ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ-143-182Θ2008
!ݲࡡϽޟᛳߞတ৬πӴܚݲࡡȈၐ፣ڗ࿋Ӵශႄ ! ც֨ڏЅ
! ʳ ۣ!ڃ!ഌ
ᄢ! ौ!
ൟȄณޟ༭ȃᏹᇄӔ౪ᐣѬלӵȂζܚޟӴශΡᇄઠӑҺོޟࠒ৬ ᜰ߽ӵޟདȂΡᇄӴශޟΣϞࡣȂளΣΟѪΙৈΡӴᜰ߽໌فՄӵՙПݲࡡᡝ ԤȂܚᛳߞတ৬ᐿҳ Ȟ1978ȟϞࡣȂπӴσӱᘪন՞ҕܚႆแϛᙽᡐȄޟݲࡡϽ ᓞҬઽܖӴПૅՂٮ࡙ȷ Ȟcustomary land tenureȟȂڙᒝȶ༈ಛπӴܚζ௴Ң ณฒٷ࡙ȂࠓڙπӴޟȄณՄࣼխӱᘪন՞ҕМϽȃζҥন՞ҕՌкفΣݲ৳ᡝ ᛳߞܚ୰ᚠȂζฒݲȶ߳Ԇ༈ಛȷ ȄনӰդӵȉҏМॶӑӱޟݲ၌ؚπӴޭિ ࡙ᡐ८ȂоЅ࿋ӴΡڙ৳ݲڷᡐᐣแȂѓࢂπӴࣺᜰݲࡡওॏޟ࡙ڙတ৬πӴ ȃπӴٱݲ৳ఄޟޱІᔖȄϷݙπӴݲ৳ᔬਰȂആႆπӴޭિϛӨПଢ଼ޟ Ρޟϛആ៩ڏԒȂଆޟᙤҥӴශӔ౪ᐣѬڏᄂӴଡ଼ȃоЅ٩๊ȂЎ ڷՖጢڎȃঙޟܒ࡙ȂҥኆڙႆแᡐΟπӴޟᙽᡐȄπӴݲࡡϽޟʝӴᜰ߽ ݲࡡᡝڗڧ༡নࠌȇԪѴӵݲ৳ϛفݲࡡጡጆȂөЮޟھনࠌȂ࣏ޟ࣏ ۡဎȂҡΟΡᇄӴޟΠϷПԒȃᗙԤݲࡡϛႱ೩ސ/ Ρޟᄇȶᜌᐃȷᇯۡف ӴශޟړӴශȞ processual landscapeȟᙽөሜޟᙽө ҥႆแޟ܈ශᜰ߽྅ ๖ਲ਼அҥΨޟઠӑڷȞinscriptive landscapeȟȂӣਢζΡᇄӴශ ႆแȄݲࡡϽฒݲޟȞ inherited possessionȟܛȞspiritual powerȟᙽө ᙽȄ܈МϽ྅ޟڗঈғຜݲࡡϽႆแϛਖ਼ר၌ؚπӴ୰ᚠȂ
ᛳߞတ৬ȃࠒ৬ܚᜰᗤԅȈӴශȃݲࡡΡᏰȃπӴޭિȃ
ᔓԔȂоЅ Clive Moore ఀ௲ȃ Haenaޟླྀྣپॶौཐᗂ Langalanga ݉Єঈӻԑޱ๋ ᇌनғȃۢσȃᛳશܛօМᝦᇔȄҏМਪቸႆแȂڞMalaita ӴПݲ ڷ Waletofea ິཎޟ՝ୡӪቷࢥΡڍ࡚ដȂоЅټᄇߑገඪٮоЅ Sasala ӓӣଆ፣ࠒ৬Ӵශ፞ᚠȂޙ օڞօᔬਰᐌ౩ȇ༁ᆰڞȂᙱԪमᗂȄԪѴζཐᗂጾហቈȃݓҳȃ༁ᆰЅᔜඏೇَ ඏܻछ National Science Foundation summer fieldworkڧငາـᛲყᇄྱа౩Ȅҏं ϛЖȂоЅऋོॎห၄օȄـЊंٳȃܚـҕఊᏰंـfund, ϛѵं ষȄ E-mailȈ[email protected]ȄـօंܚـҕఊᏰंـϛѵं
143 Journal of Archaeology and AnthropologyƦ69:143-182Ʀ2008
When Landscape Encounters the Law: The Legalization of Land and its Quandary in Solomon Islands
Pei-yi Guo
ABSTRACT
Landscape has been where people and ancestors encounter each other in Austronesian societies; it is also the field in which history is shaped, memorized and represented. The penetration of the Western legal system brings in another mode of imagining human-land relations; furthermore, people’s relationships to landscape have been transformed in the process of legalization. Since the independence of Solomon Islands in 1978, the majority of land has been returned to indigenous hands, the new legal regime has adopted ‘customary land tenure’, and local elders or chiefs have been incorporated into court proceedings. However, despite various implementations to incorporate indigenous practices and their land tenure, land disputes continue to be a problem in the post-independence state, and the ideal of preserving traditional human-land relationships has not been achieved. The failure calls for explanations.
In this paper, I first review the history of land tenure alteration in the Solomon Islands, including the amendment of related land laws and the development of the court system, and local responses to those policies and measures. I will then analyze case files in local land courts, in particular evidence from land surveys, narratives of various agents in court hearings, and their representational tactics. The codification of land tenure cannot preserve ‘tradition’. Instead it changes the nature of customary land tenure from flexibility to fixation, from one which combines biological and behavioral
Assistant Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica
144 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ principles to a more rigid patrilineal rule of inheritance. The process of legalization—including the human/thing dichotomy embedded in the identification of ‘evidence’ in court system, and the presupposed definition of property in law—contributes to the shift of people’s relation to landscape from processual to inscriptive concepts. Revealed in the contesting modes of historical representation through landscape is the transformation of how people, ancestors and landscape are associated: no longer linked by spiritual power, it turns into a matter of inherited possession. Legalization is not the sole antidote to the problem of land, and we need to look into the dynamics of cultural concepts in the process of legalization.
Keywords: landscape, legal anthropology, land dispute, Solomon Islands, Austronesians
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145 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ِ !ࠉ
πӴ୰ᚠȂෆཐნȶπӴޭޟᛳߞတ৬ Malaita ৬ܚـDavid Gegeo ӵ 1980 ԑфं િᙏޢড়ல߯ȷȞ’land dispute is part of everyday discourse’ȟ (1991:53)Ȅ๋ޱӵ 1997 πӴޭિȞland disputeȟΣΡሬᜰ߽ȃӴПࢇڗڧҤഏώհϛȂζཐޟӵ၎৬پԑо ȂπӴϬРσࢷࢸٽᆱȄMalaita Ϛ੫ޟਢਢଢ଼೨ӻΡٮᐣѬӔ౪้ቹ७Ȃڷݽ ڽ፣क़ȂՄπӴޭિࠌலೝᘪޟ༈ಛᇄᇯӣڗငᔼដᚠȂਖ਼ڷȃݲࡡོޥޟΪϷ१ौ ࣏ีॎหޟ౭ᓛȄ
ีπӴȂҕਢڷுڥ׳ฒкӴࡇᆎ้ЙࢲȂσڷࡔആႆჴȃϚҁ้ືܾ ٽுπӴȂ৬િિᐿҳȞڥкӰȄΠΪжकࡣҕࢇ๊ۖ३ᕻၥҏড়ޟπӴޭિ ԃܚᛳߞတ৬ܻ 1978 ԑᐿҳȟϞࡣȂπӴσӱᘪন՞ҕܚԤȂζ௴Ңܚᒝȶ༈ಛπ ȄณՄࣼխӱᘪনفᓞҬઽΣݲ৳ᡝܖӴПૅՂٮ࡙ȷȞcustomary land tenureȟȂڙӴ ୰ᚠȄনӰդӵȉޟณฒݲ၌ؚπӴޭિٷ࡙ȂࠓڙπӴޟ՞ҕМϽȃζҥন՞ҕՌк
ൟȄณՄӵՙޟ༭ȃᏹᇄӔ౪ᐣѬלӵȂζܚޟӴශΡᇄઠӑҺོޟࠒ৬ ႆแޟᜰ߽ӵݲࡡϽޟདȂΡᇄӴශޟΣϞࡣȂளΣΟѪΙৈΡӴᜰ߽໌فПݲࡡᡝ Ȃкौоഺۖઠӑ܈྅ޟҢ᠌ٺڷԤ᠌ȷܚᛳߞတ৬ȂনҏᄇܻπӴȶܚϛᙽᡐȄӵ ᐣѬ้ԤڷȞfounderȟȃЪఊȃՖጢȃоЅۨ՞Ӵ้࣏кौՃ໔Ȃиᇄҡࣀȃઠӑᏹ ࢶྛȞsourceڼȞinalienableȟȂπӴலೝຜ࣏ҡޟᜰ߽ϚџϷസޟᜰ߽ȂΡᇄπӴړ оЅՙП༈ఀρȃ୦Ρ้ளΣΟπӴؽԤȃϷസȃ୦ۺof lifeȟȞGegeo 1991ȟȄณ़ࢇ Ңᇄ၄ᓻȃ୦ཾҢӴޟఀོҢӴڷЕΣȂоЅϴӓ࡚೩ޟސȂёΰငᔼհ܈ࠢϽ้྅ ԝᗊ้ΡᇄπӴϽȞalienatedȟޟ௩ࢊȂᇄ࿋ӴনԤМϽޟ྅܈ҡѼσፐएᇄܜ ܈πӴ᠌ᢎޟܒȃࢺଢ଼ܒኆڎுনҏၶٺȂތπӴᢎȂ୦ࠢϽёΰၥྛᝯޟȄϽ ҡᡐϽᇄᘞນȂπӴޭિቹюϚጏȄ
୰ᚠȄΙП७ҳޟπӴีȂӣਢ၌ؚπӴޭિڗоඁᆍПԒӌყႀۺҕࢇ़ Ȃ೩ҳπӴݲ৳Ȟland courtȟȂΙП७ࠌॎห໌πӴί໔้፡ܛڷݲೣጒπӴີ፲ ᚬဇȂڙ࡙ᡱπӴᅚԩҥӓԤڙȞregistrationȟȂၐყᙤҥԪڙࢥȂ௰ଢ଼πӴิʝຝы ЕΣһሯՃ໔࿋ӴМϽȂ֏ࠌޟ࡙ڙՙПݲࡡڗζ౩၌ۺߴ໌ȶีȷȄณՄȂҕࢇ ࡙ȂоЅՙПπӴݲϞȂζၐყඥӫюڙܛڷҢٺฒݲ௰ȂӰԪтঈӵ༈ಛπӴ ॳޟଽᖞ༈ಛȞKastomȟٳѻՙܜಛȂծԙਝԤ३ȄᐿҳϞࡣȂӵछفΙৈޟᎌӫӴП ȃоЅ൵१༈ಛӓԤڙζၐყܲ༈ಛȂ༈ಛޭિ፡၌ᐠۺࢇޟዘήȂ৬ҕՌϏಢԙ
146 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
௩ࢊήȂޟ࢜ᄺήȄณՄȶ༈ಛȷӵኺޟ৳ݲڷആႆҳݲ࡚ညȂઽΣπӴݲ܈྅ޟڙ ᙟቹюϚጏȂխнϚӰȶ൵१༈ಛȷՄٷپᕕுȶ߳៖ȷȉӣਢȂπӴޭિኵΪԑޟઍ ᕕு₂၌Ȃौԃդ౩၌ȉ
এ७өϸڍცȂҥ֨ޟ७ᖝڏݲࡡϽЅޟᛳߞတ৬ᡐ᎐ႆแϛȂπӴܚҏМଆ ࡙ᡐ८ȂоЅ࿋ӴΡڙ৳ݲڷᡐᐣแȂѓࢂπӴࣺᜰݲࡡওॏޟ࡙ڙΣȄॶӑπӴ ȃπӴᄂٱݲ৳ఄޟޱᔬਰȂആႆπӴޭિϛӨПଢ଼ޟ৳ІᔖȄΠϷݙπӴݲޟ ࡙ኇȂΡڙ৳ݲڗڧԒȂଆޟᙤҥӴශӔ౪ᐣѬڏӴଡ଼ȃоЅ٩๊ȂЎ ݲࡡϽ࣏դฒݲȶ߳ޟএ७өȂҏМၐ፣πӴڍᜰ߽ԃդӔ౪ᇄᙽᡐȄᆣӫޟᇄӴශ πӴݲޟԙᙽᡐȇՄࣼխӵӴϽלቹ७ϭΣ࿋ӴМϽиٲႆแӵޟԆ༈ಛȷȂݲࡡϽ ά࣏դฒ၌ؚπӴޭિȄفࡡᡝ ܈Ӵශհ࣏Ϸݙ྅
ၮູӴ౩ᏰȞWyllie 2007ȟጒᛟȂپȂߖԑ܈྅ـंޟӴශȞlandscapeȟএཱིᑹ ӵΡᏰȞԃ Bender 1993, Feld & Basso 1996, Hirsch 1995, Stewart & Strathern 2003ȟȃՃ Ȟԃ Fox 1997, Reuter 2006ȟȂю౪ᆠـࠒ৬ंڷѠᏰȞԃ Ashmore & Kanpp 1999ȟȃ ڷधශȞbackdropȟޟհࠢȄHirschȞ1995ȟࡾю༈ಛΡᏰӴශຜ࣏МϽีҡޟி ԒڋրྛՌМඈᑹȃಐњ׳ॶӑـӴශΡᏰंޟཐၥਟ৲ȄߖޟМϽಒဴ ȞBender 1993ȟȂܒϽᇄӻኺޟߨලжȂ፡ӴශٮΠϷᢎᘈސΡʝޟȞCartesianȟ ຫᇄӔ౪ȞHirsch 1995ȟȄѪΙלԪѴζࡾюӴශΙᆍМϽႆแȂ๖ӴПᇄުȃ МϽкဎȂ፡ӴޟຟкМϽѴܻиӑܻӴශԆӵ׳౪ຫᏰᢎᘈȂڥ௴ޱᏰٲП७Ԥ ශᇄΡϞϣ࣏кᡝܒޟࣺϣ࡚ᄺᜰ߽ȞWylie 2007ȟȄ
Ӵ౨ߒ७ȂՄѓ֤МϽཎဎᇄࢇޟϚѫΡϣଢ଼ޟȂࡾਖ਼܈྅ޟـӴශհ࣏ं ȞspaceȟުޟຫܪڎȂᓺᘈӵܻঙ܈ᐌᡝȄHirchȞ1995ȟࡾюоӴශհ࣏Ϸݙ྅ޟݽ ፴ቹސᇄ܈ᢎޟՄήלՄΰʝלӴПȞplaceȟȞFeld & Basso 1996ȟȂζѓ֤Οޟᇄкᢎ ७ޟငᡛȂάԤࢇݽᇄ᠌ΨޟȃᇄһၛភޟȃএΡᇄᡝޟ७ȄӴශࢋᐣѬᇄཐ өȂӻဎಀᖐȞpolyvalent & multivocalȟȞBender 2002ȟȄ
հ࣏МϽቹ७܈ȶΡӴᜰ߽ȷȃπӴޭિਢȂධЕӴශ྅ܖȶπӴȷـкंޱ๋ ᛳߞတ৬ Langalangaܚޟـंޱຮߖ๋࣏ቶኄȂζϸΣຜๅȂၶȶπӴȷޟၛភ ΰڏπӴߒ७ȂՄѓ֤ޟߨ੭ဎٮޟࡦȄ࿋Ρঈ፣ЅȶπӴȷȞwadoȟਢȂፙ፣ޟΡ ցҢȂޟߨΡᇄၥྛٮઠӑȄΡӴᜰ߽ڷȃᆠȃސᇄΡഅ࡚ސݥ൜ȃଢ଼ේޟᐌএު
147 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ჴȂՄΝތޟ፴७ސᜰ߽ȄπӴޭિϚѫޟႆўϞڷΨޟࢂ֤ڏՄΝΡᇄӴශЅ ȞЎޱȄSluyterȞ2002:10-11ȟଆ፣Ϛӣଢ଼ތᝯޟઠӑᐣѬޟӴශϽ ٱΙᐌৈᐣѬఄ (conflict overުڙჴތᜰ߽ȂтࡾюΡঈϚծޟন՞ҕȟᇄπӴڷޱҕڏ ቹ७܈྅ڷ፴ސڎፐए (conflict through space)ȄӰԪоঙڷჴތپspace)Ȃζആႆު ຮϸȇӴශӵፐएϛϚծҬȂȶπӴȷޟଢ଼ᄘᜰ߽ȂШ੭ဎڏࣼپȶӴශȷޟ ζЙࢲȄ
ΙૡᄛಬҢྱٷȂծӵМϛϫ܈ҏМᗶࠌоӴශȞ֤ශ seascapeȟհ࣏ၛភ྅ ȂҏМ௴Ң Crocombeޟ࡙ȃπӴޭિ้ȄԪѴौᇳ݂ڙԃπӴٽҢȶπӴȷΙຠȂ ٺݲȂ ȷȞ’the system ofفᡝޟᜰ߽ޟΡޟဎȈȶਖ਼ЅπӴۡޟ࡙Ȟland tenureȟڙᄇπӴ(1974) ࡙ϚӣܻπӴցҢȞland useȟȂڙrelationships between men in respect of land’ȟȞp.1ȟȄπӴ ȄπӴܒငᔼڷܒ፴ސথࠈȞhuman exploitation of landȟȂ१ޟΡᄇπӴޟࡾޱࡣ ޟ࡙ڙᜰ߽ȄCrocombeȞ1974ȟ้ΡᄇܻπӴޟήង֤܈࡙ζϚ༉ՙПӴ᠌྅ڙ ܛቹ७ΰȂӰԪ१ᒑ឴ȃޟᜰ߽Ȃԃդߒ౪ӵᇄπӴࣺᜰོޥޟࣼݲ१ܻΡᇄΡ ڙޟ࡙ڙ༈ಛπӴڗڧҢπӴȂϚծٺΡတԃդޟ७ө 1ȄӨӴПޟᇄМϽོޥনࠌ้ घȂζᇄࢇငࣺᜰȄ Пݲـं
ࣺᜰၥਟȂѓࢂ࿋ӴΡᄇπӴȃπӴޭિȃޟՌ 1997 ԑଔച៉ᇔޱҢ๋ٺҏМ ᔬਰȂоЅޟᇄҕಛݽȃҕࢇ๊ԤᜰڏࣼݲȂҕਢࣺᜰМᝦȂЎޟπӴݲ ҤഏώհЙȂޟȄΙП७ҥ༈ಛΡᏰٽਰٲΙޟMalaita ࣸӴПݲϱԤᜰπӴޭિ Ι؏ആႆМ໌ٮୈ၏ಠϷݙȂٽਰޟݲϛڏΙП७өᐣѬᏰঅᜢȂᄇМᝦၥਟȂЎ ϞـΡᏰंڷـுᐣѬंٺଆȂޟҺξШၶȂᄇএਰ໌ΣޟҤഏၥਟϞڷᝦ ـඁ१ौπӴޭિ࣏၏ಠଡᙹंޟᒵۡ Langalanga ୢϛഋޱϣ၄ȃࣺሄࣺԙȄ๋ Ȅ2ـंޟȂհᐣѬΡᏰٽтਰڏϞএਰȂପ
ҕఊᇬधශޟ࡙ڙLangalanga ӴශᇄπӴ
Malaita ޟѕПȂᎬ ߖ ٕ ၾȂҥϲσ৬Ѕ፝ӻω৬ಢԙȄσ৬ϛݍᛳߞတ৬՝ܻᐬࢸܚ Langalanga ᕩȞlagoonȟӒߝघ ޟԙȂϛѵόଳ২ȇ՝ܻՙ۬ϛഋל৬࣏ЬόհҢ ೃ 19 ϴ٨Ȟყ 1ȟȂ࣏ Langalanga ΡᆹۨϞӴȂΡοघ࣏ 8000 Ρ 3ȄLangalanga Ρҡॎ ๖ஔဒߜȂоЅ၆ޟ೯፲ٔੵᓀȞbataȟ࣏кȂୈ࣏ୢϱҢٮȞsubsistenceȟоᇧհ
148 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ϴষᖠЫ้ܖѿൟȃ೩୦۹ȃሴ഼ώڗႺҢᗥȞGuo 2006ȟȄഋӋζӉᒦਐധ፲ ౪ߜԝΣȄڥПԒȂᕕ
ுᕩୢॳٺLangalanga ᕩඹҀഋӋЈณࣟ࿂ᕩ৬Ȃࣟ࿂ᕩӵ۬ѴࡎራȂ ӴȂྡޟۄҁٲȃӵᕩϱਐധȄ۬Ԥپ܁ࣥωȂᕗცᎌӫۨҕӘᐿУՑӵᆹဣ όୢఊတӻјᆹӵόΰȂLangalanga Ρࠌۨ՞ӵᚔ۬܁ϛѵόȄႆޟ ᎑ Malaita ᐙȞԃݎѫᆍේܖୈ࣏ωҤӴȂܖπӴޟΡഅω৬ΰȂ۬ୢܖЈณޟኵΪϴЏ ಋଢ଼ཱི࡚ᆹဣȂཱིᑹ೨ӻ؆Ȃ۬܁ȟȄӵఀོ໌ΣࡣȂۖჂᓾᚖПݎυȃਯ྄ ތLangalanga ৬ҕᑖྃ ڷୢȂόୢޟЙџዥފᡐȂᡱݼ۬πӴԙ࣏ޟΡοϷҀ Ȃю౪࡞ӻπӴޭિȄ1950-70 ԑф៉ሶॳ߭Ȃ१ഺ Langalanga ω৬ᆹဣȂΡঈڥ ጹຊȄڷӴҞޟᑖྃཨ᎐ΰ۬Ȃᄇ۬πӴሯؑቨёȂଶΟۨ՞ުȂζᆍේՌড়ॵҢ ҢᇄϷȂଶΟငᔼӰٺޟၥྛȂՄުޟுڥڷπӴ࣏࿋ӴΡஅҏРலҡࣀሯ७ᄇ МണȟȄޟ ԇۤᢎԤᜰȄȞَҏ SasalaڏશȂζᇄ
ኇȂӵԪᙏक़ Langalanga МϽޟ࡙оЅݲࡡႆแڙ࡙ଆ፣πӴُޟҏМӴශ ȃᏹᇄӔޣυࣺխȂӴශ Langalanga ΡᇯٽޟӴශᢎȄᇄҏϛඁএѮᢊࠒ৬ޟϛ ϛȂܒ१ौϯશȄӴශӵ Langalanga ᐣѬޟтཎᜋ/ר༭ל१ौ൬ϭȂζтঈޟ౪ᐣѬ ႆแޟᐣѬᇄᏹޟ ෆѪМȞGuo 2003ȟଆӴශӵ LangalangaޱӴ՝Ȅ๋ޟԤਯЖڎ МϽߒޟӴශ Ρഅ৬ᔏ ԃդԙ࣏ Langalanga Ρޟ࿋Ӵ੫ڏՓȂЎُޟᅋܚ ଆޟϛᜰᗤڏᜰ߽ȄޟܒᐣѬޟ࿋ӴМϽϛڷ᎐ூᐣѬȃޟ ȂоЅӴශᇄ Langalanga ੫ՓȂтޟᕗცϣଢ଼/ސΡᇄڷଢ଼ȃޟ፣Ȃ Langalanga МϽϛ፡ΡȞѓࢂઠӑȟ ঈޟᐣѬܒலӴශޟȂՄӴශᢎࠌᇄޟȄ
& ӑլনࠌȞFoxޟ࡙ᜰ߽ϸȄխࠒ৬லَڙπӴڷᒑ឴ȃ۠ఀޟLangalanga Ρ ᠌ޟுᄇ၎ӴڥҢ࢚༵πӴȂӰԪٺٮSather 1996ȟȂഺۖઠӑȞagaloȟȶี౪ȷȞetaeȟ т Malaita ഋဣڏڷ ցȂРࡣоΨȞmanaȂspiritual powerȟПԒ౪Ȅӵ Langalanga ౷ၬ 4Ȅង֤ӵޟӪڼڷಋଢ଼ȃᏪȃۨ՞ޟϛȂல፡ഺۖઠӑӵӴශΰٱ᎐ூఄޟ МϽϛޟਯЖ྅܈ȂΡᇄӴශആႆΡޟ࣏Մࣺ൸Ȟmutually embeddedȟȞGuo 2003ȟȄ ࣏ ӑլоЅޟցആႆΡӵӴශΰ᠌ޟࣼȂΡᄇπӴپᜰ߽ޟӰԪȂΡᇄӴශ ўжࡣߨծϚོޱᜰ߽ӵଢ଼ޟᜰ߽ȂኺޟҢȂᙽϽΟӴශȂՄҡΡᇄӴϚџϷٺ жфϣଢ଼ 5ȄޟپПԒࡻ៉ӵӴශΰԆӵȂᇄήޟੑѶȂՄᙽоઠӑΨ
ΙՖጢᜰ߽ȄΡঈӵπӴڏؚܻඁᆍӰશȄڥுڥޟLangalanga ΡᄇܻπӴ᠌ց ᒑ឴ღᡝᆎ࣏ fuiwaleȞЪఊȟȂԙޟಢԙܚࡣфȞagnatesȟܒظΰᖅॊড়৳Ȃҥഺۖઠ
149 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
тӰஔࡅ๖ڏڷȂኄဎࡾਖ਼ਢζొࢂԝᎴȃܒظޟԤࡇᆎџଡྗՍ၎ઠӑܚষкཆ ΡȄLangalangaޟߨ୲ΙᄇπӴԤ᠌ցٮȄծ fuiwale ԙষޱٱӓӣۨ՞ȂՄᇄЪఊڷ ȃظࡣфϚ፣ڏҢΙ༵πӴȂ҆’one blood’Ȃ։ᇄഺۖઠԤՖጢᜰ߽ 6ȂٺΡலᇳौ ᓺӑ᠌নࠌȞprecedential rulesȟȂӵޟࠒ৬லَྱٷȄܒӑܻτܒظҢȂծٺτџо ᠌ޟȞabae geli, female sideȟԤၶଽفȞabae wale, male sideȟࣺᄇܻҔفLangalanga Ю Ԥ᠌ᆓޱԩ᠌Ȟsecondary rightȟ8Ȅࠉڷց 7Ȃ࿋ӴΡӻјୢϷ࣏ॶ᠌Ȟprimary rightȟ নࠌΰѫޱᡱᇄπӴȇࡣܖҢࣥٺҢπӴѴȂζؚۡ֏ᡱтΡٺ౩၎аπӴȂଶ тϷȞcf. Burt 1991, 1993ȟȄڏҢ၎Ӵհ࣏ҡॎҢഊȞԃۨ՞ȃՌҢҤӴȟȂϚୈٺ ΰШၶϚȶ܈ցȂծ྅᠌ޟπӴޟுڥഺۖઠӑٴԙষӓޟ ΙૡՄِȂfuiwale ޱؚ๊ޟҢٺӓӣᆓ౩Ρȃ၎༵ӴԃդޟȷȞowner of the landȟȂՄ၎ӴޱԤ Ȟdecision-makerȟȞBurt 1994ȟȄ9
ҢনࠌȃζҐញқઠٺҐႂІޱLangalanga Ρ༈ಛΰᄇԩ᠌ሳ࣏൵१ȂԃԤԩ᠌ πӴȞԃӄેȃޟҢٺত๖ܖҢٺҢπӴՄϚೝሂȇғӵٺȂࠌߝδנୢޥڷӑ ޟΡᇄӴශᜰ߽ڗ൵१Ȅӱڗڧཎَζོޟौԃդ౩ȂтঈپݷȟȂҐޑޟཨᚔ ȂആႆএΡ࣏ᇄӴශޱҢٺޟԒȈฒ፣ॶ᠌ᗙԩ᠌ޟࣼȂࠌၶ౩၌ኺپ ӴශᐣѬՄϭΣȂሯޟپΡȂฒݲׇӒಳᚔনޟҢπӴٺौپ๖ȂӰԪࡣޟҡᆧ ΠޟϚ۷ȄԪ։ΡᇄπӴϞ᠌ցᜰ߽ޟӣཎȂϗϚོีҡ຺ՌณনӰޟᒙڷுڥौ ӰશȈΡӵӴශΰޟୈ࣏Ȅ
ԙষሯौޟ 10Ȃӣ fuiwale נޟᜰ߽ȄଶΟᒳԈઠӑॏήޟέӰશᇄઠӑ ցȄཨᚔӻфϞ᠌ޟଓᝦ፪ହᝦಊȂᙤԪᇄઠࡻ៉๖ȂӔԩӫݲϽтঈᄇ၎аπӴ ȂԤਢζଓᝦ፪ޱҢٺπӴޟπӴ᠌ȄՄ༉Ԥԩ᠌ޟࡣȂषҐࡻ៉ᝦಊȂࠌൊѶΟনԤ ᜰȄӵஅ۠ఀԙ࣏ӻኵΡ߬ӉࡣȂޟହᇄᝦಊȂϽՌϏᇄπӴΰন fuiwale ઠ ȂԪনࠌӵπӴ᠌ցᇯۡΰംᅚጙȄ11נտުܒᒳԈڷϚӔആႆᝦಊ
ܖҢЮПȃҔПȃୋПٺတᇄȄনࠌΰএΡџоޥѲӰશࠌΡሬᜰ߽ᇄ တਢȂএΡԤ࡞ޥᇄএޟπӴȂӵؚۡۨ՞ӵդȃၶϸޟ fuiwale ޟઠЮҔП Ӌȷ٘ޟஈࡣཨ᎐ȄԪၼհ Keesing ᆎϞ࣏ȶცۡဎތᒵᐅ᠌Ȃζџӵޟσ Ȟcontextual definition of statusȟনࠌȞKeesing 1968ȟȂLangalanga ΡӵϚӣήȂ ޟ౩དȂᇯӣЮПޟԙষȇтঈџоᒵᐅМϽԒϛޟؚۡौຜՌϏ࣏٥এ༡တ ۺҕࢇڗڧȟfuiwale12ȄณՄȂޟтȞலҔПڏᇯӣܖfuiwaleȂծζџᒵᐅᇄ ᙽᡐȂо߯ӵπޟ༡নࠌفLangalanga խԤ༊өЮ پኇȂߖԑޟ༡নࠌفԁ
150 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ுၶӻ߳ራȄڥӴޭિਢᙤҥॶ᠌
ٽȂڙπӴϞѴȂLangalanga ᗙԤඁπӴಋᙽᐠޟுڥܛڷଶΟΰक़ആႆี౪ ԃᜒᇄȞwado kwatenaȟȃ፫ᓻȞwado firitaȟȃඈϪ፬Ȟwado fooaȟȃҺܾȞwado foliaȟ ᇄՙПΡញࡣϗю౪ȄڏЎޱϚӻȂࡣٽȂծਰ้
৳πӴȈҕȃπӴޭિᇄπӴݲޟݲࡡϽ
Land Tenure in the Pacific ޟ࡙Ȃ Ron Crocombe кጡȞ1971ȟڙπӴޟԤᜰσࢷࢸ Ң᠌ȃᒑ឴ᜰ้߽࣏кौଆȞԃ CrocombeٺȃܛϞࡣϐಣᑖΟϚЍМᝦȂߑо༈ಛ 1971, Lundsgaarde 1974, Burt & Kwa'ioloa 1992ȟȂкौᏰଓᝦӵܻୢҕఊᇬቹԩȂᚄ ᜰ߽Ȟᒑ឴ᜰ߽ȟོޥޟଆ፣१ӵΡᇄΡޟ࡙࣏դȂӵπӴ᠌ڙ఼ϚӣӴП༈ಛπӴ ଆޟپଆ፣Ȟԃ Heath 1979ȟȄߖԑޟᡐ᎐ོޥ᠌ȂԪѴζਖ਼ЅഋӋޟՄߨΡᄇӴ ଆ፣ȞԃޟԃπӴᇄᐣѬȃπӴᇄઠӑȃπӴᇄΡᢎٽМϽቹ७Ȃޟ፣ࠌۖᜰݧπӴ de Coppet 1985, Hviding 1996, Leach 2003, Mosco 2006, Patterson 2006ȟȂоЅࢇݽငᔼቹ ,ଆ፣ംᅚԙዣȞԃ Ipo 1989, Burt 1994ޟπӴࢇ๊ޟоЅᐿҳࡣড়ۺ७Ȃᜰܻҕࢇ Ward & Kingdon 1995ȟȄ
భΟ၌౪ϬޟπӴ୰ᚠሯҕᐣѬፙଔȄScheffler & LarmourȞ1971ȟࡾюȂ ϛϭȞbetween expatriate & local landޟএُՓȈ1. հ࣏πӴᙽЙڍᄂᅋڏۺҕࢇ ࠌငᔼีȞp.318ȟȄπӴᜰ߽ޟݲࡡ࢜ᄺȞlegal frameworkȟȂҬټownersȟȂ2. ඪ १ौΙᕗȄޟݲࡡϽȞlegalizationȟȂ࿋фσࢷࢸᐣѬܖ࡙ϽȞinstitutionalizationȟڙޟ ҳڷᡐ᎐Ȃѓࢂҕޟ࡙ݲࡡϽڙҕᐣѬȂଆπӴޟᛳߞတ৬ܚฐᘈܹӵרоή ԃդആႆݲࡡȃಛݽЙࢲȃۺঈཎҕࢇרᅋᡐȄޟ৳ݲ௩ࢊȃπӴޭિоЅπӴݲ ᛳߞတ৬ᐿҳϞࡣȂড়άԃդ៉ܚ࡙ȇӵڙπӴޟپ୦ཾথࠈ้ПԒȂ࡚ҳΙৈѴ πӴࢇ๊Ȃԃդኇড়ࢇޟ࡙ȇՄ࿋ӴΡάԃդ७ᄇড়Ψ໔ϭΣڙݲࡡޟҢՙПٺ ஈȄڷॏۡޟ๊
ӱܚᛳߞတ৬ޟπӴᐣѬȂӵዉࢸΡ໌ΣࡣȂਢϱငᐣΟቑ੨ᡐϽȄߑ़ օπӴڞఖҕӴငᔼՌҳȂჂᓾᏪේ༪ငᔼȞplantation economyȟȂהΡӰ࣏ σϴѧȞe.g. Pacific Islands Co., Levers Pacific Plantationsٲ፲ҩΡՂᗳȂѓࢂΙີ Ltd.ȟȞIpo 1989ȟȄ 1880 ԑфଔԤϚЍπӴີ፲ȞalienationȟȂπӴҥ࿋ӴΡЙϛᙽ ᛳߞတ৬ઽ࣏ҕܚ፲ۖҡޭિȂӵ़ғԒີޟಋዉࢸ୦ΡоЅఀོȇႭ
151 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ՙЊҁޟԃ 1894 ԑȂࣂᎹӵරᔼٽষ։ுۖ౩এਰȄۢޟڗӴȞ1893ȟϚδȂ ࢷଽடȞWestern Pacific High CommissionerȟSir John B. Thurston അܚᛳߞတ৬Ȃӵ ᢎޟഅڍڗਰӇȂӋԞπӴޭિᓃȂџоࣼޟΟΙএπӴޭિڥRoviana ୢ᠙ Ȅٱᘈᇄఄ
ޟԪྜԤ୰ᚠȂ፡тঈѫӴΰᆍේ܄ுπӴȂڥ࿋ӴΡܲࡪΙএҩΡϚݲ ୰ᚠȂծྜڗᇄπӴȄҩΡ୦ΡζፙᜒܖџџْΟ٥এҩΡȂϚфߒ፲Ӵܖυ྄ Ȃᇳ݂࣏դӫघؠԤ఼ཿޱᜌَڷ᛫ӪޟፙȂඪЅӫघΰپ୰ᚠޟт൜ᙓӫघ ٮȟȄӵᜌຠϛȂ࿋ӴΡ፡ՌϏٱҰࣨጣᇄຽᚔȞӰ࣏࿋ӴΡϚᔗก໔՝࢈ۣ߯ Ȃฒ᠌ҺܾȂζฒཎҺܾȄπӴޱȷȂтঈѫેհޟЮᒑרȷȂπӴȶޱԤܚߨȶ Ȃ࿋ӴΡׇӒؠඪЅސޟࠢҺܾސтڏߨоٮӴПȂޟРலၻհڷ౪Ȃޟᒑ឴ᜰ߽ ࣼπӴȄ13 پПԒޟ࠶घڷȄІϞȂҩΡࠌоՙПີ፲ٱӈդޟᇄӫघԤᜰ ৯ຽࣥσȄ܈྅ޟԤ᠌ȷоЅᙽᡱघۡܚ఼ཿ֕౪ΟᚖПᄇܻπӴȶٽএਰ
ࣼӴශȞpossessive eyeȟȇپಁӎޟоΙᆍլԤ܁܁ޱၖԃ SluyterȞ2002ȟࡾюȂҕ ޟདϛȂՙПΡܰႀࠉȂҕӴনۖڏӴශຜ࣏ՌณনۖȂӵޟԞ፣क़ҕӴ ΟϞࡣϗۖپȂዉࢸΡޟӴශᓗᄘՄસޟުӴȞempty landȟȂࠉҕܖӴශȂ жࣨϛȂՙПլሴࠉ೨ӻπӴ࣏ฒкӴȂএଜࡦ൨ҳΟޟޱᡐଢ଼ȃ໌؏Ȅӵҕ ௩ࢊȂஅҏΰζϚޟᛳߞတ৬ܚӵۺݲࡡஅᙃȞp.1-15ȟȄ़ҕࢇޟլሴπӴޱҕ ಗѮᢊন՞ۺҕࢇڷσʝݓઉϦМϛඪЅРҏۢڷ ࢜Ȃҏ Sasalaޟಳኺ ԝጡȟȂᇄዉࢸҕپᘸൟȃ้۬༈ಛሴೝ࿋ԙฒкӴڏҕπӴӖ࣏ԤӴȞЎ ޱޟࡦՃΪϷࣺխȄ
πӴີ፲ޟᛳߞတ৬ܚ 1914 ԑۖХۺ፣क़ଔࡣȂ़ࢇޟȶ߳៖πȷ ѴΡȞprohibit sale of land to foreignersȟȂծӣਢάདีငᔼȂܚоඪюΟӴࢇ નనघȞnative leaseȟܛનనघȞcrown leaseȟȃߝܛԤӴܚࡔڷȞwaste land policyȟȂ๊ નࢇ๊ȞScheffler & Larmour 1971ȟȄܛڷᙽЙ้
ࣼݲலϚΙमȄ࣏Ο౩πӴޭિȂޟᆗȶฒкӴȷٲณՄޭિቹюϚጏȂᄇܻ٥ ຘؚᗙڏষོȞPhillips CommissionȟȂϚႆۏӵ 1919-23 (1925) ԑԙҳ፡ࢥۺҕࢇ ӴПᏪޟۖჂᓾωۺȄΠԩσᏽࡣȂҕࢇٽਰޟөҩΡցઉȂѫԤЍኵᘪᗙ ၥҏȂณӣਢζԤඁএσีਰȞe.g. Guadalcanal ҁন, New Georgiaޟӻϯڷ༪ ୢȟȂএࢲю౪ޟວ೪৬ҕᇄҩΡޟີ፲ޭિȂᙽᡐ࣏৬ҕ܄ԪޟܚԤ᠌Ϟތ ࡙ȂؠԤΡஊࡇᆎڙ༈ಛྱٷដȂӰ࣏ތȞcontests between islandersȟȄႆўЍԤԪ
152 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ಋଢ଼ȃᆍේငᔼհڷᡐ᎐ӰશȞΡοቨёོޥٲΙڷҩΡቋᢎȂڗڧԤ᠌Ȃծܚ๘ᄇ ӻ 14ȄȞIpo 1989ȟູپுπӴޭિູٺፐᔞȂޟ܈ᢎڷπӴցҢᄘޟȟኇȂཱིސ
فπݲ৳Ȟnative courtȟઽΣݲࡡᡝޟಛفҕငᡛ Ԥޟࣺᄇ़ܻӵߨࢸ ΠᏽϞࡣϗۖՃኌᇄڗޢفݲࡡᡝޟᛳߞတ৬ܚȂBohannan 1957ȟ15 ོޥ Ȟcf. Tiv ࢇߝۢ 16R. R. KaneޟᛳߞശଽܚࡾюȂ1921 ԑـंޟ࿋Ӵ༈ಛॗȄTiffanyȞ1979ȟ πٮ࡚ដॏۡȶπݲೣȷȞNative Code RegulationȟȂ೩ҳπݲ৳Ȟnative courtȟȂ ڗҐีۦҕۢষ 17 ֏ؚȂ౩ҥπȶޟΰቹಛȄณՄԪដೝف৳ᓞΡઽΣݲ ඪওғਰȂϫೝ֏ؚȂଽቹᐊ፭ϠӴПᓞޱӈޟ แ࡙ȷȄKaneޟџ߬ଊݲࡡຘր᠌ ӉᒦӴୢۢষȞdistrict officerȟୈޢΙفΡѧݲ᠌ΨོೝᇲҢȄӵΠԩσᏽࠉȂҕᡝ ݲࡡӆຘȄޟπӴޭિ
ᛳߞတ৬ۖം؏ԙҳπݲ৳Ȟnative courtȟȂܚᗶณΠԩσᏽࡣȞ1942 ԑଔȟ ᙟؠԤᕕு၌ؚȄٷಛȂณՄ୰ᚠفᜋઽΣޭિ௶၌ޣޟఖӴПૅՂהӵ೩ॎΰζ ষོȞAllan CommissionȟȂӵ 1940 ԑфଔ߆ΟᅞߝۏӔ࡙ԙҳΙএπӴ፡ࢥۺࢇܻ ޟᆍϚӣڍπᄛಬȞnative custom relate to landȟȂӌყᐌӫޟਢ፡ࢥᇄπӴԤᜰޟ ᙽЙπӴȞalienated landȟȄ፡ࢥൢ֙ਪತܻڷಛ ༈ಛπӴȞcustomary landȟفπӴ ӻȂ௴ݲೣȄծϭΣۺȂ࡚ដࢇޱкဎ؏໌ܒAllan এ౩ ۏӵ 1957 ԑюᝥȂк ϚӻȞScheffler & Larmour 1971: 318ȟȄޟ࡚ដࢊڏٷپࡣ
/ԩ᠌Ȟprimaryڷᆍ᠌ց ॶ᠌ڍኇΠϷΟޟπӴ፡ࢥȞAllan 1957ȟശσ ௴ᛳߞတ৬ϐငԙ࣏ΙૡΡܚୢϷംᅚලЅȂӵ࿋фڷ܈྅ޟsecondary rightȟȂиኺ ȂϚႆႆܻоڙӓԤޟࣼݲȂΙۡแ࡙ᇯџ༈ಛޟԤ᠌ܚᇭِȄൢ֙ϛᄇܻπӴޟҢ فҔܖفЮޟȂᇯۡоՖጢ࣏அ᠌ܛଡྗپጣȞlineȟف༡࣏ᆠડȞһ։оӣЪف Ъఊ/༡ღᡝȞdescent groupȟ࣏кौޟπӴܚԤ՝Ȟprimary unit of land tenureȟȄ๋ ࡙ڙپЪఊ༡নࠌȂᡱনޟၛភȂԁШၶԫݖޟᇯ࣏ Allan ൢ֙ϛᄇ༈ಛπӴ᠌ޱ ७өೝޟᕕमπӴ᠌ցܖӴПМϽϛ१ଢ଼հ࣏ᆰᛮڷȂުޟ୦ڞȃџܒϛШၶኆ ڏᇄ܁܁Ң࢚༵πӴȂଶΟᒑ឴ᜰ߽ϞѴȂζٺுӴПӓᜋՄڥԃএΡ֏ٽᔆȄ ୢȂܻᕕுπӴΰϞઠᇯџԤᜰȄ࣏րྥޥᒙᇄЪఊԙষࣺȃᇄڷ֏ ȄԪفՖጢжޟுѫࣼӑ፭ڥޟݲࡡୢϷϛੑѶȂ᠌ցޟᒝॶ᠌ʝԩ᠌ܚӵܒ१ौޟ ഺۖઠӑᇄ၎ӴΨȞоޟ൵१ȂଶΟߒ౪ӵี౪πӴޟМϽϛᄇܻӑլনࠌپѴȂন ԃߨЪఊԙষᕕுٽҢ᠌ϞΰȄٺޟ๖ΰȂζَܻᄇ࢚༵πӴޟցȟ᠌ޟپЅӰԪՄ тΡڏҢ้ȟȂٺᒙࣺȃߨ୦ཾڷԃᇄΡٽҢ࢚༵πӴȂѫौಒӫ࣏ೣጒȞٺӣཎ
153 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
Ȟ։߯ԤॶޱҢ၎༵πӴٺభپӄેࡣȂҐޱҢٺցȂন᠌ޟҢٺڏฒݲᓍཎԝӱ ᄂਲ਼ڏक़Ȃܚց൵१Ȃԃΰ᠌ޟޱҢٺӣཎȄᄇܻনڏϞԙষȟȂሯौؑ᠌ ୢϷॶܒו१ຜȂӵޟΨ๖ȂоЅᄇ࣏ޟஅܻ༈ಛМϽϛᄇܻΡᇄӴශϚџϷ ᠌ʝԩ᠌ޟ࢜ήϚӔᕕு߳ራȄ
߬৶Ȃкޟܒ࡙Ȃծтതএငᔼ౩ڙπӴӓԤޟณғຜ༈ಛھൢ֙ਪޟ Allan ПөȂоߴ໌ีȃ၌ؚޭિȄт௰ᙨоิʝຝޟᔖ၎௰ଢ଼ۺҕࢇپএΡϽҐ ޟுڥԃෆആႆᗊີπӴٽȞޱԤܚ౩πӴޭિȂଶΟএΡپ࡙Ȟregistrationȟڙы ڙфߒิȄӰᔖএޱᆓ౩ޟԤ՝Ȃҥ௰ࣂܚѴΡȟϞѴȂЪఊζઽΣิհ࣏ ิڷԤπӴ֯ആႆᆠጂᛲყܚ้ࣨۡȄтᇯ࣏षڷ࡙ζሯौୈπӴ፡ࢥȂѓࢂᛲყ િ༖҆ЍȄณՄ௩ࢊࡣ៉໌ጥᄚȂζওႆԁඁԩࣺᜰޭپՄᚄ఼᠌ȂࠌҐ оဣᄂȄᜲޢΙڙຝыپȞordinanceȟȞScheffler & Larmour 1971: 313ȟȂӻԑٽన
оܚ࡙ϞڙIpoȞ1989ȟ้Ρี౪ 1960 ԑфკၐ௴ҢπӴຝы ڷTiffanyȞ1979ȟ ԤȃᗙএΡܚ࡙ȄΡঈϚ఼ཿຝыЪఊڙৈޟ௰ۺѶఁȂӰ࣏ΡঈϚ߬ӈࢇ ȂϚծЊິάፒᚕȂٹ࡙Ϛڙ፡ࢥᡗҰȂӻኵΡᇯ࣏ຝыޟԃ HeathȞ1979ȟٽԤ᠌Ȅܚ Մиਲ਼ҏπӴޟএΡϽȞindividualisticȟȂᇄ༈ಛϚӫȄΙএලႇᇯޣȞᇲ၌ȟᇯ࣏ ࡙ȂΙڙȄσড়ϚЛࡻຝыޟȞtrusteeȟўȂᡐԙؽΡޱຝыࡣȂπӴ᠌ҥ߬ଊ ઉȞ’inevitably pose limitations on some people’s customary rights’ȟȂ᠌ޟтΡڏኇܐپ :༈ಛȞWale 1979ޟ࣏ȂႂधӓԤπӴޟၾኈᔆΨ࡞σȂᇯ࣏ເўຝыՌؽོޥޱӔ ᎌ࿋ޟ࡙ڙ༈ಛȂᛄᅸπӴิ֏࣏ᆓ౩༈ಛπӴޟ100-101ȟȄ೨ӻΡᇯӣπӴӓԤ ܁܁ڙ६ճޭિߴ໌πӴีȂծԪپڙၐყоຝыۺԃ BurtȞ1991ȟࡾюࢇٽПԒȄ അԙπӴႭϽȞit fragmented landholdingsȟȂҐ҆ԤցၥȄ
ޟ౩ӵᄂհቹ७ޟࣼΰक़ᄇܻπӴپᅋᡐѬȂޟ৳πӴݲڷπӴޭિڗঈӱרᡱ ϗϭΣ༈پπӴȞalienated & urban landȟȂࡣޟ࠲ୢڷѫ౩ີ፲ۺ୰ᚠȄԞҕࢇ િȄ 1930 ԑфଔȂӴୢۢষȞDistrict OfficerȟۖޭޟಛπӴȞcustomary landȟ ౩༈ಛπӴޭિȃ1940 фԙҳπݲ৳ȃ1972 ԑࠌԙҳ༈ಛπӴΰວݲ৳ȞCustomary Land Appeals CourtȟȞScheffler & Larmour 1971ȟȄ1970 ԑфܚᛳߞတ৬Ⴑരᐿҳࠉޟඁ πӴۺπӴȞalienated landȟȂоЅࢇޟݰπӴࢇ๊៝፣Ȃϛܻԃդ౩ᙽЙѴΡ ୰ᚠȞScheffler & Larmour 1971: 314-7ȟȄޟೝћϞ༈ಛπӴԃդᘪᗙڷࣨۡȂޟ
ܲᆰۺ୰ᚠоߝનघೣۡ၌ؚȂᐿҳࢇޟᐿҳࡣȂᙽЙπӴȞalienated landȟ ȄفᖐॱઽΣՙԒݲ৳ᡝޟ࡙Ȃ༈ಛڙ৳ݲيϛΙୈݲ१ཱིڏкȂޟ៖༈ಛ
154 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ඪюπӴݲওॏȞLocal Courts (Amendment) Act 1985ȟȂჂᓾӑо༈ಛПԒ၌ؚπۺࢇ ȂཱིݲೣۡӵޭિਰӇඪҺݲࠉȂौюҰϐင൶ؑוӴޭિȂϚԙђϗџ໌Σѧݲแ ౩ȞTakoa & Freeman 1988ȟȄඁငওғȂϬРڧຘؚᜌ݂ 18ȂݲϗޟӴПᓞҬ᠙ቷ ᙟඉխഊ৷౩ȂॶӑሯѢӴୢᓞҬོដȂ൶ؑᓞҬʝߝٷᛳߞတ৬πӴޭિܚޟ ដȂϗ໌ΣғԒݲࡡᆓၾ 19ȄӴПݲ৳ϛ॒ቷڞ፡၌ޭિȂषฒݲႀԙڷօᚄ఼ڞՂ Ι՝ਪȞݲᙛষȟಢԙȂо߯ڷষঈζӻӴПૅՂᒴᒵȂҥέӪ༈ಛடড়ۏޟր ಢԙȇѫԤଽޱΙӪݲࡡடཾڷ༈ಛઽΣຘؚྥࠌȇπӴΰວݲ৳ࠌҥѲ՝༈ಛடড় ,ᄂቷȄȞTakoa & Freeman 1988, Powles 1988ٱԒቷՄߨלݲϗӒষ࣏ݲࡡΡȂୈ้ Nonggorr 1993: 274-6ȟ
രӴПڎಛฒ፣ӵݲࡡೣۡȃݲ৳ಢԙᇄၼհȂᅾ໔ઽΣ༈ಛಬ߹ᇄفлࣼৈ ޥᇄӴПفݲࡡᡝޟپਰӇȄনӰϞΙӵܻѴޟடড়Ȃࠓᗙฒݲ६ճπӴޭિޟᜋޣ ఖӵݲࡡቹ७Ճ໔ӴПಬ߹ၼհȂณՄതהԃӴПݲ৳ᗶณᆠડΰٽਿਿϚΣȄޟོ ȶ༈ޟ࡙ȞindigenousȟȂ೨ӻೝࡾࣂڙȂ࿋ӴΡζϚϞ࿋ԙনԤفݲ৳ᡝޟپᗙѴ օۢষȞTiffanyڞӈȞ'it's a Government affair'ȟȃԟӵޟҺᒲۺಛடড়ȷᇯ࣏ѫࢇ 1979:100ȟȄᄂࢊΙȃΠΪԑࡣޟຟե፡ࢥȞ1976 Special Committee on Lands and Miningȟ πӴݲޟMalaita ѕഋ ـཐȄApaniaiȞ1979ȟंپѴڷϚ߬ӈޟ৳ζᡗҰΡঈᄇӴПݲ ЊғԒȂོϚוߨғԒᓞҬ᠙ᜌȞchief’s hearingȟȂี౪࿋ӴΡᇯ࣏แڷ৳ȃΰວݲ৳ ഽᆗȂΙૡΡᄇդᒝҺξ๖៝ڷᖿࢷࢻᔻȞSolomon pijinȟኇߒႀȞpresentationȟོ ಛȂفޟپᙟឈு٥ѴٷӴПᓞΡᇄրؚȂΡঈٺȞcross examinationȟζϚΟ၌Ȅ։ ࡙ᆗᒳඉ༈ಛȄԪѴȂၧၪᇄೞ༈ِϚᘞȂTiffanyڙσಀζϚᇯ࣏ݲ৳րؚоЅݲࡡ ຟೞȂՄиᔬਰᆓ౩׳Ȃี౪ӴПݲலೝـݲ৳এਰंޟ Ȟ1979ȟആႆӵ Malaita ȂրؚζலጙϚ఼ȄيϚ
፡ࢥխȂσড়ᄇݲшᅖϚ߬ӈȂఁޟӨᆍܲࡪᇄΠΪӻԑࠉޟҤഏϛ᠙ᆸޱ๋ דܖݲۢᇄᄇഅԤᒑ឴ᜰ߽ȃၧၪȃȶᄇПᔗுӵݲ৳ΰᖿၗȷȃܻڽনӰӻјᘪޟວ ౩ҥϞϛȂծඁнೝΰວݲоᜌޟலю౪ӵΰວޱڍրᘞȟȄࠉޟȞᇌጶݲۢঈ ޟᄇϏПԤցܖᏹȂѫፙϏПഽວܒᐃϚٗሻӱȄӵ፣ЅπӴޭિਢȂΡঈӻјᒵᐅ ӱቷپ࢚ԩຘؚȂԤਢюݲຘրМӇհ࣏զᜌȇณՄ၏ಠࢥᜌȂࠌོี౪၎ਰᐣင րؚȄޟրӻᎈȂԤϷݢ
Ґᇳ݈܁܁րؚڏൟȂޟȃ५ҡپঈϚᜲี౪ݲ৳ΙএѴרοϛȂޟൢᏲΡ ுΙાϴМȂڥήȂӵπӴݲ৳ᕕഽȃڙΙПȂζலؠೝஈȄณՄӵ࿋фড়ᡝޟఁວ
155 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
Malaita ࣸӴПπӴ ـंޱၯȂܻΡঈϚᘞӵݲ৳ᎈଟϛ௳КȄ๋ޟᙟϚுϚٖٷ ᙟٷວ೪ȂޟᔬਰȂี౪೨ӻπӴᐣငኵΪԑȃࣥՍέжфޟ৳ഋӋπӴΰວݲڷ৳ݲ πӴޭޟញีѪΙݰວ೪Ȅ٥ቄԙ࣏ȶРலҡࣀȷΙഋӋ܁܁ॎหีޟՄҐؚȂཱི ኇϧቄȉήആႆݲ৳ᔬਰޟΡɯӴᜰ߽ڏπӴݲ৳Ȃᄇܻ࿋ӴМϽȂЎڷિ ࡙໌ϷݙȄُޟȂӴශᢎᙽᡐٱᐣѬఄޟϛ
МҏϷݙޟݲ৳ᔬਰ
ԑфȂඁ 1930 ڗᔬਰघџଡྗޟڗLangalanga ΡញπӴޭિቷրȂᄂሬԝ ԑ࡙ൢ֙ϛȂࠌџَӵޟᓃ 20ȄҕۢষޟਰυήᙏޟӇӴПҕۢষ౩ Guadalcanal ৬ȂӰԪ࿋тঈᇄ Malaita ޟՌልሉپԑфȂۢষঈᇯ࣏ Langalanga Ρ 1930 πӴਢȂӻјఁວ 21Ȅҕۢষᄇܻޟჴ Malaita ݼ۬ތKwara’ae Ρ ޟپ৬όୢή ᐣѬޟࣼݲӵ 1930 ԑфࡣۖᡐȂ፡ࢥൢ֙ઽΣΟ࿋ӴΡޟLangalanga ΡଔྛӴ ݼ۬ӴୢȇϞࡣ Langalanga Ρۖӵᇄ᎑ߖڗҏȂଡྗઠӑ Malaita ৬όୢήގ ఊတޟཱིۖΙݰٮுഋӋπӴȂڥπӴޭિϛഽວȂζᄚᄚޟKwaio Ρ ڷKwara’ae Ρ ᐣѬȂಣᑖޟϱπӴޭિȞGuo n.d.ȟȄӰԪ Langalanga ΡᇄπӴݲ৳ϐԤ຺ႆјжक πӴݲޟᔬਰȂӻኵԆܹܻ Malaita ӴПݲȄҏߑ؏ᐌ౩ Langalanga ࣺᜰ۠ڢ೨ӻ ࡙ЕΣࠉȂLangalanga Ρԃդڙ৳ঈ౪ӵ࡞ᜲȶᗙনȷӵݲרᔬਰȂඪюඁᘈଆ፣Ȅ৳ ݲ৳ᔬޟᎧघ 1950 ԑфޱᡐϧቄȄϚႆ๋ޟپ࡙ளڙ৳ఄक़ᐣѬȂՄШၶݲ ඉٷᐣѬങक़ޟ৳ȂσഋϷݲޟȂծᅚᅚܒШၶᓍپਰਢȂี౪ԤϚЍങक़ࣼଔ ᐣѬޟխԒȂᐌӫඁਯЖϯશȇՄζԙ࣏࿋ф Langalanga Ρӵߨݲ৳ൟζ௴Ң ԒȄٱఄ
ଡྗЪఊઠӑଔྛܻ Malaita ৬࢚৴όȂкُҥόΰήٱкࢺ᎐ூ࢈ޟ Langalanga ӴПȃ࡚ҳάޟߒҰȂഊкُୄپӴශڷӴӪޟӖفጣӖᖞΙޢႆแȂоޟڗ ٱӪ้ȂᐣѬఄڼޟငϞӴܚᐙУȃᄇޟȞfera aabuȟȃේܚᝦಊܖܚۨޟᒸణ ڷϽȷȞspatialization of time, Rosaldo 1980ȟȂΡᇄઠӑުޟ१ᘈȄᙤҥȶਢޟϛ Ԓ 22Ȅٱݲ৳ఄޟႆўȂആႆӴශ੫ՓоЅӴශᙽϽՄёо๖ȄоήΙএலَ
ೝ֙ങक़Ȉ ٥ޟᜊȂՄߨᎬߖ Alasa ӵόΰفޟ ༵ FeratalaޟѫፙϬЈԤޭિר এ FeratalaȄ
156 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ᜊ 1. Olioa ҡή 2. KooigoȂفޟר 3. Maemadama 4. Koiro Ȟȟ ȟ౪ӵظK. TooniiaȞ .10
Ιএ՞ӵ౪Ϭ Feratala ޟΡȂѩୈ OlioaȂтԫࡣȦᒸᓪȧೝӱў тΡϚৄӵڏޟᜊϛفσ Feratala ৄဩȄӵޟଽӴޟ Ꭼߖ Siale ϞӴȄנȃܚᝦಊϞޟυ Kooigo ৄӵ BubuitoloȦόήȧڋޟFeratalaȄт ղ Maemadama Feratala ڦ ޟ ႀਢȂ٥༵ӴؠΡլᐃȄтڗ ΙএΡ Olioa ઠӑࣺႄȄ٥၇Ȃޟ ٥၇ᇄтᗙԤѪΙএΡȂC. Lafea Ȃӵ Ore Oreپή Ȃۡۨӵ Langa LangaȂณࡣۡۨӵڗઠӑήޟ Lafea ڷઠӑޟר ՞ӵ٥၇Ȅۨޢ౪ӵΙڗঈઠӑਢרLaulasi ৬Ȅ
ЫྛȂএԱυѩޟϞӴߣߖԤএെЫנޟΡޟ Ӫ࣏ Maemadama ӵ༵ӴΰેᆍȃӃУഅȄѫޢఊΡΙޟרୈ Maekao sa MaemadamaȄ 23 ༈ಛ۠ఀ៉՞ӵ৬ΰȄྱٷר഻
ȃӑٱᜊȃ᎐ூ࢈فඁкौϯશȈޟྥԒϛ҆രٱങक़ѓࢂΟݲ৳ఄޟΰ७ ᜊȞᒑ឴ᜰفᇄٱᗙོ፡ࣨጣȄ᎐ூఄٲтЪఊᜰ߽ȃ१ौӴӪ้ȂԤڏլࡇᆎȃᇄ Ȟӵف࡙༊өڙᡐȄࠉ७ϐငଆ፣ႆݲࡡٲኇȂԤޟ࡙ڙ৳ݲڗڧ፡ȟޟ߽ فȟ༡ᡒᒮȞcf. Burt 1994ȟȂ࿋ӴΡԃդӵπӴݲϛȶᇧഅȷȃ֕౪فMalaita ࣏Ю ϐငѪМଆ፣ȞGuo 2008ȟȂϚӔ᙭क़ȄLangalangaޱᜊȂ๋ففЮޟጣޢڏᜊȂЎ ԃӵٽրؚԁȂޟᇧഅȂՄӵᄂϛඩኞݲޟߨӈཎٮٱᐣѬఄޟӵπӴݲ৳ϛ ᜌᐃ௴ઽΰȂݲրؚߨல१ຜඁϯશ ᝦಊӴᘈȞsacrificial groundȟ, ᎐ಋၯ৷ᒸ ϛԙ࣏அҏਿԒȄٱӵݲ৳ఄٲᆍේᐙУ้Ȃڷጂࣨጣȃ݂ޟၬȃᇄ᎑Ӵ
७өȄޟᇄӔ౪܈ඁএਖ਼ЅΡɯӴᜰ߽྅ޟϛȂџَٱоήϷݙݲ৳ᐣѬఄ
ᜋհ࣏ᜌᐃޣӴශᐣѬڷӴශ
ᄘȂଶΟ৳ΰങक़ϞѴȂԤਢζ໌ᄂӴ፡ࢥלএڍПԒѓࢂޟπӴݲ৳ȶ௴ᜌȷ ȈޟπӴࢥȄоήΙএலَޟિޭڗȞfield surveyȟȂһ։Ѣວ೪Өഅӓӣ
FERATALA & OREORE πӴ፡ࢥ
ೝ֙ԙষ Maero ؆юีȂΰڷԑϤТΪΠРȂݲ৳Ρষȃন֙ 1988
157 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
അඪڍӴȞtambu placeȟ[ࡾᝦಊϞӴȂfera aabu]Ȅנޟў Feratala кौ 24 ᒸၬȄޟϧቄᄂሬڗЅ٥၇ԤᒸၬȞsignsȟ Ȃծؠࣼ խᐿУՑȄޑלȂJohn Bare ளࣼΙএ Fouitolo үᓞȂپ Feratala ή ȂՄ឴ܻޟ ӴȄ٥၇Ϛ John Bareנႀ Fera’au ڗࠒٖȂ܁Ϟࡣ Aenakwata ЪఊȄ ڗȄ៉ՙۻޟ ූ؆ HuruaiޟJohn Bare ᇳ ڗՙٖȂ܁ঈרณࡣ ӴȄJohn ளࣼоࠉΡנΟ Oreore ڗՙࠒ܁кौཆၾȄڗFougwari ؆Ȃή үᓞȄޟ Gwafea ޟ үᓞȄJack Olitaisina ᇳ٥ AilakoޟҢ ശࡣΙএഅޟӴП GwaianaȂJohn Bare ளࣼΟέএҡЬޟӴПȈ Ъఊౘ፡፪ޟ࣏тپree. ΙএѫԤಊѧџҢȂҢ(3) ڷ etea (2)maema(1) ޟΡॵҢظౘดپЬҢޟΡϗџॵȄΠএӴПޟтΙଔӬڷՈȂѫԤᎌӫ ӴПȄޟড়৳ดٌᓞޟтܖᓞȂέএࠌএΡٌ MaemadamaȂԤݽҢ ޟ ࠉȂOlitaisina ौؑ৳ΰࣼࣼ Loaӵ፡ࢥ๖ 25 ȄߝУᜤȄ፡ࢥܻήϿέᘈѲΪϤϷ๖ޟ
ԒȞүᕓȃүȃүᓞȃٔੵᓀȃל፴ސޟԤኇΨȄӴශڎݎԪᆍ፡ࢥலᄇրؚ๖ תڗڧҢȞऄᐙȃᏪҤȃಊަ้ȟȂоЅ֏ٺޟᐙȟȃӴශޟᝦಊҡЬӴ้ȂᗙԤӨ Ӵᘈޟᜌ݂ȄӵႆแϛȂᚖПᄇӴශޟԤ᠌ܚհ࣏پौؑ೨џȂೝپដȃтΡ֏ ᜋᅋᜰޣᐣѬڷȷȂՄȶࡾю࢚ઠӑෆհ࣏ϞӴȷȟސᄂሬȶڗȞlocalityȟȞҐَ҆ ฒݲ݂ጂࡾᇯӴܖຠڏ፡ࢥൢ֙ࡾю࢚ΙПԃኵড়ȂծѪΙПЛ֎ޟᗤُՓȂலَ ᜌ݂ȄޟԤ᠌֏Ԇӵܚҏ֏࣏ઍȃπӴގٱᐣѬఄڏᘈȂݲ৳லоԪհ࣏ ӴӪհ࣏ᜌᐃ
ᜌ݂ᐣپೝҢ܁܁ٱӪ࢈ڼޟȂӴශޟᜋϛȂӴӪΙᆍலَޣᐣѬޟӵӴශ Ԓ֕౪Ȃһ։ӵޟ࣏ઍȄLangalanga ӴශᇄᐣѬᜰ߽லо topgenyȞFox 1997ȟٱѬఄ ߨࠒ৬ҕఊȂоܖӴӪȂӵσࢷࢸฒ፣ࠒ৬ޟႆแϛȂϚᘞӖᖞкُငޟٱ᎐ூఄ υȂَनғٽޟȞԃ៌ᔏלޟЅछࢸӟӴԊΡМϽΪϷலَȂѮᢊࠒ৬ζԤխ 2008ȟȄ
ڏڷഅᄇܻӴӪڍӋ໔ȂԤਢڏቨёپٱёΣ೨ӻӴӪ࢈ٱఄٲӵݲ৳ങक़ϛȂԤ ٽઍୃȄή७এޟٱϛЪఊ᎐ூఄڏڗҏਖ਼ގٱដȂϚӣ࢈ތԤٱ࢈ޟڗधࡣਖ਼ KwaisakwauȈ ڷ এӴӪȈFurifaeڍڗυ֕౪Οݲ৳٩Ȃଆ፣
158 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
୰Ȟন֙ȟȈձ֏ӣཎȂٔੵᓀଔྛӴӵ Ore Oreȉ Ґ᠙ႆٔੵᓀ٥၇ۖȄרȞೝ֙ȟȈ๎ ၾޣȄձޟ୰Ȉ ӵ٥༵ӴϛȂԤএӴПѩ FurifaiȂٔੵᓀ൷၇ۖ এӴПȉ ӴПȂծԤΙএӵ٥༵Ӵ၇७Ȅޟ Ȉ ᄇȂѴ७Ԥ࡞ӻӴӪѩ Furifai๎ ੵ[furifai ΝٔޟӪ٥၇ FurifaiȂӰ࣏ΙۖѫୈΟѲ՛औՓڼ୰Ȉ тঈ Ѳ՛ٔੵϞཎ]Ȅ ӵ٥၇Ȃᔖ၎Ԥᒸݎؠӵ Furifai ࣼႆӈդٔੵᓀᒸၬȞsignsȟȄԃר Ȉ๎ ؠࣼႆȄרၬȂծ 26 ༝ȉپઠӑ ήόޟרڗȇձᜲၾؠࣼޟ୰Ȉ ձᇳऔՓٔੵᓀ٥၇ۖ ᒸၬȄޟȄ٥၇ׇӒؠԤтঈپઠӑήޟ Bulukwai ڗؠࣼר Ȉ๎ Ȃਲ਼ᐃౘดЫ๋рȞkwauȟޟרȂծ٥ޟ୰Ȉ ձᇳ Kwaisakwau Ա឴ܻձ 27 ཎࡦ]ȄޟӪ[kwai ࣏Ыڼ࣏ޟ ȂپΡόΰήޟ ӪӰ࣏Ιএ Ore Oreڼঈר٥এӴПȂ Ȉ Kwaisakwau๎ 28 ӵ٥এԱ၇෬ݨೝమȄ
ڷ এӴӪ FurifaeڍπӴϱԤޟដތᓃȂন֙ктঈޟ࣏ন֙ၒ୰ೝ֙ٽΰ кؠޱȂծೝ֙ࠌІሻࠉޟҏϛඪЅގٱ᎐ூᐣѬఄޟKwaisakwauȂᜌ݂Οтঈ ޟٱᐣѬఄޟȄӴӪԙ࣏զᜌٱ࢈ޟӪጢҥࠌϚӣڼޱੵᓀȟȂࡣٔޟᜌȞѠՂސԤ ๖ȄޟȂҢоӫݲϽՌ٘ᇄπӴഺۖઠڎώ ҢٺޟӴყ
ᛲᇧȂи१ᘈӵܻҰܚӴყԞӵ 1930 ԑф։ю౪ܻᔬਰᓃϛȂծҕۢ Ο 1970 ԑфϗю౪࿋ӴΡՌϏᛲᇧ֕ΰڗȈَყ 2ȟȂٽᜰЖ१ᘈȞޟࣨȂтঈ ݲ৳ᔬਰϛȂ࿋ӴΡᄇܻӴශȃࣨጣȃӴӪ้ѫоᇭِПޟᛳߞܚӴყȄԞޟ৳ݲ Ο 1970ڗМണȟȄณՄޟԒȞَҏۢσ/ݓઉϦלᇧყޟԒ֕౪ȂџᇳΙᆍኄဎ ӨӴᘈᛲᇧԙޟඪЅٱԒȷȂວ೪ПԤਢོఄלΙᆍȶᜌᐃޟԑфࡣȂӴყԙ࣏லَ ӴყϛЏψϚΙȂ೨ӻ࣏ЙᛲȂΪϷશᐔȞԃٲᄘȄלཱིޟӴყȂհ࣏ݲ৳ങक़ȃߒ౪ ȶऋᏰѴᇼȷȞԃყ 4ȟȄޟӴყڕࠌം؏ҽᔣӟޟყ 3ȟȂԤ
Ϸݙݲ৳ᔬਰپঈӴყຜ࣏ΙᆍຜឈওȞvisual rhetoricȟȞBender 2002ȟרष ޟၥਟȂ๋ޱᙏौඪюέᘈଆ፣Ȉ1). ӴყӴශޟࡊᡝϽȂᆍᆍᇄઠӑ๖ȃшᅖ ΨޟӴПӵӴყΰԙ࣏ܪຫޟᘈȂ2). πӴޟࣨጣӵӴყΰΪϷ݂ጂȂՄиࣨޟȶ
159 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ުܒݷήȂᄂΰԤኆޑޟᐙȟζலೝҰȄӵݲրؚߨலݧ१Ӵ݂ࣨጂݎဴȷȞԃ ᄂጣȂณՄӵؠԤπӴก໔ᇄடཾޟپπӴࣨጣೝࡊᡝϽȃৢ࣏ҁ७Ӵყΰࣼଔޟ િᘈȄ3). ӴޭޟЈณӴࣨȞԃݬࢺȟȂӵրؚႆࡣࣨጣζலཱིٲݷήȂଶΟ࢚ޟᛲყ ӴᘈޟȇӵЙᛲӴყΰȂઠӑငႆלጣޢխȂ༊өٱ᎐ூఄڷᜊف౪ПԒᇄ֕ޟყ Пөಋଢ଼Ȟԃყ 3ȟȄޟጣޢȂоΙڗόΰή ٱᐣѬఄޟȶΙΡᆎȷ
רΙΡᆎȞȶڥ௴ࣺϣၒ୰ਢȂᚖПலڏᐣѬങक़ȂЎޟ৳ȂӵԞݲޟ࡞੫տ ПԒޟB ӴȄȄȄȷȟȂհ࣏ఄक़ᐣѬ ڗઠӑ A ӴޟרB ӴȄȄȄȷՄߨȶ ڗ A Ӵ ԃȈٽఄक़ᡗҰΟΡᇄઠӑᜰ߽ᆧᖒ๖Ȅޟ29ȄԪ
ӵ Feratalaר༵ӴȄޟFeratalaȂԤޭિ ޟϬРڗȂήپ Feratala ޟό၇ר Sinisu’uȄȞณࡣ ڗήόרӪ࣏ Feratala ࡣȂڼ٥এӴПװۖᝦಊઠȄӵ רএӴПѩୈ Sinisu’u ORE OREȄณࡣװ Lafea پ Su’uȟࡣ ڗάӔήόר BubuitoloȂӵ٥၇ҳΙএΙ ڗήόרӴПȄӵ٥Ϟࡣޟ Ιএѩ Su’uڗঈή ר༈ಛ౾ঢ়ȄޟԤܚᖞר ӴПȂϞࡣϗў Laulasi ৬Ȅӵ Laulasiޟএᝦಊ 30 ޟЮᒑҡӵ LaulasiȂтޟЮᒑѩୈ SaleȄ
ഺۖઠȇޟӻфоࠉڏȂՄޱٱߨఄٮȷȞIȟרȶޟΰࢲݲ৳ᜌຠϛȂࠉ७ඁϛ ٱȷȞIȟᙽӱࡾਖ਼ఄרȶޟ၇ٱณᙽԙᖿक़ߖфᐣѬȂ࢈܇ޱٱȂఄٱᖿक़ׇΟഺۖ࢈ ౪ю֕ٱᇯ࣏ԪఄޱᇯӣԤਢᒊ࣏ΙᡝȂ๋ޟᇄઠӑޱٱϛȂఄٱՌϏȄӵᐣѬఄޱ ၮਢުᜰ߽ȄณՄԪޟӴශ๖ڷȃઠӑޱٱ๖Ȃю౪ΟఄޟπӴᆧڷΡᇄઠӑ ᚔȂӣਢζІࢎΟ๖Ρᇄઠޟݲӵ 80 ԑфࡣᅚᅚੑѶȂᡗҰΟΡᇄઠӑᜰ߽ٱఄ ӑޟπӴޟϽȄ31 тᆠڏڷӴශᇄ຺ՌณΨ໔
࢚ڙȂ३ޟנӴПٲԤᜰȄԤސӴශலᇄ຺ՌณΨ໔ȃ຺Ռณҡޟ Langalanga ڧΡོޟዖЫȂႂІхڷࣟ࿂ᕩۭ೩३ӵ੫ۡਢХ௴ᄢڷᐙУٲտ໌ΣȂԤܒᆍ ȶᇧഅȷӴශȄڷᚰധڏԙԤᜰȂЎלޟ੫տᇄӴශސҡٲᛃᆴȄԤޟ຺ՌณΨ໔ڗ ԙ࣏ઠپτΡҡήΙᚰധȂ٥ᚰധȞࡣфࣼޟנ༈ᇳϛȂႂІޟӪޣԃΙএٽ ு၎నݬᇘᇘ⫃⫃Ȉٺӵ Loa ݬ༄ᚑȂپΙষȟࡣޟӑ
ณࡣ Sau'mai ᛄѹΟ... ԂᛄѹࡣȂҡΟΙᚰധȄтঈᗽᎴ٥ᚰധȂᚰ.... ࡆȦΓظटਢȂᚰധࠖΟ٥এޖএΡڍȄޖΙଔךщʝޟтڷധᅚᅚߝσȂ
160 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
Ҕᒑ࡞ҡȂޟᚰധڷࡆظӪԅѩୈ FutaifaluaȄޟࡆظȧȂ٥এךщʝޟт ᚰധᚔࡣȂӵ LoaȦΓޟࡆυȂձுᚔȄȷ τΡᎴޟרᇳၾȂȶձ༌Ο ݬࢺȄณࡣޟ ෬ȧഅюΟݬࢺȄᚰധᚔ Loa ࡣȂά෬ငΙనѩ Kwaimela ҔᒑᇳԂϚདौтȂᚰޟႀਢȂтڗҔᒑȄ࿋ᚰധޟт Kwaimela ෬ӱт υȄᚰധٖΟϞࡣȂؐএΡџоӵ၇ڋޟധுᚔȂএѴΡՄߨՌϏ 32 ዖЫΟȂоࠉϚ ȄܻؐএΡቄୈΟȦࡾዖЫȧȂቨёΟٔੵᓀȦӰ ᐙȄтঈӵᐌএ Ore Oreݎό၇ώհȂᆍේਯڗுऔՓٔ෦ȧȂζڥ࣏џዖЫ ڗጢ࢈ȂήޟЪఊӰ࣏এٔੵᓀޟרᐙȄݎًڷݎόୢᆍේΟਯڷ 33 Ȅپ
ઠӑᐣڷᜌຠȂວᇳтᄇӴශڏϛȂୋՄю౪ᜌΡԪ༈ᇳઽΣٱݲ৳ఄޟԞ ݲۢᇄᄇПၒᜲȂܻᆠȞᚰധȃ้ȟȃઠӑڗڧ৳ᇳຠෆӵݲޟདݲȄኺޟѬ ݲ৳ᔬਰ൷ޟپԃᚰധઠӑՄиഅԙӴශᡐϽȟȂӵࡣٽ፣क़ݲȞޟӴශᆧ๖ӫڷ ᡐϽфߒΟӴޟȄኺٱՂΡড়ࢻࢻዅၾ٥ࢲ࢈ڗੑѶΟ 34ȂณՄРலፙᗙџо᠙ ᙽٲԤپӵߖ܈Ӵ՝ȂծԪ྅ޟᆍސтڏܻܖᡐȄনҏΡؠԤଽܻܖᔆޟශᢎ ৳ଉȂณՄԪᆍఄक़ӵݲپᚰധȂΡঈϫலᇯ࣏٥ઠӑޟᡐȄَࣼலഅ؆ဣ ࣺӣ߬ӉȂΡঈ఼ٴݲۢϛӻјӴПૅՂȂζӓޟቷ౩ٺቷࢥՄւଶ ։רΰՌ ᆠӴශᢎฒݲӵݲ৳ΰೝઽȄޟၾኺޣޟཿ
ӈޟȶ߳Ԇ༈ಛȷȉπӴݲࡡϽϛϚџ
ԃछ឴ᙡٽᐃϚՙПݲࡡ٥ৈ ٷրؚڷݲ৳ങक़ޟлࣼϞήȂΰक़πӴޭિ ᘪȞTiffanyٷπӴࡻԤȞland holdingȟհ࣏кौᜌᐃޟȂоႆўέΪԑفҢछԒᡝ௴ٳኞ ༈ಛМϽϛᄇܻӑլ᠌ȃЪఊ༡নࠌȃઠڷ1979ȟ ՄоΪඁфઠӑ᎐ூᐣѬȂ ࡙ȷઽΣݲనȃӴПૅՂΰݲ৳Ȃ֏൷ڙӑᇄӴශҺོ࣏кȄณՄȶ༈ಛπӴ ȃޟ࡙নҏ൷ᡐଢ଼ڙȂԤέএ౩ҥȈ1. πӴޟᇯ࣏๎ਰ֏ۡޱȶ߳Ԇ༈ಛȷȉ๋ ࣼȂپυٽޟݲࡡጡጆ༈ಛਢȂ൷ᡐΟ༈ಛȃ3. Langalanga ݲ৳Мҏڷড়ϭΣ .2 ȂήޱڍᙽᡐȄҏӑଆ፣ࠉޟႆแϛю౪ϚӣԒޟџоᑛَΡӴᜰ߽ӵπӴݲࡡϽ о၌ؚȄᜲޟᡐ᎐ȂоЅՄ౩၌πӴޭિޟΙӔ໌؏Ιҧ፣Ӵශᢎ
Ward & KingdonȞ1995ȟкጡޟ Land, Custom and Practice in the South Pacific ߖ ࡙ࠉҕڙȈπӴ܈அҏ྅ޟհࠢȂтঈඪюޟԑଆ፣σࢷࢸπӴᇄ༈ಛΪϷ१ौ
161 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ᒝȶ༈ಛȷπӴܚ࿋ф़ᇯۡΟΙএᆍܖȄ։߯ҕࢇ๊ޟᡐଢ଼ޢ౪ӵȂΙڗਢ πӴݲࡡϽܖᄂѫࢇݽওȂڏݷȂޑ࡙Ȟcustomary land tenureȟȂҐІࢎᄂሬڙ Ϛٮᄂᆍଜࡦ ڏҕкဎȂܻڽᡐଢ଼Ӓᘪޟ࡙ڙπӴޱᇲȄႆў፣ޟႆแ ঈႆ࡙౩དϽȶ༈ಛȷπרѴӵᡐϽϚ१ौȂՄौඪᒺޟپߒҰтঈкբᓍҕՄ ȃМϽ้ӰશՄϚތོ࡙ӰҡᄘȃΡοȃᏽڙӠᓎȄπӴޟ࡙ڙٹ࡙ȃϞຜ࣏ശڙӴ ೣࠌȞWard & Kingdon 1995a: 6-10ȟȄޟھᒝߝܚᘞᡐȂฒ
πӴȂӵೝޟӰશՄࢺଢ଼้ތȂনҏџӰᏽٳԃ MeggittȞ1977ȟࡾюȂӵཱིඁϱ ጢҥζޟ୰ᚠȄ࿋фπӴޭિޟπӴࣨጣঝ๖Ȃҡཱིޟࢺଢ଼پဈႮϞࡣȂনۺҕࢇ ࡙ԙ࣏ȶ༈ಛȷȞcustomaryȟڙπӴڷࣨጣޟ٥এਢᘈϞࠉٺΣȂ໌فݲࡡᡝڷᇄҕ ھܖೣࠌޟߨΙԙϚᡐٮ࡙ȞѓࢂࢷȂmarine tenureȟڙԤᜰȄHviding ζࡾюȂπӴ ᒝȶ༈ಛȷ៉ܚଢ଼ᄘႆแȄޟ୦Ȃ࣏Рலࣀଢ଼ڞޟတᡝᄇၥྛܖಛȂՄΡفޟ ӵӴ࢜ᄺȷȞflexible local frameworkȟȂΡঈޟܒ࡙Ȃ༈ಛᄂΝȶኆڙޟႆแՄߨϚᡐޟ ೣࠌȞHviding 1989Ȉ27ȟȄޟ࡙ڙ୦ႆแϛഺഅπӴڞӵ
࡙ȷᄂΝငᐣᡐ᎐ȇդᒝȶ༈ಛȷӵϚڙஅҏҳൟ࡞఼ཿȈȶ༈ಛπӴޟޱᏰٲ ȞWardޟȞflexibleȟՄᄂҢкဎȞpragmaticȟܒ࡙ኆڙπӴޟӣਢԤϚӣࡾਖ਼ȃӵӴ ცȈޟႆแϛȂ७ᖝҭࣽޟȂӵπӴᇄݲࡡҺོܒМϽ੫ޟKingdon 1995b: 38ȟȄኺ & ޟᐿҳড়੫ۡਢުޟȂζ࣏Ο߳៖༈ಛȂ࿋фσࢷࢸת࡙ၒڙ࣏ΟᇄՙП٥ৈπӴ ȂȶȶདցҢጡጆޟ࡙࿋ԙȶ༈ಛМϽȷ35Ȃആႆড়Ψ໔ϞݲࡡϽȄծДၙڙπӴ ޟҏ፴ҡਲ਼ҏޟ࡙ڙᡱȞনȟπӴ܁܁Ȃف߳ԆϞȂઽΣҕݲࡡᡝپ࡙ȻڙȺπ ᡐȄȷȷ36Ȟibid: 36-37ȟ
ȃоЅܒᆠᙏᇄලӣޟႆแϛȂӰ࣏నМҏ٘ޟ࡙ݲనϽȞcodificationȟڙπӴ ޟᆠᡜȂҡΟ፝ӻဣ৯Ȅԃΰक़ȂMalaita ༈ಛޟฒݲΣ࿋ӴМϽޱ࿋ߑ፡ࢥᇄ೩ॎ Ֆᒑ༡Ȟessential flexibility of a system ofޟܒᆠડኆڏȂڙ༡فߨЮٮ࡙ڙπӴ ڙЪጣȞpaternal lineȟȄπӴفcognatic inheritanceȟȞBurt 1994: 315ȟȂѫၶ१Ю ୢϷࠌਲ਼அܻᓺӑনޟπӴȂ᠌ցޟܛЪఊفЮڏҢߨٺȂؐএΡџܒ࡙࡞Ԥኆ ᇲ၌Ȃ၎ൢ֙πӴ᠌ܚಛԤف፡ࢥൢ֙ϛᄇԪޟ ࠌȞprecedential rulesȟȄӵ Allan ༡Ȃفԩ᠌Ȃи໌Ι؏ᏲөޟҢ᠌ٺॶ᠌ȃᇄխՙПޟԤ᠌ܚցୢϷ࣏өՙП ༡ȂଶΟМف࡙ᇲ၌࣏ڙπӴޟܒፒᚕՄኆװȄӵݲࡡΰᐇհȂܒኆޟՄѶўনԤ ငᔼڷ࡙ȂϗП߯এΡϽڙޟھࢇငՃ໔ȂӰູ࣏સՄڏ୰ᚠϞѴȂζԤޟϽᙽឍ ڷ༡ف࡙ȷȂӵݲ৳ϛΠϷ࣏Юڙৈݲࡡᇭِೝ࿋ԙȶ༈ಛπӴޟีȄAllan ጂҳ
162 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ൢᏲΡڗல᠙ޱԃ๋ٽϷȂޣᇯޟζԙ࣏ϬРΙૡσಀ܈྅ڷཊޟ༡ȂኺفҔ Ȅ้فȃGuadalcanal ৬ࠌҔفᇳ Malaita ৬Ю
ԃӵᙡٽȞibid: 50-52ȟȄھ࡙ᡐுڙπӴޟܒுনԤኆٺкौ୰ᚠӵܻޟݲనϽ πܛΡʝӴʝᒑ឴ϣଢ଼ȂҏϚོޟΡοಳᚔҺᜰ߽ȃζؠԤӵӴޟȂߝԑѴಋٳኞ πӴʝޟনҏᄂΰЮҔПΠᒵΙޱܖுтঈ߳ԤπӴ᠌Ȃٺ༡ೣࠌޟӴȂծݲࡡϽ ᅭቨӻ܇ޱுπӴԤٺၥҏՌଢ଼ᚖ༡πӴ᠌Ȃོޥᒑ឴ᇯӣȂᡐԙЧሯΣ πӴᡐ᎐ȂтธցޟMalaita ৬ Kwara’ae Ρ ـȞHooper 1995Ȉ255-7ȟȄBurtȞ1994ȟं ဎᜰޟᜊՄۡȂՄΙᆍϣࣺفѫࣼܖೣࠌܛޟߨԫݖٮ࡙ڙࡾюȂ༈ಛπӴޟ ቋᢎϚޟҕಛݽоЅ࿋фଡؑငᔼีڷᇄငᔼቋᢎȂོޥޟង֤ڏ߽ȄณՄ πӴޟȞunilinealȟفڷө௶тȞexclusiveȟޟࢇ๊ЛࡻήȂᏲۺӵࢇޱӣȂࡣ ആႆ܁ݷխ ႆޟ७ᄇོޥᛳߞܚтڏᇯ࣏ᇄ Langalanga оЅޱ๋ ࡙Ȅ37ڙ Ңٺᒙ้ȟёΰᒑ឴ளհ࣏ڷတᜰ߽ޥڷҢȃᇄઠٺԃᒳԈၾኈौؑȃࡻ៉ٽ࣏Ȟ ६ճΟȄܒ१ौޟϽȃݲࡡิϽȂ࣏ܛনࠌȂ౪ӵᅚԩᡐԙȞਯЖȟড়৳༈ޟ᠌ ޟӫ౩ϽՌϏپ࢚নࠌޟആႆȶ༈ಛȷܻ܌ΡঈϚڗঈџࣼרυϛȂٽޟ৳೨ӻݲ ցઉȞ၏ࡣक़ȟȄ
πӴຝޟᛳߞတ৬ӵ 1960 ԑфۖܚѪΙএᐇհПԒȄޟ࡙πӴݲࡡϽڙຝы ȄᐿҳϞࡣڙ࡙оᙽՍೲᄌငᔼ࣏ҬȂএΡิПө೩ॎȂೝ࿋ӴΡੑྃܰڙы ӵ 1980 ԑф࣏оЪఊ࣏ิ՝Ȃծҥܻڙ࡙Ȃຝыڙཎყ߳Ԇ༈ಛπӴۺࢇཱི υȂড়ٽޟઉȂᛤᜲஈȄӵσࢷࢸԤ೨ӻխ᠌ޟޱҢ᠌ٺڎ೩ॎ௶ᔠΟনޟኺ ೨ӻ֨ڗ࡙ȂႄڙӓԤޟȂ൵१༈ಛڙπӴิʝຝыޟЕΣفఖওғՙПݲࡡᡝה ೝ܁܁ϛڙӵຝыܚᆹོڷᘸൟޟπӴȉϴҢޟᆗџຝыޱϷ୰ᚠȈդپȄΙᜲ 38Ȅ לޟીѶᜲоᗗջȂю౪фߒΡӵຝыਢπӴᐃ࣏ϏԤޟיԝᘪԤȂΡ࣏ᐇ ,ݷȞWard & Kingdon 1995b: 51-2ޑ้ ζலഅԙπӴકϽȞfragmentedȟ39ڙԪѴิ ᇳȂѺғӵഺޱܖሉȂູپȂᄂሬΰᚔȶ༈ಛȷູڙຝыيޟ63ȟȄࣼխܲ༈ಛ അཱིޟȶ༈ಛȷȄ
ܚ࡚ҳȄӵޟ࡙ڙ৳࡙ϞѴȂᗙԤݲڙຝыڷᄂ፺ଶΟМԅϽԙݲనޟπӴݲࡡϽ ӵӴϽπپᜋޣ༈ಛڏఖᙤҥה೩ॎϛȂᓞҬȃૅՂ้ઽΣπӴݲ৳ԙষȂޟᛳߞတ৬ ೨ӻ֨ᜲȄଶࠉक़ڗݲࡡΡкȂծζႄޟՙПݲᏰଋጛڗڧӴݲ৳րؚȂՄߨӒณ ੫ޟݲ৳րؚޟਲ਼ҏൟϞѴȂپѴޟ࿋ӴΡឈுݲ৳ਿਿϚΣڷࡾȃޟؽ ݷӵσࢷࢸ࡞லَȂޟȂᇄӴПМϽҐࣺ҆ৠȄՙПݲ৳րؚ༃ҩϷ݂Ȃծጙրؚܒ
163 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
:ҁӓȞTiffany 1979ڷഅџо៉ڍ፡ȂҬӵ೩ݲᡱڞڷᜰོ߽ޥӴПݲ१ຜٲ Ң᠌ȂࣥՍ֯ϷπӴȂܻᜰ߽ٺޟԤ᠌րΙПȂծ߳ѪΙПܚ104ȟȄԤਢրؚ ວ೪ϚᘞȄپഅ៉ӵӣ༵ӴҡࣀᏪȂ୰ᚠؠԤ၌ؚȂҐڍޟඌӛ
Ȟcolonialוࠌᇯ࣏ݲ৳ວ೪തᗙ൨அܻҕપޱᏰٲϚႆࣺᄇϞήȂԤ :Ȟindividual family titleȟ40ȞIpo 1989ڙԤܚჂᓾএΡ/ড়ИٮorderȟȂրؚல༊ө тۨҕȂڏޟ130-131ȟȄBurtȞ1991, 1994ȟζᇯ࣏ݲրؚႆܻ༃ҩϷ݂ȂᔆԤԩ᠌ ڙπӴޟৈϚΙमڍᛳߞတ৬Ȃџَܚ୰ᚠȄтࡾюӵ࿋фޟୢϱޥฒݲ၌ؚٮᄂڏ ظفЪఊᐣѬȂөЮޟনࠌȃ౩དܒ࡙ȷৈҢΙૡڙȶ༈ಛπӴޟᒝܚ৳࡙Ȉлࣼݲ ȂΡঈོޥЪఊᐣѬ ӵҕޟፒᚕ༡ጣȞmale lineȟȇณՄᄂሬၼհࠓਖ਼ޟܒ ᜰ߽ᐣѬȞhistories of relationships, oftenޟپкȞclaims to landȟӻфоޟᄇπӴ᠌ց १ौনӰȄޟover many generationsȟȞBurt 1994: 317ȟȄԪᆍϚΙमޭિฒݲᎬݲ৳၌ؚ
୰ᚠȂฒݲȶ߳Ԇ༈ಛȷȂᄂሬΰȂζԙ࣏࿋ོޥݲࡡϽଶΟฒݲ၌ؚޟ࡙ڙπӴ ញ൬ϞΙȄπӴޭિϛΪޟΡʝӴᜰ߽ ᙽᡐႆแϛܖӴශᢎȂڏЎ ܈ӴМϽ྅ Ъఊઠޟȶี౪ȷᐣѬȂശԞ᎐ூՍ၎༵πӴޟൟӵݲ৳ങक़ϏПЪఊޟϷ१ौ ଡྗ้ȄήϷݙޟᜊفڗᜌᐃȂޟȂӵπӴΰ໌ಊަȃҡȃۨ՞้ࣀଢ଼ٱ࢈ޟӑ ޟኇՄԤ੫տޟրؚԁڷݲ৳௴ᜌڗڧᐣѬȂޟᜌຠȈӵݲ֕౪ޟݲϛ֕౪ Ιএϸ७ȄޟᙽᡐȂଆߖф Langalanga МϽᡐ᎐ޟӴශᢎޟϛ֕౪ڏԒ༊өȄആႆ
ԒړሜڗႆแʝᇄԒȞProcesssual ʝ Engaging ȟ ȞinscriptiveȟޟӴශᢎ
МϽញȈѓࢂޟ܈࡙७ȂζሯញЅπӴ྅ڙڷπӴޭિȂଶΟࢇݽޟ࿋фـौ ೩Ȃၥҏ܈྅ޟϛᗴ֤فȂݲࡡᡝ܈πӴ։྅ޟپள໌ޱӴශᢎȂҕޟ࿋ӴΡ МڗڧȂζ܈྅ޟԤ᠌ȷȃޭિ้ቹ७ܚȃȶܛҢȃٺޟኇ้ȂϚծਖ਼ЅπӴޟкဎ ঈଶӵר୰ᚠȂޟю౪ڷᐣѬᙽᡐޟኇȄΰଆΟπӴݲࡡϽޟᑹଔޟϽ༈ಛкဎ МϽ๖ᄺȂП౩၌এМޟଆቹޟ१ौᙽᡐѴȂޟ࡙ڙ࡙७ଆ፣πӴڙݲࡡ רΙഋϷȂԪϸΣᡱޟીܖȄҥܻπӴσࢷࢸΡҕРலҡࣀϛϚџܒ१ौޟϽፐᔞ ኄޟฒݲొᇐӨݲࡡᄂ፺ۦ༭ᇄᄂ፺ݲࡡႆแȄҏМלঈΙᑛΡঈӵРலҡࣀϛԃդ ᆍڍᙽᡐȄоήӑᙏϭޟᇄӔ౪܈ݿጒ൜Ȃѫӑݲ৳ᔬਰМҏϸΣȂଆӴශ྅ ጒᙽಋ౪ຫȄڐޟϛ֕౪ٱఄޟ৳ӴශᢎȂӔ໌Ι؏ଆ፣πӴݲޟ
164 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ϐငࡾюȂМඈᑹਢޱ৯Ȅ೨ӻᏰޟጒڐΰȂԆӵඁᆍـࣺᜰंޟӴශᇄМϽ ȶᢎࣼȷȞgazeȟຜُȞe.g. KüchlerޟӴශհ࣏ΙᆍॳශหᑹଔȂង֤ΟкࡊϷᚔ 1993, Hirsch 1995, Bender 2002, Leach 2003, Wylie 2006, 2007ȟȄӵኺޟᏰ༈ಛϛȂ ӴශΙᆍᢎࣼПԒȞa way of seeingȟȂМϽཎဎޟຜឈӔ౪ȞWylie 2006ȟȂLeach ړȞ2003ȟࠌϞᆎ࣏ሜޱӴශᢎȂ๋ޟȞ2003ȟᇯ࣏Ӕ౪Ȟrepresentationalȟ Ӵශຜ࣏ΡӵӴߒ 41 ޱᏰޟࡾю೨ӻӴශШᔣ࣏МҏȞtextȟٮȞinscriptiveȟȂ ৷ȂζΡᇄӴශڥޟԒڋΟࠉक़ಐњܛᄂڏΰਪቸȃकᓃȃୈဴȞmarkingȟȂ ӴශȄޟ࡚അѴܻϏڷΠϷȂΡᢎࣼȃၛភȃᓃ
Landscape: Politics and ޟގߨලжࣱณȂ1993 ԑюٮ܈Ӵශ྅ޟณՄኺ ҢҐࣺ҆ٺᇄ܈྅ޟМϽᄇӴශޟPerspectivesȞBender 1993ȟӑඪюࢅᏽȂࡾюϚӣ ގӻဎȂиӰ᠌Ψᜰ߽ՄᡐȄ1995 ԑюٮᜰ߽ӰՄȂࢺଢ଼ޟӣȂՄиΡᇄӴශ ޟ The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and SpaceȞHirsch ɬO'Hanlon 1995ȟࠌ໌Ι؏ඪюႆแ፣Ȟprocessual approachȟȂࡾюӴශΙᆍМϽႆแȂ๖Ӵ ޟԃ Ingold ้ΡࠌкӴශкࡊϣଢ଼ޱ౪ຫᏰంีȂᏰڗڧຫᇄӔ౪ȄלПᇄުȃ ႆแȂᇄԒޟȞengaged, involvedȟȞWylie 2006ȟȄ42
ԒӴශᢎϛȂړᜰ߽ϛ఼ཿ֕౪ 43ȄሜޟᐣѬڷ৯տȂӵΡᇄӴශޟᆍӴශᢎڍ ӴȞlandmarkȟᐣѬޟȶᏹሄօȷܖႆўޟᜌ݂ȇΡᇄӴශϷᚔޟȄӵႆแʝ ႆแȂՄߨޟȂӴශᏹޟઠȃΨ้ࣺ൸ڷӴශᢎϛȂӴශᇄΡȃઠӑޟᇄ ᏹޟሄօȞaid-memoireȟȞKüchler 1993, Morphy 1993ȟȄࠉޱᇯ࣏ӴශᐣѬޟᓃ Ȟa recordȟȂࡣޱࠌӴශຜ࣏ᓃޟႆแȞrecordingȟ Ӵශ໌ԒȞlandscapingȟ ȞBender 2002ȟȄ
๋ޱӑࠉϐѪМȞGuo 2003ȟ၏፣ Langalanga ΡႆแʝᇄԒޟӴශᢎȂӵԪ༉ᙏ ߨк Langalangaȶ༈ಛȷٮޱȂ๋ޟᇄݲ৳МҏᄇྱШၶȄӵԪौᇳ݂ٮौᇳ݂Ȃ ሳ࣏லོޥࠒ৬ܖ Ӵශᢎӵ MelanesiaޟԒלӴශᢎ൷ѫԤႆแʝᇄԒȂՄ٥ᆍ ᎏഇفӴශᢎҐ҆ӒณՙПᡝޟԒړਢ࡙Ȅݲ৳ΰᡗ౪юሜޟМϽڏȂᡗณԤَ ٱȂ༉፣क़ݲ৳ఄڙȄᛤܻၥਟ३܈྅ޟϛ։ԤխڙМϽᐠޟЕଔȂζџনҏܚ Ϛᅾณѫӵݲ৳ϛޱΡӴᜰ߽ȄࡣޟԒړݲࡡϽօߝΟሜޟᇯ࣏πӴޱԒȂծ๋ޟϛ ȄڗтൟᢎᄆڏΙഋӋȂԪӴශᢎϐငџӵޟ౪ȂҥܻπӴޭિΝРலҡࣀ
ᐣѬႆแȂΡആႆҡࣀȃޟଢ଼ޟઠӑȟڏӵ Langalanga МϽϛȂӴශΡȞЎ ྅ޟΙഋӋȄӴශհ࣏ႆแޟಋଢ଼ȃӵӴශΰή౷ၬ้ȂᙤҥᡐӴශȂΡԙ࣏Ӵශ
165 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ϛઠӑΨߨڏᆣӫၷᡝȄޟᜋȂՄཐȃઠӑȃᒑ឴ȃ߬ӉޣϛȂӴශϚࡊᢎ܈ ல१ौȂӴශԤਢӰΡঈᇄઠӑޟࣀଢ଼ޟᜰȞconnectionsȟՄೝ፭ϠΨȞempowerȟȄ ࣏ѓࢂี౪ٲଢ଼ȂᙽϽӴශȂՄΨ༈ࡣфȄޟΨ໔ആႆтঈޟઠӑ ഺഅӴශޟޢݬύȃᐙУȃπӴȂоЅޟҢӴශΰٺπӴȞfuliaeȟȃܥȞetaeȟȃ Ȟᆍᐙȃ࡚ࡐȃᐌӴ้ȟȄ
৳ᜌᐃȄӵπӴݲޟৠᏢȂоЅઠӑᐣѬޟၷຫཎဎܛᢎᘈࠌӴශຜ࣏ޟړሜ ȟᄇӣΙӴශȞМҏȟޱԃӵπӴޭિਢȂӨഅȞٽӴශᢎȄޟኺڗঈ఼ཿࣼרΰȂ ԃүٽಒဴຫȂޟԤ᠌ȄӴӴශೝຜ࣏ႆўܚჴπӴތᐣѬ၌ȂᙤԪޟݢ໌ ፴ސޟҢ࣏ઠӑࣀଢ଼ܖȂӵݲ৳ΰݎ๖ޟᐙУ้ ઠӑࣀଢ଼ܖȃড়ࡐܚོܒظᕓȃ ᜌᐃȄӴශӵԪਢޟސ፴ϽȞtime materializedȟȞBender 2002ȟȂӴශೝຜ࣏ႆўઠ ڗϛሯӴශȞᐙȃࡐȟ๖ٱຫȂᏹጡጆȂζӵݲ৳ΰԙ࣏ᜌᐃȄݲ৳ఄޟӑ Ԥ᠌Ȅܚڏ๖ȂоЅޟઠӑᐣѬȂϗጂ߳ᇄπӴ
ο༈ᐣޟഅڍୈ࣏ᜌᐃȂٱ੫Փ௴ઽሉѠઠӑ࢈ޟ৳TiffanyȞ1979ȟี౪ӴПݲ ࣏ғޱᚄ఼ȄณՄԃդրۡդᜲᘞນȂܛԃᛳҡߞȂՄиᐣѬᏹ༈ۥѬலࣺϣҭࣽ ҏȂ࿋༈ಛӵᜌຠϛೝȶี݂ȷގϚৠܾȂο༈ᐣѬনҏ൷ৠܾю౪Ϛӣٮҏގޟጂ ᜊȞp.109ȟȂौᒵᐅࣺ߬դПᇳຠَϦَසȄ๋فޟю౪അܖȞinvented 'tradition'ȟȃ ԃᆍේ྄υᐙȃஂ᠒ү༵ٽȶᜌᐃȷȂޟᇯ࣏ȂӵᆍݷήȂݲ༊өՃӴශΰޱ ᜌᐃѓࢂძӴȃᝦಊᇄቈԒޟȂݲ৳րؚ௴Ңٽ44ȄоπӴΰວݲ৳࣏ ้܈Ӈकٱհ࣏ ο༈ȂоЅଡ଼ਢȞcourtޟސցҢȃۨҕᜌຠȃоπӴհ࣏፫ᓻȃᙄڷᖞӴᘈȃᐙУᆍේ ܜᜰ߽ޟႆแϛȂΡᇄӴශޟᜋ้ȄӵӴශ࿋ԙᜌᐃޣޟഅᄇπӴዣொแ࡙ڍtourȟ ӴශᢎȄޟԒړΟຽᚔȂᇄԒᙽөሜ
ӪӴශȄڼΙᘈޟհ࣏ϛ࡞१ौޟ፴ቹ७ȂΡᄇӴශސᙽϽҐ҆ѫӵޟծᄇӴශ ᙺٱӇȃઠӑٱᐣѬޟӪࣺᜰڼፙ፣ӴӪਢȂሯौྱᇄܖӪڼLangalanga ΡӵୈӴ౩ Ψ༈ႀޟӪȂζઠӑڼϛࣨՄ࡚ҳ 45Ȅആႆޟᜰ߽ആႆઠӑᐣѬޟȂΡᇄӴශ้ ᜰ߽Ȅޟᇄઠӑޱհ࣏ȂоЅఄᇳޟઠӑӵ၎ӴڗȄ࿋ΡঈඪЅΙএӴӪਢȂ๖ڙᐠޟ ȂՄྛՌܻএ܈྅ޟԤ᠌ܚȃζߨՙПޟߨࣼѴܻΡٮց᠌ޟΙএΡᄇܻπӴ ӪȃᙽϽӴڼ๖ᜰ߽Ȅӵႆแʝᇄ፣ϛȂΡঈᄇΙএӴПޟΡᇄӴශȃઠӑȃΨ ӴПȃferaȟޟ౷ၬȞԃᝦಊޟ຺ՌณΨ໔ڗ࿋ઠӑӵӴශΰήᝦಊ้ਖ਼ܖհ࣏Ȃޟශ ਢȂтঈޟΨ໔ᙽϽ࣏ӴශޟΙഋӋȂܻӴශޟཎဎ຺ູΟᄇႆўᏹޟጡጆȂՄ ПԒȄޟ៉۽ႆแҏ٘ȂζઠӑΨޟᏹ
166 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ጡጆȄആႆݲ৳ϛ֕౪ޟӴӪԙ࣏ᖞᜌᇳ݂Ȃࠌԙ࣏ᏹڗঈࣼרӵπӴݲ৳ΰȂ ӴශȂഊкُڷӴӪޟӖفᐣѬȂӖᖞΙޟо typogeny ПԒक़ᇳڏȂЎٱ᎐ூ࢈ޟ Ӫ้ȂᐣڼޟငϞӴܚᐙУȃᄇޟȃේܚᝦಊܖܚۨޟӴПȃ࡚ҳάᒸణޟୄ Ψ໔ȄӨӴශӪᆎȃޟுၶଽڥҏގޟޱٱுఄٺџհ࣏ᜌᐃȂٲ१ᘈȄޟϛٱѬఄ ȂΡঈޟᗴ֤ڏᜌᐃȄޟ࣏ઍٱᜋȂζೝҢ࣏ᜌ݂၎ᐣѬఄޣޟ้ٱӪ࢈ڼȃپҥ ȂޟԒړনࠌሜޟђȂኺޟ้้ސӇȃႆўΡٱԤकᓃᐣѬڎӪڼӓӣᇯџȂ ޟሄօȄџᇄΡϷᚔޟӪᆎȟΰȂհ࣏ᏹڏӇȃઠӑȃᐣѬᓃӵӴශȞЅٱ ၥྛȂҢоӫݲϽΡঈᄇπӴڷȞalienateȟȂӴශӵএήџೝࡊᡝϽȂԙ࣏ᜌᐃ ҢȄٺޟ
ኇȄᇧყᏰޟفᜋᡝޣՙПڗڧདᇄӔ౪ϛȂ݂ᡗޟӴყ໌ΣΡᇄӴශᜰ߽ Ԓלޟϛង֤ΡʝӴΠϷຜُȃоȶࡊᢎऋᏰȷПԒ֕౪ӴශفᜋᡝޣՙПӴ౩ ζོޥȂӵন՞ҕڎώޟΨ᠌ڥތȃоЅІϞڎȞBender 2002ȟȄӴყհ࣏ҕ᠌Ψώ ȂዉࢸΡπӴຜ࣏Ȃആႆ፡ࢥȃӴყȃޟຟ׳ঈޱ࡞லَȄԃӣࡣҕкဎᏰ :Ȟfixationȟন՞ҕȞSluyter 2002ۡھپ೩ညȂޟࣨȞfenceȟ้ПԒȂࣥՍആႆ߳Ӵ Ȟ2008ȟޙМണȂоЅᛳશޟ МണȂһَҏ Sasalaޟ17-21ȟȄȞَҏۢσ/ݓઉϦ ᜰܻഋဣӴყޟଆ፣Ȅȟ
ᜌᐃȄڷၥྛޟϞԙ࣏џၥЕҢٺᜋȂޣӴශޟӴყоȶࡊᢎȷȃȶऋᏰȷПԒѓ၆ فޟฒ݂ጂኵԅकԑٮᐣѬޟߒȈLangalanga ΡᄇܻѠሉޟխЙݲζџَܻԑф ਢϷസᇄߒཱིޟኵԅȂоՙࢷԑфڷԑфޟᡝڎȂπӴݲ৳ۖю౪پಛȂณՄߖԑ ᜰޟӴශᢎϛȂΡᇄӴශޟԒȄӵႆแʝᇄԒٱᐣѬఄޟПԒȂհ࣏ඪଽᜌᐃΨ ߒޟԒӴශړȂณՄӴყࠌሜޟऎູਢުȃᇄ຺ՌณΨ๖ڷܒȃཐܒ߽Ӓ७ ౪Ȅ
ഛኇኇΟޟϛȄπӴޭિٱπӴݲ৳ఄޟဣ৯ȂζџَܻԞ܈྅ޟኺ ༡ᡒᒮȞBurtفЮڷԒלޟ፣оЅᜌᐃ௴ઽ៝ޟԒȂݲޟٱLangalanga ΡᐣѬఄ فޟጣкཆԒޢȃٱ࢈ޱܥᇄᏹПԒΰȂΙٱఄޟு࿋ӴΡᄇႆўٺ1993ȟȂ ᡐ८ȂณޟЕΣငႆϚӣࢲޟ࡙ڙПө༊ఇȄՙПݲޟᜊȃᗙԤᖞ᎐ಋၯ৷ᒸၬ ፴ᜌᐃ้ސ൶ײȃٱΠϷȃџ߬࢈ސ༡নࠌȃΡᇄ຺Ռณҡفᜊȃ༊өЮف१ຜڏ क़ᇳઠӑپҢΙΡᆎٺޱٱПԒȄԞᔬਰϛఄޟᐣѬӔ౪ڷٱᐣѬᢎኇΟӴПఄ ΟࡣڗᐣѬȷϞϛȂծޟᆍȟζઽΣȶઍᄂސтᆠȞڏܖࣀଢ଼ȂоЅ຺ՌณΨ໔ ӴޟȂζᇄтঈࣺ൸ޟᚔސтҡڏӴශᢎϛȂΡᇄઠӑȃᇄޟԒړࠌϚඈَȄӵሜ
167 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ශᚔȄ
ȃઠӑٱޟȂӴශհ࣏ႆўีҡޟԒړᜰ߽ȂΙП७џоሜޟӴශᇄᐣѬᏹ ȄѪΙП७ႆแʝޟȂџоೝࡊᡝϽޟȶᓃȷȶᜌᐃȷȂџᇄΡϷᚔޟԆӵڷࣀଢ଼ ႆแҏ٘Ȟlandscape as memoryȟȄޟȂӴශ Langalanga Ρᏹႆўઠӑࣀଢ଼ޟᇄԒ ԒᙽᡐȄӵႆแʝΓړᐣѬӔ౪өሜޟኇήȂLangalanga ΡفӵπӴޭિᇄݲ৳ᡝ ӴޟԒړΨᆧ๖Ȅ46 ӵሜڷᜰ߽ആႆઠӑȃଢ଼ޟӴශᢎϛȂΡᇄπӴޟᇄԒ ჴϸസȄތᜰ߽Ȃџоӵݲ৳ΰޟȞinherited possessionȟܛශϛȂࠌԙ࣏
ӔࡦՃޟф๖፣ȈМϽݲࡡϽ
ޟԒלπӴցҢޟЅϚӣސπӴޭિ୰ᚠȂଆӵငᔼհޟҏМആႆ Langalanga Ρ /Ρڷ࡙Ȟland tenureȟڙπӴޟ ϭΣ้հҢήȂLangalangaޟ࡙ڙЕΣȂоЅՙПݲ ளޱݲࡡоЅπӴដᚠȂ໌Ι؏ષҕޟӴᜰ߽ᅋᡐȄӣਢȂҕࢇ๊ϛΪϷᜰᗤ Ȃ܈ᢎڷ࡙ڙᛳߞတ৬ȂՄ࿋ӴΡάԃդ౩၌٥ৈܚԃդ໌Σ܈ݲࡡᢎڷ࡙ڙݲࡡޟΣ Ȅفݲࡡᡝޟ٥ৈҥѴёיоЅтঈԃդӰᔖȃࣥՍᐇ
ೣࠌȂޟȂݲࡡϚΙᓗᄘޟԃ Sally Falk Moore ӵ Law as ProcessȞ1978ȟϛࡾю ᢎᘈȞprocessualޟխႆแ፣ڥ௴ޱȄ๋ޟ༭לՄϚᘞೝᇧഅȃᙽϽȃ१ཱི ࡚ҳȃᙽϽȃࣥՍџѶఁȄπޟӵ࿋Ӵڙ౩၌πӴݲپperspectiveȟȂᐣѬϛ ࡙Ȃฒџڙᜰ߽ӣਢҡΟᙽᡐȄȶড়ϭΣ༈ಛπӴޟݲࡡϽႆแϛȂΡᇄӴශޟӴ ࡙Ϟҏ፴ȄȷȞ’The intervention of the state in matters of customary landڙᡐΟ၎ޟᗗջ ޟtenure inevitably changed the nature of that tenure.’ȟȞHooper 1995: 257ȟȄӰ࣏ড়೩ۡ ڞڷܒԃᓍਢᡐȃӴП৯ȃ१ຜኆٽ ܒ੫ޟМϽپΟন܇܁܁ඁনࠌȂ ݲనਪቸȂЅႭޟຫᇄМԅϽܪ੫፴ȂӵޟᄂҢкဎ้ࠒ৬МϽலَޟ୦ȃຜݷ፡ᐌ ޟݲࡡМԅȄԪѴζԤ़ுցޟھၶ࣏ޟՄфϞڥమȂܡಛϛೝف৳ݲޟᝯംڷ Ⴢ֚ӱᘪȶ༈ಛȷȂᄂሬΰࠓ༉ԤЍኵޱܖӵຝыਢؽ֍πӴȂיԃΡ࣏ᐇٽᄒȈ ߖȶМϽၥҏȷȃܖԤ੫ࢇ୦ᜰ߽ޟΡᕕઉՄϐȄȞ Ward & Kingdon 1995b: 63ȟ
לᇭِȂࣥՍཎᜋޟȂ᠌Ψڙᐠޟݽ౩ᇄၼհԒϛȂݲࡡਲ਼ҏޟ౪фড় ցȂ҆᠌ڏҳݲ߳ራܖওݲڥތᇯȂܛޟሬݲࡡڷᄘȄন՞ҕӵπӴ᠌ΰ൶ؑϱ М߳ራন՞ҕఊڎπӴݲ้Ȃڗഊ৷Ȅσࢷࢸ೨ӻᐿҳড়Ᏼݲȃҕݲޟڥ௴ณौ ႆแȂޟ༈ಛሴȃჱբᜰ้߽ڗπӴȷרন՞ҕၼଢ଼ȂȶᗙޟپπӴ᠌ȄѮᢊӻԑޟ
168 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ڥތӇ้ȂζலΙഋϚᘞӵݲࡡΰٱӇȃѧ৲㖵УٱႋఊᓞҬြᇙڗড়ϴ༪ σʝۢڷ ՖోѬȄҏ SasalaޟϛᏭାفѧݲᡝޟᇯπӴ᠌ȂᗙԤӵႤሤܛޟׇᐌ ڷႆแȄݲࡡ᠌ցޟҐԙђۦȞ2008ȟȂक़Ѕᖟ֨иޙМണȂоЅᛳશޟݓઉϦ ၯौޟ߳៖ߞᘤȂѮᢊӵП७ᗙԤ࡞ߝޟശஅᙃ܁܁ൟȂζޟ୦ϚణԈڞΨ᠌ ݲࡡϽฒݲ߳៖༈ಛȂζҐ҆ޟϛौࡾюȂݲࡡϽπӴٽࠉޟσࢷࢸޱȄณՄ๋ٖ ၌ؚޭિȄ
Ԥਝ࡙ϐငޟօ߳Ԇ༈ಛڞҳݲȂоݲࡡޟݷζџَܻন՞ҕසኋ᠌ޟխ Ȃҏ٘فᜋᡝޣޟȂৈҢݲࡡޟ፴ᅸȞLin 2007Ȃݓж 2008ȟȄиԃӣҏМࡾюڗڧ ӤၙϞȂծ࿋ݲࡡԙ࣏ϬР೨ӻনڏݲࡡϽԤޟ2008ȟȄМϽ ۣڃ։ᡐΟМϽ Ȟഌ ޟپளܚᜋޣޟݲࡡհཱི࣏ڷၽᔛೣࠌȂޟঈሯᜰݧཱིרൟȂޟઉ᠌ڥތ՞ҕတᡝ ࣺႄȃᇄၮفᜋᡝޣȂӵϚӣޟΨ๖ᄺᡐȞৠߗݡ 2008ȟȄശࡣȂМϽζᡐଢ଼᠌ МޟڗࢇငήᙽᡐȂՄդᒝȶ༈ಛȷζӵႆแϛϚᘞ१ཱི࡚ᄺȄݲࡡϽႆแϛਖ਼ ፞ᚠȄޟـϛȂுΣـࠒ৬ंڷـᙽȂΡᏰं܈Ͻ྅
169 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ʳ Langalanga ᕩୢ ޟϛഋڏყ 1 Malaita ৬Ѕ
ʳ πӴޭિӴყޟყ 2 Ԟҕۢᛲᇧ ȞюȈLC/MD/60 Lilisiana point caseȂ1935ȟ
170 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
ʳ ყ 3 πӴޭિϛ࿋ӴΡᛲᇧޟӴყ ȞюȈMD/LC/6/334 Ore Ore landȂ1995ȟʳ
ʳ ყ 4 πӴޭિϛ࿋ӴΡᛲᇧޟӴყ ȞюȈMMC 36 Bina caseȂ1990ȟʳ
171 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008 ʳ ߣ! ຝ
1. ཐᗂ࢚՝ୡӪቷࢥΡඪᒺ๋ޱᚄ఼ԪᘈȄ
৯Ȟԃޟف༡ᡝڏ࡙฿Ԥ৯ȂЎڙπӴޟᛳߞတ৬ᗶณӨഋဣܚΙૡᇯ࣏ .2 ޟတޥԤܚ࡙ȟȂณՄᗙԤ೨ӻӓӣᘈȂѓࢂЪఊȞclanȟ࣏ڙޟفȃҔف༊өЮ Ԥڎ๖ȂӴශޟಬᄛȃπӴհ࣏౪ӵᇄႆўઠӑޟȃоՌณӴශ࣏ӴࣨڙᡝӓԤ ᛳߞܚுᄇܚـȂծंٽΨ้ȄȞIpo 1989:122-123ȟӰԪҏМᗶо Langalanga ࣏ ၌ភΨȄڎ౪ຫζޟတ৬σഋϷӴП
፡ࢥȞَ APEX 2003ȟȄޟਲ਼ᐃ Langalanga ӵӴಢᙑ APEX ӵ 2001 ԑ .3
ᏇഷӴޟᖞܚ ԃҏ SasalaٽПԒȂһலَܻѮᢊࠒ৬ȂޟӪୈ࣏ΡᇄӴශ๖ڼ .4 ӪȂоЅनғȞ2002ȟȄ
ୈࣺᜰଆ፣ȄٽМണζо៌ᔏ࣏ޟᜰ߽ȂҏनғޟᜰܻઠӑΨᇄӴශ .5
ݷਢȂࠌ࣏ᔣՖጢᜰ߽ȄޟӵԝᎴ .6
KwaioȞKeesing 1968ȟ ڷKwara’aeȞBurt 1994ȟ ޟࣼȂLangalanga ᇄ᎑ߖپএُ࡙ .7 ȞcognaticفȞpatrilinealȟȂՄՖᒑ༡ᡝڙ༡فߨЮٮխȞһَ Cooper 1970ȟȂ system of descentȟȂѫၶ१ male lineȄ
پᄂᐣѬႆแϛఏߖีюڏᖿȂپҢᇭӵ࿋фΪϷලႇȂ࿋ԙȶ༈ಛȷޟኺ .8 ȄَήȄޟ
.ᐬࢸ࡞லَȂَ M. Strathern 2004, Brian 1999ڷ ୢϷӵ Melanesia܈྅ޟխ .9
.υȂAkin 2004ٽޟ َ Kwaio .10
ޟਯЖޢΨ໔ΙޟϛȂઠ܈Ӵශᇄު྅ޟَ GuoȞ2009ȟȂLangalanga Ρ .11 ПԒߒ౪Ȃޟ୦ȂԃդоުϷᇄӫڞޟӵȄ၎МଆϚӣ຺ՌณΨ໔Ϟܚᜰᛄ ཎဎޟࡻ៉ԆӵȂᄇ࿋ӴΡޟএُ࡙ଆ፣ᙽ۠அఀࠓάฒݲ֏ۡઠΨ໔ٮ Ȅᜲڍڷ
Ȟ2002ȟȄۣڃ၏َഌ .12
.ȈWPHC 2/VI/1 Notes of evidence, High Commissioner’s Court 1894ྛپၥਟ .13
ސདݲζᡐΟȂӰ࣏ငᔼհޟ 1960 ԑфଔȂၥҏΣีπӴȂΡঈᄇπӴ .14
172 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
πӴޭિȄޟདᐿլȂഅԙтΡฐኌȂЕีσ໔ޱՄҡߝլҢȂၥ
ڏȄ܈ᆍఊ྅ޟޱҏҕਢϞҢᇭ’native’ᙚឍ࣏ȶπȷȂо֕౪࿋ਢҕ .15 ཊȄޟܒҢၶϛٺтӴПࠌ
16. ᆎ࣏லᎹфߒȞResident commissionerȟȄ
17. ՙЊҁࢷଽடȞWestern Pacific High CommissionerȟȄ
Ϛጂۡ።ᓞҬȄܖӴПؠԤᓞҬȞchiefȟٲȄծ࢚ڒ߬ޟ’decisions of their chiefs’ .18 ζϚ݂ጂȄڙԪѴ༈ಛ၌ؚᐠ
ѓࢂӴПݲȞLocal Courtȟȃ༈ಛπӴΰວݲȞCustomary Land Appealޱࡣ .19 Courtȟȃଽ้ݲȞHigh CourtȟȄ
20. ശԞ࣏ Lilisiana land case, 1935.
ԑ࡙ൢ֙ࠌۖޟ Malaita Annual Report 1930, 1932, 1933. Cf. 1936, 1937, 1943 .21 Langalanga ѕഋϷЛଔྛӴᇄ Malaita ๖Ȅ
ᙚឍȂڷࢷࢻᔻȞSolomon pijinȟӵݲ৳ങक़ڷݲ৳ᓃȂনо࿋ӴᇭޟЕҢܚҏ .22 ҥਪᓃࡣо़М҈ԅᗃገȄনМԤਢӰοᇭՄϚЊࢺᄱܖߒႀԤϚ఼Ȃ़М ζலю౪ᒿᇲȄ࣏П߯ޱ౩၌Ȃ๋ޱᙚឍ࣏ϛМȂЕဴȦΓȧϱ๋࣏ޱߣёϞᇳ ݂Ȅ
ȈMD/CLAC/CE3/79Ȃ1979/10/17Ȅྛپၥਟ .23
24. ӵπӴޭિϛலඪЅ’signs’Ȃᔖ Langalanga ၗᇭϛޟ fuliaelaȂઠӑӵӴශΰ ယӟȄҏМឍ࣏ȶᒸၬȷȄޟԃ fuliaela নཎઠӑήٽӨ౷ၬȂޟή
ȈMD/CLAC/7/88 (9/5/88)Ȅྛپၥਟ .25
ᙚឍȶઠӑȷپᛳߞ৬ҕலоএཊܚஅఀኇȂڗڧনМ’my devil’Ȅ .26 ȞLangalanga ᆎ࣏ agaloȟȄ
27. Langalanga Ρலԝᕩୢ࢚ࠢᆍޟЫ๋рݎᄂȂࠈԙᖡаౘดॵҢȄ
Ȉ7/AU/54 1954/5/27Ȃp.12-13Ȅྛپၥਟ .28
༝ȉȷȂՄߨרԃȶձӵ B Ӵؠࣼႆٽၒ୰ᄇПਢζலоΠΡᆎࡾਖ਼ᄇПઠӑȂ .29 ઠӑ༝ȉȷޟרઠӑӵ B Ӵؠࣼႆޟȶձ
173 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ȈMD/CLAC/CE3/79Ȃ1979/10/16Ȅྛپၥਟ .30
࡙ᡐՄϐȉᔬਰڙᓃܖੑѶȂ֏ѫਪۢॳਿ৯ޟٱȶΙΡᆎȷఄ .31 ณ֕౪юԞΙΡᆎȂࡣΙٷਰυȂᓃਪቸޟϛࣼȂԤ೨ӻϚӣਪۢ ࡾюԪሯޙཐᗂᛳશޱ୰ᚠȄ๋ޟᙚឍܖݷȂӰԪᔖ၎ϚѫᓃޟΡᆎੑѶ ᡐӰȄޟΙ؏Ճኌ໌
ȂϚමӵϛዖЫȄӰԪᚰധᚔࡣσড়џپনఄक़ࠉࢲඪЅΡঈҥόΰ᎐ூή .32 Ψ໔ȄޟоዖЫȂইϚࣧាᚰധȂІՄӰ࣏ড়ఊϛюΟΙᚰധȂᕕுዖЫ
.Ȉ case 7/AU/54 Ore Ore landྛپၥਟ .33
ᜋζೝޣޟӴᘈٲϞӴȂᄇנᙟೝᇯ࣏ٷӴᘈޟސѫԤᝦಊԪ຺Ռณҡ .34 לΨ໔ؠԤೝ֏ᇯȞGuo 2009ȟȂծᆠઠӑȃޟݲᇯџ࣏ᜌᐃȄһ։ᆠ agency ࠌϚೝݲઽȄ ޟԙӴශ
ޟдܖ࡙ȂಒӫᓞҬڙޟᄂ࡞݂ᡗཱི࣏ഺڏ࡙ȷڙȶ༈ಛπӴޟԤਢೝҳݲᇯџ .35 ցઉȞԃරᔼȃݍёȟȞWard & Kingdon 1995bȟȄ
36. ’But by codifying “native tenure” in order to preserve it and give it standing in the new legal structures of colonial states, the nature of that tenure was often fundamentally change’.
υ๖Ȃড়ࣼȶ༈ಛሴȷਢৈҢٽޟԪџᇄҏۢσʝݓઉϦМϛඪЅ .37 ୦ȂиڞܒኆޟԪ܄ȂᇄഋဣϚϞ࿋ԙ௶тሴȂІՄ܈྅ޟт᠌௶ ࡦϚӣȄޟސᘸٴџӓ
้௩ࢊᡱҀၻఊጂҳิڷԃπӴก໔ٽ৯ȂٲϚ५ҡȂծԤٮխݷӵѮᢊ .38 ȃ༊өؽԤϽȞَ༁ᔖິ 1992: 47-56ȟȄڙড়৳
ζ߳Ԥݲࡡ᠌ցȟȄޱᚔড়ȃқᒿޟೝ௶ଶོپȞӰ࣏নޱӻԤ .39
.υȂَ Samoan PlantersȞO’Meara 1990ȟٽޟ џྱ Samoa .40
.(ԃ Daniels & Cosgrove (1988), Duncan (1990ٽ .41
42. Wylie Ȟ 2006 ȟࠉक़ࡾਖ਼Ӵශ࣏ΙᆍМϽޟᢎࣼПԒޱȂᆎ࣏࡚ᄺ፣ ᆎ࣏࡚ᄺ፣ȞconstitutiveȟȄޱөڥȞconstructionistȟȂՄ Leach Ȟ2003ȟࠌ౪ຫᏰԒ І࡚ܖӪຠȄWylieȞ2006, 2007ȟࡾюȂ࡚ᄺ፣ޟٲҢඁএԤٺӰԪҏМϚ
174 ݲࡡڗȆ࿋Ӵශႄۣڃഌ
Ⴑ೩Ȅтࡾюཱིޟ୰ᚠȂႆܻкᡝϛЖкဎȂᗴ֤ΡᓺܻՌณڏ౪ຫᏰϫԤޟᄺ፣ фкࡊΠྃϽȂ҈કΡʝߨΡڥANT (actor-network-theory, by Latour et al.)оᜰ߽ ޟ ПөȄޟѪΙཱིـȂӴශंוᢋᇄޟϞ
ᇳ݂ȄޟȞ2003ȟޱ၏َ๋ .43
ᗴȄޟΰວپζலᜲоՃᐃȂᆍήҐܒઍᄂޟٲณՄ .44
፣क़َ GuoȞ2003ȟȄڷٽ၏ಠᖞ .45
ᜰ߽Ȃޟ࡙ᇄઠӑڙKwara’ae ΡȂζԤխࣼݲȂһ։πӴ ޟ᎑ߖـं Ben Burt .46 Ӵශ๖Ȟ’land tenure is best understood… through the histories of theirڷᜊفആႆ ancestors preserved in genealogies and in the landscape of the places they belonged to.’ȟ ȞBurt 1994: 319ȟȄ
ЕҢਪҬ
Ѯ٤ȅؓȞTaiban Sasalaȟ 2009 Ȳ༈ಛޟນ၌ᇄ१ᄺȈkucapungae ΡӴყᜊᇄުᡐ᎐ޟӔᔮຜȳȄȮՃѠΡ Ᏸѐȯ69Ȉ9-44Ȅ σᇄݓઉϦۢ ᜋޣሴȉȈఊ٨ӎࢺ༈ಛሴ፡ࢥငᡛፙުޟȲϧቄ༈ಛȉ። 2009 ޟᙽឍȳȄȮՃѠΡᏰѐȯ69Ȉ109-141Ȅ ݓж ȲΙএݲਰ߳៖ΟϧቄȉȳȄȮΡᏰຜࣨȯ1Ȉ2-5Ȅ 2008 नғ ѐȯ۟ىȳȄȮন՞ҕఀٽ࣏ـंޟȲΡȃπӴȃᇄᐣѬᏹȈо៌ᔏ༈ಛӴӪ 2002 26Ȉ110-122Ȅ ࿋фၛភȳȄѐܻȮቶৠڏຫϽȈ፣ႀਂΡড়ღഺۖᏹЅלȲᐣѬӴශϽᇄ 2008 ᇄ༁සኋጡȂॲۣڃ፣МȯȄݓछৠȃഌ܈ΡᏰᆠડȈቓӑҡकޟ ȄܚـҕఊᏰंـ199-232ȄᇃѕȈϛѵं ৠߗݡ ϚᅖȳȄȮΡᏰຜࣨȯ2Ȉ32-34ȄڏȲݲࡡЅ 2008
175 ՃѠΡᏰѐȆ 69 Ȇॲ 143-182Θ2008
ۣڃഌ 2002 ȲȶޥတတȷȞThe Community of CommunitiesȟȈܚᛳߞတ৬ Langalanga Ρ ࣸࡦȯȄങМኈᇄ༁ᔖິጡȂॲޟـတȷंޥӔࡦՃȳȄѐܻȮȶޟတȷޥȶ ȄܚـҕఊᏰंـ153-198ȄᇃѕȈϛѵं Ȳݲࡡ၌ȂᗙࢳȉȳȄȮΡᏰຜࣨȯ1Ȉ6-8Ȅ 2008 ༁ᔖິ ȄܚـҕఊᏰंـҡࣀȯȄᇃѕȈϛѵंོޥޟҀၻΡޥৃݍȮ 1992 ᛳશޙ 2008 ȲМϽᇯӣȃҡᄘፐएᇄఊတᜰ߽Ȉҥߡछఊ៌ഋဣޟ༈ಛሴ፣क़ፙଔȳȄ ȶ2008 ᇃᢊΡᏰЅҕఊᏰོԑོȈΡᏰޟࢅᏽᇄၮູȷࡇ፣МȂϛѵं Ȃ10 Т 4-5 РȄܚـҕఊᏰंـ Akin, David 2004 Ancestral Vigilance and the Corrective Conscience. Anthropological Theory 4(3): 299-324. Allan, Colin 1957 Customary Land Tenure in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. Report of the Special Land Commission. Suva, Fiji: High Commission for the Western Pacific. Apaniai, James 1979 North Malaita. In Land Research in Solomon Islands. Ian Heath, ed. Pp. 54-64. Honiara: Provincial Press. (Land Research Project, Land Division) APEX 2003 Aoke Langalanga Honiara Shell Money & Other Related Products Community Project. Aoke Langalanga Constituency APEX Association. (unpublished) Ashmore, Wendy & A. Bernard Knapp, eds. 1999 Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell. Bender, Barbara ed. 1993 Landscape: Politics and Perspectives. Oxford: Berg Publishers. Bender, Barbara 2002 Time and Landscape. Current Anthropology 43 (supplement): S103-S112. Bohannan, Paul 1957 Justice and Judgement amont the Tiv. London: Oxford University Press.
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Burt, Ben 1991 Land Rights and Development: Writing about Kwara’ae Tradition. Cultural Survival Quarterly 15(2): 61-64. 1994 Land in Kwara’ae and Development in Solomon Islands. Oceania 64(4): 317-337. Burt, Ben and Kwa'ioloa, Michael 1992 The Tradition of Land in Kwara’ae. Honiara, Solomon Islands: Institute of Pacific Studies and the Honiara Centre of the University of the South Pacific. Cooper, Matthew 1970 Langalanga Ethics. Ph.D. dissertation. New Haven, CT: Yale University. Crocombe, Ron 1971 Land Tenure in the Pacific. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 1974 An Approach to the Analysis of Land Tenure Systems. In Land Tenure in Oceania, Henry P. Lundsgaarde, ed. Pp. 1-17. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Daniels, S. and D. Cosgrove 1988 The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Sumbolic Representation, Design and Use of the Past Environments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. De Coppet, Daniel 1985 Land Owns People. In Contexts and Levels: Anthropological Essays on Hierarchy. R. H. Barnes, Daniel De Coppet and R. J. Parkin, eds. Pp. 78-90. Oxford: JASO. Duncan, J. 1990 The City as Text: the Politics of Landscape—Interpretation of Kandyan Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Feld, Steven, and Keith H. Basso, eds. 1996 Senses of Place. Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press. Fox, James ed. 1997 The Poetic Power of Place: Comparative Perspectives on Austronesian Ideas of Locality. Canberra: Australian National University Press. Fox James J., and Clifford Sather eds. 1996 Origins, Ancestry and Alliance: Explorations in Austronesian Ethnography. Canberra: Austronesian National University. Garrity, Brian
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ЕҢϞᐣѬᔬਰȈ
༹պ៌σᏰყਪᓢ੫ᙠ WPHC 2/VI/1 Notes of evidence, High Commissioner’s Court 1894 WPHC 1956 survey report of Langalanga (by J.D. Hearth) ᛳߞတ৬ড়ᔬਰܚ Malaita Annual Report 1930, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1943, 1955. ܚᛳߞတ৬MalaitaࣸAuki Magistrate MD/CLAC/CE3/79Ȃ1979/10/16ȃ1979/10/17 7/AU/54 1954/5/27 MD/CLAC/7/88 (9/5/88) MD/LC/60 1935/01/30 Lilisiana case MMC 36 1990/03/19 Bina Customary Land case MD/LC/6/334 1995/01/31 Ore Ore land case
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