus, Coryphaena 53 Indian spearfish 106 Hira 58-61 Indian spiny turbot 109 hira, Auxis 101 Indian squid 163 Hiro 58-61 Indian threadfin 40,97 Hirundichthys coromandelensis 26 Indian threadfin 40 Hirundichthys oxycephalus 26 trevally Histiophorus gladius 105 Indian white shrimp 153 Histiophorus orientalis 105 indica, Anchoviella 12 hoevenii, Pellona 7 indica, Ariomma 109 HOLOCENTRIDAE 28 indica, Ilisha 6 Holocentrus servus 36 indica, Loligo 163

hololepidotus, Argyrosomus 78 indica, Makaira 106

Holoola 70 indica, Narcine 138

Hooded cuttlefish 168 indica, Pseudosciaena 78

Hooked tonguesole 114 indica, Solenocera 155 Hooktooth shark 125 indicum, Chiloscyllium 126 horridus, Epinephelus 33 indicus, Alectis 40 horsti, Octopus 164 indicus, Cistopus 166 Hotlips 68 indicus, Istiompax 106 Hound needlefish 28 indicus, Naucrates 48 Houndsharks 129 indicus, Octopus 166 hullianus, Bassetina 52 indicus, Parupeneus 88 hullianus, Caranx 52 indicus, Penaeus 153 Humpback red snapper 62 (Fenneropenaeus) Humphead snapper 63 indicus, Platycephalus 30 Humpnose big-eye bream 74 indicus, Polynemus 97 Hypolophus sephen 134 indicus, Psenes 109 Hypoprion playfairi 119 indicus, Stolephorus 12 Hyporhamphus dussumieri 27 indicus, Synodus 24 Hyporhamphus limbatus 27 indicus, Trachurus 52 Indo-Pacific king 103 mackerel Indo-pacific swamp crab 159 Indo-Pacific tarpon 3 Indocybium guttatum 103 Indocybium lineolatum 102 inermis, Sepiella 168 I insidiator, Leiognathus 56 insidiator, Secutor 56 Isabelitas 90 lago omanensis 129 Istiompax indicus 106 ignobilis, Caranx 45 Istiompax marlina 106 Ilisha brachysoma 6 I STIOPHORIDAE 105-106 Ilisha filigera 6 lstiophorus gladius Ilisha indica 105 6 lstiophorus orientalis 105 Ilisha megaloptera 6 lstiophorus platypterus sha melastoma 105 lli 6 Isurus glaucus 126 ilisha, Hilsa 10 Isurus oxyrinchus 126 ilisha, Tenualosa 10

imbricata, Himantura 133 Imposter trevally 45 I ndian anchovy 12 Indian ariomma 109

- 183 -

PAGE PAGE

Jurel costero 42 Jurel de aleta azul 45

J Jurel dorado 47 Jurel gigante 45 Jurel malabarico 44 Jabal koi 90 Jurel manchado 43

Jabal-mol 68-69 Jurel rabo amarillo 42

Jack mackerel 46-47 Jurel sable 49

Jacks 39 Jurel saltador 49

Jagri ham 121 Jurel saltarín 49

Jagriham 122 Jurel subari 40

Jaiba azul 158 Jurel tapir 42

Jaiba colorete 158 Jurel volantín 52

Jaira 143,153-155 Jurel voraz 46

Japanese silver bream . 75 Jureles 39

Japanese threadfin 65 jussieu, Sardinella 8 bream

japanica, Mobula 136

japonicus, Mugil 94

japonicus, Nemipterus 65

japonicus, Penaeus 152 (Marsupenaeus)

japonicus, Stolephorus 10

Jarbua terapon 36 K

jarbua, Terapon 36 Jaroi pishik 122

Java flounder 110 kaakan, Pomadasys 71

Javanese cownose ray 141 Kaanteri 54,56

javanica, Rhinoptera 141 Kabloosh 36-37

javanicus, Pseudorhombus 110 Kagaya 11

Javelin grunter 71 kagoshimensis, Octopus 164

javus, Siganus 99 Kainchan 51

jello, Sphyraena 96 Kair 140-141 jerdoni, Mugil 93 Kakawan 43,46

Jerki 57-58 Kakawan pattar 41

Jew fish 84 Kakina 99

Jewelled shad 6 Kakkar 39,42-46,52

Jewfish 80 Kakkawan 39,44-45

Jinga shrimp 148 Kakoo 115

Jirri 25 Kala pithoo 48

Jobfishes 58 Kala-poplet 48

Johns snapper 60 Kalawani kanaitor 121

Johnieops aneus 79 Kalgund 102-103

Johnieops osseus 79 kalla, Caranx 46 Johnieops sina 80 Kalri 143,148,150-152,

johnii, Lutjanus 60 154-155

Johnius (Johnieops) aneus 79 Kamot 123,125 Johnius (Johnieops) sina 80 kanagurta, Hilsa 5 Johnius amblycephalus 81 kanagurta, Rastrelliger 102

Johnius belangerii 80 Kanaitar paggas 121

Johnius carutta 81 Kanaitor 119 Johnius dussumieri 81 Kanalcha 58-61

Johnius fasciatus 80 Kanatyan 119-121

Johnius glaucus 82 Kango 27

Johnius maculatus 83 Kanti 127-128

Johnius osseus 79 Karachi coral crab 159

Johnius semiluctuosus 84 Karanteen seabream 76 Johnius soldado 83 Kareenaij 135 Johnius valenciennii 85 Kari-mangar 129 Julia-mangar 127-128 Karo-dandia 76 Jurel alinegro 41 Karoo 48 Jurel arabigo 52 Karopitho 48 Jurel arenque 41 Karra 83 Jurel balo 43 Karuni 137

Jurel centellante 43 Karunj 135-137

- 184 -

PAGE PAGE

95-97 Karut croaker 81 Kund 27

kasmira, Lutjanus 63 Kungi Kathala axillaris 82 Kunla 58-61

19 Kathala croaker 82 Kup-a-go

Katial 128 Kuruma shrimp 152 Katni 109 Kuwehs 41 Katsuwonus pelamis 101 Katti 64-66 Kawakawa 101 Kawakawas 100 Keeled mullet 91 Keeltail needlefish 27 Kekra 158-159

kelaartii, Mugil 94 L Kelee shad 5 kelee, Hilsa 5

kelee, Macrura 5 Labres 98

98 Kerli 14 LABRIDAE Khadda kikka 145 Lachners tonguesole 114

114 Khagga 18-22 lachneri, Cynoglossus

38 Khaggi 19 LACTARIIDAE

38 Khail 142 Lactarius delicatulus

38 Khakua 159 Lactarius Lactarius

38 Khari-mangar 139 lactarius, Lactarius Khokh 116 Lady fish 3 Khuker 30 Lagartos 23 Kiddi 150-151 Lair 139 Kiddi shrimp 151 Lairo 139 Kikat 144-146 lalang, Decapterus 46-47

Kikka 144-146 Lambe chivato 79 kiliche, Decapterus 47 Lamiopsis temmincki 122 LAMNIDAE Kimpo 70 LAMNIDAE 126

Kinarhal 3 lanceolatus, Promicrops 35

145 King fish 42 Langosta colorete

King soldierbream 76 Langosta de fusta 145

Kingfish 50 Langosta fanguera 144

Kir 85 Langosta ornamentada 144

Kishinoella tonggol 104 Langouste barriolée 145 Kishki 101 Langouste de vase 144

Kissi 74,76-77 Langouste fouet 145

Klancho 31-32 Langouste ornée 144 Kobayyadri 141-142 Langue à grandes 112 Kochuk 109 écailles Koh mitar 28 Langue à quatre lignes 113 Kohbaradri 142 Langue à tête ronde 113

Kohmai 90 Langue carotte 113

Kolgar 5 Langue de Lachner 114

Kolonto 64-66,86-87 Langues 112

Koniari 23 Large-eye breams 73 Koor 7 Large-scale grey mullet 92 Korean seerfish 103 Large-scaled banded 37 koreanus, Scomberomorus 103 grunt Korgi 90 Largehead hairtail 105 kotschyi, Diplodusargus 77 Largescale mullet 92 Kowala coval 5 Largescale tonguesole 112 Kowala thoracata 5 Largescaled terapon 37 krempfi, Sepiotheuthis 163 Largetooth flounder 110 kuhlii, Dasyatis 132 Lassa 143

kuhlii, Umbrina 79 Lates calcarifer 31 Kuker-jeeb 109 laticaudus, Scoliodon 124 Kukkidia 77 latifasciatus, Epinephelus 33 Kukri 158-159 latimanus, Sepia 167 Kulgun 100,102-103 latus, Acanthopagrus 75 Kumpo 68,70-72 latus, Mylio 75 Kun 19,21-22 latus, Sparus 75

- 185 -

PAGE PAGE

Leather skin 49 lineolatum, Indocybium 102

Lefteye flounders 109 lineolatus, Leiognathus 56 LEIOGNATHIDAE 54-56 lineolatus, Lutjanus 60

Leiognathus berbes 55 lineolatus, Scomberomorus 102

Leiognathus bindus 55 Lipocheilus carnolabrum 62

Leiognathus blochi 55 Lisa abu 91

Leiognathus brevirostris 55 Lisa chiraya 95

Leiognathus daura 55 Lisa de aleta larga 94

Leiognathus dussumieri 56 Lisa de carena 91 Leiognathus equulus 56 Lisa de mancha azul 94

Leiognathus fasciatus 56 Lisa godeya 92

Leiognathus insidiator 56 Lisa lomo verde 93 Leiognathus leuciscus 56 Lisa mejilla dorada 92 Leiognathus lineolatus 56 Lisa mopiro 93 Leiognathus splendens 54 Lisa otomebora 92 leiura, Strongylura 27 Lisa tade 93 lemniscatus, Lutjanus 62 Lisas 91 Lengua de cuatro lineas 113 Listado 101

Lengua de Lachner 114 Little spinefoot 99

Lengua escamuda 112 Live sharksucker 38

Lengua roma 113 Liza abu 91

Lengua zanahoria 113 Liza akame 92

Lenguado espinudo i ndio 109 Liza carinata 91

Lenguados 109,111 Liza macrolepis 92

Lenguas 112 Liza melinoptera 92

Leopard flounder 110 Liza parsia 92

Leopard stingray 133 Liza subviridis 93

Lepidotrigla bispinosa 29 Liza tade 93

Lepidotrigla omanensis 29 Liza vaigiensis 93

Lepidotrigla spiloptera 29 Lizardfishes 23

leptolepis, Selaroides 50 lobata, Corvina 80 Lepturacanthus savala 105 Lobotes surinamensis 67 lepturus, Trichiurus 105 LOBOTIDAE 67 lepturus, Uroconger 18 LOLIGINIDAE 163 Lesser devilray 136 Loligo duvauceli 163 Lesser tigertooth 83 Loligo indica 163 croaker Loligo oshimai 163 lessoniana, Sepioteuthis 163 Lon 120 LETHRINIDAE 73-74 Lone 124-125 Lethrinus choerorynchus 73 Long finned herring 7 Lethrinus elongatus 73 Long tail butterfly ray 135 Lethrinus fletus 73 Long-jaw anchovy 14 Lethrinus fraenatus 73 Long-ray bony bream 6 Lethrinus harak 74 Long-rayed silver-biddy 57 Lethrinus microdon 74 Long-spined red bream 76 Lethrinus miniata 73 Long-spined tripodfish 116 Lethrinus nebulosus 73 Longarm mullet 94 Lethrinus opercularis 73 Longbarbel goatfish 88 Lethrinus ramak 74 Longface emperor 73 Lethrinus rostratus 73 Longfin African conger 17 Lethrinus waigiensis 73 Longfin lizardfish 24 leucas, Carcharhinus 121-122 Longfin silver-biddy 58 leuciscus, Leiognathus 56 longiceps, Sardinella 8 lewini, Sphyrna 128 longimanus, Carcharhinus 121 Li-ching 38 longimanus, Mugil 94 Light-tip shark 124 longimanus, Pentaprion 58 Lija barbuda 115 longimanus, Saurida 24 limbatus, Carcharhinus 121 Longjaw thryssa 14 limbatus, Hyporhamphus 27 Longnose guitarfish 141 limbatus, Plotosus 23 Long nose pigface bream 73 Limpmi garamari 134 Longnose trevally 42 lineatus, Plotosus 23 Longtail carpetsharks 125 Lined silver grunter 70 Longtail stingray 133 Lined silver-biddy 57 Longtail tuna 104 lineolatum, Cybium 102 Longtoothed salmon 84

- 186 -

PAGE PAGE

Loros 98 Mâchoiron tacheté 18

Lotari 33-35 Mâchoiron titan 19 Loxodon macrorhinus 123 Mâchoirons 18 Luar 7-9 Machuelo narigón 6 luctuosa, Nibea 84 Mackerel tuna 101 Lugger 7-9 Mackerels 100 lunaris, Matuta 159 macloti, Carcharhinus 122 Lunartail snapper 60 Macolor niger 64 lundini, Decapterus 42 macracanthus, Gerres 57 Lunero 53 macrolepidotus, Cynoglossus 112 Luneur 53 macrolepis, Liza 92 Lunti 68 macronema, Parupeneus 88 lunulatus, Lutjanus 60 macrophthalmus, Pennahia 85 LUTJANIDAE 58-64 macrops, Synodus 24 Lutjanus altifrontalis 59 macropterus, Neothunnus 103

Lutjanus argentimaculatus 59 macropus, Octopus 165 Lutjanus bengalensis 63 macrorhinus, Loxodon 123

Lutjanus bohar 62 macrosoma, Decapterus 46 Lutjanus coeruleolineatus 63 macrostoma, Chaenogaleus 125 Lutjanus ehrenbergii 63 Macrura kelee 5 Lutjanus erythropterus 59 macrura, Thyrsoidea 15 Lutjanus fulviflamma 59 macrurus, Alepes 41 Lutjanus fulviflammus 59 macrurus, Caranx 41 Lutjanus fulvus 63 maculata, Corvina 85 Lutjanus gibbus 62 maculata, Mene 53 Lutjanus johnii 60 maculata, Nibea 83 Lutjanus kasmira 63 maculate, Sciaena 83 Lutjanus lemniscatus 62 maculatum, Pomadasys 71 Lutjanus lineolatus 60 maculatus, Aetomylaeus 137 Lutjanus lunulatus 60 maculatus, Arius 18 Lutjanus lutjanus 60 maculatus, Johnius 83 Lutjanus malabaricus 59,61 maculatus, Tachysurus 18 Lutjanus rivulatus 61 Madak 148,151-152,155 Lutjanus russelli 63 Mafou 38 Lutjanus sanguineus 61,63 Mahparri 99 Lutjanus sebae 61 Maigre africain 78 Lutjanus vitta 63 Maigre dAmoy 78 lutjanus, Lutjanus 60 Maigres 78 lymna, Taeniura 134 maindroni, Sepiella 168 lysan, Scomberoides 49 Maing 93 Maish 128 Mait 34-35 Makaira audax 106 Makaira indica 106 Makaira marlina 106 Makaira mitsukurii 106 M Makaire à rostre court 106 Makaire noir 106 Makul 168 Malabar anchovy 13

Mac Lellands unicorn- 25 Malabar blood snapper 61 Macabí boca redonda 3 Malabar grouper 34 Macarela alicorta 46 Malabar snapper 61 Macarela bandoneada 46 Malabar thryssa 13 Macarela indica 47 Malabar trevally 44 Macarela salmon 47 malabarica, Thrissocles 13 Macarela torpedo 48 malabarica, Thryssa 13 Macarelas 39 malabaricus, Carangoides 44 macclellandi, Bregmaceros 25 malabaricus, Caranx 44 maccullochi, Pseudomycterus 80 malabaricus, Epinephelus 34 machnata, Elops 3 malabaricus, Lutjanus 59,61 Màchoiron aiguillette 19 Malacho salmón 3 Mâchoiron canard 19 malam, Alepes 41 Mâchoiron i mberbe 22 malam, Caranx 41 Màchoiron soldat 22 malayana, Sepiotheuthis 163

- 187 -

PAGE PAGE

Malelak 76 Mero lanceolado. 35

Malhar 53 Mero lutra 34

Mamila lisse 66 Mero malabarico 34

Mamilas 64 Mero manchado 33

Mangra 117,119-127,129 Mero medioluto 31

Mangrove red snapper 59 Mero ondulado 35

Manori 86-87 Mero patata 35

Manta sp. 136 Mero pintado 32

Mantas 135 Meros 31

Mantes 135 Mérou à bandes 33

Mâquereau des Indes 102 Mérou comète 34

Maquereaux 100 Mérou demideuil 31 Marbled catshark 127 Mérou épineux 32 margaritifera, Sciaena 78 Mérou faraud 33 marginatus, Caranx 46 Mérou lancéolé 35 marguiensis, Penaeus 153 Mérou loutre 34 (Fenneropenaeus) Mérou malabare 34

Marignans 28 Mérou marbré 33

Marlin rayado 106 Mérou ondulé 35

Marlin rayé 106 Mérou oriflamme 32 Marlin trompa corta 106 Mérou patate 35

marlina, Istiompax 106 Mérou pintade 32

marlina, Makaira 106 Mérous 31

Marlins 105 Metapenaeus affinis 148 marmoratus, Atelomycterus 127 Metapenaeus alcocki 148 marmoratus, Octopus 164 Metapenaeus brevicornis 143 Marrajo dientuso 126 Metapenaeus monoceros 143 Marz 108 Metapenaeus mutatus 148 Masi 38 Metapenaeus stebbingi 150 Matar 21 metopias, Nemipterus 65 mate, Atule 42 microcheirus, Sepia (Sepie 168 mate, Caranx 42 Ila)

Matuta lunaris 159 microchir, Caranx 46 Matuta planipes 159 microdon, Lethrinus 74 Matyabyllia Matyabyllia 141-142 Midwater grouper 35

Mayya 163,167-168 Milandres 125

Meagres 78 milchthyoides, Nibea 78

mebachi, Parathunnus 104 miles, Corvina 83

Medregal listado 50 miles, Sciaena 83

medusicola, Caranx 45 militaris, Osteogeneiosus 22

Meengh 94 Milk shark 123

Megalaspis cordyla 48 Milkfish 23

MEGALOPIDAE 3 miniata, Lethrinus 73

Megalops cyprinoides 3 mino, Batrachocephalus 22 megaloptera, Ilisha 6 Minstrel sweetlip 69 melampygus, Caranx 45 minuta, Gazza 54

melanoptera, Alepes 41 Mith 53-54,56

melanopterus, Carcharhinus 119 Mithoo 5 melanospilos, Taeniura 134 mitsukurii, Makaira 106 melanotus, Tylosacus 28 mitsukurii, Tetrapturus 106 melanura, Sardinella 9 Mittoo 4 melastoma, Ilisha 6 miyakamii, Caranx 46 melanoptera, Liza 92 Mobula diabola 136

Melva 101 Mobula japanica 136

Melvas 100 MOBULIDAE 135-136

Melveras 100 Mohr 120 membranaceus, Octopus 166 Mojarra alona 58

Mene maculata 53 Mojarra común 57

MENIDAE 53 Mojarra de hebra 57

menoni, Wak 80 Mojarra espinuda 58 Mero abanderado 33 Mojarras 57

Mero azul y amarillo 33 mokarran, Sphyrna 128

Mero banderilla 32 moluccensis, Upeneus 86

Mero cometa 34 MONACANTHIDAE 115

Mero espinudo 32 monoceros, Alutera 115

- 188 -

PAGE PAGE

monoceros, Metapenaeus 143 Mulet dos vert 93 monocirrhus, Exocoetus 25 Mulet joue dor 92 Monocle breams 64 Mulet longue alle 94 monodon, Penaeus (Penaeus) 154 Mulet mopiro 93 Monotaxis grandoculis 74 Mulet otomebora 92 mookalee, Trachinotus 52 Mulet tade 93 Moon fish 53 Mulets 91 Moonfish 53 Mulichthys squamiceps 108 Moorat 28 Mulla 73 Morays 15 Mulla pittan 136-137 Morenas 15 Mullets 91 Morénésoce commun 17 MULLIDAE 86-88

Morénésoce dague 16 Mulloides auriflamma 86

Morénésoce indien 16 Mulloides erythrinus 86

Morénésoces 16 Mulloides flavolineatus 88 Morenocio común 17 Mulloides vanicolensis 86

Morenocio dentón 16 multidens, Pristipomoides 64

Morenocio indio 16 multimaculatum, Pomadasys 72

Morenocios 16 Muna swasoo 112

Mori 41,91 Mundi 91-93

morrhua, Epinephelus 34 Mundsar 94

Moses perch 60 Mundsar bholari 82

mosis, Mustelus 129 Mundsar-tont 79

Mota 3 Munsa swasoo 113-114

Motambo boxeador 56 MURAENESOCIDAE 16-17 Motambo dentudo 54 Muraenesox arabicus 16

Motambo esplendor 54 Muraenesox bagio 17

Motambos 54 Muraenesox cinereus 16

Mottled eagle ray 137 Muraenesox talabonoides 16 Mourine javanaise 141 Muraenesox yamaguchiensis 17

Moustached anchovy 13 MURAENIDAE 15 Moustached thryssa 13 Murba 92 Moustached thryssa

mozambica, Sepia 167 Murbo 91-95

Muchicho 142 Murènes 15

Mud spiny lobster 144 Murra 23 Mudro 57-58 Murrant 26 muelleri, Physodon 124 Murro 23 Mugil abu zarondnyi 91 Mus 163-168 Mugil amarulus 94 Mushk 3,118 Mugil anpinensis 92 Mushka 78-85 Mugil axillaris 94 Mushko 83-84 Mugil borneensis 92 Musolas 129

Mugil caeruleomaculatus 94 Mussi 120 Mugil cephalus 94 Mustelus mosis 129 Mugil ceramensis 92 mutatus, Metapenaeus 148 Mugil dussumieri 93 Mylio berda 75 Mugil hashni 91 Mylio bifasciatus 75 Mugil japonicus 94 Mylio latus 75 Mugil jerdoni 93 MYLIOBATIDAE 136-137 Mugil kelaartii 94 Myliobatis sp. 137 Mugil longimanus 94 myops, Trachinocephalus 24 Mugil oligolepis 92 mystax, Thrissocles 13 Mugil ophuysenii 94 mystax, Thryssa 13

Mugil oür 94 Mugil planiceps 93 Mugil strongylocephalus 94 Mugil troschelii 92 MUGILIDAE 91-95 Mulet à grandes 92 écailles écailles Mulet à tache bleue 94 N Mulet abu 91 Mulet cabot 94 Mulet caréné 91 nageb, Pomadasys 71 Mulet chiraya 95 Nambo 31,33-35

- 189 -

PAGE PAGE

Nar 3 noct, Diplodus 77 Nar mangar 126 NOMEIDAE 108 Narce dipterygia 138 normani, Decapterus 42 Narcine brunnea 138 nudus, Chirocentrus 15 Narcine dipterygia 138 nufar, Cheimerius 76 Narcine indica 138 nufar, Dentex 76 Narcine timlei 138 Numb-fish 138 NARCINIDAE 138 Numbray 138 narinari, Aetobatus 137 Nur-mani 119-120 Narke dipterygia 138 Nur-palla 11 NARKIDAE 138 Narrow-barred Spanish 102 mackerel nasus, Nematalosa 6 nasus, Sciaena (Corvina) 80

natalensis, Cubiceps 108 Naucrates ductor 48

Naucrates indicus 48 o naucrates, Echeneis 38 Nawar 74,76-77

Nebrius concolor 124 obesus, Thunnus 104

Nebrius doldi 124 obesus, Triaenodon 124

Nebrius frrugineus 124 Oblique-banded snapper 64

nebulosa, Echidna 15 oblongus, Carangoides 44

nebulosus, Lethrinus 73 obtusata, Sphyraena 96 Needlefishes 27 Obtuse barracuda 96 Needlescaled queenfish 49 Oceanic whitetip shark 121 Neela punto 54 ocellatus, Octopus 166 Negaprion acutidens 122 Ochreband goatfish 88 neglecta, Coilia 12 OCTOPODIDAE 164-166 neglecta, Sciaena 78 Octopus aegina 164 Neglected grenadier 12 Octopus cyaneus 164 anchovy Octopus horsti 164 nehereus, Harpadon 24 Octopus indicus 166 Nematalosa nasus 6 Octopus kagoshimensis 164 NEMIPTERIDAE 64-67 Octopus macropus 165

Nemipterus bipunctatus 65 Octopus marmoratus 164

Nemipterus bleekerl 65 Octopus membranaceus 166

Nemipterus delagoae 65 Octopus ocellatus 166

Nemipterus japonicus 65 Octopus vulgaris 165

65 Nemipterus metopias ODONTASPIDIDAE 126

Nemipterus peronii 66 Oil sardine 8

Nemipterus tolu 66 Old woman octopus 166 Neothunnus albacora 103 oligolepis, Mugil 92

Neothunnus macropterus 103 oligolinx, Rhizoprionodon 123

Neptunus pelagicus 158 olivaceum, Pomadasys 72 Netuma thalassinus 19 Olive grunt 72 Nibea diacanthus 85 Oliver grunter 72 Nibea luctuosa 84 Oman gurnard 29

Nibea maculata 83 omanensis, lago 129

Nibea milchthyoides 78 omanensis, Lepidotrigla 29 Nibea soldado 83 Ombrine bronze 85 nichofii, Aetomylaeus 137 One spot seabream 77 niger, Apolectus 48 One-fin let scad 42 niger, Formio 48 One-spot golden snapper 59 niger, Gaterin 68 operculare, Pomadasys 70 niger, Macolor 64 operculare, Pristipoma 70 niger, Parastromateus 48 opercularis, Lethrinus 73 nigra, Pseudopristipoma 68 ophuysenii, Mugil 94 nigricans, Cheilopogon 25 Opisthopterus tardoore 7 nigripinnis, Caranx 41 Orangefin ponyfish 55 nigrofasciata, Seriolina 50 Orangemouth anchovy 14

Orangespotted trevally . 44 nigrofasciata, Zonichthys 50 nigromaculata, Corvina 85 orbicularis, Platax 89 nigrus, Plectorhynchus 68 orbis, Chaetodon 89

- 190 -

PAGE PAGE

orbis, Ephippus 89 Palore 140-141 Oriental sole 112 Palore guitarfish 141 10-11 Oriental sweetlips 69 Palwar • orientalis, Chorinemus 49 Pámpano abotonado 51 orientalis, Euryglossa 112 Pámpano africano 51 • orientalis, Gaterin 69 Pampano de hebra 40 • orientalis, Histiophorus 105 Pampano de quilla 41

40 • orientalis, Istiophorus 105 Pampano indico

orientalis, Plectorhinchus 69 Pámpano indico 52

orientalis, Thenus 146 Pámpano lunero 51

Ornate ponyfish 56 Pampanos 39

Ornate spiny lobster 144 Pampus argenteus 108

Ornate torpedo 142 Pampus chinensis 108

ornatus, Panulirus 144 Panaeus (Melicertus) 152

• oshimai, Loligo 163 canaliculatus

• osseus, Johnieops 79 Panchitos 58

• osseus, Johnius 79 Pandasi 83-84 • osseus, Sciaena 79 pantherinus, Bothus 110 • osseus, Wak 79 panther, Torpedo 142 Osteogeneiosus militaris 22 Panulirus fasciatus 144 • Osteogeneiosus sthenocephalus 22 Panulirus ornatus 144 • Otolithes argenteus 84 Panulirus polyphagus 144 Otolithes cuvieri 83 Panulirus versicolor 145 Otolithes ruber 84 Pappo 135 Otolithoides biauritus 84 Paracaesio xanthurus 64 • Otolithoides brunneus 84 para, Caranx 46 • Otolithus argenteus 84 Paradise threadfin 98 • Otolithus brunneus 84 paradiseus, Polynemus 98

84 Otomebora mullet 92 Paranibea semiluctuosa • our, Mugil 94 Parapenaeopsis hardwickii 150 oxycephalus, Hirundichthys 26 Parapenaeopsis sculptilis 151 oxyrinchus, Isurus 126 Parapenaeopsis stylifera 151 oyena, Gerres 57 Paraplagusia bilineata 114 Parascolopsis aspinosa 66 Parascolopsis boesemani 66 Parascolopsis eriomma 66 Parascolopsis townsendi 66 Parastromateus niger 48 P Parathunnus mebachi 104 Parathunnus sibi 104 Pardete 94 Pardetes 91 Pargo carmesi 59

Paarlari 71 Pargo de Madras 60

Paddan 13-14 * Pargo de manglar 59

Padni 11-14 Pargo imperial 61

Pagapa 38 Pargo jaspeado 60

Paggas 117 Pargo malabárico 61

Pagre à nageoires 75 Pargo maori 61 jaunes Pargo raboluna 60

Pagre double bande 75 Pargo tintero 59 Pagre picnic 75 Pargos 58 Pagres 74 Parrotfishes 98 Paguala 89 Parse 92 Painted spiny lobster 145 parsia, Liza 92 Painted sweetlips 68 Parupeneus barberinus 88 • palasorra, Scoliodon 123-124 Parupeneus bifasciatus 88 Pale spotfin croaker 82 Parupeneus cinnabarinus 88 PALINURIDAE 144-145 Parupeneus cyclostomus 88 Palla 4,10 Parupeneus indicus 88 Palli 4-7 Parupeneus macronema 88 Palo 94 parva, Sciaena 80

Palometa negra 48 Pasali 9 Palometas 39 Pashant 14 Palometones 39,107 Pastenagues 132

- 191 -

PAGE PAGE

Pata patti 152 Physodon muelleri 124 Patia 11-12 Pickhandle barracuda 96 Pattal 40 Picnic seabream 75 Pattar 39,41-45,52 pictum, Diagramma 68 Patudo 104 pictus, Plectorhinchus 69 Patunas 22 pictus. Plectorhynchus 68 Pavillon tacheté 90 pictus, Spilotichthys 68

Peces cuña 141 Picuda barracuda 95

Peces sables 104 Picuda de Forster 96 Peces vela 105 Picuda galoneada 97 Pêche-madame argenté 37 Picuda obtusa 96 pectinata, Pristis 139 Picuda serpentina 96 pectoralis, Caranx 41 Picudas 95 Pee-ant 93 picuda, Sphyraena 95 Pegatimón 38 Pieuvre 165 Pejepuerco estrellado 115 Pigeye shark 120 Pejesierras 139 Pigface breams 73 Pelagic thresher 118 Pike congers 16 pelagicus, Alopias 118 Pike eel 16 pelagicus, Neptunus 158 Pilotfish 48 pelagicus, Portunus 158 Pingo manchado 90 pelamis, Euthynnus 101 Pinjalo pinjalo 64 pelamis, Katsuwonus 101 Pinjalo snapper 64 Pelates quadrilineatus 36 pinjalo, Pinjalo 64 Péliau chanos 38 Pintarroja coral 127 Pellona ditchela 7 Pishi 124-125,129 Pellona hoevenii 7 Pithoo 107-108 Penaeid prawns 148 Pittan 132-135 Penaeid shrimps 148 Pittan dum 134

PENAEIDAE 143,148,150-155 plagiotaenia, Carangoides 44 Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) 153 Plain eagle ray 137 indicus planiceps, Mugil 93

) 153 planipes, Matuta Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus 159 marguiensis PLATACIDAE 89 Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) 154 Platax orbicularis 89 penicillatus Platax vespertilio 89 Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) 152 Platybelone argalus platyura 27 japonicus Platycéphales 30 Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon 154 PLATYCEPHALIDAE 30 Penaeus (Penaeus) semisulcatus 155 Platycephalus indicus 30 Penaeus bubulus 154 platypterus, Istiophorus 105 penicillatus, Penaeus 154 platystomus, Arius 19 (Fenneropenaeus) platystomus, Tachysurus 19 Pennahia macrophthalmus 85 platyura, Platybelargalus 27 Pentaprion longimanus 58 playfairi, Hypoprion 119

Peregrine shrimp 150 plebeius, Polynemus 98

perforata, Sardinella 7 Plectorhinchus gibbosus 68 Perons threadfin bream 66 Plectorhinchus orientalis 69 peronii, Nemipterus 66 Plectorhinchus pictus 69 Perroquets 98 Plectorhinchus schotaf 69 Pertica filamentosa 57 Plectorhynchus crassispina 68 Petacas 90 Plectorhynchus fangi 69 petimba, Fistularia 28 Plectorhynchus nigrus 68 Peto 100 Plectorhynchus pictus 68 Petos 100 PLOTOSIDAE 22-23 Pez espada 107 Plotosus limbatus 23 Pez piloto 48 Plotosus lineatus 23 Pez vela 105 poecilura, Gymnura 135

Phani 111 poieti, Gerres 58

Phanna 89 Pointed sawfish 139 Pharaoh cuttlefish 167 Poisson pilote 48 pharaonis, Sepia 167 Poisson -papiér tarture 7 Pharra 91,94-95 Poissons sabre 104 Phulano 132 Poissons-guitares 140 Phyasa 11-14 Poissons-paille 141

- 192 -

PAGE PAGE

139 PSETTODIDAE 109 Poissons-scie 80 Polat 92 Pseudomycterus maccullochi politus, Decapterus 42 Pseudopristipoma nigra 68 POLYNEMIDAE 97-98 Pseudorhombus arsius 110 Polynemus indicus 97 Pseudorhombus elevatus 110 Polynemus paradiseus 98 Pseudorhombus javanicus 110 Polynemus plebeius 98 Pseudorhombus triocellatus 110 Polynemus sextarius 98 Pseudosciaena amoyensis 78 polyphagus, Panulirus 144 Pseudosciaena axillaris 82 85 Pseudosciaena diacanthus POMACANTHIDAE 90 78

POMACENTRIDAE 90 Pseudosciaena indica 83

POMADASYIDAE 68-72 Pseudosciaena soldado

Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer 116

Pomadasys argenteus 70 Pomadasys argyreus 70 Puerulus sewelli 145 115

Pomadasys commersonni 70 Pufferfishes 56

Pomadasys furcatus 71 Pugnose ponyfish Pomadasys hasta 70 Pulpo azulón 164 Pomadasys kaakan 71 Pulpo común 165 Pomadasys maculatum 71 Pulpo manchado 165 Pomadasys multimaculatum 72 Pulpo membranoso 166 Pomadasys nageb 71 Pulpo perforado 166 Pomadasys olivaceum 72 Pulpo reticulado 164 Pomadasys operculare 70 punctata, Chaetondon 89 Pomadasys stridens 72 punctata, Drepane 89 Pomfrets 39 punctatus, Gerres 57 Pompaneau africain 51 puncticeps, Cynoglossus 114

81 Pompaneau indien 52 Purple j ewfish 129 Pompaneau lune 51 Pusuni 37 Pompaneau muscadin 51 puta, Authistes Pompano 51-52 puta, Terapon 37 Pompano à quille noire 41 putnamiae, Sphyraena 97 Pompano dolphinfish 53 Pompanos 39 Pondicherry shark 121 Ponyfish 54 Ponyfishes 54 Pooki 115-116 Q Portuk 7Q PORTUNIDAE 158-159 Portunus pelagicus 158

Portunus sanguinolentus 158

Potato grouper 35 quadrilineata, Cynoglossus 113

Poule deau 89 quadrilineatus, Pelates 36 Poulpe à quatre yeux 166 quagga, Zebrias 112

Poulpe des sables 164 M Poulpe tacheté 165

Poulpe vieille femme 166 praeustus, Carangoides 45

prashadi, Sepia 168 PRISTIDAE 139 Pristipoma haste 71 R Pristipoma operculare 70 Pristipomoides multidens 64 Pristipomoides zonatus 64 Pristis pectinata 139 Rabbitfishes 99 Pristis pristis 139 Rabil 103 Pristis zisjron RACHYCENTRIDAE 139 RACHYCENTRIDAE 38 pristis, Pristis 139 Rachycentron canadum 38 Promicrops lanceolatus 35 Raies 140 Protonibea diacanthus 85 Raies-papillon 135 Psenes africanus 109 Rainbow runner 47 Psenes extraneus 109 Rainbow sardine 5 Psenes indicus 109 Rainbow shrimp 151 Psenes squamiceps 108 RAJIDAE 140 Psettodes erumei 109 Rake-gilled mackerel 102

- 193 -

PAGE PAGE

ramak, Lethrinus 74 Rhynchobatus djeddensis 142

Rangan 84 Riami saang 15 Ranwas 97 Riami sarando 89 rappiana, Sepia 167 Riami tont 83 Rascacios 29 Ribbontail stingray 134 Rascasses 29 River shad 10 Rastrelliger chrysozonus 102 rivulatus, Lutjanus 61 Rastrelliger kanagurta 102 Robila 22 Rayamariposas 135 Rockcods 31 Rayas 140 Rombous 109 Rayas latigo 132 Ronco de seis bandes 71 rayneri, Galeocerdo 120 Ronco de tres bandas 72 rectipinnis, Carangoides 44 Roncos 68 Red snapper 59 rostratus, Lethrinus 73 Redbanded grouper 32 Rosy dwarf monocle 66 Redfin dwarf monocle 66 bream bream Rosy jewfish 84 Redspot swimming crab 158 Rosy snapper 60 Redspotted box crab 159 Rouget-souris aurore 87 Redtail prawn 154 Rouget-souris bande or 86 Remora 38 Rouget-souris orangé 87 Rémora commun 38 Rouget-souris rayé 87 Renards 118 Rougets-barbets 86 Requiem sharks 119 Roughback sea catfish 20 Requin á museau pointu 123 Roundhead grey mullet 94 Requin aiguille gris 123 Roundhead tonguesole 113 Requin baleine 127 Roundjaw bonefish 3 Requin corail 124 rouxi, Sepia 167 Requin du Gange 122 Rubberlips 68 Requin épée 124 ruber, Otolithes 84 Requin marteau 128 Ruby snapper 62 halicorne Runners 39 Requin marteau planeur 128 Rupichand 89 Requin pointes noires 119 Russells jewfish 79 Requin sagrin 123 Russells snapper 63 Requin tacheté 119 russelli, Decapterus 46-47 Requin taureau 126 russelli, Dendrophysa 79 Requin tigre commun 120 russelli, Lutjanus 63 Requin zèbre 129 russelli, Sciaena 79 Requin-nourrice fauve 124 russelli, Umbrina 79 Requins 119 Requins marteau 127 Requins-cabot 125 Requins-hâ 129 Reticulated box crab 159 reversa, Uraspis 52 Rhabdosargus sarba 77 Rhina ancylostoma 142 S Rhincodon typus 127 Rhiniodon typus 127 RHINIODONTIDAE 127 Saang 16-17 RHINOBATIDAE 140-141 Sábalo cachunda 4 Rhinobatos annandalei 140 Sábalo chandano 5 Rhinobatos granulatus 140 Sábalo de la India 10 Rhinobatos halavi 141 Sábalo toli 11 Rhinobatos thouini 141 Sábalos 4 Rhinoptera javanica 141 Saddle grunt 71 RHINOPTERIDAE 141 Safay-pattar 40 Rhizoprionodon acutus 123 Sagor catfish 21 Rhizoprionodon oligolinx 123 sagor, Arius 21 rhomboides, Carangoides 44 Sailfish 105 Rhonciscus anas 71 Sailfishes 105 Rhonciscus furcatus 71 Salema de Mar Rojo 76 Rhonciscus stridens 72 Salemas 74 RHYNCHOBATIDAE 141-142 Salicoque des vases 155

- 194 -

PAGE PAGE

77 Salicoque des vases 155 Sargo dorado

Salmonete aurora 87 Sargo luna Ilena 77

75 Salmonete de banda 86 Sargo picnic

dorada Sargo real 76

77 Salmonete estriado 87 Sargo sobaity

74 Salmonete naranjero 87 Sargos Salmonetes 86 Sargue doré 77 Salmonte vanicolense 86 Sargues 74 sanctipetri, Chorinemus 49 Saupe de Mer Rouge 76 Sand tigershark 126 Saurida longimanus 24 Sand bird octopus 164 Saurida tumbil 24 Sanghra 38 Saurida undosquamis 24 Sanglor 38 saurus, Elops 3 sanguineus, Lutjanus 61,63 Sauteur leurre 49 sanguinolentus, Portunus 158 Sauteur sabre 49 Sank 18 Sauteur talang 49 Sankh 15-17 Savalai hairtail 105 Sanpoo 47 savala, Lepturacanthus 105 Santer seabream 76 Savorín indio 108 Sapsap boxeur 56 Sawfishes 139 39 Sapsap dentu 54 Scads

Sapsap soleil 54 Scalloped hammerhead 128

Sapsaps 54 Scaly dwarf monocle 66

Sar lune 77 bream

Saram 49 Scaly stingray 133 Saram alari 49 SCARIDAE 98 Saram gazdani 49 SCATOPHAGIDAE 90 Saran kainchan 49 Scatophagus argus 90 Sarando 89 schotaf, Gaterin 69 sarba, Rhabdosargus 77 schotaf, Plectorhinchus 69 sarba, Sparus 77 Sciaena (Corvina) nasus 80

Sardina arco iris 5 Sciaena aeneus 85

Sardina blanca 5 Sciaena antarctica 78,85

Sardinas 4 Sciaena axillaris 82

Sardinata i ndica 7 Sciaena belengeri 80 Sardine arc-en-ciel 5 Sciaena bleekeri 78 Sardinela aceitera 8 Sciaena carutta 81 Sardinela blanca 7 Sciaena diacanthus 85 Sardinela dorada 8 Sciaena dussumieri 81-82 Sardinela rabo negro 9 Sciaena glaucus 82 Sardinela sinda 9 Sciaena goma 85

Sardinelas 4 Sciaena maculata 83 Sardinella albella 7 Sciaena margaritifera 78 Sardinella bulan 7 Sciaena miles 83 Sardinella gibbosa 8 Sciaena neglecta 78 Sardinella jussieu 8 Sciaena osseus 79

Sardinella longiceps 8 Sciaena parva 80

Sardinella melanura 9 Sciaena russelli 79

Sardinella perforata 7 Sciaena semiluctuosa 84 Sardinella sindensis 9 Sciaena sinuata 85 Sardinella taiwanensis 8 SCIAENIDAE 78-85 Sardinella tembang 8 Sciaenoides brunneus 84 Sardinellas 4 Scoliodon acutus 123 Sardinelle blanche 7 Scoliodon ceylonensis 123 Sardinelle dorée 8 Scoliodon laticaudus 124 Sardinelle indienne 8 Scoliodon palasorra 123-124 Sardinelle miyako 9 Scoliodon sorrakowa 124 Sardinelle queue noire 9 Scoliodon walbeehmi 123

Sardinelles 4 Scolopsis bimaculatus 66

Sardines 4 Scolopsis ghanam 67 Sardineta indica 6 Scolopsis taeniatus 67

Sardineta ojigrande 6 Scolopsis vosmeri 67

Sardinetas 4 Scomberoides commersonnianus 49 Sargo aleta amarilla 75 Scomberoides lysan 49 Sargo de dos bandas 75 Scomberoides tol 49

- 195 -

PAGE PAGE

Scomberomorus commerson 102 Sériole amourez 50 Scomberomorus guttatus 103 Seriolina nigrofasciata 50 Scomberomorus koreanus 103 SERRANIDAE 31-35 Scomberomorus lineolatus 102 Serranos 31 SCOMBRIDAE 100-104 Serrans 31 SCORPAENIDAE 29 serrata, Scylla 159 Scorpionfishes 29 serratus, Arius 19 sculptilis, Parapenaeopsis 151 serratus, Tachysurus 19 SCYLIORHINIDAE 127 servus, Holocentrus 36 Scylla serrata 159 setirostris, Thrissocles 14 SCYLLARIDAE 146 setirostris, Thryssa 14

Sea catfishes 18 sewelli, Puerulus 145 Sea robin 29 sexfasciatus, Caranx 46 Seabasses 31 sextarius, Polynemus 98 Seabreams 74 Shadines 4 sebae, Lutjanus 61 Shads 4

secunda, Uraspis 52 Sharpnose stingray 132 Secutor insidiator 56 Shazada 20

Seem 39-42,46-47, Short-bodied sardine 7 50,52 Short-nose swordfish 106 Seerfishes 100 Short-nosed tripodfish 116 Serri 97 Short-tail butterfly 135

seheli, Valamugil 94 ray Seiche capuchon 168 Short-tail stingray 133 Seiche grandes mains 167 Shortbill spearfish 106 Seiche pharaon 167 Shortfin mako 126 Selar crumenophthalmus 50 Shortfin scad 46 Sélar à bande dorée 50 Shortnose gizzard shad 4

Sélar aile noire 41 Shortnose ponyfish 55

Sélar coulisou 50 Shovelnose sea catfish 21 Sélar harangule 41 Shrimp scad 40

Selar queue jaune 42 Shumala 74-76

Sélar subari 40 Siah tighlum 48 Selaroides leptolepis 50 Siah-gosh khaggi 20 semiluctuosa, Corvina 84 Siah-pattar 40 semiluctuosa, Paranibea 84 sibi, Parathunnus 104 semiluctuosa, Sciaena 84 Sicklefin lemonshark 122 semiluctuosus, Johnius 84 sieboldi, Sepiotheuthis 163 semisulcatus, Penaeus (Penaeus) 155 SIGANIDAE 99 Siganos 99 sephen, Hypolophus 134 Sigans 99

Sepia (Sepiella) microcheirus 168 Siganus canaliculatus 99

Sepia affinis 168 Siganus javus 99 Sepia formosana 167 Siganus spinus 99 Sepia hercules 167 sihama, Sillago 37 Sepia latimanus 167 Silago plateado 37 Sepia mozambica 167 Silky shark 121 Sepia pharaonis 167 SILLAGINIDAE 37 Sepia prashadi 168 Sillago sihama 37 Sepia rappiana 167 Silver conger 16 Sepia rouxi 167 Silver grunt 70 Sepia tigris 167 Silver grunter 70 Sepia caperuza 168 Silver jewfish 81 Sepia faraonica 167 Silver pomfret 108 Sépia inerme 168 Silver pomfrets 107 Sepia inerme 168 Silver sillago 37 Sepia mazuda 167 Silver whiting 37 Sepiella inermis 168 Silver-biddies 57 Sepiella maindroni 168 Sin croaker 80 SEPIIDAE 167-168 sina, Corvina 80 Sepioteuthis lessoniana 163 sina, Johnieops 80 Sepiotheuthis krempfi 163 sina, Johnius (Johnieops) 80 Sepiotheuthis malayana 163 sina, Wak 80 Sepiotheuthis sieboldi 163 Sind sardinella 9 Serin 29 sindensis, Sardinella 9

- 196 -

PAGE PAGE

Singhara 19-22 Spare royal 76 77 sinuata, Sciaena 85 Spare sobaity

74 sinuata, Umbrina 85 Spares

sinuspersici, Torpedo 142 SPARIDAE 74-77

Skates 140 Sparidentex hasta 77

75 Skipjack 101 Sparus bifasciatus

Skipjack tuna 101 Sparus latus 75

Slender bambooshark 126 Sparus sarba 77

Slender barred ponyfish 56 Sparus spinifer 76

Slender conger 18 Spear shrimp 150 Slender queenfish 49 speciosus, Caranx 47 Slender threadfin bream 65 speciosus, Gnathanodon 47 Sliteye shark 123 Speckled shrimp 143 Sluggish shark 124 Speckled tonguesole 114

Small grey shark 119 Speiglers mullet 95 Small salmon 80 speigleri, Valamugil 95 Small spotted dart 51 Sphyraena barracuda 95 Small-scaled banded 37 Sphyraena bleekeri 97 grunt Sphyraena chrysotaenia 96 Small-toothed jobfish 62 Sphyraena forsteri 96 Smallscaled terapon 37 Sphyraena jello 96 Smallspotted grunter 70 Sphyraena obtusata 96 Smalltooth emperor 74 Sphyraena picuda 95 Smalltooth sawfish 139 Sphyraena putnamiae 97 Smooth dwarf monocle 66 Sphyraenella chrysotaenia 96 bream SPHYRAENIDAE 95-97 Smoothhounds 129 Sphyrna blochii 128 Snaggletooth shark 125 Sphyrna diplana 128 Snappers 58 Sphyrna lewini 128 Snubnose pompano 51 Sphyrna mokarran 128

Sobaity seabream 77 Sphyrna tudes 128

solandri, Acanthocybium 100 SPHYRNIDAE 127-128

soldado, Johnius 83 spiloptera, Lepidotrigla 29 soldado, Nibea 83 Spilotichthys pictus 68 soldado, Pseudosciaena 83 Spinefoots 99 soldado, Wak 83 Spineless cuttlefish 168 Soldier catfish 22 spinifer, Argyrops 76 Soldier croaker 83 spinifer, Sparus 76 Soldierbreams 74 spinus, Siganus 99 Soldierfishes 28 splendens, Leiognathus 54 Sole 112-114 Splendid ponyfish 54 Solea elongata 112 Spotfin flathead 30 SOLEIDAE 111-112 Spottail needlefish 28 Solenocera crassicornis 155 Spottail shark 119 Solenocera indica 155 Spotted batfish 89 Solenocera subnuda 155 Spotted butterfish 90 SOLENOCERIDAE 155 Spotted catfish 18 Soles 111 Spotted codlet 25 Soli chuk 83 Spotted croaker 85 Sona sea catfish 21 Spotted eagle ray 137 sona, Arius 21 Spotted electric ray 138 Sonab 51-52 Spotted grunter 71 Sonaf 51-52 Spotted scat 90 Sonam 51-52 Spotted sicklefish 89 Sooli 78 Spotted Spanish 103 Sorapi pishik 123 mackerel Soredab 68 Spottedwing gurnard 29 Soredaf 68-69 Spratelloides delicatulus 9 sorrah, Carcharhinus 119 Spratelloides gracilis 10 sorrakowa, Scoliodon 124 Sprats 4 Sorro 76 Springer 94 Southern meagre 78 squamiceps, Cubiceps 108 Spadefish 89 squamiceps, Mulichthys 108 Spadenose shark 124 squamiceps, Psenes 108 Spangled emperor 73 Square-tail mullet 93

- 197 -

PAGE PAGE

Squirrelfishes 28 SYNODONTIDAE 23-24 Starry moray 15 Synodus indicus 24 Starry pigface bream 73 Synodus macrops 24 Starry triggerfish 115 stebbingi, Metapenaeus 150 Stegostoma fasciatum 129 Stegostoma tygrinus 129 Stegostoma varium 129 STEGOSTOMATIDAE 129 stellaris, Abalistes 115

stellatus, Abalistes 115 T stellatus, Caranx 45 sthenocephalus, Osteogeneiosus 22 Stingfishes 29 tabi, Decapterus 47 Stingrays 132 Tachysurus maculatus 18

Stolephorus commersonii 12 Tachysurus platystomus 19

Stolephorus delicatulus 9 Tachysurus serratus 19

Stolephorus indicus 12 Tachysurus tenuispinis 19 Stolephorus japonicus 10 Tachysurus thalassinus 19

Stonefishes 29 Tade mullet 93 Streaked seerfish 102 fade, Liza 93 Streaked Spanish 102 taeniatus, Scolopsis 67

87 mackerel taeniopterus, Upeneus

Streaked spinefoot 99 Taeniura lymna 134 striata, Umbrina 85 Taeniura melanospilos 134

94 stridens, Pomadasys 72 Tagan

stridens, Rhonciscus 72 Tailgo pishik 123 strigilifer, Pseudotriacanthus 116 Tailgo seem 50 Striped eel catfish 23 taiwanensis, Sardinella 8 Striped goatfish 87 talabonoides, Congresox 16 Striped marlin 106 talabonoides, Muraenesox 16 Striped piggy 72 talampariodes, Carangoides 45 Striped ponyfish 56 Talang queenfish 49 Striped round herring 10 Talwar 104 Striped threadfin 98 Tamboriles 115 Striped tuna 101 Tanak-chand 89 Stripped grunter 72 Tangs snapper 62 STROMATEIDAE 107-108 Tantar 71 Strongspine silver- 58 tapeinosoma, Auxis 101 biddy Tardoore 7 strongylocephalus, Mugil 94 tardoore, Opisthopterus 7 Strongylura leiura 27 Tarli 7-9 Strongylura strongylura 28 Tarpon 3 strongylura, Strongylura 28 Tarpon indo-pacífico 3 stylifera, Parapenaeopsis 151 Tarpon indo-pacifique 3 Sua 80,85 Tarwhine silverbream 77 subnuda, Solenocera 155 Tasselfish 85 subrostratus, Arius 21 Tasselfishes 97 subviridis, Liza 93 Taupe bleu 126 Suddo 139 taurus, Eugomphodus 126 Sufaid-poplet 107-108 tauvina, Epinephelus 34 Sukura 115 Tawny nurse shark 124 Sulphur goatfish 87 Tayabi saang 16-17 sulphureus, Upeneus 87 Tel-tampri 5,9-10 sumatranus, Arius 21 tembang, Sardinella 8 sundaicus, Upeneus 88 Tembladores 138 superciliosus, Alopias 118 temmincki, Carcharhinus 122 suppositus, Grammoplites 30 temmincki, Lamiopsis 122 surinamensis, Lobotes 67 Tenpounder 3 Surmai 100,102 tentaculata, Aetoplatea 135 Surmaya 102 Tenualosa ilisha 10 Swaso 109,111 Tenualosa toli 11 Sweetlips 68 tenuispinis, Arius 19 Swordfish 107 tenuispinis, Hemipuniclodus 19 Synaptura commersoniana 112 tenuispinis, Tachysurus 19

- 198 -

PAGE PAGE 119 Tiburón de puntas 36 Terapon jarbua negras

Terapon puta 37 122 Tiburón del Ganges

Terapon theraps 37 123 Tiburón ojuelo

Terapon-perches 36 36-37 Tiburón rabo manchado 119 TERAPONIDAE TERAPONIDAE Tiburones 119 Terapons 36 154 tetradactylum, Eleutheronema 97 Tiger madak Tiger shark 120 TETRAODONTIDAE 115 151,154 Tetrapturus angustirostris 106 Tiger shrimp 106 Tigertooth croaker 84 Tetrapturus audax 107-108 Tetrapturus mitsukurii 106 Tighlum tigris, Sepia 167 thalassinus, Arius 19 142 thalassinus, Netuma 19 Tikki bhotan 19 Tikki palwar 10 thalassinus, Tachysurus 127

102 Tikki pishi Thazard cirrus 103 timlei, Narcine 138 Thazard coréen 104

Tinji Thazard ponctué (Indo- 103 Tintle 74-76 Pacifique) 120 102 Tintorera Thazard rayé (Indo- Pacifique) Tintoreras 119 77 Thazard-bâtard Thazard-bâtard 100 Tippuch tol, Chorinemus 49 thazard, Auxis 101 Thazards 100 Toli shad 11 Thenus orientalis 146 toli, Hilsa 11

11 toli, Tenualosa theraps, Eutherapon 37 49

37 tol, Scomberoides theraps, Terapon Thinspine catfish 19 tolu, Nemipterus 66 Thon mignon 104 tonggol, Kishinoella 104 Thon obèse 104 tonggol, Thunnus 104 Thonine orientale 101 Tonguesoles 112 Thonines 100 Tont 78-83,85 Thons 100 Toora 115 115

Tooro thoracata, Escualosa 5 thoracata, Kowala 5 Toothed ponyfish 54 Thorny stingray 134 Toothed shad 7 Thornycheek grouper 32 Toothponies 54 thouini, Rhinobatos 141 Toothpony 54 Threadfin breams 64 Toro 18 Threadfin sea catfish 20 Toro bacota 126

142 TORPEDINIDAE Threadfins 97

142 Torpedo fuscomaculata Three-banded sweetlip 69 142

Three-spotted flounder 110 Torpedo panther Thresher sharks 118 Torpedo sinuspersici 142 Thrissocles malabarica 13 Torpedo scad 48 Thrissocles mystax 13 Torpedo trevally 48 Thrissocles setirostris 14 Torpedos 142 Thrissocles vitrirostris 14 Torpilles 142 Thryssa hamiltonii 13 Torro gallo 21 Thryssa malabarica 13 townsendi, Parascolopsis 66 Thryssa mystax 13 Trachinocephalus myops 24 Thryssa setirostris 14 Trachinotus africanus 51 Thryssa vitrirostris 14 Trachinotus baillonii 51 Thryssas 11 Trachinotus blochii 51 Thumbprint emperor 74 Trachinotus mookalee 52 Thumbprint monocle 66 Trachurops crumenophthalmus 50 bream Trachurus indicus 52 Thunnus albacares 103 tragula, Upeneus 88 Thunnus obesus 104 Transparent herring 5 Thunnus tonggol 104 Tread-finned trevally 40 Thuri 25 Trembleurs 138

Thute 26 Trevallies 39

Thynnus argentivittatus 103 TRIACANTHIDAE 116

Thyrsoidea macrura 15 Triacanthus biaculeatus 116 Tiburón acebrado 129 Triaenodon obesus 124

Tiburón ballena 127 TRIAKIDAE 129

- 199 -

PAGE PAGE

TRICHIURIDAE 104-105 Uraspis reversa 52 Trichiurus lepturus 105 Uraspis secunda 52 tricuspidatus, Eugomphodus 126 Uraspis wakiyai 52 Uroconger lepturus TRIGLIDAE 29 Uroconger lepturus 18 triocellatus, Pseudorhombus 110 Urogymnus asperrimus 134 Triplecross Iizardfish 24 Ushtar 40 Tripletail 67 Uthar pittan 132-133

Tripodfishes 116

Tripodinos 116

Tripodins 116

Tropical two-wing 26 flyingfish troschelii, Mugil 92 Trout sweetlips 69

Trumpeter perch 36 V tudes, Sphyrna 128 tukula, Epinephelus 35 tumbil, Saurida 24 vaigiensis, Liza 93 Tunas 100 Valamugil cunnesius 94 Turbot 109 Valamugil seheli 94 Turbot épineux indien 109 Valamugil speigleri 95

Turrum emburyi 43 valenciennii, Johnius 85

Two-blotch ponyfish 55 vanicolensis, Mulloides 86

Two-spined jewfish 85 vari, Alepes 41

Two-spot red snapper 62 varium, Stegostoma 129

Twobar seabream 75 Varlet de I Océan 25

tygrinus, Stegostoma 129 Indien

Tylosurus acus melanotus 28 Verrue bronzée 84

Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus 28 Verrue tigre 83 typus, Caranx 42 Verrues 78

typus, Rhincodon 127 Verrugato de Canarias 85

typus, Rhiniodon 127 versicolor, Panulirus 145

vespertillo, Platax 89 Viat 3

Viejas 98 Vielles 31,98 Violon crépuscule 36 Violon grogneur 37 Violon jarbua 36 U Violon tigre 37 Violons 36 virescens, Aprion 62

uarnak, Himantura 133 vitrirostris, Thrissocles 14

Ulus 101 vitrirostris, Thryssa 14

Umbrina amblycephala 81 vitta, Lutjanus 63

Umbrina canariensis 85 vittatus, Upeneus 87 Umbrina dussumieri 81 Vivaneau bourgeois 61 Umbrina fuscolineata 81 Vivaneau cramoisi 59 Umbrina khlii 79 Vivaneau des mangroves 59 Umbrina russelli 79 Vivaneau gibelot 59 Umbrina sinuata 85 Vivaneau gros yeux 60 Umbrina striata 85 Vivaneau malabar 61 undosquamis, Saurida 24 Vivaneau mauri 61

undulosus, Epinephelus 35 Vivaneau queue lune 60

Unicorn filefsh 115 Vivaneau ziebelo 60 Unicorn leatherjacket 115 Vivaneaux 58 Upeneus arge 87 Voilier 105

Upeneus moluccensis 86 Voiliers 105

Upeneus sulphureus 87 Voladores 25 Upeneus sundaicus 88 volitans, Exocoetus 26 Upeneus taeniopterus 87 vosmeri, Scolopsis 67 Upeneus tragula 88 vulgaris, Octopus 165 Upeneus vittatus 87 vulpes, Albula 3 Uraspis cadenati 52 Uraspis heidi 52 - 200 -

PAGE PAGE

W Y

Wahoo 100 yaito, Euthynnus 101

Wahoos 100 yamaguchiensis, Muraenesox 17

74 waigiensis, Lethrinus 73 Yellow banded emperor

Wak axillaris 82 Yellow shrimp 143

Wak menoni 80 Yellow-fin trevally 45 Wak osseus 79 Yellow-lined leather 115 Wak sina 80 jacket Wak soldado 83 Yellow-striped goatfish 87 wakiyai, Uraspis 52 Yellowfin goatfish 86 walbeehmi, Scoliodon 123 Yellowfin seabream 75 walga, Himantura 133 Yellowfin tuna 103 Wanag 107-108 Yellowspotted trevally 43 Warna musko 83-84 Yellowstreaked snapper 62 Weakfishes 78 Yellowstripe goatflsh 88 Weasel sharks 125 Yellowstripe scad 50

Webfoot octopus 166 Yellowtail blue snapper 64

Wedgefishes 141 Yellowtail scad 42

Whale shark 127

Whip lobster 145 Whipfin ponyfish 56

Whiprays 132

Whiptail stingray 133

White milkfish 38

White sardine 5

White sardinella 7 Z White-spotted octopus 165 White-spotted spinefoot 99 Whitecheek monocle 67 Zahro 140 bream Zaid 129 Whitecheek shark 121 Zarday 103 Whitefin wolf-herring 15 Zarkao 48,50 Whitespotted wedgefish 142 Zarkaok 50 Whitetip reef shark 124 zarondnyi, Mugiabu 91 Winghead shark 128 Zebra shark 129 Witch prawn 152 Zebrias quagga 112 Wolf-herrings 14 zisjron, Pristis 139 Wrasses 98 zonatus, Pristipomoides 64 Zonichthys nigrofasciata 50 Zorros 118 Zrkaok 48 zugei, Dasyatis 132

xanthurus, Paracaesio 64

Xiphias estara 107 Xiphias gladius 107 Xiphias gladius estara 107 XIPHIIDAE 107

click for next page click for previous page PLATE I MEGALOPIDAE CLUPEIDAE ENGRAULIDAE SYNODONTI DAE

1) Megalops cyprinoides 2) Anodontostoma chacunda

3) Hilsa kelee 4) Sardinella albella

5) Stolephorus commersonii 6) Saurida undosquamis PLATE II HEMIRAMPHIDAE BELONIDAE SERRANIDAE

7) Hemiramphus far

8) Strongylura strongylura

9) Epinephelus bleekeri

10) Epinephelus chlorostigma

11) Epinephelus diacanthus

12) Epinephelus fasciatus PLATE III SERRANIDAE

13) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus

14) Epinephelus latifasciatus

15) Epinephelus malabricus

16) Epinephelus morrhua

17) Epinephelus tauvina

18) Epinephelus undulosus PLATE IV TERAPOMDAE CARANGIDAE

19) Terapon jarbua

20) Terapon puta

21) Sillago sihama

22) Alectis indicus 23) Alepes djedaba

24) Carangoides bajad PLATE V CARANGIDAE

25) Carangoides chrysophrys 26) Carangoides ferdau

27) Carangoides malabaricus 28) Caranx ignobilis

29) Caranx sexfasciatus

30) Megalaspis cordyla PLATE VI CARANGIDAE MENIDAE

31) Scomberoides lysan 32) Scomberoides tol

33) Trachinotus blochii 34) Trachinotus mookalee

35) Trachurus indicus 36) Mene maculata

click for next page click for previous page

PLATE VII LEIOGNATHIDAE

37) Gazza minuta

38) Leiognathus berbis

39) Leiognathus bindus

40) Leiognathus blochi

41) Leiognathus brevirostris

42) Leiognathus daura PLATE VIII LEIOGN ATHIDAE

43) Leiognathus dussumieri

44) Leiognathus equulus

45) Leiognathus fasciatus

46) Leiognathus leuciscus

47) Leiognathus lineolatus

48) Leiognathus splendens

PLATE IX LEIOGNATHIDAE LUTJANIDAE

49) Secutor insidiator

50) Aphareus furcatus

51) Aprion virescens

52) Etelis carbunculus

53) Lipochelius carnolabrum

54) Lutjanus argentimaculatus PLATE X LUTJANIDAE

55) Lutjanus bengalensis

56) Lutjanus bohar

57) Lutjanus caeruleolineatus

58) Lutjanus ehrembergii

59) Lutjanus erythropterus

54) Lutjanus argentimaculatus

click for next page click for previous page PLATE XI LUTJANIDAE

61) Lutjanus fulvus

62) Lutjanus gibbus

63) Lutjanus johnii

64) Lutjanus kasmira

65) Lutjanus lemniscatus

66) Lutjanus lunulatus PLATE XII LUTJANIDAE

67) Lutjanus lutjanus

68) Lutjanus malabricus

69) Lutjanus rivulatus

70) Lutjanus russelli

71) Lutjanus sanguineus

72) Lutjanus sebae PLATE XIII LUTJANIDAE

73) Lutjanus vitta

74) Macolor niger

75) Paracaesio xanthurus

76) Pinjalo pinjalo

77) Pristipomoides multidens

78) Pristipomoides zonatus PLATE XIV NEMIPTERIDAE

79) Nemipterus bipunctatus

80) Nemipterus japonicus

81) Nemipterus metopias

82) Parascolopsis eriomma 77) Pristipomoides multidens

84) Scolopsis bimaculatus PLATE XV NEMIPTERIDAE LOBOTIDAE HAEMULIDAE

85) Scolopsis ghanam

86) Lobotes surinamensis

87) Diagramma pictum

88) Plectorhinchus gibbosus

89) Plectorhinchus orientalis

90) Pomadasys furcatus

click for next page

click for previous page PLATE XVI HAEMULIDAE LETHRINIDAE

91) Pomadasys maculatum 92) Pomadasys kaakan

93) Lethrinus elongatus 94) Lethrinus harak

95) Lethrinus microdon 96) Lethrinus nebulosus PLATE XVII LETHRINIDAE SPARIDAE

97) Lethrinus ramak 98) Monotaxis grandoculis

99) Acanthopagrus berda

100) Acanthopagrus bifasciatus

101) Agryrops spinifer 102) Crenidens crenidens PLATE XVIII SCIAENIDAE MULLIDAE

103) Dendrophysa russelli

104) Otolithes ruber

105) Mulloides flavolineatus 106) Mulloides vanicolensis

107) Parupeneus barberinus 108) Parupeneus bifasciatus PLATE XIX MULLIDAE

109) Parupeneus cinnabarinus 110) Parupeneus cyclostomus 159 mm S.L.

111) Parupeneus cyclostomus 112) Parupeneus indicus 222 mm S.L.

113) Parupeneus macronema 114) Upeneus moluccensis MULLIDAE PLATE XX DREPANIDAE PLATACIDAE

115) Upeneus sulphureus 116) Upeneus taeniopterus

117) Upeneus tragula 118) Upeneus vittatus

119) Drepane punctata

120) Platax orbicularis click for next page click for previous page PLATE XXI SCATOPHAGIDAE MUGILIDAE POLYNEMIDAE

122) Liza parsia 121) Scatophagus argus

123) Mugil cephalus 124) Valamugil speigleri

125) Eleutheronema tetradactylum 126) Polynemus sextarius PLATE XXII SIGANIDAE SCOMBRIDAE

127) Siganus canaliculatus

128) Siganus javus

129) Siganus spinus

130) Auxis thazard 131) Rastrelliger kanagurta

132) Scomberomorus commerson PLATE XXIII PSETTODIDAE SOLEIDAE BOTHIDAE BALISTIDAE TRIACANTHIDAE

133) Psettodes erumei

134) Euryglossa orientalis

135) Bothus pantherinus

136) Abalistes stellatus

137) Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer 138) Triacanthus biaculeatus PLATE XXIV CARCHARHINIDAE RHINOBATIDAE RHYNCHOBATIDAE

139) Carcharhinus leucas

140) Loxodon macrorhinus

141) Rhizoprionodon acutus

142) Rhinobatos granulatus

143) Rhynchobatus djeddensis