TESIS DE DOCTORADO Desarrollo De Herramientas Moleculares Para Su Aplicación En La Mejora De La Trazabilidad De Los Alimentos Fátima C

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TESIS DE DOCTORADO Desarrollo De Herramientas Moleculares Para Su Aplicación En La Mejora De La Trazabilidad De Los Alimentos Fátima C TESIS DE DOCTORADO Desarrollo de herramientas moleculares para su aplicación en la mejora de la trazabilidad de los alimentos Fátima C. Lago Soriano 2017 Desarrollo de herramientas moleculares para para moleculares Desarrollo de herramientas : DO Fátima Soriano Lago C. TESIS DOCTORA DE la los trazabilidad de alimentos aplicaciónla su mejora de en 2017 Escuela Internacional de Doctorado Fátima C. Lago Soriano TESIS DE DOCTORADO DESARROLLO DE HERRAMIENTAS MOLECULARES PARA SU APLICACIÓN EN LA MEJORA DE LA TRAZABILIDAD DE LOS ALIMENTOS Dirigida por los Doctores: Montserrat Espiñeira Fernández Juan Manuel Vieites Baptista de Sousa Página 1 de 153 AGRADECIMIENTOS Cuando una etapa llega a su fin, es cuando por fin puedes mirar a atrás, respirar profundamente, y acordarte de aquellos que te acompañaron. Del mismo modo, es difícil entender los agradecimientos de una tesis hasta que pones el punto y final. Es en este momento cuando se puede percibir la gratitud que sientes a todas las personas que han estado presentes durante esa etapa, ya bien sea codo a codo o simplemente trayéndote un café calentito en el momento preciso. Pero también es cierto que, entre toda esa gente que ha estado ahí, hay pocas caras que se dibujan clara e intensamente en mi cabeza. En primerísimo lugar, me gustaría dar las gracias de una manera muy especial a Montse por muchos, muchísimos motivos: por darme cariño y amistad desde el día en que nos conocimos; porque a lo largo de esta década hemos compartido muchísimos momentos alegres, acompañados de risas y carcajadas, pero también los más tristes de mi vida, inundados de lágrimas y angustia; por estar ahí para lo que sea, para todo, y tener siempre tendida su mano amiga; por escucharme una y otra vez, sin cansarse, y aconsejarme sabiamente; por confiar en mí y guiarme, no solo durante el desarrollo de esta tesis, sino también en mi formación y día a día; por su eterna paciencia;… y, sobre todo, por poner en mi vida al “morenocho”, ese pequeño loquito tímido que me comería a besos. Por todo ello, mi eterno agradecimiento. Porque por él empezó todo, quisiera agradecer enormemente a Fran el darme la oportunidad de formar parte de su equipo. Y, ahora que nuestros caminos se han vuelto a cruzar, por transmitirnos paz y tranquilidad en nuestro día a día, por ser esa voz sabia que escuchas Página 5 de 153 cuando estás perdido, por tus notas de humor en plena tempestad,… por ser como eres. Sin vosotros, equipo, no hubiese sido posible la finalización de esta tesis. En resumidas cuentas, esta tesis es más vuestra que mia. Quiero extender un sincero agradecimiento a mis directores de tesis, Juan Manuel Vieites Baptista de Sousa y Montserrat Espiñeira Fernández, así como a mi tutora, Paloma Morán Martínez, por su ayuda y sabios consejos, disponibilidad y colaboración. No puedo olvidar a mis compañeras y amigas con las cuales he compartido horas de trabajo. Unas se han ido y otras han llegado. A todas, gracias por los buenos y malos momentos, y por aguantarme. Mención especial para Deivi, mi amor, mi amigo, mi compañero de viaje en ésta y otras tantas aventuras, mi confidente, mi gran apoyo, mi “Choupanés de la Choupana”… mi vida. Mil gracias por hacerme siempre la vida mucho más fácil. A tu lado la tristeza se transforma en alegría y la soledad no existe. A mis soles, Mikel y Mauro, mis “Micifús”, porque a vuestro lado vuela el tiempo y lo sois todo para mí. Dais sentido pleno a mi vida. A todos los que ocupan un lugar especial en mi vida, mis padres, mis hermanos, demás familia y amigos,… por vuestro apoyo, gracias por haber sabido disculpar mis ausencias o mis salidas de tono, y aun así siempre haber tenido una palabra de ánimo. Gracias a todos!!! Página 6 de 153 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................. 11 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ESPECIES ........................................................................... 17 MÉTODO FINS (Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing) ............. 20 ETAPAS DE LA TÉCNICA FINS ............................................................................. 24 EXTRACCIÓN DEL ADN .................................................................................. 24 SELECCIÓN DEL MARCADOR MOLECULAR ................................................ 27 DISEÑO DE LOS CEBADORES ......................................................................... 29 AMPLIFICACIÓN .............................................................................................. 32 SECUENCIACIÓN ............................................................................................ 33 ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO ................................................................................ 35 MATERIAL DE REFERENCIA ............................................................................. 37 BASES DE DATOS ............................................................................................. 39 VALIDACIÓN DE LAS TÉCNICAS MOLECULARES......................................... 41 APLICACIONES DE LA TÉCNICA FINS ............................................................... 43 VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS DE LA TÉCNICA FINS ........................................... 44 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................... 47 Authentication of species in meat products by genetic techniques ....... 51 Genetic Identification of Horse Mackerel and Related Species in Seafood Products by Means of Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing Methodology ............................................................................... 63 FINS methodology to identification of sardines and related species in canned products and detection of mixture by means of SNP analysis systems ................................................................................................................. 71 Development of a FINS- based method for the identification of skates species of commercial interest ........................................................................ 83 Authentication of the most important species of freshwater eels by means of FINS ..................................................................................................... 91 Página 8 de 153 Authentication of gadoids from highly processed products susceptible to include species mixtures by means of DNA sequencing methods............ 99 DISCUSIÓN ......................................................................................................... 113 EXTRACCIÓN DEL ADN ................................................................................ 116 SELECCIÓN DEL MARCADOR MOLECULAR .............................................. 118 DISEÑO DE CEBADORES ............................................................................... 121 ANÁLISIS FILOGENÉTICO .............................................................................. 122 VALIDACIÓN METODOLÓGICA .................................................................. 123 APLICACIÓN A MUESTRAS COMERCIALES/ESTUDIO DE MERCADO...... 125 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................ 131 REFERENCIAS ..................................................................................................... 139 Página 9 de 153 INTRODUCCIÓN Página 11 de 153 INTRODUCCIÓN En los últimos años, las técnicas de identificación de especies han adquirido gran relevancia en el sector de la alimentación. Este auge surge como respuesta al creciente interés de los consumidores por disponer de la mayor cantidad de información posible sobre los productos que se encuentran a su alcance en los mercados, demandando cada vez más, productos saludables, de calidad y con características nutricionales determinadas. Tanto los productores y comercializadores, como las propias autoridades de control, conscientes de estos cambios, aplican estas técnicas en sus controles, incrementando la calidad y la seguridad alimentaria de dichos productos. En este sentido, la trazabilidad se ha convertido en una prioridad en el sector alimentario. Es imprescindible para ofrecer transparencia y garantías a los consumidores, quienes exigen cada vez estándares más elevados de frescura de los alimentos, así como diversidad, conveniencia e inocuidad; y garantías de calidad como la rastreabilidad, las normas de empaquetado y los controles de elaboración. Los consumidores piden garantías de que los alimentos hayan sido producidos, manipulados y comercializados de un modo que no sea perjudicial para su salud, que respete el medio ambiente y que aborde otras preocupaciones éticas y sociales [1]. Pero también es un aspecto fundamental para los productores, ya que les permite asegurar la calidad de la materia prima que introducen en la cadena alimentaria, así como la certificación de sus productos en base a distintos estándares, la rápida localización de partidas problemáticas y la Página 13 de 153 implantación de sistemas control, evitando el fraude y la competencia desleal entre ellos. En el Reglamento Europeo 652/2014 se define la trazabilidad como “la posibilidad de encontrar y seguir el rastro, a través de todas las etapas de producción, transformación y distribución de un alimento, un pienso, un animal destinado a la producción de alimentos o una sustancia destinada a ser incorporada en alimentos o piensos o con probabilidad de serlo” [2]. Un buen sistema de trazabilidad debe permitir seguir el rastro de un producto, tanto hacia
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