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STUDY GUIDE III MFA - 1942 TEMAS 9 – Latin America

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STUDY GUIDE III MFA - 1942 TEMAS 9 – Latin America STUDY GUIDE III MFA - 1942 TEMAS 9 – Latin America Directors: Elisa Bertilla de Siqueira Silva Isabela Bento dos Santos Assistant Directors: Leonardo Augusto Peres Jonathan Herneck III MFA - 1942 | TEMAS 9 – Latin America TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4 II. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 5 II.1. THE SECOND WORLD WAR ............................................................................................ 6 II.2. PEARL HARBOR ATTACKS ............................................................................................. 7 II.3. FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ...................................... 8 III. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LATIN AMERICA ..................................................... 11 III.1. PAN-AMERICANISM ....................................................................................................... 13 IV. AMERICAN MEETINGS OF CONSULTATION ................................................................ 15 IV.1. THE 1ST MEETING........................................................................................................... 15 IV.2. THE 2ND MEETING ......................................................................................................... 16 IV.3. THE 3RD MEETING .......................................................................................................... 16 V. COUNTRIES‟ POSITIONS ....................................................................................................... 19 V.1. ARGENTINA (ENRIQUE RUIZ-GUIÑAZÚ, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) .... 19 V.2. BOLIVIA (EDUARDO ANZA MATIENZO, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS)..... 20 V.3. BRAZIL (OSWALDO ARANHA, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ...................... 20 V.4. CHILE (JUAN BAUTISTA ROSSETTI, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ............ 21 V.5. COLOMBIA (GABRIEL TURBAY, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) .................................................................................................................... 22 V.6. COSTA RICA (ALBERTO ECHANDI, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ............. 23 V.7. CUBA (AURELIO FERNÁNDEZ CONCHESO, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MINISTER OF STATE) ................................................................................................................ 24 V.8. EL SALVADOR (HECTOR DAVID CASTRO, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) .......................................................................................... 24 V.9. EQUATOR (JULIO TOBAR DONOSO, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ............ 25 V.10. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (SUMMER WELLES, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE) ................................................................................................... 25 V.11. GUATEMALA (MANUEL ARROYO, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) .................................................................................................................... 26 V.12. HAITI (CHARLES FOMBRUN, SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ...................................................................................................................................... 27 V.13. HONDURAS (JULIÁN R. CÁCERES, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) .................................................................................................................... 27 V.14. MEXICO (EZEQUIEL PADILLA, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ............. 28 2 III MFA - 1942 | TEMAS 9 – Latin America V.15. NICARAGUA (MARIANO ARGUELLO VARGAS, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ...................................................................................................................................... 29 V.16. PANAMA (OCTAVIO FÁBREGA, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ................ 29 V.17. PARAGUAY (LUIS A. ARGAÑA, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ................. 30 V.18. PERU (ALFREDO SOLF Y MURO, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS)............... 30 V.19. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (ARTURO DESPRADEL, SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS) .................................................................................................................... 31 V.20. URUGUAI (ALBERTO GUANI, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) .................... 32 V.21. VENEZUELA (CARACCIOLO PARRA PEREZ, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS) ...................................................................................................................................... 33 VI. REFERENCES........................................................................................................................ 35 3 III MFA - 1942 | TEMAS 9 – Latin America I. INTRODUCTION In the year of 1942, during the Second World War, it is convened the Third Meeting of Consultation of the Foreign Affairs Minister of the American Republics, to be held at the Palácio Tiradantes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After the Pearl Harbor attacks, the American government acknowledged the utter necessity of developing strategies for the defense and protection of the American continent and also strategies for cooperation between the American countries. The policy of neutrality of the continent‟s countries accorded in the previous meetings of consultation was no longer plausible due to the international happenings on course with the Second World War and more effective measures should be taken to deal with the current circumstances. 4 III MFA - 1942 | TEMAS 9 – Latin America II. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND With the end of the World War I, in 1919, it took place in Paris in January of the same year La conference de Paix de Paris (Paris Peace Conference). This meeting had as its main objective the discussions about the peace terms with the defeated countries, being Germany the main one. The central document produced in the conference was the Treaty of Versailles, upon which would depend the political stability of the European continent. Nevertheless, the Treaty imposed severe sanctions against Germany, mainly concerning territorial and military losses. Considering this scenario, it was quite clear what would happen next. Germany was extremely affected by the impositions of the Treaty of Versailles and for this reason the country lost much of its power, what led to an internal crisis in the country in the years that followed the ending of The First World War. However, this context had also favored the growth of political forces within Germany and also Italy – affected by the Treaty of Versailles as well -, which resulted in the rise of movements known as Nazism and Fascism, whose main characteristics were nationalism and authoritarianism. With the trends of these movements spreading through Germany and Italy, these countries were expecting to project its power internationally, promoting competition amongst countries what started compromising the balance once achieved through the Treaty of Versailles. Even the League of Nations which was established after World War I wasn‟t being capable of dealing with this current issue in Europe. Adolf Hitler, the Führer of Germany, disobeyed the Treaty of Versailles in order to foster the Nazi ideology. The crisis in Germany, supposedly result of impositions created by the Treaty and also a consequence of the Great Depression of 1929 which started in the USA, provided a belief that some savior would arise and take Germany from chaos. Thus, the German National Socialist party came with a bold proposal to take Germany and its „„selected and superior‟‟ people (the so- called Aryan race) from the arduous situation they were submitted. As part of the Nazi ideology was the Pan-Germanism, the project led by Hitler that intended to unite all Germanic people, within and outside the current German borders. With the purpose of starting the annexation of territories inhabited by ethnic Germans, the Munich Conference, held in Munich in 1938, agreed that Germany could attach the Sudet region or Sudetenland, in Czechoslovakia. The region was of strategic importance for Germany and the agreement was supported by France, United Kingdom and Italy. However, by 1939, all Czech territory - not only the Sudetenland - was taken over by Germany. Besides German forays, Japan attempted to occupy territories in China, precisely the Manchuria region, and Italy – led by Benito 5 III MFA - 1942 | TEMAS 9 – Latin America Mussolini – tried to occupy the region of Abyssinia in Ethiopia. Later, the alliance between these countries would be called the Axis. In this sense, Germany with its aggressive actions and its supporters started to be seen, by France and the UK, as a menace for peace and stability not only to Europe but also to the world. The situation had worsened after Germany, launching offensive troops in Poland, claimed for the Polish Corridor, which formerly was a German territory before the end of World War I. The invasion of Polish territory by the German army happened in September 1st 1939 and, supporting Poland, United Kingdom and France declared war upon Germany, which clearly had no intention of leaving Polish lands. The consequence of that outbreak was the officially start of World War II. II.1. THE SECOND WORLD WAR With the invasion of Poland by Germany, and other previous annexations, the war was declared against Germany by France and the UK. Following this happening, Germany kept occupying other territories such as Norway and Denmark, after the complete annexation
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