League of Nations

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

V O L U M E I I I

1 9 2 0

WORLD P EACE FOUNDAT ION

40 M T . ER NON STR E E T B OSTO V , N ‘F‘O U N D E D I N 1 9 1 0 B Y EDW l N G um

The corporation is constituted for the purpose of educating the people e o es uc ve ess of war of all nations to a full knowl dge f the waste and d tr ti n , its evil effects on present social conditions and on the well being of future and mo e e us ce and the o oo generations, to pro t int rnational j ti br therh d ma and e e er rac ca me s to m eace of n ; , gen rally, by v y p ti l an pro ote p « a w o h Cor rat o . and goo d m g: all mankn . E r/ llo s f t e po i n will a on i d u I S s i e h r u k duc ou the sc o It to thi pat nt and t o o gh wor of e ation , thr gh ho l , the c e e the chu ch e s th m e and the book a he oll g , r : th p res , e pa phl t , th t t ‘ — E C n World Peace Foundation addresses itself . dwin in . s v The idea of force can not at once be eradicated. It i s u eless to belie e that the nations can be persuaded to disban d their present armies and d sm e e ese es us each ot e the H ue i antl th ir pr nt navi , tr ting in h r or in ag u se e an oss e ffe e ces be ee em u ess s Trib nal to ttl y p ibl di r n tw n th , nl , ﬁr t . some substitute for the existing forces is provided and demonstrated b e er e ce be e u e to ec the s n and e y xp i n to ad q at prot t right , dig ity t rritory es M f h ea c of the r pective nations. y own belie is that t e id whi h underlies the movement for the Hague Court can be developed so that the nations can be persuaded each to contribute a small percentage of their military c s a sea f m ernatio a G a d or Po ice F for e t and on land to or an I nt n l u r l orce. d E win Cinn .

* l uco r o r ated nder th e l a w s of M a ssach se tts J l 1 2 1 9 1 0 as th e I n terna tio na l Sch o o l p u u , u y , , f P e ac e a me c h n Wo rl P e n tio n D emb 2 10 o . a ed to d ea c o da ec er 2 1 9 N g F u , ,

A LEAG UE OF NATIONS

P u bli shed Bimonthly by WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION

40 MT . ERNON STREET BOSTON M ASS V , , .

h s ub scr in a d a nce o r fo ﬁv T e n ce i s 25 C . e r e a r e e a s i ptio pri p y r v , y r . P ce s i n ua nt t s n a n ri q i ie o a ppli c t io .

G ene a Sec e a Ed a d Cumm n s . r l r t ry , w r i g

d n Se C es n c et a a nd an D n s P . M e rs . orr po i g r ry , Librari , e y y C ONTENTS

- EB - NOS. 1 2 F RUARY APRIL , , 1920

Th r ee M on th s of th e Lea gue of Na tion s INTRODUCTION

TREATY OF VE RSAILLE S COME S INTO FORCE Neutral s invited to acce de Membership in the Lea gue Ratiﬁcation of th e Treaty of Versailles States invited to accede to the Covenant ’ Fresh chapte r in world s history

ORG ANIZATION OF T H E L E AG UE OF NATIONS Preliminary decisions as to organization T en sections already organize d Political Sec tion Le gal Section Economic and Finance Sec tion Adminis trative Commiss ions Section Transit Sec tion Information Se ction Mandate s Sec tion International B ureaus Registry of Tre atie s International Health Organ i za tl on mm s s Armaments Co i ion . Clerical and Financial Staff ‘ Or ganization Of La b or Expenses of th e Le ague Of Nations

T H E COUN CIL OF T H E LE AG UE ME E TS Call for th e first mee ting Representatives on th e Council T h e pur pose of th e League “ Date Of birth of th e n ew World D uties of Le ague unde r treaty B ritish Empire pled ge s loyalty Rests upon facts of nationhood T0 brin g relief from armame nts ’ Ita ly s ideals a s League Membe r B ene fits will bring appreciation Brazil speaks f o r th e Americas Absence of America at sec ond mee ting All decisions given in public ’ B alfour confident of Lea gue s future

Third and fourth mee tings .

ACTION OF T H E COUNCIL e s l . T h Saar ba in Government of th e basin Proclamation to th e pe ople 2 ze l . Admission of Swit r and Tender of hospitality to Lea gue Re port on Lea gue an d vote to accede Negotiations with th e powers ’ Lea gue s Council hears report Le ague Counc il vote s res olution n Not to wait lo g er for America .

3 . Free City of Danz ig Th e ems D z probl of an ig .

4 . Perma nent Court of Internationa l Justl ce Th e Hague Court that now exists e ce e ees e e em P a conf r r f r probl to Le ague . Immediate organization re quired Committee of jurists a ppoin ted Root with committee in June 5 . Inte rnational Financial Conf erence Council votes to c onvene conf erence Twenty-ﬁve states invited United States asked to participate em a ese e c ze s th e U ed a e s M ori l pr nt d by iti n of nit St t , U i e n m e th e e e s ze n t d Ki gdo , Franc , N th rland , Swit r a e e e m a nd e res ec l nd , Sw d n , D n ark Norway to th ir p e e me s on u 14 - 15 1 9 20 tiv Gov rn nt Jan ary , ’ Germany s and Aus tria 5 burdens . Suggeste d methods of c o operation Le tte r of th e B ritish Chancellor of th e Exche quer to th e B ritish memorialists Bring expenditures within rece ipts B a rit in willing to participate .

6 . Investigation of Russian conditions Council re que sted to act

Lea gue lays down conditions . B ol shevists asked to state attitude La bor B ureau c ompletes plans

o f ibe r l an s e s . 7 . Repa triation and re supplying S pri on r i 8 . Th e future status of Armen a

9 . Protection of minorities in Turkey

1 0 . Polish minorities trea ty No . 3 UNE 20 , J , 19

Th e League Campaign in th e Swiss and Ameri can Repub li cs — P ar t I Swi ss C ommen tary on th e Covenan t

I NTRODUCTION

TH E SWISS COM ME NTARY ON T H E COV E NANT Why the Re public voted to join th e League as se t forth in Message of th e Fed eral Coun cil to th e Fed eral Assembly Law without protec tion grea test danger T h e Le ague of Nations and present inte rna tional law

E ARTICL 1 . Sta tes no t invited to adh ere Time and method s of ad hesion Conditions of later admission

ARTICLE 2

ARTICLE 3

ARTICLE 4 Additions to Counc il

ARTICLE 5

ARTICLE 6

ARTICLE 7 e s c e N gotiation con erning G ne va. Duties of Switze rland

ARTICLE S 8 A N D 9 m m me s Li itation of ar a nt . Exchange of information

ARTICLE 1 0 Direc te d against wars of conquest

ARTICLE 1 1 ARTICLE 1 2 Certain kinds of war suppressed Moral progress made Aims to settle disputes quickly

ARTICLE 1 3

A RT I C L E 1 4 ARTICLE 15 Problem of sec uring unanimity “ % Parties means th e disputants

ARTICLE 1 6 Mutual support equalize s risks Consequences of not participating m sanc tions Violation of pac iﬁc proc ed ure clear

ARTICLE 1 7 ART I CLE 18 ARTICLE 1 9 ARTICLE 20 ARTI CLE 21

ARTI CLE 22

ARTICLE 23 s ns ma be ea z e How provi io y r li d .

ARTICLE 24

ARTICLE 25 ART ICLE 26

G ST 1 920 NO . 4 AU U , , .

Th e Lea gue Campaign i n th e Sw i ss an d Amer i can R epu b li cs — Par t II Th e Un i ted Sta t es Sen a te a n d th e Tr ea ty

T E E UNITE D STATE S SENATE AN D T H E TRE ATY rec al th e e s se th e e -e e s s e l A ord of l vot , tho of bitt r nd r p cial y in dica ted

1 . OT E O F OVE E 1 9 19 19 V N MB R , PRO CEE DING S IN COMMITTE E OF T HE WHOLE Amendments Re servations Preamble

No .

No . 0 7 N . 4 9 No . 0 No . 1 1 1 No . 1 2 No . Additional res ervations Additional proposals

NO . 1 3 Additional proposal 1 4 No . Additional proposals

PROCE E DING S IN T H E SE NATE Reso lution of ratiﬁcation

2 C I E RES E V O . OMPROM S R ATI NS PROCE E DI NG S IN COMMITTE E T H E WHOLE Rese rvations : w No . e N . o n e No . R No . -

No . w

a c No . a No .

No . m

No . 9 10 No . 1 No . 1 2 No . 1 1 3 No . 4 No . 1 Additional proposals 1 5 No . Additional proposal

PROCE E DING S IN T H E SENATE Rese rvations 1 5 No . 2 No . Resolution of ratiﬁcation

3 DE O PE E . CLARATION F AC House of Repre sentatives

House of Representative s SPE CIAL N M B ER SEPTEM B ER 1920 U , ,

P a o u r t o f n er n i er m n en t C I t a t o n a l Ju stice . Dr af t Sch eme f o r th e In sti tu ti on o f th e C ou r t

FORE WORD

DRAFT SCHE ME F OR T H E INSTITUTION OF T H E PE RMANE NT COURT OF INTE RNATIONAL JUSTICE MENT IONE D IN ARTICLE 14 OF T H E COVE NANT OF T H E LE AG UE OF NA T I ONs ; P R E P E N T E D T o T H E COUNCIL OF T H E L E AG UE B Y T H E ADV ISORY COMMITTE E 0 1“ JURI S T S

NO . 5 OCTOB ER 1920 , ,

R epor t of th e In ter n a ti on al Fi n an ci a l Co n f er en ce

INTRODUCTION

RE T H E E F C E E PORT OF INT RNATIONAL INANCIAL O NFE R NC .

e e th e I . R vi w of situa tion

Th e limits of th e ﬁnancial remedies

ec mme s th n e e III . R o ndation of e co f renc General ﬁnancial considerations Re venue and expenditure Cessation of inﬂation Central banks of issue External credits New credit organization E e su e xport cr dit in ranc . Finishing cre dits Misce llaneous proposals

T h e un m us o f th mme s IV . ani o charac ter e rec o ndation

CLOSING ADDRE SSE S

INTE RNATIONAL CRE DITS

ANNE X A : Inte rnational organization for ﬁnancing essential im ports

RE COMM E NDATION F O R PE RMANE NT FINANCIAL A N D ECONOMIC ORG ANIZATION

E D X em e s of th e e e s th e n e e ce . APP N I I . M b r d l gation to co f r n

E D e e e e e APP N IX II . Docum nts prepared for th conf r nc E EM B ER NO . 6 C 1920 , D ,

Work o f th e C o u n c il

RE P O RT B Y T H E SE CR E TARY- GE NE RAL T o T H E FI R ST ASS E M B L Y O F T H E LE G UE O F N T ON S P ES EN T E D NO VEM B E R 1 5 1920 A A I , R , THE ORGANIZATION OF T HE LEAGUE T h e sess s of th e u 1 . ion Co ncil w Th e finances o f th e League p Preparations for th e Assembly ‘ p ccess s th e e ue : Th e c se o f e A ion to L ag a Switz rland . mRegistration of treaties mTh e Permanent Armaments commission g Recommendations addressed to th e Council by th e r Committee of International Jur i sts at T h e Hague ° 9 Obligations of th e League under Articl e XXII of th e Covenant (mandates) T h e n e n O z : C o - 9 . I t rnatio al Labor rgani ation operation b e 45 e ee th e ec e th e e , b tw n S r tariat and Int rnational Labor i ' % fl 5 Office Th e co - e s s s 10 . ordination of int rnational tati tic c e s th e th e ea ue r 1 1 . Spe ial r port on organization of L g p e sented to th e Assembly H f POLITICAL DUTIES OF T HE LEAGUE E G OUT T H E E A . SP CIAL OBLI ATIONS ARISING OF T R ATY OF VE RSAILLE S T h e ee z 1 . Fr City of Dan ig Map Th R sm 2 . e Saar a

Map . 3 E u and M alméd . pen y E E D E T H E LE G E IN T H E I E E F B . G N RAL UTI S OF A U NT R STS O PE ACE AN D JUSTICE : T h ec me 1 . e prot tion of Ar nia T h e e m es i th e m m 2 . prot ction of inoriti n Otto an E pire 3 T he ec m es i n us . prot tion of inoriti Poland , A tria and B ulgaria 4 m m es . Th e reciprocal e igration of inoriti in Greece and B ulgaria T h of s th e e 5 . e appeal Per ia to L ague Th e s u e e ee e e 6 . di p t b tw n Sw d n and Finland concerning the Aaland Islands T h s u e e n 7 . e di p te b twe n Pola d and Lithuania Th e e of th e th e e z th e e 8 . app al King of H dja to L ague E E E E T E E E C . SP CIAL DUTI S ACC PT D B Y H L AGU h mm uss . T 1 e Co ission of Inquiry to R ia . 2 h e n e e e . T In ternational Fi ancial Conf r nc ACTION OF T HE LEAGUE IN T HE GENERAL IN T EREST S OF H UMANITY Th m n s s in 1 . e ca paig again t typhu Poland e in e E e 2 . R lief C ntral urop 3 T h e e of war s e s . r patriation pri on r HE LP GIVEN BY T HE LEAGUE TO ASSOCIATI ONS FOR T HE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CO -OPERATION LIST OF T HE SESSIONS OF T HE COUNCIL AND OF T HE Q UESTIONS CONSIDERED

Status of Repar a ti o n b y G erman y E 1 . R PARATIONS

a . Deliveries

b . Di v1sion

2 ES O . R TITUTI NS DELI ERY OF M TERI L O EMB ER 1 1 19 18 V WAR A A N V , , TO DECEM BER 1 1 920 , 3 , DISPOSITION OF T HE GERMAN FLEET DISPOSITION OF T HE AUSTRO-H UNGAR IAN FLEET Appen d ic es

COV E NANT OF T H E L E AG UE OF NATIONS

TRE ATIE S OF T H E SE TTLE ME NT General conventions Protection of persons Distribution of reparation African arrangements Occupied territory

DUTIE S OF T H E LE AG UE OF NATIONS A S PRE SCRIBE D IN THE TRE ATIE S CONSTITUTING T H E PE ACE SE TTLE ME NT OF T H E WORLD WA R

o e 1 . Maintenance f Justic a e m e u e us . P r an nt Co rt of Int rnational J tice T o 17 . act a s arbiter

c . T o appoint arbitrator d m C ov n I it . Tribunal In confor ity with e a

e . T o provide special tribunal .

2 . e o f e u s e us m es Prot ction thnic , ling i tic and r ligio inoriti

3 s . In titutions established

a mm s . Co i sions of th e Le ague b e s u th . Ofﬁc nder e Le ague 4 . Action of th e League a . Future decisions b . Contin gent on events

0 . Contingent on re quest E 5 . quality among members

6 - . Registration with th e Se cre tary General

7 . References to Le ague

ex 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 0 Ind , 2

I NTERNATI ONAL FI NANCI AL

CONFERENCE 1

In accordance w ith a rrangements made by the Co uncil of the League o f Nations th e International F inanc ial Confe rence met B sse s o n F S em e 24 1 9 0 at ru l riday , ept b r , 2 , in the Chamb e r o f D s c w a s e us a ce its d s s eputie , whi h g nero ly pl d at i po al by th e B e G nme the P e s e o f the lgian over nt and r id nt Chamber .

T he scuss o s o f th e C o e e ce c sa t u Oc di i n nf r n , whi h ntil tober 8 e e R e u ss , hav been gov rned by the sol tion pa ed by the Council o f th e F e u 1920 : League in br ary,

T he Leag ue of Nations shall convene an International Conference with a view to studyin g th e ﬁnancial c risis and looking for the means of remedying and o f mitigating % the us co s u c s s o m dangero n eq en e ari ing fr it , and by th e furthe r in struction approve d by th e Council on August 5 1 920 to th e e ff ec t , , t hat

none o f the questio ns w hich are th e subj ect o f th e pres ent nego tiatio ns betw een the Allies and G e rmany Sho uld

be discussed a t th e Co nfe rence .

T h e M em e s o f th e C o e ce 86 um e a b r nf ren , in n ber , whil p o o me s a s e s p inted by their seve ral G vern nt , attended xpert and no o m t a s spokesmen of offi cial p licy . They were drawn fro s t o f c c th e co tho e with bo h private and ﬁ ial experien e, and ndi tions o f their appointment pe rmitted them to give the Confer ence th e full beneﬁt o f their knowledge and to express the ir e s o m T h e M m e s so p r onal Opinio ns with freed . e b r attending represente d th e follo wing 39 co untrie s :

1 r o s ona Verba im Repr in ted fr om I ntern a tiona l Fina ncial Co nference . P vi i l t - F d Oc ob e 8 19 20 . 1 99 208 . Re o d a e oo n sess on No . 1 7 r a c r , ft rn i , , i y , t r , , p LE AGUE OF NATIONS

* Argentine G e rmany P o la nd * Armenia G reece P o rtugal Australia G uatemala R umania * Austria H o lland Serb -C roat-Slovene * B elgium H ungary State B raz il India So uth Africa * B ulgaria Italy Spain Ca na da Ja pan Swe den * China Latvia Switz e rland * Czech o - Slovakia Lithuania United Kingdo m * * Denmark Luxembu rg Unite d States * E sthonia New Zealand America * F inland Norway Uruguay F rance P e ru A list o f the Delegates and o f advisers is appended to s e thi R port .

E E T H T T I . R VI W OF E SI UA ION

So me o f th e financial ills from which th e wo rld is suffe ring B ut the o th e m l are common to all nations . severity f a ady and th e effects w hich it h a s produce d o n th e body po litic have varie d immensely in proportio n to the deg ree in w hich each mm m o f nation h a s been i ersed in the ae lstrom the war . In e e to et c m e e c c u e ord r , th refore , g a o pl t and balan ed pi t r of the S u C o e e ce s e o e se to e ex o si it ation , the nf r n fir t d v t d it lf h aring an p tio n o f the financial situatio n o f each o f th e 39 co untries re pre 1

ese s eme ts c s u e o ume o f s e . sente d . Th tat n on tit t V l III thi r port

Ce e e co e o Eu o B e um rtain of the bellig r nt untri s f r pe ( lgi , B u F r ce G e m G ea B t G eece I a lgaria , an , r any , r t ri ain , r , t ly and

P o u to o th e e en s o f o m e rt gal) , unable c ver xp es the war fr th ir o cu e u e ce ee u e nati nal rrent rev n e , ﬁnd th ir balan sh t b rd ned with

e mous o um e e a e th e an nor v l e of both internal and xt rn l d bt , amount o f the la tt er be ing still undetermine d in th e case o f G er

* h Not a member o f t e League of Natio ns . 1 b h e r e r ese n e of a io us Not printed herewith . T h e state ments ma de y t p tativ s v r c o untr ies have been summarized in Review o f the Foreign Press : T h e Eco nomic -4 9 Czec h o -S o a a Re ew a s o l o w s : Ge ma Oc obe 8 19 20 . 488 8 vi , f l r ny, t r , , p ; l v ki , H o l a nd S a n Sw ze a nd Es o n a F n and La a and Poland Oc ob e 1 5 l , p i , it rl , th i , i l , tvi , t r , - - . 5 06 5 0 8 Fr a nce an d De ma Oc o e 22 . 5 28 5 29 . p ; n rk, t b r , p CONDITION OF PUB LIC FINANCE S

T h e x many . total e te rna l debt of th e European bellige r en t s conve rte d into dolla rs at pa r amounts to about c m e a o u 19 1 3 c e w o par d with b t in , whi h , ev n h en w ce is m e -th e e ec m e s s full allo an ad for d pr iation of on y, repr e ent a tremendous burden in proportion to th e to tal national in come o f th e e e m c u s . u o u b llig rent o ntrie The external debt , a o nting t abo t d ue e S es u s to the Unit d tat , to po nd s e d ue G B ese s e m f cu t rling to reat ritain , pr nt an ven ore di fi lt financ ial problem because in nearly every case it is payable in a currency which is less depreciate d than tha t o f th e co untry con cerned . The Government ex penditu re o f these bellige rent countrie s h a s increased in proportio ns which vary be tween 5 0 0 and 1 5 00 er c se u es m u to 20 40 p ent , the pre nt fig r a o nting between and o T h e o f es er per cent f the total national income . higher th e p es e e u e o f F ce c c e centag repr sents the xpendit r ran , whi h in lud s in her budget a ve ry large sum for the restoration o f her devastated provinces . In all case s vigorous efforts have been made to intro duce an orde rly fiscal system into state finance by the impo sition o f — es m s m o ec es h e o fr h taxation o tly in the for f dir t tax , and t rdi nary revenues are in most cases now e qual to o r not far short o f B o f G B th e . ut c c s a ordinary expenditure ex ept in the a e reat rit in , there is still a very large gap be tween th e total income and ex r pend itu e . The se countries to ge the r have lo st a ve ry large pro po rtion o f their pre-war ho lding s of gold and have enormously increased c e c s s o cess o f t o c h a s ee their paper urr n ie . Thi pr infla i n , whi h b n ce G B n C c F ce st c ue s redu d by reat ritai and he ked by ran , ill ontin u es E ce th e ca se o f G m h er in other co ntri . x pt in er any and s s m ts e e e the o c ese allie , who e i por were pr v nt d by bl kade , all th countries have during the w a r had an eno rmo us excess o f im o s ce ss c e se so me c se s e po rts over exp rts . Thi ex in r a d in a aft r in mo e A m s c but is m s . s e the r i ti e , now di ini hing Indeed al t v ry case there is now a perceptible g row th o f e xports . During the war th e exc hanges o f these countries did n o t c m c s a s f c m su s e reflec t their real e ono i po ition , arti i ial ea re w re in most cases taken to stabilize them; but the exchanges rapidly e u 1 9 1 9 i s deteriorated when these measures were g iv n p in . Th LE AGUE OF NATIONS

o e w e deprec iati n continu d for t elve months . Since th spring o f this ee ec e o s bu o year there have b n appr iabl variati n , t n the ba lance e net m eme h a s e o a m o e th ov nt b en t w rd i pr v ment . As a result o f the war a numbe r o f new states have been c e ce s s s s m o f c reat d , while rtain exi ting tate , o e whi h were bellig erents t e es u mo e Amo , have had h ir territori profo ndly diﬁ d . ng t s a re Aus C z echo -S o E s F H he e tria , l vakia , thonia , inland , ungary , P o R um e F o o o Latvia , Lithuania , land , ania and S rbia . r n ne f es c u es c F is t e s o f om th e o ntri , ex ept inland , here a d ﬁnite ba is c o f em a e e parison . All th h ve receiv d a s a l gacy o f the war ex r l e ec e e c m s c s s m e o t eme y d pr iat d curr n ies . In o t a e the achin ry f s e e e ue s stem is no t e t o an orderly tat r v n y y in operati n , and with m s e u u e e m me s s enor ou exp ndit re pon food r li f, ar a nt , and in ome u e is S et o f ss o cases act al war , ther no ign y any po ibility f a budget m o e e equilibrium. In any f th s countries the printing press is s O th e s o f em a re red omi till in operation . n other hand everal th p

nan tl cu tu . e uc e s ma c agri l ral Th ir prod tiv power y re over rapidly , y — and a single good harvest e spe cia lly w ith th e pre sent high price — o f foo d is likely to strengthen both their ﬁnancial and their

eco om c s . th e c s o f Aus s co o m c n i po ition In a e tria , who e e n i life h a s ee m c m e e s e s e e b n ore o pl t ly di integrat d than el ewh r , the s u i u f u it ation s pec liarly di fic lt . In th e countries o f E u rope which we re neutral during the c u D m S e e H o u em No r War , in l ding en ark , w d n , lland , L x burg , ' S Sw z e l s is ess d ifle rent way, pain and it r and, the po ition entially ; f s I m c ses b ut the financial di ficulties are al o serious . n so e a hea vy expenditure w a s incu rred by these co untries direc tly in con se quen ce o f th e War and they have had largely to inc rease their B m se the u e cu es re e inte rnal debt . ut in ost ca s b dg t diffi lti a d u to th e growth o f G overnment expenditure caused by the I ise o f prices and the provision of subsidies to prevent this rise pressing on o s u e h a s too heavily the general popu lati n . Thi expendit r in so m se m t se o but c se e ca s been e by increa d taxati n , in the a of H S z S c s e c s olland , wit erland and pain there are on iderabl defi it and in the two latte r cases no equ ilibrium is ye t in sight . The trade position o f these countries also presents peculiar difficulties . During the War their trade balances we re ve ry favorable owing to th e demand fo r the ir pro d ucts from th e belligerent nations and the e o f T he es wa s ccumul st ppage the ir imports . r ult an a ation

LE AGUE OF NATIONS

c the ue o f o se c mm es h a s de lined , for val g ld it lf in terms of o oditi

to o o n - diminishe d ab ut e half. cou e m e In every ntry int rnational trade h a s bee n i ped d , s c t m i s o T h e di lo a ed and diverted fro t n rmal channels . inability o f Europe to export during the War fo rce d the normal purchase rs o f h er goods to loo k else w here for the ir requirements to develop pro duction in unaccustomed channe ls at home or in othe r coun ’ es o r m s com tri ove rseas . Simultaneously E urope s need f i port elled th e s h er c t s c a re n ot e p ale of api al holding abroad , whi h th re now b e o r r T h e a fore availa l f h e present need s . inst bility and de preciation of ex c hanges resulting fro m these and other cause s have m the e o f u o u s un i peded trad both se lle r and b ye r . C ntrie with favo rable exc hanges have found it difficult to buy raw materials and those with favorable exchanges have fo und in them an o h sta cle to s o f h uc the ale their exports . With half t e world prod ing less than it con sumes and having insufficient exports to pay for its m s C e s e e e se e i port , r dit alone ca n bridg the gulf b tw en ll r and ffi c s s w c buyer , and credits are rende red di cult by the very au e hi h m e m m e me s c ss . F c u s ak the ne e ary inally , every o ntry find i p di nt to its international trade in the new e conomic barriers whic h ha ve ee b n impo sed during and since the w a r .

T M E I ES II . H E LIM ITS OF FINANCIAL RE D

Suc th e e est u i c m c c h , in bri f o tline , s the e ono i and finan ial condition o f the world which w a s presente d to the Confe re nce in vivid deta il by the Reports from the 39 countries attending it . M em e s o f the o e c sc ous m The b r C nfer nce were on i that , li ited to the sphere o f finance both by their te rms of reference and the ir e so u c o s e c u p r nal q alifi ati n , th y o ld only deal with a part of the prob lem c o whi h faced th e G overnments and the peoples of the w rld . F c is e e o f mm c inan e , aft r all , only a r flection co er ial and eco m c e u s o f its m c no i lif , a part only , tho gh an e sential part , e han ’ ism. The wealth o f the wo rld consists o f the products o f man s o th e su be c e s w rk , and m tota l of human pro spe rity ca n in r a ed o c a s o o A f c o r o r nly by an in re e of pr duc ti n . ll that any o fi ial ganiz ed actio n ca n do is to c reate co nditions which a re favorable uc o f o s to prod tion , and those th e most important fall ut ide the s e o f ph re finan ce . PE ACE PRIMARY NE E D

s o mo s th e ee T e o F ir t and f re t world n ds peace . h C nfe rence ’ affirms most emphatically that th e ﬁrst condition fo r th e world s c e is th e s o o f e ce c c us o o re ov ry re t ration real p a , the on l i n f the wars whi ch are still be ing waged and the assured maintenance o f peace for the future . The continuance o f the atmo sphe re of war and o f preparations for war is fatal to the development o f that mutual trust which is essential to the resumption of normal trad n s i g relation . The wo rld must resolve the rivalries and animosities which have been the inevitable legacy of th e stru ggle by which Europe s C e e c u s i h as been torn . Thi the onf r n e vent re to hope s no vain o s m 1 9 1 aspirati n . The fact that for the ﬁr t ti e since 41 representa tives o f bellige rents a nd neutrals alike have met in conference is a o e o good omen for the futu re . The w rld ne ds the inaugurati n o f a

‘ new era o f co-ope ration and good will between nations if it is to es u c o f s s Of s u e e is repair the d tr tion tho e year tr ggl , if ind ed it f its z ever to secu re the survival o c ivili ation . If the ﬁrst condition of recovery is pea ce between th e countries is c c m th e e s of the world , the next pea e within ea h of the and tablishment of conditions which will allay the social unrest that i e m e uc u s at pres nt i p ding and red ing prod ction , and which will s co s o restore ocial ntent and with it the will and the de ire t work . Am s e c a re ss ong the condition , how ver , whi h e ential if a maximum production is to be attained is th e existence of a system which fac ilitates the exchange of commo dities and their equitable s u s s e es s o f ce di trib tion , and within thi third ph re li the ta k ﬁnan ms c ce ha s to co s e and the especial proble whi h the Conferen had n id r .

III RECOM M E NDATIONS OF T H E CONFERENC . E

The Conference divided the work involve d in th e e xamina tion o f these problems into fo ur parts and intrusted special com missions Of its M embers with the task of making a detailed study and preparing speciﬁc recommendations with regard to (a) public b u c e c e 0 e o e ﬁnance , and ( ) c rren y and x hang , ( ) int rnati nal trad c mm ce d c t s c e and o er , and ( ) international a tion wi h pe ial ref r ence to c re dits . T he recommendations o f these Committees which have been unanimo usly a pproved by the C o nfe rence a re given in full at LE AGUE OF NATIONS th e en d o f this R eport and they require to be considered a s a e whol with the detaile d arguments on whic h they are based . T h e Sub stance of these recommendations may be summarize d a s fo llow s

Gener al Fi nanci a l Consid er ati ons

The first step is to bring public opinion in eve ry country to realize the essential fac ts o f th e situation and particularly the need o f re-establishing public finances on a so und basis as a pre liminary to th e execution o f those so cial refo rms which the world demands . Nearly eve ry G ove rnment is being pressed to incur fresh — expenditu re largely o n pallia tives w hich aggravate the very e s e a r T h e c u w c acce s vils again t which th y e directed . o ntry hi h pt th e policy o f budget defic its is treading the slippe ry path which leads to general ruin ; to e scape from that path no sacrifice is too great . s me s se the C e e c S o on The tate nt pre nted to onf r n e , h w that s me 20 o f is s an average , o per cent the national expenditure till being devoted to the maintenance o f armaments and to prepara fo r e s es a ifi rm t th e m s tions war . The Confer nce de ir to wi h ut o t emphasis that th e world can not afford this expenditure . Only by a frank policy of mutual co -Operatio n can the nations hope to re o ld s to s cu su the re gain their pro perity , and e re that re lt whole sources o f each country must be devoted to strictly productive r T h e C e c cc c mm s m s ca m pu poses . onf ren e a ordingly re o end o t estly to the Counc il o f the Leag ue o f Nations the desirability o f c e c the s G m s c c onf rring at on e with everal overn ent on erned , with a view to securing a general and agreed reduction o f the c rushing u c on t e s sc m s s m se o n b rden whi h , h ir exi ting ale , arma ent till i po m o s e the s s c s the i p veri hed peopl of world , apping their re our e and m t e c e mth e w r ce i periling h ir re ov ry fro e ravag s of a . The Conferen ho pe s that the Assembly o f the League which is about to meet will o take energe tic acti n to this end . It is also o f the greatest importance that every G overnment should abando n at the earliest practicable date all uneconomi cal a nd artific ial measures which concea l from the people the true economic Situation . T e a e G e me s e e to ff c o n bl ov rn nt , how v r , give e e t to the prin MAX IMUM PRODUCTION RE Q UIRE D ciples o f sound finance all classes of the community must con r tribute thei share . Industry must be so organize d a s to encourage the m mum o uc on a o f c o f o axi pr d tion the p rt both apital and lab r, a s by such production alone will those improve d co nditions o f life be Obtaine d whic h it is the a im o f every country to secure for i c ss s o f th e o ts people . All la e p pulation a nd particularly the m s e e cce th e wealthy, u t be pr par d willingly to a pt charges neces

s m the e se s u . A a ary to re edy pr nt it ation bove all , to fill up the g p e th e su o f th e em fo r c mm es is th e b tween pply and d and o oditi , it duty o f every patriotic c itizen to practice the strictest possible eco nomy and so to contribute h is maximum eff o rt to the common c c is th e s s e s s fo r sc weal . Su h private a tion indi pen abl ba i the fi al measure s require d to restore public finances . The Confe rence moreover strongly indo rses the declaration “ o f the Supreme Council of th e 8th M arch last that th e states w hich have been c re ate d o r enlarge d a s th e result o f the war Sho uld at once re-esta blish full and friendly co - operation and arrange for the unres tricte d interchange o f commodities in o rder that th e essential unity of European e conomic life ma y no t be im % h f m e E c paired by t e e rection o artific ial e cono ic barri rs . a h country should a im at the progressive restoration o f that freedom o f mme c e e e c u i th e co rce whi h pr vail d b fore the war , in l d ng with d raw a l o f c es on m s o f ce artifi ial r trictions , and discri ination , pri against external trade .

Revenue a nd E xpenditure

Where it is impossible to keep e xpenditure within th e limits o f e x isting revenue fresh ta xation must be imposed to mee t th e e c s c ss mus be u ess c ue u d fi it , and thi pro e t r thl ly ontin d ntil the revenue is at least sufficient to mee t th e full amount o f the recur T h e e e s o f th e rent ordinary e xpenditure . r lativ advantage various possible methods o f taxation depend o n the spec ial c o m c c s e u c c e on i ondition obtaining in ach co ntry , and ea h ountry must de cide for itself on the methods best suited to its o wn in e e t rnal conomy . In future the loans w hic h are re quire d fo r urgent capital B ut purpo ses must be met o ut o f the real savings of th e people . these savings have a s it w ere been pledged fo r many years ahead e h e th e s e s by the credits c reat d during t war , and first t p to rai ing LE AGUE OF NATIONS fresh mo ney must be to fund the undigested floating oblig ations c h e m e s re e with whi h t ark t a burd ned .

Cessati on of I nﬂ ati on

It is o f the utmost importance that the growth of Inflation o o Sh uld be stopped . It Sh uld be clearly understood that thi s artificia l and unrestrain ed expan sion o f the currency does not and can n o t a dd to the total real purchasing pow e r in existence so that its e ffe ct must be to reduce the purchasing power of each o f i unit the currency . Inflation s in fact an unsc ientific and ill us e me adj t d thod of taxation . T h e e f e c o f h a s e e s ms o f f t it b en to int n ify, in ter the inflated cu e c es th e e e se ces so e e m u of rr n i , g n ral ri in pri , that a gr at r a o nt such currency is nee ded to procure the accustomed supplies o f e cu e c w a s c e goods and services . Wh re this additional rr n y pro ur d “ %

u e . e . mo e m o r by f rth r inflation (i , by printing r paper oney “ c reating fresh credit) the re arose what h as been called a vic ious % s o f c s s c s w es c s piral on tantly ri ing pri e and ag , and on tantly increasing inflation with the resulting disorganization o f all busi ess c o o f s s c s n , dislo ati n the exchange, a progres ive increa e in the o t of c e a u s living and onsequ nt l bor nre t . It is highly de sirable that the countries which have lapsed is from an effective gold standa rd should return thereto . It impo ssible to say how or when all th e older countries would be able to re turn to their fo rme r measu re o f effective gold standard o r h o w u th e o m c s to es sh % long it wo ld take newly f r ed ountrie tabli B o o e e is se ss such a standard . u t in the pinion f the Conf r nce it u le to attempt to fix the ratio of existing fiduciary currencies to their e h o he u c normal gold value . Unl ss t e condition f t co ntry con erned wa s sufficiently favo rable to make th e fixing of such a ratio un

c ss c u no t be ma . ne e ary, it o ld intained T h e e s es s m f ec e o r ver ion to , or tabli h ent of, an e f tiv g ld standard by any means other than devaluation w ould in many c s s em o m us e is c s c a e d and en r o d ﬂation , and it ertain that u h e e e mus c e u d ﬂation , if and wh n undertak n , t be arri d out grad ally c o w se th e s u c and with great aution , ther i di t rban e to trade and c m redit ight prove disastrous . T h e Confe rence does not recommend any attempt to s tabilize th e value o f gold and gravely doubts whethe r a ny such attempt CRE DITS IMPORTANT FACTOR

could succeed . It belie ves that neither an internationa l currency nor an International Unit o f Account would se rve any useful pur po se O r remo ve any o f th e difﬁculties from which inte rnatio nal

- exchange suffers to day .

Centr al B a nks of I ssue

The Conference is o f Opinion tha t in c ountries whe re the re is no ce O f ssu one S o s s e a n d h e ntral bank i e , h uld be e tabli h d , if t % assistance o f fo re ign capital w ere required for th e promo tion of

s c so me m o f e o m c ss . u h a bank , for int rnati nal control ight be ne e ary Attempts to limit fluctuations in exchange by imposing a rtifi cia l control o n exchange Operations are futile and misc hievous . so a s f c e s th e ma e to In far they are e fe tive th y fal ify rket , t nd remove natura l correctives to such fluctuatio ns and interfe re w ith ’ free dealings in forward ex change which are so nece ssary to enable traders to e liminate fro m the ir calculations a marg in to cover the s s o f c c c s ri k ex hange , whi h would otherwise ontribute to the ri e in rI p ces .

E x ternal Credi ts

C e c c z s a n n e im The onf ren e re ogni e , however , that y ge ral em th e S u s c s e o me pro v ent in it ation require a on iderabl peri d of ti , and that in present circumstances it is not po ssible for certain c o untries to restore their economic activity without assistance i e from abroad . This assistance s required for periods which xceed O mm the normal term f co ercial Operations . s ss s c e can be ff c cc Thi a i tan e , howev r , only e e tively a orded to countries which a re prepare d to co - operate w ith one another in the restoratio n o f economic life and to make every effort to bring abou t within the ir own frontiers the since re collaboratio n o f all groups o f citizens and to secu re conditions which give to work and thrift liberty to produce the ir full re sults . h e c s el e o m the T Conferen e doe not b iev that , apart fr par ticula r decisions dic tated by nation al inte re sts o r by conside ratio ns

um c e s s ou be cc ec G m s . Of h anity , r dit h ld a orded dir tly by overn ent

New Cr edi t Orga ni zati on

T h e C o nfe rence makes th e following recommendations . ‘ An inte rnatio nal organizatio n should be fo rmed a nd place d at LE AGUE O F NATIONS the dispo sal o f states desiri ng to have resort to cre dit for the o r e e purpo se o f paying f their ess ntial imports . Thes states w ould then no tify the assets which they are prepare d to ple dge a s security fo r the sake o f Obtaining these credits and would come to an unde rstanding with the international organization a s to the o e es m t conditi ns und r which th e assets would be ad inis ered . The bonds issue d against this guaranty would be used a s o r collate ral f c redits intended to cove r th e cost o f c ommodities . 1 A the e s c a re t A s plan , d tail of whi h se out in the nnex to thi e o is u m us ec mm th e C c c r p rt , nani o ly r o ended by onferen e , whi h considers that a committee O f ﬁnanciers and business men should be nomina te d forthwith by the Council o f th e League of Nations for th e purpo se o f deﬁning the measures nece ssary to give pra cti l e f ca fect to this proposal .

E xport Credit I nsur ance An extension o n inte rnational lines o f the existing system o f expo rt cre dit insu ra nce would al so in ma ny instances be o f great value in deve loping trade with countries where the uncerta inty o f political and social c onditions give rise to a la c k o f conﬁdence . T h e Conference believes that an extension o f this systemis worthy f co er S u i o n sid ation , and that it hould be f rther examined in deta l by experts . Fi n ishing Credits

T he attentio n o f the Conference h a s also been called to the “ s s e m o f s c e s is sa o f c e s present y t ﬁni hing r dit , that to y r dit under which a lien in favor o f th e exporte r o r a banke r is main ta ined on th e raw material in all its different s tages and upon th e m procee ds o f the anufactured article . T h e Council o f th e League is recommende d to draw the atte n tion of th e diffe rent G ove rnments to this questio n and to summon an a dvisory body Of legal e xperts and business men to spe cify th e legislative action ne ede d to atta in th e desire d o bjec t in each of th e countries conce rne d .

M i scella neous P rOposals

A m th e - e s s C e e c part fro above m ntioned propo al , the onf r n e believe s tha t th e activities o f th e League might usefully be directe d 1 P n ed e ew h . 242 . ri t h r it , p ﬁ

LE AGUE OF NATIONS

stances a s they develop . F o r this purpose and for the w ork of a continuous c haracte r w hic h each Of th e Commissions ha s recom m w i its o w n s e e m e z b ended ith n ph r , a per an nt organi ation will e ces a nd ma be es ne sary, it y d irable for the Conference itself to meet again a t a late r date . s co c th e e ms In thi nne tion , t r Of reference Of the present C a s s e the u onference were, already tated , limit d by Co ncil of t T h e C e ce h as e e h e League . onfer n n ver sought to overst p th e limits which th e Council o f th e League o f Nations set to the

sc o f its e e s . e ee s us e a sso cia t ope d lib ration It , howev r , f l j tiﬁ d in e B u e ing itself with the hope expr ssed by M . Léon o rg ois in h is to C c A 5 s th e ef e c co report the oun il Of pril la t , to f t that the e nomic

' uncertainty which besets alike the COUII LI IOS which are entitled to receive and the c ountries which are under an Obligation to pay c ms m m e s n c s m reparation lai ay speedily be re ov d , i e the ettle ent Of this question is indispensable not only for the reconst ruction — o f the countries devastate d by the w a r a matter o f capital im ’ portance to the re -establishment of Europe s economic e quilib — r ium but also for the recovery of the states on whomthe burden o f this reparation lies .

TH E UNANIM OUS CHARA TER F IV . C O TH E RE COM M ENDATIONS

Some O f the recommenda tio ns O f the Confe rence may appear ax iomatic in characte r rathe r than original contributions to the m c l . finan ial proble of the wor d Their adoption , however, would mean a fundamental c hange in the polic ies o f the great majority m m m lm o f E c u s . a s s uropean o ntrie It y , for exa ple , ee a o t a platitude to say that it is essential that G overnments should meet their ordinary current expenditu re out of their ordinary d o so current revenue , and that , if they not do , the inflation and out o f an increased co st o f living are inevitable . In nearly three u s e e se the C ce fo r Of the countrie r pr nted at onferen , however , and o t el e E c s u s d o in nearly eleven u Of tw v of uropean ountrie , b dget not at present balance and many O f them Show no prospect Of s c ms c s th e recom doing so in the near future . In the e cir u tan e men d ations made collectively and unanimously by the Confer en ce may perhaps claim a Special force and significance . — UNANIMITY IN C O OPE RATION

The M embers Of the Conference venture to call special the c s ec h o attention to way in whi h , el ted by t e G vernments of 39 countries representing about 75 per cent o f the population of the ’ u s world , they have been able thro gh thi fortnight s discussion to arrive at a general agreement a s to th e main features o f the ’ s ec m c c s world ono i and finan ial po ition , and some at least o f the m st irn o rtant m su s e u e fo r its e o p ea re urg ntly req ir d r storation . They the refore have - been able to give to their suggestions the o c e u m us c m force f oll ctive and nani o re o mendations . t ma u u o f our s e s s Wha ever y be the f t re po itiv propo al , the an Conference c not have been in vain . It h a s been a gathering I unique in the history o f the world . t ha s not bee n a gathering e m the ut c o f stat s en , working at sol ion of politi al difficulties in the inte rest o f their particular countries : it ha s been a gathering o f experts fromall nations working fo r the solution of the common S ffe problem o f the whole world . uch di rences and divergencies o f a s ma h st e c mm s view y ave exi ed wer brought to the o on tock , and all alike have benefited by the interchange o f views which

' A o f he e u m resulted . s the work t Conferenc a d its Co missions pro ceed ed t e s c s m co - , here d veloped a pirit of lo e and inti ate Operation ee o u 0 0 suc h as might scarcely have b n th ght possible . That E operation is in it se lf a factor o f the u tmost importance . ach country h as had the opportunity O f presenting to the rest o f the its s c f cu s its t c e es world pe ial di ﬁ ltie , par i ular anxi ti , and all have contribute d toward ﬁndin g a so lution .

— ter reter — T H E PRE SIDE NT (Spea king in F ren ch) I n p . Gentle m n is ecess to e s e , I do not think it n ary hav thi report E s i cce a s is read in ngli h . If you will k ndly a pt it it , it will be s c ircula te d in Engli h .

(C a rried unanimously. ) — I nter r eter — T H E PRE SIDE NT (Speaking in French) p . G entle e s C c f c a c se men , b fore bringing thi onferen e o ﬁ ially to lo , I deem it my du ty to cong ratulate you more pa rticularly o n the w h as me u e t s a s e excelle nt Spirit hich infor d yo r d libera ion , w ll a s c us c c e O our e the extreme ly cordial and ourteo hara t r f r lations . A O f sm o f e e u o generous breath liberali , int rnational h lp and ni n s a c s h a s inspired yo ur resolutions . Wi e ﬁn n ier and economists a s o c m o f y u were, drawing your experien e fro the daily practice LE AGUE OF NATIONS

si ss n s bu ne , you have u der tood that only in a world of peace and o st u us te s rder, only through ren o work and the in n iﬁed output o f w e s ca n o e me all ork r , the world h p to e rge from th e painful crisis which it is at present undergo ing . When bac k in yo ur respe ctive co u s ou w c u ntrie , y ill ertainly phold the principl es O f e cono mic restoration which y ou have d eclare d to be bo th urgent and indis m pensable . I a clearly conscious that this Confe rence is an a l m s c e e c u m o t unpre edent d ev nt , the a t al i portance O f which we can not perhaps realize at present . It is a fruitful seed that will

‘ w s u is su to u gro and pring p and re bear a plentif l harve st . The L a u o f N s um e g e ation will ﬁnd , in the n erous document s laid b e o e it u e so u s n o ma b f r in yo r r l tion , i f r tion which will e particularly

- u . its e w mo u the L val able With ver gro ing ral a thority , eague will thus be able to point out to the G o vernments and th e peoples of the world the pa th they are to tread if they want to succeed in c e m c o B the ir ﬁnan ial and cono i rest ration . y penetrating every mo ee o th e e O th e e e s th e u day re d ply int lif f p opl , Leag e will steadily acqu ire a greate r measure of tha t legitimate authority

u c c s u ss ss . s C e e c m and inﬂ en e whi h it ho ld po e Thi onf r n e , ore e w se e a s us c o ov r , ill have rv d an a pi i us preface to th e work O f the e M e c is to be e G e A G . me en ral e ting whi h h ld at neva llow , ﬁrst o f all to to ou r s u s e -P e s our , tender again di ting i h d Vice r idents e u s th e s e e u s grat f l thank for hare th y hav had in yo r labor , and for the manner in which they have presided o ver th e discussions o f mm o their respective co issions . I als thank th e Committees o f e c to e w m m e the Conf ren e, g ther ith the e b rs o f the Committees who have examined the repo rts of th e states which have been submitte d to the Conference . D m M s “ o f B um e M . c P s ela roix , ri e ini ter elgi , p aking with i u c c es to h s e s M . C m the full a thority whi h atta h p r on , a eiro

B z M . M u e O f H ol M . O f G e c of ra il , C o romilas r e e , and ter e l n S c c sc m s c e land , kindly ent in on rete he e whi h hav been largely e mm ss c w b e nn e taken into account by th Co i ion , and whi h ill a xed ' m w m me e G . s to th eneral Re port The e gentle en , ill , I hope , per it - m to thank them again for their valuable cc Operatio n . I ust not a llow the o ppo rtunity to go by without specially thanking the Sec o f u o f N s th e m m s retariat G eneral the Leag e ation , and e ber o f its s ff m its m D c s o th e mo s m es ta , fro e inent ire tor d wn to t od t to l typist . They have all spared no trouble in order fulﬁl oyally SHOWS V ITALITY IN LE AGUE

T their daily work . h e rapidity with which the documents and re ports were prepare d and reproduced greatly facilitated the ss th e cu progre of dis ssions .

- M . E IX B e um s k F e I c . n D LACRO , lgi , ( pea ing in r n h) ter r eter — m . G e h O e ou o m th p entle n , I p y will bestow n e e ho nor O f allow ing me to express th e gratitude o f this C o nfe rence to our P s e m th e O re id nt . Let e be interpreter f our feelings of thanks and admiration fo r the maste rly w ay in which o ur P resident ha s pre s e ided ov r the busin ess of this meeting . It would have been m ss d o e e o ur P s e h B i po ible to it b tt r than re id nt as done it . y h is c ss h is c u s s m t m h i firm learne , by o rte y, and at the a e i e by s ness h e h as e to th e s m t , been abl bring va t progra wi h which w e e to to c e hav had deal a happy onclusion . I b lieve I will fulfil the w ishes o f the P resident himself if I asso ciate in my expre ssio n of thanks also th e B ureau o f th e Se cretary- G ene ral w Of the League of Nations . It a s the League O f Nations which th e t O f e s m o e e e had ini iative calling tog ther thi i portant C nf r nc . Eighteen mo nths afte r peace w as concluded w e find here 39 states co ming togethe r in o rder to lay the foundatio n fo r the e u h a s future pro spe rity o f the ir conomic lives . A great tho ght z T h e m s e th e w been reali ed . a t rly way and rapidity ith which the cum s sl t c cu o f do ent were prepared , tran a ed and ir lated , c P e has s e h a s s the b c whi h the r sident already pok n , al o been O je t f T h e o u c o f s z o o ur admiration . g od f n tioning thi organi ation o s sh ow s that the re is vitality in the League of Nati ns . This fir t o f e m e As P s s attempt show s th e hand th ast r . the re ident aid , the results o f this Co nference may not at once be tang ible to o b ut su e o o th e esu o f everyb dy, rely we all hav g d faith in r lt

th e u w e k o ha th e a su be u u . fut re , and n w t t fin l re lt will fr itf l We started by finding out w hat wa s the nature and the gravity u a s so a s w e e e e s a its Of the wo nd , and on w re abl to und r t nd h e em A w h e se nature it became easier to find t r edy . s a s t ca with o u s i n th e w a r is a l many people who suffered g reat w nd , it not ways ea sy fo r the sick pe rson to find in himself all th e ene rgy and is ec ss s all the possibilities of rea c tion . It n e ary that he hould e not stand alone in his efforts to recov r . LE AGUE OF NATIONS

INTERNATI ONAL CREDI T Sl

T he following resol utions Of the Committee o n International Credits we re ca rried unanimously on Octo be r 7 :

m e . C m e o VI The o ittee does not b li ve that , apart fr m par ticular decisions dic tated by national interests o r by co nsiderations o f m c s s u c c e G o e me hu anity , redit ho ld be a orded dir c tly by v rn nts . I V I . It appea rs to th e C o mmittee tha t on e of the c hie f obstacles to th e g ranting of c redits is the a bsence in borrowing c es uf r e T h e ountri of s ficient security f o ultima te repaym nt . C mm e e e s u e n o itt e th r fore t di d with attentio , in the light of the e c s s ume a e a ll s s re g neral on ideration en r t d above , the propo al p sente d with a view to creating g uaranties w hic h would provide s s a c s cu e e s ati f tory e rity for xport r . T h e Committee h as bee n forced to recogniz e that no single system could by itself suffice to provide for the many different ee s s c u es is ecess c n d of the variou o ntri , and that it n ary to indi ate a se ries o f measures sufficiently e lastic to be adapte d afterward to e every varie ty Of circumstan c s . F or these rea sons the Committee decide d to make the follow ing recommendations

VIII A z S u be me a nd . n international Organi ation ho ld for d placed at th e disposal of states desiring to h ave resort to c re dit f o r the pu rpose of paying f or their essential imports . These states would then notify the asse ts w hich they a re prepared to e e as s c a c e u c me pl dg e urity for the sake of Obt ining r dit , and wo ld o to an understanding w ith the inte rnatio nal o rganiz ation as to the c onditions under which these asse ts would be administered . The bonds issued against this guaranty would b e used as c m ollateral fo r cre dits intended to c ove r th e cost Of co modities . e e A plan base d upon these prin ciples is d v loped in Annex A . It h as been devise d to enable states to facilitate the obtaining Of c mm is s to see o ercial c redits by their nationals . It ea y that the sc em us c t s h e is susceptible Of de ve lopment in vario dire ion , and that so me of its provisions might be adapted so a s to facilitate the e s s xten ion of c redit direc t to public corporation .

1 P e b m Re I F a Co e e e . o is o a V a i printed from ntern ational in anci l nf r nc r v i n l —r t Reco d a e T u sd a Oc obe 7 1 920 . 1 89 1 90 1 92 . n oon sess o n No . 1 6 r , ft r i , , h r y, t r , , p , FINANCING COMMISSION

A committee of ﬁnanciers a nd b usiness men should be nomi nate d forthw ith by the Coun c il o f th e League o f Nations for the purpo se of deﬁning the measures necessary to give practical eff ect to s thi proposa l . I X . It h as been represented to the Committee that more complete results might be achieve d if th e bonds use d as collateral to c s m u were arry o e international g aranty . The Committee sees no obj ec tion to th e further consideration s s Of thi propo al . The C o mmittee refe rre d to in paragraph V III above might usefully consider the conditions under which it could be applied .

AN NEX A

I nter nati ona l Organi zation f or F i n an cing E ssen ti al I mports

1 m e u s . s s c In order that i pov ri hed nation , whi h nder pre ent circumstances a re unable to Obtain accommodation on reasonable ms in the m e ma mm con ter Open ark t , y be able to co and the ﬁdence necessary to attrac t funds f o r the ﬁnanc ing of their essen m s o m s tial i port , an internati nal c om is ion shall be constituted u e s ce nd r the au pi s of the League of Nations .

2 . The commi ssI on s hall consis t o f bankers and business men of u e C c l of the international rep te , appoint d by the oun i 1 e u Na L ag e of tions .

3 ub . The commission Shall have th e power to appoint s commissions and to devolve upo n them th e e xercise Of its authority u s in participating countries o r in groups O f participating co ntrie .

4 m e s c t . The G overn ents o f countri s de iring to parti ipa e Shall no tify to the commissio n w hat spec iﬁc assets they are pre pa red to assign a s security for c ommercial c redits to be gran ted by the nationals of exporting co untries .

5 mm s sse s s . c ss e e m The o i ion , aft r xa ination Of the e a t , hall of its ow n authority de termine th e g o ld value o f the c redits which se it would appro ve against th e security o f these as ts .

6 G e me s e u z . The participating ov rn nt hall th n be a thori ed c mm ss to prepare bonds to th e gold va l ue appro ved by the o i ion ,

1 Th e commission was appointed in a ccord ance w ith th e recommen d ation a t its Ge e a m N 1 920 ee n o emb e 4 1 . n v ti g , v r , LE AGUE OF NATIONS eac h in on e speciﬁc currency to b e determined on the issue of the bond .

a e ma u a nd e 7 . The d t of t rity th e rat Of interest to be borne by these bo nds shall be determine d by th e participating G overn me a eeme mm nt in gr nt with the co ission . 8 T h e se v ce ese o a . r i Of th b nds Sh ll be secured o ut Of th e e e ue s e s r v n of the a sign d a sets .

9 T h e a ss e s e . ign d a s ts shall in th e ﬁrst instan ce be a dminis tere d by th e partic ipating G o vern ment o r by th e intern ational co mm ss on a s c mm ss o ma ea c c se e e m i i that o i i n y in h a d t r ine .

0 T h mm s 1 . e co i sio n Sha ll a t any time have th e right Of making direc t representa tions to th e C o un cil of the Lea gue Of Nations a s to th e desirability of tra nsfe rring th e a dmin istration of th e assigne d a ssets eithe r from th e commission to th e partici pating G ove rnment or from th e participating G o vernment to the commissio n .

1 1 T h e ec s th e u c o f h e e . d i ion Of Co n il t Leagu of Nations on this question Shall b e binding .

1 2 A th e e t o o f t ese o s th e a . fter pr para i n h b nd p rticipating G ove rnment S hall ha ve th e right to lo an th e bonds to its o wn s use t em as co e a secu f o r m a s national , for by h llat r l rity i port tion .

1 3 s s m e o ut suc c u en e . The bond hall be ad in h rr c i s and in suc h denominations as a re applicable to th e parti cula r transa c r u tio n in respect Of whic h they a e iss ed .

T h e G o e n me a e 14 . participating v r nt Sh ll be fr e to take o r not -to take security f o r the loa n of these bonds from the national s to whom they a re lent .

1 5 T h e m u th e e Of e es of o . at rity and rat int r t the l an of the bonds shall be ﬁxed by a gree ment betw een the pa rticipa ting G ov e rnmen t and th e borrow e r Of the bonds ; they nee d n o t be the same a s ma e t e s of the o s mse the turity and the rat Of in er t b nd the lves .

1 6 e m ca to his G e me o . Wh n aking appli tion ov rn nt for a l an of ese s th e m o e mus u s o h e h as th bond , i p rt r t f rni h pro f that previously o btaine d fro m th e inte rna tiona l commission e xpress pe rmissio n to ente r into th e transac tion f o r which the bonds are o e s o e t be giv n a c llat ral .

1 E c e o e is e e the c n 7 . a h bond , b f r it hand d ov r by parti ipati g

L E AGUE OF NATIONS

m s 28 . F e u e f o r urth r, in addition to the a o nt provid d pay me c u s th e e w me s u nt of o pon and for ndo nt Of the inking f nd , they s hall establish o ut of the assigne d revenuesa specia l reser ve in o ne o r mo re fore ign currencies for the re demptio n Of bonds

e a r . 22 sold in accordan c with p .

m u se s e fo r h e s s s a 29 . The a o nt to be t a id t pe cial re erve h ll e m in eac h case be de t r ined by th e c ommissio n .

su s m he en d e 30 . Any rplu re aining at t of ach year after the provision o f these services Sha ll be at the free disposal of the n o v me participati g G ern nt .

3 1 A c G e me s a a the ff . parti ipating ov rn nt h ll h ve right to O er its ow n bon ds a s co lla teral for c redits Obtaine d fo r the purpose e me T h e e u s o f importations on G ov rn nt ac count . pr vio s a sent o f the commission will in these case s also be required for the cu m s es e the a c G e m parti lar i portation d ir d by p rti ipating ov rn ent .

c a G m w c h as 32 . If a parti ip ting overn ent hi h been in control f ts ss e e ues S u u its s o i a ign d r ven ho ld fail to f lﬁl Obligation , the exporter c oncerned will notify th e c ommI SSI On and th e commissio n will apply to th e C ouncil of th e League Of Nations for the transfer o f h e m a me th e ss e e es t c mm ss t an ge nt Of a ign d rev nu o the o i ion .

s th e c mm ss is ec ss e e 33 . The con ent Of o i ion n e ary when v r bonds secured on the assigne d assets a re g iven a s collateral and shall a s a rule be accorde d o nly for th e import of raw materials e s es and primary nec s iti .

34 c mm ss ma its sc s c . The o i ion y , however, at di retion , an tion o e u es f s in advanc e the importation f spec iﬁ d q antiti o suc h good .

35 E e th e c s m s e s c e e s c . v n in a e Of i port und r u h a g n ral an tio n a notiﬁcation of th e particular transaction must be regis tere d with the co mmission .

6 sse th e c o mm ss o mus s 3 . The a nt Of i i n t al o be Obtained in every case to t h e te rm o f th e c redit whi c h it is propose d to ope n . RECOM M ENDATION FOR PERM AN ENT F INANCIAL AND EC ONOM I C ORGANIZATI ON — T H E P E I E T S F e c [nter r eter — R S D N ( peaking in r n h) p . G en tlemen Yo u ma e ce th e c c i , y hav noti d that all on lud ng re m s o f u C mm ees th e s me ec ark the fo r o itt had a dir tion , that is to sa ask th e L u of Na o s Set u e m y , to eag e ti n to p a p r anent o rganiza tion which would continue th e work and the investigations whic h es have been inaugurated here . I d ire to inform yo u that the es e L m P resident received y t rday from M . a bros C o romilas a h e s me su s c e e e a c t a o . gge tion whi h t nd d x tly in directi n M . Coro m a s ss mu th e m il expre ly for lated idea and gave it a deﬁnite for . It w as my duty to submit this suggestion to th e Organiz ing C mm t its mee s m th e O z o i tee at ting thi orning , and rgani ing C om o r mil s o e e : mittee sent M . C o a the f llowing l tt r

- mm CO ROM I LAS . Th ee it T o . e O s ess M rganizing Co itt , at S ion this m h as e e of th e es u o u e ee orning , tak n not draft r ol tion which y hav b n kind enough to transmit to the m in your letter of Octobe r 5 th with refer e nce to th e establishment by th e Lea gue of Nations of a permanent ﬁnan T mm c ial and e conomic organization . h e Organizing Co ittee of th e Conf erence h as conside red with deep interest th e suggestions contained in your draft resolution : and they ar e glad to note that th e same idea s es o u is sa see e m e n ue which in pir y , that to y to a p r an nt organization conti th e of h as ee e u s e e e is work collaboration which b n b g n by thi Conf r nc , to b e found at th e same time in th e resolutions set forth by th e four great m s of th e nf e e e e of h as e esse th e s Co mission Co r nc , ach which xpr d wi h that a permanent body should continue th e work which ha s been begun Y s u e e e is e e m as as its here . our draft re ol tion , th r for , in p rf ct har ony , far e is e e th e us es u s se th e principl conc rn d , with vario r ol tion propo d by ’ mm s s s e ﬂ ec t : e s s ec e es nks th e se ve ral Co is ion to thi it off r p ial int r t , tha to practical suggestion of organization which you have introduced in your u s s seem me b e u use ul th e scheme . These s gge tion to to partic larly f to

of s its scuss s . e s no t e e Council of th e League Nation in di ion It do , how v r , seem to b e possible for th e Conf erence here to come to a decision on th e exact and de tailed method to b e followe d in setting up th e organization of th e e ue s t which w e are going to ask th e Council L ag Of Nation to se up .

s me o ur e f or th e e ue of Nap In fact, it doe not co within provinc to ﬁx L ag T H E LE AGUE OF NATIONS

s the m n c s u e c e se t u s tion i or ondition nd r whi h it will hav to p thi body , in re gar d to which it will have to take account of th e rules which ar e ims th e u th e its e r pose d u pon Co ncil by Covenant and g neral egulations . I e e e e e th e u c l of th e e ue o f s th r for int nd , whil forwarding to Co n i L ag Nation th e s u se th e nf e e ce in u e s u re ol tions pas d by Co r n , to hand yo r draft R ol us el s u su es th e s u is tion , and th to h p , thank to yo r gg tion , in t dy which going to be undertaken on this question by th e Council of th e League of

Nations .

mil w as u to cce e M . Co ro as s c kind eno gh a pt thi pro edur , H e ma ee ssu h i and I thank him for doing so . y f l a red that s su es th e e o m c wa s gg tion , in v ry f r in whi h it laid down , will be a n h e C u c o f ue o f N s h nded o to t o n il the Leag ation , with the r s u S ecommendation that the greate t acco nt hall be taken Of it . AP P ENDIX I

MEMB ERS OF T H E DELEGATIONS TO T H E INTERNATIONAL F C L CO FERE CE B RUSSELS INAN IA N N , ,

- SEPT. 4 T 1 920 2 OC . 8 , — Ar enti ne e e es of th e e me : e B l s g D l gat Gov rn nt Alb rto anca , Argentine m B um . . s e e s u s of ess s rn uist 85 C o . ini t r to lgi , and Carlo A Tornq i t, M r To q ;

se : . l e E . . . n advi r Dr A jandro Shaw ; secre tary : A C B ue ano . — A r menia r . B n i t n M ou a ia and R oub en e B erberian . — Australi a D s th e e e O e e me : . . s r l gat f Gov rn nt J R Collin , pe

s . manent secre ta ry of th e Treasury ; secre tary : H . A . Pe ter on — tr ia h s Aus e e es O t e e me : . e sc se e a e D l gat f Gov rn nt Dr R i h , cr t ry of tat

- e . ue e ss s u e se e th e us for ﬁnanc , Dr Sch ll r , a i tant nd r cr tary of A trian e O e D r m For ign fﬁc , and . Si on .

i — m m s B el um e e es of th e e me : . e c e e g D l gat Gov rn nt M D la roix , pri ini t r and m s e O f e u m s m s e of e f s O%. ini t r ﬁnanc , Pa l Hy an , ini t r for ign af air , and C

T h eun is B e th mm ss se : O . , lgian delegate to e Reparation Co i ion ; advi r r x m s Of eco Le eu sec e : . Plisn ier c e d u c e of th e p ; r tary M , h f abin t ini try nomic affairs . — B r azil e e of th e e me : u e mme D legat Gov rn nt J lio Barboza Carn iro , co r i l c a attache to th e B razilian Embassy . ’ — mish ﬂ m s . d i e B ari a O th me : . E . H a ulg Delegates f e Govern nt H P j , ini ter pl enipotentiary and pre sident of th e B ulgarian D elegation to th e Pe ace

e e e m e Strash imr off u s D r . c n Conf r nc , Di it r , p blici t , and Ni hola Stoya off , ’ direc tor Of B ulgaria s public debts .

- m n h me : H on . u u e s e Ca ad a Delegates of t e Govern nt H gh G thri , ini t r

O m l s th e . . u of f i itia and defen e in e Canadian Cabin t , J H G ndy , Wood , m th e B n . e O u C O . . sse s ss s e e G ndy , and G C Ca l , a i tant g n ral anag r f a k of

Montreal .

- h : un tch ou Wei n ese m ste Chi na D elegates of t e Government S , Chi ini r

e um . B . se . in B lgi , and H Mor — - il m : . P os os e Osecko Slova ki a Dele gates o f th e Govern ent Mr p , dir ctor

- h m of stsk S or itelna B . use Of O t e s a ban k in Prague (M e e p ) , D k , ﬁcial f ini try

- of e rs e e C z ch o m s e usse s . for ign affai , Kar l M cir , e Slovak ini t r at Br l

— u s u o f Den mar k Delegate s of th e Government : R . Gl ck tadt co ncilor s O O f th m O e i s e . Sth r e s tat , and Mr y , fﬁcial ini try f for ign affa r and acting secretary to th e Danish legation in Paris . LE AGUE OF NATIONS

i n nd —D th e me : O Stenr oth e r e F la elegate of e Gov rn nt tto , chi f di ctor

of th e Bank o f Finland .

a ce—D e s of th e e me : Eu e e e e e sec e F r n el gate Gov rn nt g n L f vr , r tary l i m f th s . d e F e ur au s e e e general o e Cre dit Lyonnai , M , ini t r pl nipot ntiary ,

. Aven ol s e e e e O th e e and M , ﬁnancial in p ctor , ﬁnancial d l gat f Fr nch

me s s : e e Ch e sson D r . e e an d . es . Govern nt ; advi er Pi rr y , Si gfri d M W t — er man D e e es of th e e me : e e m s e G y l gat Gov rn nt H rr B rg ann , tat sec e Of th e m s of e e v on se e - es e r tary ini try ﬁnanc , H rr Gla napp , vic pr id nt

O f th e m e e Urbi th e Discon to - e se s I p rial Bank , and H rr Franz g , of G ll chaft ; r advisers : Ob erﬁnanzra t Kaufmann and Gehe imer Hofrat Professor D .

Lotz . — eece e e es o f th e me : m s C o r omilas ee Gr D l gat e Gov rn nt La bro , Gr k m s e me e e D me e s c o - e o f th e ini t r in Ro , Al xandr io d , gov rnor National

m . B . Laka tsas e of th e é é e ee e ank , and M , dir ctor Co ptabilité G n ral of Gr c — u atemala e e es th e e me : u e m s ec G D l gat of Gov rn nt G ill r o Mato Pach o , ’ c é es of th e u em e s u d e harg d affair G at alan l gation at Pari , and J an

u e su of u em e . P tt , con l G at ala at Gh nt — m . r olland D e e es O th e e e : ess M . . T eub H l gat f Gov rn nt Prof or W F ,

me m s e of u u e us r mme e . E . ter eu e for r ini t r agric lt r , ind t y and co rc , C M l n ,

m . ms m . . Z mme f C o . B e s e o Hope , ank r , A t rda , and A R i r ann — P vit i v zk Dr . B . H a n ar e e o o s . Sc to s e c e g y Al xand r p , T y , and la S hob r — ndia e e es of th e e me : . . e sec e I D l gat Gov rn nt H P Howard , lat r tary to th e e me O e e me Sir s e e c Gov rn nt f India (ﬁnanc d part nt) , Mar hall Fr d ri k e e mem e of th e u of th e e e e f o r R id , lat b r Co ncil S cr tary of Stat India , and F a zilbh o C urr imbh o e ese a e f th e m us ess Sir y y , r pr nt tiv o Bo bay B in

: . . . . Community ; secretaries G W P Martin and S Jan Mohome d . — f th m I tal De e e s o e e e : D r . e s e y l gat Gov rn nt Maggiorino F rrari , S nator ,

. e ess e u Dr Vittorio Roland Ricci , S nator , and Prof or Alb rto B ened ce , : ' Deputy ; advisers Ferdinando Q uartieri and Signor Giannini .

Ja an -De e es of th e e me : e ese n p l gat Gov rn nt K ngo Mori , Japan ﬁna cial mm ss e T osh ika ta O u m e of th e co i ion r in London , and k bo , London anag r m e e Y s e es : . C s e okoha a Sp ci Bank , Ltd ecr tari K Aoki , hief ecr tary , H ioki K . Goto , and M . . — Luxembur D e e e th e e me : se e e c u c l g l gat of Gov rn nt Jo ph St ich n , o n i or : H am lius E of state ; secre tary e ttienne . — D f th e m t l l km r m . o a Norwa e e es o e e : . . R aes a V c y l gat Gov rn nt Dr A , P ,

o B m m . m e f e O me e . anag r Norw gian ank f Co rc , and C S ith — New Zeala nd Delegate Of th e Government : Colonel th e H on . Sir

mes e K . C . B mm ss w Z d e Ja All n , high co i ioner for Ne ealan , and Colon l m G . F . C . Ca pbell . PE RS ONNE L — P oland e e es o f th e e nme : s s s m o D l gat Gov r nt Ladi la Grab ki , inister f e Stecskow ski e of th e em e B ﬁnanc , John , dir ctor L b rg Land ank , and Baron M a n teufel ec ed me ce n s s : , dir tor of Cr it Depart nt , Finan Mi i try ; advi er

s . Mr . Markow ki — f th m P ortu al e e es o e e e : . s s es g D l gat Gov rn nt Dr Affon o Co ta , pr ident o f th e u uese e e me es e o f th mi Port g d l gation , for rly pr id nt e nistry and m s e o f ce I nerenc io m m s e o f e ini t r ﬁnan , Ca acho , ini t r ﬁnanc , and Vic u m es Re mm ss e e e se s : torino G i ara , paration Co i ion d l gat ; advi r Antonio e ec e e of u u s U e o f Malh iro , dir tor g n ral p blic acco nt , Joao lrich , gov rnor th e n c ac ion l m Ad r ia c d e e s n Ba o N a Ultra arino , and S ixas ecretary ge e ra l o f th e B ank of Portugal ; secre tary o f th e d elegatl on : Alfredo da u ord este e ss s th e e e e t th e Re Cr z N , lawy r and a i tant to d l gat a paration

Commission . — Ruma nia e e es of th m : ess D . d e D l gat e Govern ent Prof or Many , ir ctor h min i tr of l f m m t e s e s . H a accan u e of y ﬁnanc in Tran ylvania , M , or rly ayor of B kh r L m h m n u a est . e ad atu me e t e u n c d em ad , and M p , b r of R a ia A a y ; vis r : l e s E ugene Nec u cea and Profe ssor George Tasca . — Serb- Croat- Slovene State Delegates of th e Government : Velisar Yank vich n e m s e M ontch el o in tech ich m s e of co m e , ﬁ anc ini t r , N , ini t r me e Dra oliub ovako i h r of th e n B ad rc , and g N v c , di ector Natio al ank ;

: Kostrec ic . viser Dr . — a D m : . . e u South A ric e e es of th e e O . f l gat Govern nt R A Blank nb rg , : B . E acting high commissioner f or South Africa ; adviser Henry Strakosch m n e O th se to th e , a aging dir ctor f e Union Corporation ; cretary

. P oh it r . dele gation : Dr C . ge e — S ai n e e s of th e m : T h M u s d e n ex p Del gat Govern ent e arq i Corti o , c m s e ue d e ue e s of ue es se e a - e e of th e rown ini t r ; Man l Arg ll Arg ll , cr t ry g n ral

n nce m s o s ue s e O th e B O . ﬁ a ini try , J é Fig ra , dir ctor f ank f Bilbao

— of th : us e e e Sweden Dele gate s e Governme nt Marc Wall nb rg , dir ctor Of m E n skild er Osc e m e Stockhol Bank , and ar Rydb ck , anaging dir ctor f B z M us o th e Scandinavia n ank ; secretary of th e delegation : M orit arc ,

P h . D . — Switzerland e e es of th e m : . e e D l gat Govern ent Dr Alfr d Fr y , national c u c es e of th e ss mme e us o n ilor , pr id nt Swi Union of Co rc and Ind try ,

u e d e e ex - e of th e ss B e R dolph Hall r , dir ctor Swi National ank , and H nri ee es e of th e S ss o - e e c e f or th e De e me of H r , pr id nt wi C op rativ So i ty v lop nt

Foreign Trade . — nited i n dom e e e s of th me : me s . . B U K g D l gat e Govern nt Lord Chal r , G C E me e m e se e . . e su u e . . for rly p r an nt cr tary to H M Tr a ry , Lord C ll n , K B me of th B of E e e e e for rly governor e ank ngland , and H nry B ll , g n ral LE AGUE OF NATI ONS

’ m e of s B se e Of th e e e a : . . anag r Lloyd ank ; cr tary d l g tion F W Atterbury, late Royal Naval Volunteer Rese rve . — United States Unoﬂi cial e ese e : R . B e e e r pr ntativ oland W oyd n , d l gate

mm ss ss s s : ess s . e ss L near th e R eparation Co i ion ; a i tant M r H and M c eod . — Ur u ua e e es th e e me : . e u u u g y D l gat of Gov rn nt M Alb rto G ani , Ur g ayan

- m s e B e m . e R o c su e e Of ini t r to lgiu , and M Ab lardo y , on l g n ral Uruguay in B elgium.

REPRESENTATIVES OF STATES IN ATTENDANCE — Esthon ia De e e th e e me : n u m m l gat of Gov rn nt Joha K kk , for er inister of ﬁnance and member of th e Constituent Assembly ; advisers : Alexander P u hk mme e th e Es n c , co rcial ag nt of thonia Government in London ,

m s e . ss . Pii E s Profe or A p , thonian ini t r in London — ’ Latvi a e e e of th e e me : . . B isseneek c é d air s D l gat Gov rn nt G W , harg aﬁ e

v ld . Of Latvia in Gre at B ritain ; adviser : O . G ros a — Lithuania M r . G al van ow ski .

In accordance with th e decision of th e Council of th e n ue at San e s th e e mm ss w as e re r S ba tian , R paration Co i ion invit d to appoint a p e ti th senta ve to attend e Confe rence .

e ese es of th e e Re e e s mm ee o f th e R pr ntativ Int rnational li f Cr dit Co itt , Inte rnational Chamber o f Commerce and of th e Supreme Economic

Council were present at Brussels .

LE AGUE OF NATIONS

* S E . summ s em s em XII . OLUTI ONS PROPOS D A ary of ch e for r ed ying present ﬁnancial difﬁculties .

* E E . em XIII . MON TARY PROBL MS M oranda prepared by Economic

Experts . Four additiona l parts were printed a s follows

e . . B i s . 2 M emo a um e Dr . G . W J u . r nd pr par d by r n ’

M emo um on the Wo s M o r P o ems P o . us sse l . 3 . rand rld neta y r bl by r f G tav Ca l m n ed u a u M emo o e E u o o . 4 . randu Cr it C rr ncy and xch nge Fl ct ati n by Pr f

. P ou . S G . ig N h a M o o es on t e F n e S u o C a es G e . 5 . t i ncial and n tary it ati n by h rl id

* E m m I . P E O S V . e u . . dl X V RIC F IL R M orand by Mr G Fin ay Shirras.

s s . 1 920 . 1 8 . 28 c m. London , Harri on Son , Ltd , p

su CURRENCIE S AF TE R T H E WAR . A rvey of conditions in m h e us t various c oun tries . Co piled under t a pices of h e International

e e of th e e ue s . s 8: ns . S cr tariat L ag of Nation London , Harri on So , Ltd ,

m. 1 920 . I 25 4 . 22 c XV , p

T s o ume th e ﬁ es ei ra e e es of th e n a hi v l on nanc , for gn t d , and xchang pri cip l o u r es Eu o e Asia Ame ha s ee o m e d u e th e us es of c nt i of r p , and rica, b n c pil nd r a pic th e Lea gue of Nations Secretariat by a number of w ell -known ﬁnanciers a nd f ese s a s i i economists o diff erent nationalities . It pr nt tr k ng picture of th e cha nges ’ which h ave taken place as a result of th e war in th e w orld s currencies and ba lance t 0 i trad e .

* ' A e at es a m l s . to 7s . 6d . us os a e om Har iso vailabl pric r nging fro , pl p t g , fr r n ’ - So s 44 47 S . M a s La e o o W. C . 2 . A d ocu e are n , Ltd t rtin n , L nd n , ll m nts in E l N 1 2 1 3 a 4 e e h F e n s 0 8 . nd 1 and Cur e s f t e War bein r nch and g i h, , r nci a t r g a a e e vail ble in either language s para t ly. Pr e s en t M em b er sh ip o f th e Lea gu e o f N a tion s

Argen ti n e R epub lic Lib er i a Au str al ia Neth er lan d s B elgiu m New Zea lan d Norw a y Bra z il P a n a ma Br i ti sh Empir e P ar a guay Can ad a P er u

Ch il e P er sia

Ch in a P o l an d Col omb i a P or tugal Cub a R u ma n ia

Cz ech o -Sl ovakia Salvad or

Den mark Ser b i a

Fr an ce Si am

G r eece So u th Af ri ca G ua temala Spain H a i ti Swed en H ed jaz Swi tz erl an d In d i a Ur uguay Ita ly Ven ez u el a Japan

Ecuador is considering peace In the current

Congress .

N c has but f m l s of s i aragua ratiﬁed , the or a itie depo iting the ratiﬁcation are not yet complete

H onduras has completed the parliamentary stage of ra tiﬁ cation .

i to m m s T he United States s eligible original e ber hip . Do yo u r e al i z e th at :

Not less than Six numbers of this

O er o cal L ea u e o a tions w ll b e p i di g f N , i devoted this year to activities O f th e League and to important develop ments I n th e internatl on al relations

of th e Un e S a es w Euro e it d t t ith p , Asia and Latin America ; a n d th a t

A yearly sub scription of 25 cents

bring them to you postpaid%

Samp le cop ies on request

olumes bound in cloth and indexed t V , , , pos paid

E ar l s Rear: f ounh ati un

r n n 40 M t . Ve o Str e e t

B o st o n 9 , M a s s a c h u s e t t s LEAGUE NATI ONS

m . NO . 6 Dece e 1 92 0 Vol III , b r,

Wo r k o f th e Co u n c i l

R epor t b y th e Sec r etar y- G en er al

t o t h e

Fir st As s em bly o f th e

Lea gu e o f N a tion s

P r e s e n t e d No ve m b e r 1 5 , 1920

G er m a n R epa r a tion s

P ublish ed Bimonthly b y th e WORLD PEACE FOUNDAT ION

40 . e o t ee s Mt V rn n S r t , Bo ton

P e en s er Co 2 5 e s er e ric , 5 c t p py ; c nt p y ar ‘ F O U N D E D I N 1 9 10 B Y E DWIN G IN N

The corporation is constituted for the purpose of educating the people of all n o s to fu k ow ed o h s e es uc e ess Of war ati n a ll n l ge f t e wa t and d tr tiv n , its e vil effects on present social conditions and on the well-being of future e e o s a d to m e e u c he e oo g n rati n , n pro ot int rnational j sti e and t broth rh d man and e e e e c c o om e e ce Of ; , g n rally , by v ry pra ti al means t pr ot p a — - a h atio . and good will among all mankind . By l ws of t e Corpor n is to s e and t u k o uc u the schoo 1 It thi pati nt horo gh wor f ed ation, thro gh l, the c e e the c u ch the ess he am e the book t he oll g , h r , pr , t p phl t and , hat t — Wo Pe ce u es . C rld a Fo ndation addr ses itself Edwin inn. f c i se ess to bel e The idea o for e can not at o nce be eradicated . It s u l i ve th at the nations can be persuaded to disband their present armies and d sm e e ese es us in eac o e or the H ue i antl th ir pr nt navi , tr ting h th r in ag u se e an oss e ffe e ces e ee em ess s Trib nal to ttl y p ibl di r n b tw n th , unl , ﬁr t , some substitute for the existing forces is provided and demonstrated b e er e ce be e u e ec the s i and e o y xp i n to ad q at to prot t right , d gnity t rrit ry h a c es of the respective nations . My own belief is that t e ide whi h underli the movement for the Hague Court can be developed so that the nations can be persuaded each to contribute a small percentage of their military

ces nternatio al G ard or Police “ for at sea and on land to forman I n u Force. E G dwin inn .

* Inco r o r ated nder t h e l aw s O f M assa ch se tts J l 1 2 1 9 1 0 as th e I n ter na tional Sch OO p u u , u y , , l of P e ac e me C h n e rl e e mb e 9 . N a a d to Wo d P ac n d tio n Dec e 22 1 10 o a r . g F u , ,

A LEAG UE OF NATIONS

P ubli sh ed B imo nthly by WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 40 M T ER O STREET ST S . N N BO ON M A S V , , .

T h e sub sc t n ce i s 2SC . e r e a r in a d a n ce o r f o r ﬁv e e ars ri p io pri p y v , y . P ce s in uant t o c a o n ri q i i e s n a ppli ti .

G ene a Se cret a Ed a rd Cumm n s r l ry , w i g .

Co e s ond n Sec e a n d L b a n D n s a a e P . M e r s . rr p i g r t ry , i r ri , y y C O N T E N T S

WORK OF T HE COUNCIL

T H E ORGANIZATION OF T H E LEAGUE

1 T h e sess o s o f th e Cou . i n ncil

c s of h 2 . T he ﬁnan e t e h ague P e a a o s fo r h ssem 3 . r p r ti n t e A bly

c es o s o he Lea e : T h ca s o f Sw z 4 . A c si n t t gu e e it erland

s a o of ea es 5 . Regi tr ti n tr ti

6 Th e Pe ma e A mamen s Comm ss on . r n nt r t i i

mme da o n s ad esse to h e ou b h e omm 7 . Reco n ti dr d t C ncil y t C ittee of Internationa l Jur ists at T h e H ague O i a o s of the ea ue u e A e XX of h e Co ena n 8 . bl g ti n L g nd r rticl II t v t (mandates) Th e I e a ona Labo O a za o : Co -o e a on e ee 9 . nt rn ti l r rg ni ti n p r ti b tw n the Secre tariat a nd th e Interna tional Labor Ofﬁce 0 T he o-o a o of e a o a s is cs 1 . c rdin ti n int rn ti n l tat ti

S ec a e o s on th e a z a on of h e Lea ue ese e d o 1 1 . p i l r p rt org ni ti t g pr nt t the Assembly P OLITICAL DUT IES OF TI IE LEAGUE A SP E CIA L OB G T O NS ARI S NG OUT O F T H E TRE TY O F VE R . LI A I I A SAILL ES : 1 T h e Fr ee C of Da z . ity n ig M ap

2 Th e Saa B as n . r i M ap

3 E u and M a me . pen l dy

G EN E TI ES O F T H E E G U E I N TH E NT R E S TS O F C E B . RAL DU L A I E PEA A ND JUS TI C E :

l Th e o ec o o f A me n a . pr t ti n r i 2 Th e r o ec o n o f m o e s in th e O o man Em ire . p t ti in riti tt p 8 Th e o ec o of m o e s P o and Aus a a nd B ul . pr t ti n in riti in l , tri garia T he e oca em a o o f m no e s in G ee e and 4. r cipr l igr ti n i riti r c B ulgar ia

5 T he ea of Pe s a to the Lea ue . app l r i g 6 T h e s u e e wee Swed e F a d co ce n n the . di p t b t n n and inl n n r i g Aaland Island s 7 T h e s u e e ee P o a and L uan a . di p t b tw n l nd ith i f d az o h e Lea ue T h a ea of the K o the H e t t . 8 . e pp l ing j g

C S P EC D UT I ES ACC E T E D B Y T H E LE G E . IAL P A U

1 T h e Comm ss on of I ui to Russi . i i nq ry a 2 Th e In erna o a F nan c a Con e en e . t ti n l i i l f r c ACTION OF T HE LEAGUE IN T H E GENERAL INTERESTS OF HUM ANITY:

Th e cam a n a a n s us in P o a d l . p ig g i t typh l n 2 Re e in Ce a E u o e . li f ntr l r p

T h e e a a on of w ar so e s 3 . r p tri ti pri n r HELP GIVE N BY T H E LEAGUE T O ASSOCIATIONS F OR — T HE DEVELOPM ENT OF INTERNATIONAL CO OPERATION LIST OF T H E SE SSIONS OF T H E COUNCIL AND OF T H E Q UESTIONS CONSIDERED

STATUS O F RE PARATION B Y GERM ANY

E O S : 1 . R PARATI N

D e e es a . liv ri

b D s o . ivi i n RE O S 2 . STITUTI N DEL ERY OF WAR M ATER E L NO EM BER 1 1 1 9 18 IV I . V , D B 1 920 E CE M ER , 3 , 1 DISPOSITION OF T HE GERM AN FLEET DISPOSITI ON OF T HE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN FLEET

LE AGUE OF NATIONS

u e th e m e and u e e a the B s a dit d by co ptroll r a ditor g n r l of riti h Treasury . Th e Coun cil invited th e British Government to audit these accounts in view of th e fact that th e Sec retariat w as established in London during th e th s d h pe riod covered by e fir t bu get of t e Le ague . T h e Council decide d to communicate these acc ounts to all Membe rs of m th l Journal h ue u s e e ici a . t e Leag , and to p bli h th in Qfl Article VI of th e Covenant provides that th e e xpenses of th e Sec retariat b e e th e em e s of th e M a us th e s shall born by M b r g , according to cale of h l assessment adopted for t e Universal Postal Union . This sca e of assess me u h as e ess ee e th e s u e s nt , tho gh it n c arily b n follow d in drafting fir t b dg t of th e e ue see ms l e e s s c as m L ag , hard y lik ly to prov ati fa tory a per anent mm m m eme . ec ee e th arrang nt A t hnical co itt , appoint d fro a ong e dele gate s oi th e International Financial Conference w as accordingly asked to advise th e Council on th e principle s of assessment which shoul d serve as e s m th e th a guide in ti ating financial capac ity of e contributory states . T h e committee w as of th e opinion that th e best indices of financial ca it e ul n t e T h e u i u it s pac y wer pop ation and e re v nue . Co nc l d ring s ses ion at B russels decided to refer th e question to th e committee of th e Asse mbly which will deal with fin ancial questions . Owing to th e fact that th e national Parliaments of M embers of th e e ue mee ff e e mes is e u en e s es L ag t at di r nt ti , it not q ally conv i nt for all tat to h pay their contributions as soon a s the y fall d ue . T e Le ague may there fore be compelled to borrow money in order to mee t its ordinary expendi T h s s ture . e intere t on such money ha s to be paid both by th e Me mbe r is who have paid and those who have not paid the ir contributions . This T h l k t mm clearly ine quitable . e Counci decided at Brussel s to as h e co ittee of th e Assembly which will deal with financial questions to make further o study f th e question . Members of th e Le ague are now asked to make their payments in gold cs th e sec u e s th e e ue e e w u fran , and ond and third b dg t of L ag w r dra n p o n that basis . Th e Council decided at Brusse ls that th e salaries of tlie Membe rs of th e e m n e ec e c e een s e P r a nt S r tariat , whi h had hith rto b paid in t rling ,

' should b e paid in gold francs at the rate of 20 gold francs to th e %1 from th e date of their arrival in Geneva .

3 E F O R T H E E . PR PARATIONS ASS MBLY

Th e Counc il tele graphed to th e President of th e United States on M ay 1 9 s h im ue th e e s c nf e e u h im c e a king , in virt of pow r o rr d pon by Arti l VI of th e e e e th e ssem u th e s n o f Cov nant , to conv n A bly d ring ﬁr t fort ight O ul 1 2 es e s s se s em . e a Nov ber n J y Pr id nt Wil on , in r pon to thi invit tion , summoned th e Assembly to meet on November 15 in Gene va . E X CE PTIONA L SWISS POSITION

Th e u d e es u u us 9 th e e ec e Co ncil a opt d a r ol tion on A g t to ff t that , p nd th e e e th e ssem o f its e s e th e th e s ing l ction by A bly pr id nt , chair at ﬁr t mee ting of th e Assembly should be taken by th e acting president o f th e

Counc il .

E T o T H E E G E : T H E E ZE D 4 . ACC SSIONS L A U CAS OF SWIT RLAN

There are unde r th e Covenant three groups of Membe rs or possibl e Membe rs of the League

a . e s of th e e e s o m Signatori tr aty of V r ailles or f Saint Ger ain . b: States invite d under th e Covenant to accede within two months of th c m ce th e o ing into for of e treaty of Ve rsailles . m s e s se s i h ss e . 0 . Stat who ad i ion s approve d by t e A embly underArticl I

u h as se e the s es u a a nd No difﬁc lty ari n with r gard to tat in gro p , a separate report is be ing prese nte d to th e Asse mbly on the states desiring be n u e u a to i cl d d in gro p . T h e Council w as re quir ed to take an important decision with regard to

e s e e u b. Switz rland , a tat b longing to gro p Switzerland desire d to have h er military neutrality and th e inviolability of h er territoryrecognize d as consistentwith h er membe rship of th e Le ague . T h e Council considere d th e claim o f Switzerland in th e light of Article 435 th e e e s i es e e th e em e s th e ea ue of tr aty of V r a ll , wh r by M b r of L g , s e s th e e ec e th e u es of ss ignatori of tr aty , r ogniz that g aranti in favor Swi “ neutrality c ontaine d in th e treaties of 18 15 constitute international o b ligations for th e maintenance of peace . “ Th e Coun cil declared that th e perpetual neutrality of Switzerland and th e g uaranty of th e inviolability of h er terr itory a s incorporated in th e s u th e e es and th e act of 18 15 are law of nation , partic larly in tr ati in , j ustiﬁed by th e interests of general peace and as such are compatible with % h e t e e n . w u s we e e Cov na t It as nder tood , ho v r , that Switz rland , whil refus ing to participate in military action or to ad mit th e passage of foreign s u ec h u s of s sh e w as cu n as troop , f lly r ognized t e d tie olidarity in rri g a em e th e ea ue cu th e u u e e ar M b r , of L g , parti larly d ty nd r Articl XVI of p ticipa tin g in any economic action taken by th e League against a covenant n e breaki g stat . Stre ss w as laid on th e fact that the position o f Switzerland w as qu ite e e h th e th e un w a s n ot e e e b e xc ptional , and t at action of Co cil , th r for , to regarded as a precedent;

5 T H E E G O E E . R ISTRATION F TR ATI S

T h e purpose of Article XVIII of th e Covenant is to insure publicity for s e u u e s s em e international engagement , and to provid in f t r for a y t of op n LE AGUE OF NATIONS

T h e u h a s e e e th diplomacy . Co ncil int rpr t d in e widest practicable man n r th e s o f th e e ue s e e obligation L ag in thi conn ction . T h e u h as u e th e e e re s e e es Co ncil a thoriz d S cr tariat to gi t r all tr ati , en a emen ts or s es s s e ee s es g g , act tabli hing obligation b tw n tat , whether c on cl u e e e e th e e is e h d d b for or aft r Cov nant , and it hop d t at e ven treaties concluded be tween parties ne ither of which is a Member of th e League will be vol untarily presente d for registration . All Members of th e Le ague have been invited to conform with th e stipulations of Article XVIII of th e Covenant and th e Secretariat h as al ready begun to register th e tre aties presente d .

T H E E E E 6 . P RMAN NT ARMAM NTS COMMISSION

A Pe rmanent Armaments Commi ssion h as been constituted unde r Article IX o f th e Covenant to advise th e Council on th e e xecution of es o n m r ues s e e Articl I and VIII , and ilita y , naval and air q tion g n rally . s mm ss s s s of on e l one m one r Thi Co i ion con i t nava , ilitary and air epresen tative m e e of th e e s e e se e on th e u no inat d by ach pow r r pr nt d Co ncil . Any other Me mber of th e Le ague will be represente d when a question T h e mm ss is e i affecting it is under discussion . Co i ion divid d nto three su mm ss s e es e e mi bco i ion , which d al r p ctiv ly with litary, naval and air m s questions . These subco missions have establi hed perma nent Secre tar iats th se th u at e at of e Leag e . T h e mm ss ssem e f or th e s me e s Co i ion a bl d ﬁr t ti at San S ba tian , and held m meetings during th e e ighth se ssion of th e Council . It et again during th e e sess of th e u usse s ese e e c th t nth ion Co ncil at Br l , and pr nt d a r port whi h e

Council carefully conside red . T h e Commission h as been asked to advise th e Council on th e follow ing questions :

T h us o1 on o e 1 . e e of p s us gas in warfar ; Q m s b e acce e . Th e s es ilitary , naval and air condition to pt d by tat

see m 2 of . th e king ad ission to th e League (par . Art I of Covenant) ; mu s 3 . s 3 . T h e control of th e trafﬁc in arm and nition (par . Of Art XXIII of th e Covenant) ; 4 Th th e b e e . e constitution and composition of organization to plac d at th e disposal of th e Lea gue f or th e exercise of th e right of inve stigation 1 b e u e u e e 9213 th e e o f e ce e s es to cond ct d nd r Articl of tr aty p a of V r aill , m c e 1 04 th e 1 5 9 th of . e e e Articl of e treaty peace of St G r ain , Arti l of tr aty of e e eu e 143 th e e e e p ac of N illy , and Articl of tr aty of p ac of Trianon ; I “ So o a s h e esen r ea r ema s orce Ge man as es ec s th e m l ng t pr t t ty in in f , r y [ r p t ili a a a and a ir auses u er a es to e e e a for n es a o t ry, n v l cl % nd t k giv v ry f cility any i v tig ti n w c th e Cou of th e L ea ue o f Na o s ac if eed be b a ma o o e hi h ncil g ti n , ting n y j rity v t , % ma o s e e e sa y c n id r n c s ry .

Aus ia B u ar a a nd H un a u e e to subm to an I es a o etc . tr , lg i g ry nd rtak it y nv tig ti n, POISONOUS G A S COND E MNE D

m s f o e 5 . Preli inary inquiries to serve a a basis r proposal s for th execution of Article VIII of th e Covenant . T 1 . h e Commission reporte d that th e use of gas w as a fundamentally ue me of on b ut u b e use ess see to cr l thod carrying war , that it wo ld l to k restrict th e use of gas in war by prohibiting o r limitin g its manufacture in e m o e e r e e me s . p ac ti , to prohibit laboratory xp ri nt T h e Council condemne d th e use of poisonous gas in war and decide d to propose to th e Governments that they should consider what penaltie s might b e impose d in ca se of nece ssity upon any nation taking th e first s th s o tep to infringe e rul es of humanity by making u e f it . It also d e e see th e ss s e of m e e s e s s e e m cid d to k , with a i tanc co p t nt ci nti t , ff ctive ethods n of pre venti g eventually th e manufacture Of poisonous ga s . T h 2 . e Council note d recommendations and conditions c oncernin g th e m es of me s E s ilitary , naval and air forc Ar nia , Co ta Rica , thonia , Finland , e e e e s e t u u em u G orgia , Ic land Latvia , Li cht n t in , Li h ania , L x b rg and - r Monaco San M a l n o . T h e Council w a s of opinion that these re commendations could f or th e mome nt b e accepte d subject to th e unders tanding that th e cou ntries in question were pre pare d to accept any gene ral scheme of disarmament which might b e subse quently approve d for all Membe rs of th e Le ague . T h e Council further considere d that th e attention o f th e Assembly shoul d b e drawn to th e ne ce ssity o f a thorough preliminary examination before de ciding upon th e admission to th e Le ague of state s whose geographical and political position made it impossible to decide definitely th e extent of the ir forces . T h s m of 3 . e Council agreed that th e establi h ent a C entral Interna tional Office f or restricting th e traffic in arms and munitions could n ot be 1

m w s . usefully considere d until th e convention of St . Ger ain a in force h mm s s u e u s it 4 . T e Council agre e d that each subco i sion ho ld r q e t s delegates to Obtain from the ir respective Governme nts opinions concern ing th e organization ne cessary to conduct th e investigation authorized by Article 2 1 3 of th e tre aty o f Ve rsailles and analogous articles of th e peace tre aties so that th e Commission might be pe rfe ctly informed on th e que stion when it came up f or discussion at its next meeting at Gene va . l to 5 . T h e Commission informe d th e Counci that it had decid ed e x m e m s f or a e th e u s u a in practical ethod obt ining rapidly , wh n Co ncil ho ld e e so e ess m e m me s and th e d cid to do , all n c ary infor ation r garding ar a nt ,

1 Co n en o for th e c on o o f th e ad e in a ms a nd ammun o n s ne Se v ti n tr l tr r iti , ig d p emb e 1 0 1 9 1 9 A c e 5 o f w c ro d es : t r , , rti l hi h p vi “ A Cen ra In e a ona Ofﬁce a ced und e the on ro of th e Lea ue o f Na t l t rn ti l , pl r c t l g ons s a b e es ab s ed f or th e ur o se of o ec a nd eser n d ocume s ti , h ll t li h p p c ll ting pr vi g nt of a ll kind s exchanged by th e H igh Con tra cting P ar ties with regard to th e tra d e in and d s bu of the a ms ammu o s e ﬁe in th e ese , i tri tion , r and niti n p ci d pr nt % Convention . LE AGUE OF NATIONS principles o n whi ch future schemes for a reduction of armame nts might T s s be based . h e Counc il noted thi declaration and a ked that it might at once be informed when the Commission desired to report any further progress .

* M E DD E E D T O T H E B Y T H E E E 7 . RECO M NDATIONS A R SS COUN CIL COMMITT OF INTE RNATIONAL JURISTS AT T H E HAG UE

T he International Committee of Jur ists at Th e Hague appended to its sch eme for th e establishment of a Permanent Court of International Jus tice thr ee rec ommenda tions which were considered by the Council during its session at B russels . T h e Committee in its first recommen dation suggested that a conference o n n e l law s ul be summ e be e x e e s i t rnationa ho d on d , to follow d at fi d int rval e s m nf e e ces c ue th e th e e by oth r i ilar co r n , to ontin work of e two P ac Con t e s T h u 1 99 0 h s e ces er nce at e Hag e in 8 and 1 9 7 . T e obj ec t of the e confer n w u b e a t - s s e is in u e s o ld to fix and codify internation l law , to e e tabli h x t g r l n e na s h w and of i t rnatio l law affecte d by th e event of t e recent ar , to mul for ate and approve th e necessary modifications . T h e Committee suggested that a numbe r of internationa l organiza s n me th e u th e me s u e tion , a ly Instit te of International Law , A rican In tit t n e n th e U u e n e th e e of I t rnatio al Law , nion J ridiqu I ternational , Int rna tional s e Law A soc iation and th e Ibe rian Ins titute of Comparativ Law , should be invited to prepare draft plans for submission to th e various

Governments an d to th e conference for carrying out th e work proposed . Th e Council dec ided to propose that th e international organizations abovementioned should be invited to consider what subjec ts might with n n adva tage be i cluded in th e program of th e c onference . Th e Council further decided that afte r they had rec eived th e V iews of th e organizations abovementioned it would ask th e Governments of th e states Members of th e Le ague to inf orm it of their views as to the a d v isabilit summ th nf e s e ues y of oning e propose d c o er nce , and to tat what q

ns th e e e e s u th e me s s er . tio conf r nc ho ld , in th e opinion of e Gov rn nt , con id T h e u l of th s th e me s ses Co nci , on rece ipt e opinion of e Gov rn nt , propo again to c onsult th e inte rnational organizations with regard to th e sub ects th f e to ask j which e Governments agree to submit to th e con erenc , and th e me s international organizations for draft schemes to th e Govern nt , summ and on th e conference . Th e Committee of International Jurists in the ir sec ond rec ommends tion suggested that a High Court of International Justice should be con stitute d to try in future such crimes constituting a breac h of international public order or again st th e universal law of nations as are mf erred to it th e by Assembly or by th e Council of th e Lea gue . CALLS ON POWE RS F O R MANDATE S

Th e Co uncil dec ided to adopt th e same procedure with regard to this mm T h recomme ndation as for th e ﬁr st reco endation . e inte rnational za th e e n me s u th s me be ns organi tion and Gov r nt wo ld , in e a way , co ulted before any deﬁn ite step could be taken . T h e third rec ommendation of th e Committee of International Jurists is sse th is s in s mm not addre d to e M ague . It propo e d thi reco enda tion th e em e n u e Th e ue 1 9 13 that Acad y of Int rnatio al Law , fo nd d at Hag in , should be enabled to take up its duties as s oon as possible be side th e Permanent Court of I nternational Justice and th e Permanent Court o f h Arbitration at th e Peace Palace at T h e Hague . T e I nternational Law em was set u th e e e u is u n s e Acad y p by Carn gi Fo ndation , and f r i h d with a m T h m sp ecial curatoriu . e Counc il dec ided to trans it this recommend a

th e ssem th e e e u th . tion to A bly , to Carn gi Fo ndation and to e curatorium Th e Council further decided that wh en th e conf erence on inte rna tionas mes e e as c em e in th e s mme h law co tog th r , ont plat d ﬁr t rec o ndation of t e u s s s ul s e s nd m h j ri t , it ho d be a k d to con ider a to deter ine t e me thod s whereby th e Permanent Court o f Inte rnational Justice may be given rights of j urisdiction without a pre vious spec ial c onvention be tween th e parties ei s m s th e u ss sse s ur isd ic io b ng neces ary , apart fro case where co rt po e j t s without agreement be tween th e conte sting parties by virtue of treaties which are now in force .

T H E E E E E XX T E E 8 . OBLIGATIONS OF L AGU UND R ARTICL II OF H COV NANT (MANDATE S)

The Counc il dec ided at San Se bastian to procee d as follows in fulﬁlmen t of the obligations incurred by th e Le ague under Article XXII of th e Covenant

(1) To request the Principal Powers to name th e powers to whom e e c e th e m es e I e they have d cid d to allo at andat provid d for n Articl XXII , (b) to inform it as to th e frontiers of th e te rri tories to come under these mandate s ; (c) to c ommunicate to it th e te rms and th e conditions of th e mandates that they propose should be adopted by th e Council following th e prescriptions of Article XXI I . (2) To take cogniza nce of th e mandatory powers appointe d and to h mmu c e e soe examine t e draft mandates co ni at d to it , in ord r to a r ta in that they conform with the prescriptions of Article XXII of the

Covenant . (3) To notify to each power appointed that it is invested with th e e th e s me me mmu c e the e ms mandat , and , at a ti , to co ni at to it t r and c onditions . (4) To in struct th e Sec retary-General to prepare a draft scheme for th e organiza tion of th e Commission of Control provided for by Article 9 XXII , par . LE AGUE OF NATIONS

T h e Council takes a wide view o f th e powers of supervision ove r man T h e ea u m d a tor ies intrusted to th e League . L g e ust be satisﬁed that th e m e use of e e s mandatories ak a good th ir pow r , and that their administra th e es s th e e u tion conf orms with e int r t of nativ pop lation .

T h e u s u e th e ec e - e e Co ncil in tr ct d S r tary G n ral , in drawing up th e s eme f or th e mm ss e f or e 9 ch co i ion of control provid d by Articl XXII , , to have special regard to th e necessity of se tting up an absolute ly impartial u th e u e e s mm body . In partic lar Co ncil d cid d that thi co ission should m mem e s se m - m s contain a ajority of b r cho n fro non andatory power , and suggeste d that it might b e well to frame a rule whereby no member of th e Commission would vote upon a report o f th e state or empire of which h e w a s a representative . T h e Council again considere d th e mandates question during its session usse s esse u e mmu c s th e at Br l and addr d f rth r co ni ation to principal powers . te as s s u e s uss s s th e c s u It adop d , a ba i for f rth r di c ion , propo al for on tit tion of th e mandates commission drafte d by th e Secre tary- Ge ne ral in accord h u s ut ance with t e s ggestion p forward at San Sebastian . In view o f th e importance o f allowin g a s much time as possible to th e principal powers th e Council decide d that it woul d defer th e presentation to th e Assembly th e s of a report on this subject till late t possible date . — T H E E G Z C O - E 9 . INT RNATIONAL LABOR OR ANI ATION OP RATION BE TWE E N T H E SE CRE TARIAT A ND T H E INTE RNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE

Th e Council h as recognized th e Inte rnational Labor Organization as constitute d by th e ﬁrst Labor Conf erence held at Washington in

em e 1 9 19 h a s me th e e of c se o - Nov b r , , and afﬁr d principl a lo c opera tion be tween th e Internationa l Labor Ofﬁce and th e Secretariat of th e

Lea gue . Th e relations of th e Inte rnational Labor Ofﬁce with th e Secre tariat are s 398 399 of th e ea e s l s T h determined by Article and tr ty of V r ai le . e I n tern a tion al Labor Ofﬁce is e ntitled to th e assistance of th e Secre tary e th e e ue m e b e e th G neral of L ag in any att r in which it can giv n , and e ex penses of th e Labor Organization a re paid to th e Director of th e Labor

O th e - e e out th e e e u s of th e fﬁce by e Secr tary G n ral , of g n ral f nd Lea gue . Th e Direc tor of th e Labor Ofﬁce is responsible to th e Secretary- Ge neral u e al l m e s h im b ut th e f or th e proper e xpendit r of on y paid to , b udge t o f th e Labor Organization is approved by th e Governing Body of th e Labor

Organization . T h e Council approve d an arrangement made by th e Secre tary- General unde r which certain services Of th e Secretariat were common to both o r h e h es e e e gan izations during t e period wh n bot bodi w r locat d in London . T h e Council h as also sanctioned an advance of made by th e

LE AGUE OF NATIONS

s 7 . Plan for th e establishment of the Pe rmanent Cour t of Interna i t onal Justice . T h s m 8 . e e stabli h ent of a permanent organization to deal with c om munications and transit que stions falling within th e sphere of th e Le ague unde r th e treaty of Versailles . Th n u m 9 . e c o stit tion of a Per anent Economic and Fin an cial

Organization .

10 . Th e s u m e O in tit tion of a Per anent H alth fﬁce .

1 1 . Th e relations of th e Permanent Te chnica l Organizations of th e League with th e Council and with th e Assembly 1 2 : . Mandates Obligations of th e Lea gue under Article XXII of th e

Covenant . 13 e mi m . Pr li nary easure s for th e execution of Article XVI of th e

Covenan t (Th e Economic Weapon) .

14 . Th e appointment of a n ue repre sentative to ass ist in th e supervision over th e execution of agreeme nts with regard to th e trafﬁc in women and children . h 15 . T e claim of India to be represe nte d on th e Governing Body of th e

International Labor Ofﬁce .

E T H E E II . POLITICAL DUTI S OF L AGUE

E T E E A . SP CI AL OBLIG ATIONS ARISING O UT OF H TR ATY OF VE RSAILLE S

T H E F E E Z G 1 . R CITY OF DAN I

Paragraph 1 of Article 100 of th e treaty of pe ace of Versailles provid es that Germany shal l renounce in favor of th e Principal Allied and Asso c ia ted Powe rs all rights and titles ove r th e City and Te rritory of Danzig as deﬁned in th e ensuing paragraphs of th e Article . Article 1 02 of th e treaty of Ve rsail les provides that th e Principal Allie d and Associated Powers shall establish Danzig and th e territory e e e 100 th e e as ee be ce u e th e d ﬁn d in Articl of tr aty , a Fr City to pla d nd r e prot ction of th e Le ague of Nations . Article 103 provides that a constitution for th e Free City shall be drawn up by duly appointed repr ese nta tives of th e Free City in agree ment T h c o n tit with a High Commissioner to be appointed by th e Le ague . e s u

e u is be e u e th e u th e e ue . tion , wh n drawn p, to plac d nd r g aranty of L ag Th e High Commissioner is further intruste d unde r this Articl e with th e duty of dealing in th e ﬁrst instance with all diff erences aris ing betwee n Poland and th e Free City conce rning th e tre aty of Versailles and any su em s ppl entary arrangements or agree ment . e 1 04 e s th e e ms a re be Articl provid that a treaty , t r of which to e e s s be n gotiate d by th e Principal Allie d and Associate d Pow r , hall MAP OF FRE E CITY OF DANZIG LE AGUE OF NAT IONS concl uded between the Polish Government and th e Free City in order to assure to Poland th e e xercise of th e rights which sh e derives from s l t i h of h s thi artic e wi h n t e te rritory t e Free City . Thi treaty is to come i th h m o nto force at e same time as t e establish ent f th e Fr ee City . Th e n al e s th e m ce th e pri cip pow r , on co ing into for of treaty of e s es e Re n e em dm s of V r aill , appoint d Sir gi ald Tow r t porary a ini trator

Danzig . In order to expedite th e elaboration of the Constitution of Danz ig th e

u th e e ue ac u e e 1 03 . Co ncil of L ag , ting nd r Articl , appointe d Sir R Tower

mm ss e th e h ue . e al e h as us High Co i ion r of ag Sir R gin d Tow r , th , a two

' otﬁ H m dm s of o t ce . e is e r f r h e es an d fold t pora y a ini trator Danzig Alli , as High Commissioner f or th e Le ague h e is responsible for carrying into e ff ect th e ﬁrst part of Article 1 03 . As High Commissioner f or th e Le ague h e h as kept th e Council of th e League continuously inf ormed on all m e th atters r lating to th e preparation of e Cons titution .

Th e u i . e as mm ss e in Co ncil , in appo nting Sir R Tow r High Co i ion r , structed him to ar range for th e election of th e repre sentatives who were to dr aw up a constitution for th e Free City on as broad and democratic a basis as pos sible .

Th e Counc il subse quently approved a scheme submitted by Sir R . h Tower for electing th e representatives of th e c ity . T e Constituent n r Assembly met a d dr afted a Constitution . This Constitution w as p e se nted to th e Council d ur ing its session at B russels . T h e u c e e h me tun Co n il had not , how v r , at t at ti had any oppor ity of strid yin g th e treaty between Poland and Danzig as drafted by th e Con m w m o s e e ce ss s . as e e e e e e e f r n of A ba ador It f lt, or ov r , that th r w r p int in th s u u e c ul e mi a . Th e u c e Con tit tion which req ir d aref xa n tion Co n il , e e e d ec e th e ues of th e s u th e th r for , id d that q tion giving to Con tit tion guar anty of th e Lea gue and of takin g th e Free City under th e protec tion w d e of th e Le ague should b e postponed until its next meeting . It as cided at th e same time that th e Polish Government should b e invited to send a representative to attend th e Coun cil in order to present th e vie ws of th e Polish Gove rnment on th e Constitution and that th e Constituent Asse mbly shoul d b e asked to send a representative to Geneva when th e matter was disc usse d in order to give th e Council any inf ormation it might re qui re .

T H E A A 2 . S B BASIN

Under Article 48 of th e treaty of peace of Versailles th e Council of th e

‘' Le ague h a s nominated three of th e ﬁve memb ers of th e Saar Ih ontier

Delimitations Commission . T h e Council had further to nominate th e members of th e Governing Commission of th e Saar un der paragraphs 1 6 and 17 of Chapter II of th e MAP OF T H E SAAR B ASIN LE AGUE OF NATIONS

l mm ec 4 th e e of e s es . T h e ss Annex to S tion , Part III , of tr aty V r ai l Co i ion w as s s ﬁve mem e s m o n e w as b e r e on e to con i t of b r of who to F nch , a native of th e Saar and of whom three were to be natives of coun tries other e e m than Franc and G r any . T h e Governing Commission w as constitute d by th e Council a s foll ows

e c em e M R u es e Fr n h M b r . . . a lt (Pr id nt) d B Saar Membe r M . e och Major La mbert Count Moltke -H uitfeld t

u . Mr . Wa gh

O th e ee membe s es of un es e n ce f thr r , nativ co tri oth r tha Fran and e m th e s is B e th e se s th e G r any , ﬁr t lgian , cond Dani h , and third a

Canadian . T h e un su be mem e Co cil bsequently appointe d Dr . H . Hec tor to Saar b r mm th e ss ce o f . d e B c es e . of Co i ion in pla M o h , who r ign d T h e Council dec ided that th e Fre nch member of th e Commission should be president in view of th e spec ial economic intere sts of France in th e terr itory of th e Saar and th e close economic relationship which would have to b e maintaine d between th e Territory of th e Saar and th e provinces of Al sace and Lorraine . T h e e mm ss of th ese th e h ue o f Gov rning Co i ion e Saar , as repr nting ag s h as cc ce th e s uc s th e u c l su m e Nation , in a ordan with in tr tion of Co n i , b itt d regular monthl y reports upon its administration and upon general condi s th e e r of h tion in T r itory t e Saar . T h e Council h as taken an important decision on th e subjec t of petitions w as addresse d to it by th e inhabitants of th e Te rritory o f th e Saar . It e l e suc e s if m e th e u r a iz d that h p tition , allowed to co e dir ct to Co ncil , m w as e th e ul th u m . wo d i pair e a thority of th e Saar Govern ent It f lt , on e th u c u e n e e e s ad oth r hand , that e Co n il o ght to hav k owl dg of p tition esse th w n e a e s s ul dr d to e League . It as accordi gly decid d th t p tition ho d not be a s u s e u e e ss ddre sed directly to th e Council by individ al r q iring r dr , b ut me tha t they should in al l cases be addresse d to th e Saar Govern nt ,

u s ul m th u c l . who, in t rn , ho d forward the to e Co n i

3 E E ED . UP N AND MALM Y

U e t c e 34 th e e e s e s th e a ue is e ui e nd r Ar i l of tr aty of V r aill , Le g r q r d to decide whether th e transfer to B elgium of th e sovere ignty of Germany T h e e ue over th e districts of Eupe n and M almédy shall be definitive . L ag is required to decide th e question after th e B elgian Government h as communicate d to it th e result of a public expression of opinion held under th e us ces th e B e u es es e e th e e e a pi of lgian a thoriti , and d ign d to giv to p opl E UPE N- MALM EDY TRANSFE R CONF IRME D of th e districts an opportunity to rec ord their desire to see all or part o f th e u s m m n territory in q e tion re ain unde r Ge r a sovereignty . Du rin g this public expression of opinion th e Germa n Gove rnment addresse d to th e President of th e Supre me Counc il and to th e Sec re tary General of th e Le ague of Nation s a series of notes protesting that th e B elgian Government w as making it impossible for th e pe ople of E upen l d T h m and M a mé y freely to regis ter the ir wishes . e Ger an Government propose d that a Commission should be appointe d by th e League of Na tions to supervise th e consultation of th e pe ople in these di stricts . T h e Counc il of th e Ie ague took th e V iew that th e League had no right under th e treaty to intervene in Eupen an d Malmedy until th e B elgian Government had communicated th e results of th e c onsultation of th e e e u the of six m s sc e th e p opl , and ntil interval onth pre rib d by treaty had elapsed . T h e results of th e public expression of opinion were in d ue course c om n i th u h m T h e u d e mu ca ted to e Co ncil by t e Belgian Govern ent . Co ncil c ided that th e arrangements made by th e Belgian authorities for th e public expression of opinion were in conf ormity with th e spirit and lette r cl e 34 of th e e e s es e c ns e e th e of Arti tr aty of V r aill , and , aft r having o id r d s s th su e th B m German prote t and e re lts r ported by e elgian Govern ent, definitely confirmed the transfer of th e districts to th e sovereignty of

B elgium. T h e German Government proteste d against this dec ision in a communi

sse th e a - e e e e th c m cation ad dre d to e Secr t ry G n ral , in which it d ni d e o pe h h u tence of th e Council to deal with t e matte r . T e Co ncil during its session at Brussels afﬁrmed its competence under th e Covenant and d is th m cussed e Ger an protest . T h e Coun cil h as also had to c onsider a protest from th e German Government regarding an alleged breach of th e treaty of Versailles by th e Delimitation Commission charged with ﬁxing th e frontier be tween B um Th e u c ee C m e e e an Germany and elgi . Co n il did not f l o p t nt to tak y action in th e matter .

E E D E IN T H E E E O PE E A N D J E B . G N RAL UTI S INT R STS F AC USTIC

T H E E M E 1 . PROT CTION OF AR N IA

Th e Council o f th e Le ague w as notiﬁed by telegram on March 1 2 of a proposal put forward on behalf of th e Supreme Coun cil that Arme nia shOuld be placed unde r th e protec tion of th e Le ague of Nations . o t ea ue its e th e u eme u c ex T h e Council f h e L g , in r ply to S pr Co n il , pressed warm desire to co -ope rate in th e establishment of an Armenian

e e e s s . was e ese e Republic upon a safe and ind p nd nt ba i It r pr nt d , how LE AGUE OF NATIONS

e e th e e ue was s e m v r , that L ag not a tat ; that it had no ilitary or financial resources ; and that th e Covenant of th e Lea g ue did not conte mplate th e h u l exercis ing of a mandate by t e Le ag e itse f . T h e Council sugge ste d that th e future of th e Armenian nation would best be assured if a Member of th e Lea gue or some other power could be l e m e u found wi ling to acc pt a andat nder Article XXII . T h e Council offere d to inquire whether any Membe r of th e Leag ue ul cce m e me e th e u em wo d a pt a andat for Ar nia , provid d S pr e Council woul d assure to th e Republic of Armenia th e evac uation o f th e territories e u e th e e sec u e to th e e u c assign d to it nd r tr aty , r r p bli free access to th e se e th e e e se me e u a , and provid for d f n of Ar nian t rritory ntil it could be assure d by other means . T h e Council of th e League further asked th e S upreme Council whether it woul d give a provisional financial guaranty to th e indepe ndent R epublic of Armenia on th e unde rstandi ng that th e Council of th e League would rec ommend th e Assembly to put th e finances of th e republic on a soun d basis by guar anteeing a loan from all states Members of th e League . T h e Supreme Council subse quently inf ormed th e Counc il of th e League that it w as asking th e President of th e Unite d States whether th e Unite d es me c u acce m e me a w Stat of A ri a wo ld pt a andat for Ar ni , and that it as further inviting h im to arbitrate on th e boundaries be tween Tur ke y and me in th e l e s E ze um e B s Ar nia vi ay t of r r , Tr bizond , Van and itli , and on th e h question of th e access of Arme nia to th e sea . T e Supreme Council un ’ d er took to c ommunicate to th e ~ C ounc il of th e Lea gue President Wilson s e c s e th e m e u e in c se c su t r ply , and to on id r att r f rth r lo on ltation wi h th e

Coun cil of th e League . T h e Council of th e League in a reply to thi s intimation o f th e Supreme u 29 s h w as e s s e th e s u th Co ncil on May , aid t at it w ll ati ﬁ d with ol tion of e m em su es e th e u eme u c b ut th Ar enian probl gg t d by S pr Co n il ; that , in e e ess s u th e ues u e u e v nt of it be ing nec ary to t dy q tion f rth r , it wo ld be happy to kn ow that th e Supreme Council w a s prepare d to e xamine th e points pre viously submitted in orde r that some other power might be T h u th e u induced to accept a mandate . e Co ncil of Leag e again declared that it w as ready to do all in its power to assist th e Supre me Council in assuring th e future security o f Armenia . On Septe mber 20 th e Council instructed th e Se creta ry- General to ask th e Supreme Council whether it desired th e Council of th e Le ague to submit to th e Assembly th e proposals f or assisting Armenia pre viously ut cu r as e r s th e c u n be u s e p forward , parti la ly r ga d ﬁnan ial g ara ty to f rni h d to Armenia by th e Members of th e Lea gue . T h e Counc il h as rece ived several direct appea ls from th e Armenian O 1 3 th e es e th me n e e Gove rnment . n May Pr id nt of e Ar nia D l gation in Paris had informed th e President of th e Council of th e Lea gue of th e

LE AGUE OF NATIONS

3 . T H E E O E IN O D A N D G I PROT CTION F MINORITI S P LAN , AUSTRIA BUL AR A

T h e treaty be twee n Poland and th e Principal Allied and Assoc iated e s i nter ali a f o r th e ec of e s ns e Pow r , providing , , . prot tion p r o b longing to l e us n u s c m es w as e s mul e us racia , r ligio or li g i ti inoriti , ratiﬁ d i tan o ly with th 1 2 of e treaty of peace of Versaill es . Article this treaty provides that th e stipul ations of Articles 1 to 1 1 constitute obligations of inte rnational e s c me u th e u of th of conc rn , and that they hall o nder g aranty e League

Nations . T h e Council on February 1 1 noted its obligations and consente d to g uarantee th e stipulations of Articles 1 to 1 1 so far a s they affect pe rsons

e e us or u s m es . b longing to racial , r ligio ling i tic inoriti

4 T E E . H E R CIPROCAL MIG RATION O F MINORITIE S IN G RE E CE A ND BUL G ARIA

c e 8 of th e e c u e on N em e 27 1 919 e ee Arti l tr aty oncl d d ov b r , , b tw n Greece and B ulgaria concerning th e rec iprocal and voluntary emigration e c e us or u s c m es eece B u of thni al , r ligio ling i ti inoriti in Gr and lgaria , provides f or th e nomination by th e Council of th e Lea gue of two members th e m th of Mixed Com ission in trusted with th e execution of e treaty . T h w n 0 m e 20 th e u e e as e o i 9 1 92 . On e e tr aty ratifi d Apr l , S pt b r , Co ncil s l e th e m e s s s s es provi iona ly approv d no ination of two p r on , national of tat s e es e th e ues s hi c th e mm ss e di int r t d in q tion with w h Co i ion will d al , and instructed its acting president to take such steps as were necessary f or m m aking final appoint e nts . Th e u is s e c l e ec s e c e u Co ncil , in taking th t p , re al d a d i ion , r a h d d ring its sess i 1 9 19 c e th e ec of m es ion in Apr l , , onc rning prot tion inoriti in u e c se m e th e mem e s th e e T rk y , and , in on nting to no inat two b r of Mix d mm ss m s th e se ce m e al me s Co i ion , for ally tated that , in ab n of any at ri an e c e s mus be u e s th e mem e s th e for nfor ing a d ci ion , it t nd r tood that b r of Commission would fulfill their duties under th e authority and on behalf o f e e B Gre c and ul garia . T h e Council during its session at Brussels similarly note d and accepted its obligations under th e treaty of peace be tween th e Allied and Asso c iated Powers and Austria signed at St- Germain-cn -Laye on Septembe r 10 1 9 19 un e th e ea of e ce e ee th e ed ss c e , , and d r tr ty p a b tw n Alli and A o iat d

- - e s an d B u s u l e on em e 27 1 9 19 . Pow r lgaria ign ed at Ne i ly sur Se in Nov b r , It is right and th e duty of th e powers represente d on th e Council to call attention to any inf raction or danger of inf raction of any of th e obli n n m mse es or e gatio s toward minorities . Mi orities ay the lv petition r port th e e ue b ut th e u is nl c m e e e the m e to L ag , Co ncil o y o p t nt to d al with att r on i if e of ts Membe rs ac tually draws attention to it .

T h e un c h a s e e th e e e - e e m Co il d cid d that S cr tary G n ral , in confor ity with PE RSIA INVOKE S ARTICLE X I th e practice alread y adopte d f or all documents distrib uted for its inf orma s l su o r ll m tion , hal forward all ch pe titions reports to a Me bers of the e ue e u e c L ag , a proc d r whi h will insure publicity for any case that may m a se . T h e Council during its session at Brussels formally invited its members to draw th e special attention of their Governments to th e d uties laid o n th e powers represented on th e Council in connec tion with th e protection m of inorities .

T H E E E 5 . APP AL OF P RSIA To T H E LE AG UE

e s se e ee e e s em d P r ia , who t rritory had b n invad d by Sovi t troop , d an ed that th e Council of th e League should b e summoned in accordance with th s s of h m e c e . T e e s n e e s e 29 provi ion Arti l XI P r ia Gov rn nt a k d , on May , f or mee of th u h i m on 4 e t e u c sse e u e 1 . a ting Co ncil , and Co n l a bl d J n T h e u ns e e s e not nl c Co ncil co id r d thi app al , o y with referen e to Article b ut s e e e ce A th XI , al o with r f r n to rticle X of e Cove nant . Under Article “ X th e Me mbers of th e League undertake to respec t an d preserve as against external aggression th e territorial integrity and existing political m h % e e e ce all e e s t e e ue . c se suc ess ind p nd n of M b r of L ag In a of h aggr ion , h e or e th e u c is se u th e m ic or t r at dang r of it, Co n il to advi pon eans by w h h i l b l ts obligations sha l e fulﬁ led . T h e e ces e e e es s e E ze an d e e s be Sovi t for w r th n tabli h d at n li , w r aid to

us th e e . e n i e e s e e p hing forward into int rior M a wh l , n gotiation w r pro ceed ing between th e Government of th e Soviets and th e Gove rnment of e s ce Fir ouz sat as th mem e e si on th e P r ia ; and Prin , who e b r for P r a u l e s m e was u e scuss wa s s es e e Co nci whil thi att r nd r di ion , al o in corr pond nc l ms esse with th e Government o f th e Sovie ts . It w as a leged in tele gra addr d th m e ese s by M . Chicherin to e Persian Govern ent and in r pr ntation to i m Kr in w a s e th e B s e e m d e . ass rit h Gov rn nt a by M , who th n in London , a th me th e s es e e e s e s th t e Govern nt of e Sovi t d ir d fri ndly r lation with P r ia , and that it had issue d orders for th e withdrawal of th e Soviet forces from

Persian waters and Persian territory . T h e e s e me w as e th e unc met e P r ian Gov rn nt , wh n Co il , awaiting a r ply from th e Soviet Government to a telegr am which had bee n sent to M os m s e f or c s of e ce co w on June 1 2 . In this telegra Persia had a k d ondition p a

- which would eff ectual ly re establish h er territorial inte grity . T h e e s u e u th e me s e Council decided that , b for advi ing f rth r pon an by ul be u e which th e obligations prescribed by th e Covenant sho d f lﬁll d , it should await th e result of th e negotiations then in progress be tween th e e c e i e Persian Government and th e Soviet authorities . It xpli itly r cogn z d h s e es s ea ce that th e Persian Government had acted in t e be t int r t of p , and that it had rightly appeal ed to th e fundamental principle of co ope ration w laid do n by th e Covenant . LE AGUE O F NATIONS

T H E E E E E WE E A ND LA D E T E 6 . DISPUT B TW N S D N FIN N CONC RNING H AAL AND ISLANDS T h e B ritish Government reque sted that a special meeting of th e u s u be summ e c s e th e se th e l s Co ncil ho ld on d to on id r ca of Aa and I lands . Th e action of th e B ritish Government w as based on th e friendl y right conf erred on Membe rs of th e League by Ar ticle XI of th e Covenant to bring to th e attention of th e Council any matte r affecting international relations and threatening to disturb th e good understanding be tween ns T h e c se th e a s natio upon which pe ace depends . a of A land I lands then in dispute be tween Finl and and Sweden appeared to fall within th e scope of th e article . T h e Council dealt with th e case un der paragraph 4 of Article IV of th e e as m e e th e e ce th e e Cov nant a att r aff cting p a of world , and appli d as h Ar se as ss e t e es c es . clo ly po ibl principl of ti l XII , XV and XVII During th e se venth and ninth sessions of th e Council at which th e case

was c ns e ed . B th e e ese e e e sat as mem o id r , M ranting , r pr ntativ of Sw d n , a ber th u un h n k ll e c e t e e . . E e th of Co n il der Articl IV of Cov nant M e , e e ese e of al s e e th e u i th e ns r pr ntativ Finland , o att nd d Co nc l with co ent of

we e u l n w as et mem e th e e u . S d n , tho gh Fin a d not y a b r of L ag e At th e se ven th session of th e Council th e two parties each presented e me th ir point of V iew and supported it with various argu nts . Finl and claimed that the ease fell under paragraph 8 of Article XV of th e e an d ue th ues s su m e th e u c e Cov nant , arg d that e q tion b itt d to Co n il f ll within th e domestic j urisdiction of Finland and within th e sphere of h er sovere ignty .

Sweden asd that a plebiscite should b e held in th e islands . B th e se es e e es th e s e s e e y con nt of both parti , d l gat of Aaland I land r w r m ad itted to present a declaration . T h e u c e if th e e m e u e n a Co n il observ d that , P r an nt Co rt of Int r ation l us ce l e e es s e th e ue s e e th e s u e J ti had a r ady be n tabli h d , q tion wh th r di p t between Finland and Sweden shoul d be regarded as sol ely within th e domestic j ur isdiction of Finland under paragraph 8 of Article XV of th e

Covenant would naturally have bee n referred to that body . th e se e th e e m e u th e u c e e th e In ab nc of P r an nt Co rt , Co n il d cid d with cons ent of Swe den and Finl and to ask for an opinion from a special C om mission of thr ee I n ternationalQ Jur ists appointed for th e purpose . T h e Commission w as asked to answer th e two following questions

a h h un c on th e ues . Does t e Swedish case as presented to t e Co il q tion of th e Aaland Islands arise out of a matter which by in ternational law is solely within th e j urisdiction of Finl and within th e meaning of paragraph 8 of Article XV of th e Covenant % b i s e a . What s th e prese nt state of th e inte rnational obligation r g rding th e demilitarization of th e Aaland Islands % RE FE R CASE TO RAPPORTE URS

M ean h e th e u eal e e s w il , Co ncil app d to both parti to do al l in the ir power durin g th e consideration of th e case by th e Council n ot to cause th e s s B u any aggravation of e xi ting po ition . M . ranting p blicly read a declaration engaging th e Swedish Government to undertake nothin g

c cu ed c e se th e e s e s . Enck ll al lat to in r a xi ting t n ion , and M e publicly stated that th e Government of Finl and would take into account th e wishes ex t presse d by h e Le ague of Nations . T h e mm ss u s s sa t m u us 3 e m T Co i ion of J ri t fro A g t to S pte be r 5 . h e conclusions of th e Committee were a s follows :

a T h de acto s l th u . e f po ition which ed to e disp te between Swed en and ’ Fin land arose at a moment when Finland had not yet acquire d th e n T h s u o characte r of a deﬁ itely constitute d state . e di p te does n t fall ex c us e th e e s e of l l iv ly within t rritorial over ignty Fin and , and international law does not leave th e question of th e Aaland Islands to th e e xclusive i h i compe tence of Finl and . T h e Counc l of t e League s competent to rec ommend any solution which it may regard as most equitable and e xped ie nt . A h m h b. s regards t e de ilitarization of t e Aaland Islands th e stipula of h r tions t e Convention and Treaty of Paris of 185 6 a e still in force . Each in terested state accordingly h a s th e right to claim respec t for these stipul ations and whoe ver possesses th e island s must conf orm to th e ob im ligations posed by these stipulations . T h e Counc il resume d th e examination of th e question of th e Aaland

Islands during its e ighth session held in Paris in Septembe r . “ Th e Council resolved on Septembe r 20 that th e question presented an e l s e u its c s e th e c m e int rnationa a p ct , which bro ght on id ration within o p % s th u s m se u tence of th e League . It laid stres on e d tie i po d pon it by Articles XI and IV of th e Covenant in th e inte rests of pe ace be tween na “ s e e se c m e e m e ec mme s tion , and d clar d it lf o p t nt to ak any r o ndation ’ % which it might deem j ust and proper in th e case . It decided to appoint a Commission of Rapporteurs charged with th e u of u th e u i th e s es me e u e th e d ty f rnishing Co nc l , in hort t ti r q ir d for ecess sul s n e th e e m e e es s o f n ary con tation , and havi g r gard to l giti at int r t es c e e e r l e e me n all parti onc rn d , with a r po t which wi l nabl it to fra a fi al or provisional settlement of th e question and to establish conditions % favorable to th e maintenance of peace in that part of th e world . T h ese e of T h e two parties accepted this proced ure . e repr ntativ Fin c ze th e e th e u s s m e m land , however , ritici d r port of j ri t and ad a for al s tatement to th e eff ect that Finl and reserved to herself th e right to main tain that sh e possessed an exclusive compe tence to take a decision on th e subj e ct of a plebiscite in th e islands . T h e u th e e ce cu th e Co ncil anticipated that , owing to x ptional diffi lty of em u e ess e e was s probl , a certain delay wo ld be n c ary b for it in a po ition to e e e ec s e th e n e es e e nme s giv a d finit d ision , and it a k d i t r t d Gov r nt to LE AGUE OF NATIONS

use f or u c ed e avoid giving any ca p bli irritation in Sw n , Finland , or in th e o a s th e ues em e sub di s u e. islands, long q tion r ain d j c T h e Council at th e same time noted th e spe cial inte rest taken by Russ th e es n of th e s s s a ia in d ti y Aaland I land , and t ted that it would u l es e e th e V e s uss o n th e su e nat ral y d ir to h ar i w of R ia bj ct , when sh e had me e m th e e e s sh e un e rg d fro xc ptional po ition in which fo d herself . B e en s me mi s e of ff m e s for B e u . Baron y , a for r ni t r for ign a air lgi , M Cal me es e of th e ss e e onder , a for r Pr id nt Swi F d ration , and Signor Maggiorino e rraris e th e m of m m F , S nator of Kingdo Italy , have bee n appointed e bers of o f th e Commission Rapporteurs . T h e Commission has already begun its preliminary studies . Th e Aaland islanders inte rprete d th e conclusion of th e j urists regardin g th e compe tence of th e Council to mean that a plebiscite woul d at once be held in th e islands to determin e whether they should b e atta ched to

Sweden or to Finl and . T h e Council d uring its session at B russel s decided to address a letter th e s e s e in s e u mus b e to i land r , xplain g that thi d d ction t not drawn from th e e of th e u s s e s as th e u u se m r port j ri t , and that no for ca t to f t re ttle ent of th e dispute could have th e slightest val ue until th e Commission of Rapporte urs had supplied th e Council with th e information necessary to T enable it to come to a deﬁnitive dec ision . h e islanders were meanwhile m asked to refrain fro any irritating or provocative action . T h e two par ties were inf ormed of th e dispatch of this letter .

T H E E E EE D A D 7 . DISPUT B TW N POLAN N LITHUANIA

Sa ieh a th e s m s e f or e s m th Prince p , Poli h ini t r for ign affair , infor ed e Council o f th e League by telegram on September 5 that th e Polish Gov ern ment desire d th e intervention of th e Council in order to pre vent war

e ee an d u . T h e u i n e me con b tw n Poland Lith ania Lith an a Gov rn nt , in m e II th e e c e e for s s u e th e for ity with Articl XV of Cov nant, a c pt d thi di p t obligations of a Member of th e League and intrusted Professor Vold emar h u ss nf Th e with full powers to give to t e Co ncil all nece ary i ormation .

Polish Government w as represented by M . Pade rewski . Th e Polish representative state d that th e danger of war arose from th e presence of Lithuan ian troops to th e west of th e pr o vrsronal frontier assigned to Poland by th e declaration of th e Supreme Council of Decem b er 8 , 1 9 19 . T h e Lithuanian representative said that Lith uania h ad no knowledge of th e frontier ﬁx ed by th e Supreme Council and that under a treaty which cl u th e e me of th e e s on u 1 2 e it had con ded with Gov rn nt Sovi t J ly , anoth r h th e frontier had been partially de termine d . Under t e treaty with Soviets this other frontier w as to have been complete d by an agreement COMMISSION ON POLISH FRONT

be c u ed e ee uan to con l d b tw n Lith ia and Poland , and negotiations were pro ceed ing at Kalvarya for the concl usion of peace between th e two countries m e upon a per an nt basis. T h e Council w a s not asked to propose a final settl ement of th e d is u e b ut its mme e e e p t , i diat int rv ntion appeared to be necessary in order to obtain a provisional acceptance by th e two countries of a line of demarka o th s of tion f e z one oc cupation . T he most important factor in th e problem w as the presence within u e s th e e m Lith anian t rritory of troop of Sovi t Govern ent . T h e Lithuanian representative state d that th e Government of th e e s w as e e e m o f Sovi t pr par d , according to a t legra M . Chicherin o f Se pte m be r 5 e u e th e e th e r , to vac at whol of te ritory of Lithuania provided th e Lithuanian Government could guarantee that th e neutral ity of Lithuania would be respec ted by Poland . u n ese ns e s the u Acting po th co id ration Co ncil , by a resolution adopted s e e m e 20 esse u e in Pari on S pt b r , addr d an rg nt appeal to th e Governments of Lithuania and Poland to ta ke immediately all necessary measur es to e en s e s e ee e s th pr v t any ho til act b tw n th ir troop , and e representative s of Lithuania and Poland publicly undertook to recommend their Govern h ments to act immediately in t e sense desired . T h e Council further proposed that th e two Governments should bind themselves by th e following mutual undertakings : ( 1) T h e Lithuanian Government adopts as a provisional line o f em ese all its e s d arkation , r rving t rritorial right , and awaiting th e resul t its ec e s th e e e t m of dir t n gotiation with Poland , fronti r fix d by h e Supre e u c th e es in its e ecem e 8 1 9 1 9 and u Co n il of Alli d claration of D b r , , nder takes to withdraw its troops from th e territory to th e west of this line : 2 T he me of un e a es ese its e al ( ) Govern nt Poland d rt k , r rving all t rritori s es e u th e ess e ee th e right , to r p ct d ring war now in progr b tw n Poland and G e me of th e e s th e eu O e e u e ov rn nt Sovi t , n trality f th t rritory occ pi d by u th e e s of th e e em e s e e e Lith ania to a t lin of d arkation abov p cifi d , provid d respe ct f o r thi s neutrality b e also secured from th e Soviet authorities by

Lithuania . T h e Council declared that it was ready to appoint a Commission in trusted with th e duty Of insuring on th e spot th e strict observation by th e inte rested parties of th e obligations arising from their reciprocal under T h e e s ese e ese es on th e ta kings . Fr nch , Spani h and Japan r pr ntativ Council were instructed to receive the replies of the two Governments and to afford them any assistance they might require . was e u e w as e T h e Commission of Control appoint d witho t d lay , and abl 4 T h u of th mm s to begin its work on th e spot on October . e a thority e Co i es th e mm ss w as e e ion w as accepted by both parti , and Co i ion nabl d to secure in th e district of Suwalki th e retreat of th e Polish and Lithuanian LE AGUE OF NATIONS troops to a distance of six kilometers on either side of th e line of De cem e 7 th e mm ss h su e e s u ber 8 . By Octob r Co i ion ad cce d d in ec ring th e a c c ta nce of m s ce th e e e s ep an ar i ti along whol front , and an xten ion toward th e east of th e line of demarkation rende red necessary by th e positions then occupied by th e Lithuanian and Polish troops . e ile th e mm ee th e u e c s n t u M anwh , Co itt of Co ncil k pt in on ta t o ch with th u e representatives of Poland and Lith ania, rece ived their complaints and intervene d to sec ure th e removal of grie vances . D uring this period th e repre sentatives of Lithuania in London and Pari s addressed a series of protests to th e Council against th e c ontinue d advance of Polish troops across th e line of demarkation to place s never m m m 27 before in the ir occupation . These co plaints cul inated on Septe be r ’ in a request from th e Charge d affaires for Lithuania in London that th e Council should at once b e convened un der Articles XI and XVII of th e

T - Covenan t to examine th e position there created . h e Sec retary General in answer to this request said that th e situation w as rece iving th e careful e th e c mm ee th e un c and ul sess att ntion of A ting Co itt of Co il , that a f l ion ,

e essa u u ess be e . if n c ry , wo ld do btl conven d T h e position which had confronted th e Council on Se pte mbe r 20 w as e e n e O e 20 e th e un ci c ns e e th e ntir ly cha g d by ctob r , wh n Co l again o id r d

ues u sse s . I n th e s ce th e s s e th e q tion in Br l ﬁr t pla , Poli h troop had driv n e m m d n m il m s e eace Sovi t ar y fro Gro o and fro V na , and an ar i tic , with p e m es ee s e R e ee th e S ie pr li inari , had b n ign d at iga b tw n Poland and ov t

e u c . th e sec ce Oc e 8 e e Zeli ow ski th e R p bli In ond pla , on tob r G n ral g , at e s h ad e e e l c me e me u de h ad of a divi ion , nt r d Vi na and pro lai d a gov rn nt n r “ % th e title of T h e Government of Central Lithuan ia . T h e Polish representative during th e session at Brussels said that th e

Polish Government was not re sponsible for what had occurred . It had e u e Zeli ow ski ha d ec e h e w as as r p diat d General g , and d lar d that acting a m ul i e e e . T h e e n e e e n as e r b l e Polis h Gov rn nt co d not i t rv n at V l a , G n ral Zeli owski w th of nal is m veme g as at e head a natio t and patriotic o nt , with T h e which th e Polish nation w as fundamental ly in sympathy . e Gov rn ment claimed that th e districts where General Zeligo wski had assumed ul al e se e ca c e m control wo d , if low d to ttl their politi l destiny, de id to beco e h attache d to Poland rathe r t an to Lithuania . T h e u c s usse th m th e ese ce th e re re Co n il , having di c d e atter in pr n of p senta tives of u i se ha ublic e ess Lith an a and Poland , propo d t t a p xpr ion of s u be e u e th e us s su e vis th e ea ue opinion ho ld tak n nd r a pice and p r ion of L g , whereby th e inhabitants of th e disputed territory e ast of th e line ﬁxed by th e u eme u c on De em e 8 19 19 m ee e ess e S pr Co n il c b r , , ight fr ly xpr th ir s es on th e su e e m th e s o wi h bj ct of th ir atta ch ent e ither to tate f Lithuania , th e se of se e me w as e w as at who Gov rn nt th n at Grodno , or to Poland . It understood that the Coun cil woul d determine th e extent and boundaries

LE AGUE OF NATIONS th h T e supervision oi th e Council o f t e League . h e Supreme Council t e ques ted th e Coun cil of th e Lea g ue to tak e charge of th e matte r and th e

Coun cil Considered this re quest on March 12 . T h e Coun cil decided to ask th e Gov ernment o f th e Soviets whether they were prepared to give to th e proposed commission of , inquiry th e

l o - e ess es f r e . e e th e ec e e e n c ary faci iti th ir work M anwhil , S r tary G n ral w as authorize d to assist in th e organization of th e commission and o f th e h c m secreta riat of t e om ission . T h e e e me e ess mess e e 1 0 e e Sovi t Gov rn nt , in a wir l ag dat d May , agr d c e th e m ss uss o f e e o f th e e ue in prin ipl to ad i ion into R ia a d l gation L ag , b ut all eged that it could not f or military rea sons ad mit at that time any d elegation among th e membe rs of which there were represen tative s of nations ac tively supporting Poland in th e Ukraine .

I n u e e m s c e m s on 25 . a f rth r tel gra di pat h d fro Mo cow , May , M Chi cherin accuse d th e League of having allowed full liberty to one of its mem e s me c Russ th e e . H e u e b r , na ly Poland , to atta k ia in Ukrain f rth r drew attention to th e attitude of other Members o f th e League who were H i assisting Polan d by sending war material and military instructors . s mess e w as m u e so a s u ag (which inco plete ly transmitte d) concl d d , far co ld b e ascer ta ined with s em f or e s s se u w a s , a tat ent that r a on of national c rity it imposs ible for th e Government of th e Soviets to send a favorable answer th e u h to req est of t e Counc il . Th e Coun cil of th e Le ag ue ﬁnally decide d that the se communications amounted to a refusal on th e part of th e Russian Government to rece ive th e c mm ss of n u th e e w as e . o i ion i q iry , and proj ct abandon d

2 T H E E E E E . INT RNATIONAL FINANCIAL CONF R NC

Th e decision to hold an International Financial Conference under th e us es o f th e e u w s e th se sess o f th e u a pic L ag e a tak n at e cond ion Co ncil , o n e u 1 3 h w s u th e ese F br ary . T e obj ect of th e Conf erence a s to t dy pr nt

e a s s uss eme es . int rn tional ﬁnancial po ition , and to di c r di It was decided that th e conference should b e convened by a committee composed of memb ers o f th e Council nominated by th e president o f th e u th m s th e e e u b e Co ncil for e ti e be ing . It w a hope d that e conf r nc wo ld e mee abl to t in May . T h e preparations f or th e conference were intruste d to a Committee o f O es e e e e e u e e - e e rganization pr id d ov r by J an Monn t , D p ty S cr tary G n ral th e f o r th e e - e e a ll of Le ague . M . Monnet h a s acted e S cr tary G n ral in m e s h u c su se ue att r relating to th e Financial Conference . T e Co n il b q ntly e appoint d Gustave Ador President of th e Conference .

hi - s T rty nine countries were represente d at th e conf erence . Invitation e e ssue 37 em e s th e ue th e e me s u em w r i d to M b r of e L ag , and Gov rn nt of L x D E L AY IN CALLING CONFE RE NC E

u Es u s b rg , Finland , thonia , Latvia and Lith ania were al o invite d to se nd e e es e th e s uss e m e s e e d l gat to tak part in di c ion , wh n att r conc rning th ir u es e e e e th h co ntri w r b for e conference . T e United States Government w a s e e th e th f invit d to participat in work of e con erence . It w as throughout realize d that th e conference could n o t dea l a d e quately with th e existing financial situation unl ess Germany and h e r late l s s h a lie were repre ente d . Invitations were issue d to and accepted by t e m o m w s ss Govern ents f Ger any and Austria . An invitation a al so addre ed to Bulgaria . It w as furthe r re alized that it woul d b e necessary for th e c on ference to have exact information o n th e financial Obligations o f G er th e of many unde r treaty Versailles . In this connection it shoul d b e note d that th e Reparation Commission w as invite d to se nd a representative . s n h u m e s re . u e e o of t e M Bo rg oi , who act d behalf Co ncil in all att r th e f e e e e e e m th e s m ess lating to Financial Con r nc , nd avor d fro fir t to i pr upon th e Supreme Council th e importance of coming to an early decis ion th e m m w as e th e c e e e regarding e G r an inde nity . It hop d that onf r nc at Spa would b e able to notify th e Council o f th e Le ague o f its decisions in me f or th e e e e e ee e e e l s e ti conf r nc , which had alr ady b n r p at d y po tpon d , to b e held o n July 23 . O 4 of th u me u u 1 e e . e i es de e e n J ly , how v r , M D lacro x , Pr i nt S pr Co ncil

me . B u e s th e u eme u w as u e at Spa , infor d M o rg oi that S pr Co ncil nabl to give t o th e Cou ncil of th e Le ague any usefu l or precise indica tions as to th e decisions which would b e taken by th e Allies in regard to th e German

D . B u s m . . e su se u e e e inde nity M lacroix b q ently t l graph d to Mr alfo r , a king th e Le ague of Nations to postpone th e International Financial Confer m 1 ence until after Septe be r 5 . h eme u e ue s s s eme e esse th e T e S upr Co ncil , in r q ting thi po tpon nt , xpr d hope that it would b e able to f urn ish th e Council of th e Le ague be fore

Septe mbe r 1 5 with th e inf ormation requ ire d . T h e Council of th e Le ague during its eighth session at San Sebastian th f e e e s u e e b e e e e m e decide d that e con r nc ho ld , in any v nt , h ld on S pt b r w a s e e e e e th e u eme u l 25 . It d cid d that , if b for that dat S pr Co nci had th u th ue o f its e s s th e e e ce fail e d to notify e Co ncil of e Le ag d ci ion , conf r n should b e instructed to conﬁne itself to que stions which we re un relate d to th e German in de mn ity . u s e e s of e f or th e c nf e e e m M . Bo rge oi had pr par d a li t ag nda o r nc fro m ee m e which al l questions relating to th e German inde nity had b n o itt d , and h e propose d that th e pre sident of th e confe rence should b e instructed w a s u e s n ot to go beyond th e limits Of this restricte d list . It nd r tood that , m if before th e ope ning o f th e conference th e Supreme Council had co mun ica t d its s s th e f e e e m b e e o f em and th e e deci ion , con r nc ight notiﬁ d th LE AGUE OF NATIONS

th f e e m president of e con er nc ight take the m into account in d eal mg Wi th th e e o f th e f e e e th e me its ag nda con r nc and thod of work . h Meanwhile t e Ge rman Gove rnment w a s warned that th e president of th e c onference had instru ctions from th e Council of th e League to excl ude from deliberations all questions still under discussion be tween

Ge rmany and th e Allies . T h e c e e e met o n e em e 24 1 920 sat u l O onf r nc S pt b r , , and nti ctobe r 8 . T h e report of th e confe rence w a s conside re d by th e Council during its session at B russels . T h e recommendations of th e confe rence have already bee n forwarde d s to al l th e Government which participated . It the refore seems unn ec es s e ume e em s e . D e th e u ary to n rat th in thi r port ir ct action by Co ncil w a s , m e e e ess one u . T h how v r , n c ary in i portant partic lar e conf e re nce r ec o m me e i nter ali a e nd d , , that an int rnational organization should b e formed and place d at th e disposal o f state s de siring credit for th e pu rpose o f pay e esse m s f or s u ing for th ir ntial i port , and that thi p rpose a committee o f ﬁnanciers and busine ss men should b e nominated fo rthwith by th e u i of th e e ue in e e e th e me su Co nc l L ag , ord r to d ﬁn a res necessary to give mm particular e ffe ct to this reco endation . T h e Council de sire d to es tablish this committe e at th e earli est possible I ts e s e th e s u E date . d ci ion r garding con tit tion of an conomic and Finan c ial Organization of th e League forms th e subj ect of a special report to th e Assembly .

I A O F T H E E E I T H E E E I I . CTION L AGU N G N RAL INT E RE STS

OF H UMANITY .

T H E G G I 1 . CAMPAI N A AINST TYPHUS N POLAND

T h e Council during its third session adopte d a re sol ution askin g th e e e e e w a s to me e International H alth Conf r nc , which t in London toward h n d to su m s o f u e Of f o t e e of April , b it to it plan nit d ﬁcial action r th e pro tection of Poland and other countrie s lying to th e we st of Russia from the epide mic of typhus . T h e He alth Conference recommende d that th e Council Of th e M ag ue should appoint an executive commission to work in c o - ope ration with th e Polish authorities and th e authorities of th e countries likely to possess h R e d ss s t e e ue e es . surpl us material , and with L ag of Cro Soci ti ese e mme s th e u of th e e Acting on th r co ndation , Co ncil L ague ap pointe d Kenyon Vaughan Morgan to be Chief Commissioner for th e m b e e mm ss e f or t D r . e h e col League , and Nor an Whit to M dical Co i ion r e s of th e e ess s u s l ction , organization and di patch n c ary ho pital nit and

ff e - e e w as u e m e m n ns sta . Th e Secr tary G n ral a thoriz d to ak any no i atio e e th e E e u e mm which might b e necessary to compl t x c tiv Co ittee . MONE Y RAISE D F O R CAMPAIGN

m on th e D r e n es e s . m Aft r an i v tigation ad pot by Nor an White , th e h ague Commissioners dr afte d a plan o f co - operation with th e Polish

s of e th e R ed ss e es . Mini try H alth and. Cro Soci ti Th e London conference stated that th e campaign would have to b e ce th e e me s and th e R ed ss c e s ﬁnan d by Gov rn nt , not by Cro So i tie , whose T h of means were limited . e total cost th e campaign was estimate d at ll 3% mi ion sterling . T h e Council decide d that it would try to raise 2 millions s terling from th e Governments and make a further appeal to private generosity through th e Le ague of R ed Cross Socie ties . T h e Secre tary- General w as authorized to appeal at once to th e Govern me s of 28 s es u s th e e u e nt tat for contrib tion toward r q ir d , and h s o h . u w as t e e e e e n t e un c u Mr Balfo r , who r pr ntativ Co il intr ste d with s eal on e th e ea ue e e e thi app b half of L g , nd avor d to obtain f or H s u e m th B s m immediate use . e ec r d fro e riti h Govern ent a promise to u s e mi sum e u contrib te to thi pr li nary , provid d fo r other powers

. B u e were al so prepared to respond Mr . alfo r th reupon appealed to th e e me s of e n th e Gov rn nt Franc , Italy , Japa , Spain and Netherlands . France replied that sh e would contribute on th e same conditions as Great but th e me o f th e u i mee e s u Britain , at ti Co nc l ting at San S ba tian no f rther deﬁnite contributions to th e preliminary sum of had been prom ised by th e states addres sed . Dr me n i e es e th e s of mm . Vaughan Morgan a wh l r ign d po t High Co is sioner for th e League in th e absence of th e f unds necessary to start th e m m th e u c s e Dr . e cce th e s of ca paign , and Co n il a k d Nor an Whit to a pt po t i Acting High Commissioner in h s place . T h e Counc il while at San Sebastian w as inf ormed that there w as o s em c of us th u um serious danger f a greatly increa ed epid i typh in e a t n . u e m e u e e th e Mr . Balfour accordingly nd rtook to ak a f rth r app al to e me s u e h is e ues th e u c all in e Gov rn nt , and rg d coll ag on Co n il to do th ir ff of power to make h is appeal succe ssful . O ers contributions to th e general fund of were receive d from B elgium Greece Canada Per sia and Siam Poland has intimate d that th e ann ual credit of marks allotted in th e Polish budge t to th e campaign against typhus must b e consider ed a s th e

u of . us h as O e e cr s G er contrib tion Poland A tria ff r d own , and many a million paper marks . Germany stipulate d that German experts s ul b e ss e th e O the E e u mm ho d a ociat d with work f x c tive Co ittee . Th e Council replied that it would hardl y be possible to appoint to th e Ex ecu tive Committee th e representative of any countr y not a Member of th e

League . u was e n m th e u u i its Mr . Balfo r oblig d to i for Co ncil d r ng session at Brussels that many of th e Governments to which h e had appeal ed had LE AGUE OF NATIONS

l e th e u s e u e e th e m fai e d to r ply , and that f nd r q ir d to b gin ca paign had n ot y et been se cured . w a s e e th e ues mus b e s de e th e ssem It d cid d that q tion t con i r d by A bly , and that a mission composed of two eminent health expert s and of th e Medical Chief Commissioner for Typhus should start imme diate ly f or in e to s e th e of th m Poland ord r a c rtain precise extent e proble , and to present a report to th e Assembly .

E E E 2 . R LI F IN CENT RAL UROPE

On February 24 th e acting president o f th e Council ad dre ssed a le tter th e es e of th e e al e e of R e d ss e es ur to pr id nt Int rnation L agu Cro Soci ti , g ing it to organize an effort to deal with th e ravages inﬂicted by disease upon th e underfed popul ations of Cen tral Europe .

“ Th e e ue R ed ss e es e l s w a s m ss e L ag of Cro Soci ti , in r p y , aid it i po ibl for them to take up th e matte r until th e Governments of th e world had found th e mea s e th e e ess s u s me s n to provid n c ary food t ff , clothing and an of ns b ut e u e e s f or th e f u e e e me tra port , that th y wo ld pr par plan rth r d v lop nt of e e in e al E u e ess e e al e al l th e r li f C ntr rop , and addr a g n r app al to na s th e f o r th e e ess m e l s e s n e un s u tion of world n c ary at ria , p r o n l and, f d pon receiving an assurance from th e League that th e Governments of th e world were prepared to render them th e necessary assistance . T h e un l of th e e ue s e e V e of th e me su es Co ci L ag con id r d that , in i w a r

~ take n by th e Governments represented o n th e International Committee for Relief Credits to assist th e countries in question through th e agency o f this Committee it might safely assure th e R ed Cross Socie ties that there woul d b e sufﬁcient material available f or carrying out th e work which th e u Co ncil had invited them to underta ke . e e w as esse th e e ue R ed ss e es A l tt r accordingly addr d to L ag of Cro Soci ti , expressing a hope that they would procee d with their plan and issue the ir e app al .

T H E E A E 3 . R PATRIATION OF W R PRISON RS

On February 7 th e Supreme E conomic Council passed a re solution inviting th e Council Of th e League to take measures f or th e assistance Of prisoners of war in th e te rritorie s unde r th e sovere ignty Of th e Govern me of th ee nt e Soviets . Eff orts to deal with th e matter had already b n ma e us e u es a th e e d by vario privat and p blic bodi , not bly by Int rnational mm ee of th e R ed ss th d ss c e es O th e Co itt Cro , e Re Cro So i ti f Scandinavia , ’ me Re d ss c e th e me c Y u e s s n A rican Cro So i ty , and A ri an o ng M n Chri tia ss A ociation . s e O ese e s e e s em e s me s e s O In pit f th ffort , th r till r ain d o pri on r f E u m ses ese s e s war in rope and Asia to b e repatriate d . In any ca th pri on r ee se m m f or m u six e s e e had b n ab nt fro their ho es fro fo r to y ar , and w r GOV E RNME NTS AIDE D PRISONE RS

w suffe ring se vere hardship . It as calculated that there were some s e s uss e e to E pri on r in R ia and Sib ria b longing Central urope . T h e un c u its u sess s e e D r Co il d ring fo rth ion at Pari d cid d tha t . Nansen s u be e on e l of th un of th H ho ld invit d to act b ha f e Co cil e League . e w as

u e e e th e e me s i e es e co - e a thoriz d to n gotiat with Gov rn nt nt r t d , to ordinat th e eff s of th e s s e e s . H w s ort xi ting organization , and to pr pare plan e a further invited to submit recommendations regarding th e ﬁnancial credits re quired f or th e work . se mme e e e s th Dr . Nan n i diat ly b gan n gotiation with e Ge rman Govern me th e e me th e e s th e e m s nt , with Gov rn nt of Sovi t , and with all Gov rn ent H e ut mse u h intere ste d . p hi lf in to ch with t e voluntary organizations e ee e th e ues cu which had hith rto b n d aling with q tion , and in parti lar with mm ee of th th e Inte rnational Co itt e R ed Cross. Dr se e e th e u l on th e ess Of h is u . Nan n r port d to Co nci progr work d ring its sixth session held in London . H e describe d in particular th e arrange ments which h e had successfully made for th e repatriation of prisoners B O ss th H through Narva and j rko acro e Baltic . e state d that h e hope d to m s s th B th repatriate so e pri oner over e altic before e winte r . se s e s eme of e u i Dr . Nan n al o arrang d for a ch r patriation thro gh Vlad vostok under an agreement which had bee n made between th e German Governme nt and th e Gove rnment of th e Soviets for an exchange of R us sian prisoners in Germany against prisoners belonging to th e Central Em H s e pires in Siberia . e al o hop d to open another route for repatriation or s u s over th e Black Sea f prisoner in T rke tan . It would have taken some considerable time to raise money by private

Dr . s subscriptions to ﬁnance th e Work h e had undertake n . Nan en had therefore addressed himself to th e International Committe e of Relief Credits in Paris and to th e Governments represente d on this Committee H s th in th e hope Of obtaining imme diate advance s . e a ke d e Le ague for its moral support in th e negotiations h e w a s pursuing with th e various e s th e e h e se m e e Gove rnm nt , and in app al which propo d to ak for privat subscriptions . T h e Council addr essed letters to the Governme nts of Esthonia and Fin th e es e th e e mm ee th e Re d land , and to Pr id nt of Int rnational Co itt of nk emf or th e se ces e e e e se u e Cross , tha ing th rvi th y had r nd r d , and nt a f rth r lette r to all th e Governments concerned asking them to allow th e neces

T h u al s se th e e of D r . sary trans it facilities . e Co ncil o indor d app al Nan sen to th e Governments on th e Inte rnational Committee of Re lief Cre dits . Most of th e Governments addresse d have al locate d funds for repatria De m h s l e tion through th e Committee of Relief Credits . n ark a al ott d th e e e s th e U e Norway , N th rland , nit d

e e S e , F n e Kingdom, Sw d n , witz rland ra c n s e o ut has promised subjec t to certa i condition . Italy h ld LE AGUE OF NATIONS hopes that it might c ontribute T h e Netherlands and the Unite d Kingdom have promi sed to f urnish supplementary contributions o f and respectively when th e credits allotted by th e various Governments through th e Relief Credits Committee have reache d th of th e su eme u s e total ( ppl ntary contrib tion incl uded) . D r . w as us e e ee h is em H Nansen th nabl d to proc d with arrang ents . e e stimate d that th e schemes of repatriation actually be in g carried out would cost at least and hoped to obtain from private sources th e balance necessary to bring th e sum obtained from the Governments up to th e e total requir d . se has esse e e su s Dr . Nan n addr d an app al for privat b criptions to th e ss th e me Red ss th e m British R ed Cro , and A rican Cro and A erican Young ’ Me n s Christian Assoc iation . s e s ee e By October 31 , pri on r had b n r patriated over th e

B altic .

‘ r se u e e s e s e e s D . Nan n had f rth r tak n t p to r patriat pri oners via

Vladivostok . There still remains a great number of prisoners (estimated from E s e e s me s e s to in a t rn Sib ria , and o pri on r who will have to be repatriate d over th e Black Sea . se em s e se us u es th e e Dr . Nan n r ain confront d with rio difﬁc lti in r patria are s e th e ec o tion o f th e prisoners who till in Sib ria , and coll tion f th e total i funds originally asked f or by Dr . Nansen s necessary if this work is to b e i carrie d to a successful conclus on . sess n th e u ece e e m Dur ing its s ixth io , Co ncil r iv d an app al fro Count w as e ese u e es s c e i Wrangel , who r pr nting B lgarian int r t in London , onc rn ng of th e u s e s ee e e th e condition B lgarian pri on r in Gr c and S rbia . T h e se m e u f Council authorize d Dr . Nan n to ak an no ﬁcial inquiry into th e e me su es e e h im b e ecess facts , and to tak any a r which app ar d to to n ary . ’ Nan sen s e ese s s s In c onse quence o f Dr . r pr ntation ati factory arrange ments we re made by th e Greek and Bulgarian Governments for a settle ment of th e question .

E G IVE B Y T H E LE E T AS I TI F O R IV . H LP N AGU O SOC A ONS T H E D E VE LOPME NT OF INT E RNATIONAL C O-OPE RATION

e e e u i u e e i Th e Council h as . wh n v r an opport n ty occ rr d , giv n ts moral support to a ssoc iations having f o r the ir object th e development of inter

- u its sec sess th e u national co operation . D ring ond ion Co ncil decide d to e th e e e e e ce Red ss e send a representativ to G n ral Conf r n of Cro Soci ties, e e u its e which was shortly to meet in G n va , and d ring ighth session th e b se th Council decided that a l e tter should e nt to e president of th e In ter th e R e d ss ssu i th e mm national Committee of Cro , a r ng Co ittee that it

LE AGUE OF NATIONS

T h e me of th 6 . appoint nt e Governing Commission of th e Te rr itory o f th e Saar . 7 T h e me mm . appoint nt of a High Co iss ione r of th e Lea gue of D Nations at anzig . T h e u h o 8 . g aranty by t e League f th e clause s relating to Minorities th e e e ee th e n l l in Tr aty b tw n Pri cipa Al ied Powe rs and Poland . 9 Th . e representation Of th e League at th e ﬁrst mee ting of th e e e l d G n ra Council of th e R e Cross Soc ie ties .

THIRD SE SSION

s . 1 2 1 3 1 920 Pari March and March ,

T h e e es u e prot ction of Minoriti in T rk y . T h e e m prot ction of Ar enia . T h m e Co mission of Inquiry to R ussia . T h e mm ss Co i ion against Typhus in Poland . R e e e li f in C ntral Europe .

FOURTH SE SSION

s 9 1 1 1 920 Pari . April to April ,

1 Re ues s m ss h e : T h e u . q t for ad i ion to t e Le agu Grand D chy of

u em u th e e u ; L x b rg and R p blic of La tvia . Th e 2 . e r gistration of treaties . 3 T h e es s me E O r . tabli h nt of a pe rmanent conomic and Financial i tio gan za n within th e Le ague . 4 T h e e e ses of th e e na a n e e e s . xp n Int r tion l Labor Co f r nc at Wa h in gton and of th e e sta blishment of th e Internation al Labor Ofﬁce . 5 T h e n ze . e authorization for Sir Reginald Tow r to orga i at Danzig th e e lections for th e Constituent Assembly . 6 T h . e prote ction of Armenia .

T h e s u e . 7 . protection of M inoritie in T rk y T 8 e s . . h e repatriation o f war prison r 9 u th e ss s . Message of sympathy fromth e Co ncil to national a ociation su o f in pport th e League .

FIFTH SE SSION

me 14 to 1 9 1 920 Ro . May May ,

1 ul u h u . . R es of proced re for t e Co ncil f e ses e ee 2 Th e u e th e ue . T h e o e . b dg t of Le ag allocation xp n b tw n em e s of th e M b r Lea gue .

3 T h e m . . e convenin g of th e Ass bly FIFTH TO E IGHTH SE SSIONS

f th of th 4 . Th e o e ec e e u Staff S r tariat Lea g e . 5 T h e e m e m me s mm s . P r an nt Ar a nt Co i sion . 6 T h e n m of . appoi t ent an Inte rnational Statistical Committe e . T h e s o h 7 . e r lation f t e Council and th e Assembly with th e p ermanent e O s O th T chnical rganization f e Leag ue .

C o - 8 . operation o f th e League in th e repression o f th e trafﬁc in women and children . 9 T h e m o . Ad inistration f th e Saar : Protest conce rning th e status f o f th e Saar o ﬁcials . 0 Eu e M alméd : e th e th e e m 1 . p n and y App al to e L ague by G r an

Government . f 1 T h e e o me . 1 . prot ction Ar nia mm ss of u to T h uss . 1 2 . e Co i ion Inq iry R ia f or th e T h e s e e e . 1 3 . e pr paration International Financial Conf r nc

T h e s us . 14 . campaign again t typh in Poland

SIX TH SE SSION

u e 1 4 u e 1 6 1 920 London . J n to J n ,

of th ss m 1 Th e convening e A e bly . eme s f o r th e me O th e mem e s e 2 . Arrang nt appoint nt f b r Int r mm e O i ur ists See ess 2 em national Co itt e J ( S ion , It

T h e e of e s th e e ue . 3 . app al P r ia to L ag

T h e Commission of Inquiry to Russia .

T h O s e s . 5 . e repatriation f war pri on r

SE V E NTH SE SSION

u 9 u 20 1 9 20 London . J ly to J ly , h T h e convening Of t e Asse mbly .

Expenses o f th e H igh Court o f Justice of th e Territory of th e Saar .

T h e question of th e Aaland Islands . e T h e preparations f or th e International Financial Conferenc .

T h e campaign against typhus in Poland .

E IG HTH SE SSION

u 30 u us 5 1 920 San Sebastian . J ly to A g t ,

B u e T h e finances o f th e League : Approval o f th e Se cond dg t .

T h e relations betwee n th e Council and th e Assembly .

T h e accepta nce of new responsibilitie s by th e League . Ses T h e report of th e Committee of Jur ists at T h e Hague (Se e Item LE AGUE OF NATIONS

5 T h e e mi me su es ecess e f . pr li nary a r n ary to giv ef ect to Article XVI Th E m of th e Covenant ( e cono ic Weapon) . T h s e th e e e 6 . e tran f r of S cr tariat to Geneva . ss s s of th e 7 . Pa port for ofﬁcial League .

T h e ff th . 8 . Sta of e Secretariat m m m s mm ss 9 T h e e e e . . P r an nt Ar a nt Co i ion 0 T h e s th e ue u e o f 1 . obligation of e L ag nd r Article XXII th e Cove e s nant (Mandat ) . T h e e e al e ence mmu c s 1 1 . G n r Conf r on Co ni ation and Transit

D ecision to hold th e Conf erence at B arcelona .

T h e m e . 1 2 . e P r an nt Health Organization mm e 13 h e s c e . . T e Int rnational Stati ti al Co itt 4 T h e c m of b e e ese e on th e e i B 1 . lai India to r pr nt d Gov rn ng ody of th e

International Labor Ofﬁce . 15 T h e me o f th e e e ses th e e D e m . pay nt xp n of Saar Fronti r li ita tion

Commission . T h e me o f e n mm e e 1 6 . appoint nt an Int r ational Co itt of Jurists to h u of th prese nt an opinion on t e q estion e Aaland Islands . T e of th th e e z th e e u 1 7. h e app al e King of H dja to L ag e . T h e th e e l 1 8 . e s c e e pr paration for Int rnationa Finan ial Conf r nce .

9 T h e m s us . 1 . ca paign again t typh in Poland

NIN TH SE SSION

m 1 6 e e m e 20 1 920 s . e e e Pari S pt b r to S pt b r ,

T h n es th e e ue . 1 . e ﬁ anc of L ag c c s s out th e e s s m 2 . Approval of ontra t ari ing of tabli h ent of th e

League at Ge ne va .

s s s th e e ue . 3 . Pas port for ofﬁcial of L ag mmiss th e : e s n of 4 Th e e n . d e B . Gov rni g Co ion of Saar R ig ation M oc h . E u M alméd : e e ns e th e s e e 5 . pen and y D ﬁnitiv tra f r of ov r ignty to

B elgium.

6 T h e e c me . . prot tion of Ar nia

T h e - m e e ee e e e u 7 . e int r igration tr aty b tw n Gr c and B lgaria : T h e th e u appointment of two Commissioners by Co ncil . s s : E min 8 . T h e question of th e Aaland I land xa ation of th e report th e mm ur ists e s s e th e u of Co ittee of J and d ci ion tak n by Co ncil .

9 T h e ua . . e disput between Poland and Lith nia

TENTH SE SSION

O e 20 Oc e 28 1 920 B russels . ctob r to tob r ,

1 T h e th e ue . e ﬁnanc s of n t (a ) T h e thi rd budget of h e League . TE NTH SE SSION

The me of th s ff th e e m e ec (b) pay nt e ta of p r an nt S retariat . (c) Th e dis tribution of th e expenses of th e League b etween i ts m Me bers . T h (d) e c ost of commissions appointe d b y th e Leag ue . (e ) Expe nses of th e Saar Basin Frontier D elimitation C om

mission . 2 i me s th . . Appo nt nt to e Secretariat

3 . T h e s f th th m Fir t Report o e Council to e Asse bly . Th e e th mm o e r 4 . r port of e Co ittee f Int rnational Ju ists on th e of Constitution a Pe rmanent Court o f International Justice . ec mme s th e e th e mm 5 . R o ndation appe nded to R port Of Co ittee of International Jur istsf e of th e e m m m s m 6 . Th e r port P r anent Ar a ent Com ission . f th T h e o e e e . 7 . e r port Int rnational Financial Conf rence

T h e e of th e mm ee on e s s . 8 . r port Co itt Int rnational Stati tic Th e e m e e O : me o f m 9 . P r an nt H alth rganization Appoint nt a te po rary representative of th e League to advise a s to th e exe cution o f th e reso th e e l utions regardingvenereal dise ase passed by Labor Conf rence atGenoa . mmu ca s s : ss s cus ms e u s 1 0 . Co ni tion and Tran it Pa port and to r g lation

e e s ss s s th e e ue . for trav l r , and pa port for ofﬁcial of L ag e : O s th e e ue u e e th e 1 1 . Mandat s bligation of L ag nd r Articl XXII of

Covenant .

T s u of th e ee . 1 2 . h e Con tit tion Fr City of Danzig es of th e e m e me s th e ec s th e 13 . Prot t G r an Gov rn nt again t d i ion of Council making deﬁnitive th e transfer to Belgium of th e sovereignty over '

th e districts of E upe n and Malmedy . ec n o f m es 1 4 . Prot tio inoriti (a) Obligations of th e League under th e minorities clauses of

th e Austrian and B ulgarian peace treaties . (b) Th e appointment of th e Commission to supervise th e

reciprocal emigration of Greek and B ulgarian minorities .

ec ) f me . 15 . Prot tion Ar nia su es e the mmiss of eur s 1 6 . Mea r tak n to appoint Co ion Rapport to

advise th e Council on th e question of th e Aaland Islands .

17 T h e dispute between Lithuania and Poland .

T h e m s us . 18 . ca paign again t typh in Poland

of s e s : c se of th e Rum n s e s . 1 9 . T h e repatriation war pri on r a a ian pri on r

th e se th e s es . 20 . Amendmen ts to e Cov nantpropo d by Scandinavian tat

m es . e . T ittoni c e 2 1 . Resolution present d by M onc rning onopoli th sh ss c c e e 22 . Resolution of e Briti A o iation of Moral and So ial Hygi n demanding th e suppression of all regulation of prostitution in mandate d s c ountrie . STAT US OF REPARATI ON

—T h e u s h a B . e s c e N . L ag e Of Nation no onn ction with this R a o C mm ss is es P matte r . The epar ti n o i ion tablishe d by a rt VIII o f of s es c ss s th e f the treaty Ver aill , whi h a ign to it duty o determining th e amount of damage for which comp ensa tion is to be m e G e m but Su eme C un c co s s o f ad by r any ; the pr o il , n i ting h e A e m e s m s e s th e t lli d pre i r and ini t r , and C onfe rence o f Am a ss s c s s ad i nterim a re th e e v b ador , whi h it , bodi s which h a e a ssume d resp o nsibility . A e ss am e c G e ma is u t e a lli d lo and d ag , whi h r ny bo nd o r p ir, a e s P VIII A e th e e e sa les N 0 r li ted in art , nn x I , of tr aty of V r il . bill o f particulars respecting th e a mo un ts o f th ese liabilities h a s s e so is m oss e c m u e W a e e a e been publi h d , that it i p ibl to o p t h t p rc nt g e o f reparation h a s been liquidat d . Th ere is a n ot unna tu ral differen ce between th e p a rties as to th e val ue o f th e commodities

w as u e th e e mm ss on O e 28 1 9 20 It anno nc d by R paration Co i ion ctob r , , that Germa ny had turn ed ove r marks gold bearer bonds e th e s u s of e 1 2 1 in accordanc with tip lation Part VIII , Ann x II , , c , , h of e s es a s e a s m s e of t e treaty V r aill , w ll ark gold b arer

u e e 1 2 c 2 . T h e s e e s bonds as stip lat d by Ann x II , , , bond w r i sued by e m e su s ne th e m s e e ces of th th e G r an Tr a ry , ig d by Ad ini trativ S rvi e e m D e u e th e e m of u us 31 G r an bt , a thoriz d by G r an Financial Law A g t , ese s ar e su e e l 1 9 1 9 . Th bond bj ct to canc l ation by way of reparation according to th e detail s of Part VIII and Ann exes 0 1 th e treaty of Ve r s u e O th e r e a ration al s s m re es . e e a saill Th y con tit t a part f p y t , and assumed to b e included in th e tota l demands to b e made upon Germany

nf e e es e us 1 1 92 1 . in co r nc pr vio to May , Respecting deliveries made by Germany th e Reparation Commission on u 23 1 92 1 ssue th e s eme : Jan ary , , i d following tat nt “ sse s e th e e of e s es e me e e A year having pa d inc tr aty V r aill b ca op rativ , it is interesting to take stock of th e delive ries by Germany comple ted s e th e m s ce T h f ol unde r th e treaty a s well a und r ar i ti convention . e lowing represent deliveries up to Decembe r 3 1 under th e hea din g of reparations