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Te Hau Ora O Nga Kaumatua O Tuhoe

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Te Hau Ora O Nga Kaumatua O Tuhoe Te Hau Ora o Nga Kaumatua o Tuhoe A Study of Tuhoe Kaumatua Mental Wellness Hinematau McNeill (2005) A thesis submitted to the Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Karakia TURUKI WHAKATAHA E Io Matua Kore Heke iho koe Pou ki te whenua Ko Papatuanuku Te aitanga a Maui-tikitiki a Taranga Ka puta ko te uwha Ka puta nga kaupapa katoa O tona Ao He Mauri He Mana He Ihi He Tapu Ka puta ko te ira tangata Ka whakamaua kia tina! Ui e Taiki e! 2 Mihi Tena koutou hai nga mahuetanga iho Mai i nga tihi tapu o o koutou maunga koawaawa Waihoki e heke ana ki tena ngutu awa ki tena ngutu awa Koutou nga kanohi ora o o koutou matua Ka heke ki te taheke-roa e kore e hokia He kohikohinga mahara ki nga tikanga taonga a kui a koro ma Ratau ka whakangangaiore ki te whakaata ake i roto o te mahara Hai morimori ma nga whakatipu reanga Kai te haere ake e kore ai e ngaro E memeha ano i te tirohanga kanohi Waiho i konei te kai-ngakau Ki te tangata mate Kia purua ko te moko Kia whakamaua kia tina Haumi e Ui e Taiki e! 3 Table of Contents Karakia ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Mihi ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Attestation of Authorship .......................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter One............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 1 - Te Urewera National Park.............................................................................. 22 Figure 3 The major descent lines from Hinepukohurangi, Te Maunga and Toi............ 29 Figure 4 Nga Marae, Hapu, Wharetipuna o Tuhoe........................................................ 31 Figure 5 Te Rohe o Tuhoe – Depicting the five research sites (HFA map) ................... 33 Chapter Two............................................................................................................................ 40 Chapter Three.......................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter Four.......................................................................................................................... 110 Survey 1 - Kaumatua Needs Analysis Questionnaire (2000) ....................................... 129 Survey 2 - Te Hauora Research Questionnaire............................................................. 132 Chapter Five .......................................................................................................................... 140 1.Te Oranga – Wellness ........................................................................................................ 145 1.1 Te Oranga Tangata – Personal Wellness..................................................... 145 1.1.1 Te Oranga Tangata – Thematic Collation Findings .................................... 148 1.2 Nga Tikanga a Tuhoe .................................................................................. 148 1.2.1 Nga Tikanga a Tuhoe – Thematic Collation of Responses ......................... 150 1.3 Te Reo Maori - The effect of language on wellness ................................... 150 1.3.1 Te Reo Maori - Thematic Collation of Responses ...................................... 153 2. Te Mauiuitanga - Unwellness............................................................................................ 153 2.1 Te Mate Porangi – Madness........................................................................ 154 2.1.1 Te Mate Porangi - Thematic Collation of Responses.................................. 162 2.2 Wairangi –Disturbed ................................................................................... 162 2.2.1 Wairangi - Collation of Responses.............................................................. 168 2.3 Te Mate Tinana - Physical sickness/disabilities.......................................... 168 2.3.1 Te Mate Tinana Mauiui - Thematic Collation of Responses....................... 173 2.3.2 Te Mate Haua - Thematic Collation of Responses...................................... 173 3. Te Wairuatanga - Spirituality ............................................................................................ 174 3.1 Wairuatanga - Thematic Collation of Responses ........................................ 181 Chapter Six............................................................................................................................ 185 Figure 6 Te Ao Tutahi - Adjacent Worlds................................................................. 204 Figure 7 Te Ao Tutahi - Adjacent Worlds (Interactive) ............................................ 205 Figure 8 Case Study................................................................................................... 206 Chapter Seven........................................................................................................................ 209 Figure 9 Life Expectancy Comparison between BOP Maori and non-Maori............ 222 4 Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 227 Figure 10: Waikaremoana Data ................................................................................... 227 Figure 10a: Waikaremoana Percentages conversion for analysis................................ 227 Figure 11: Ruatahuna Data .......................................................................................... 228 Figure 11a: Ruatahuna Percentages conversion for analysis....................................... 228 Figure 12: Waiohau Data............................................................................................. 229 Figure 12a: Waiohau Percentages conversion for analysis.......................................... 229 Figure 13: Ruatoki Data............................................................................................... 230 Figure 13a: Ruatoki Percentages conversion for analysis ........................................... 230 Figure 14: Waimana Data............................................................................................ 231 Figure 14a: Waimana Percentages conversion for analysis......................................... 231 Figure 15 Home Ownership......................................................................................... 232 Figure 16 Household Composition.............................................................................. 232 Figure 17 Vehicle Ownership...................................................................................... 233 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................... 234 5 Attestation of Authorship I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment is made. 6 Acknowledgments Tuhoe moumou kai moumou tangata Tuhoe wasteful with food and wasteful of men (in battle) The whakatauki (proverb) captures the spirit of generosity for which the Tuhoe people are renowned. This is reflected in the way that kaumatua (elderly) participated in the study and gave their time unstintingly - even enthusiastically, to the research project. Central to the project was the renowned Tuhoe tohunga (specialist/healer) Hohepa Kereopa who provided practical as well as spiritual guidance. His knowledge of the intricacies of Tuhoe social structures and inter-relationships is truly phenomenal. Tamati Cairns was also instrumental in shaping and guiding the project. Ngamaru Raerino provided expert direction in traditional Maori knowledge systems. Te Aue Turuwhenua has provided unconditional support throughout the entire research process. Pare Nia Nia managed the training of interviewers and has maintained an interest in the research project. Waereti Rolleston also assisted with the project. Uru McGarvey, Evangelina Hita, Tangiora Rangihau, Rita Tupe, Hina Nicholas, Marie Stewart and other Tuhoe involved in the interviews were indispensable to the research. Beyond the borders of Tuhoe the research owes much to the aspirations of Health Funding Authority (HFA) staff involved in the Tuhoe project, Elizabeth Cunningham, Kath Fox and Kath Holland. They advocated a radically different approach to Maori mental health, with research being a significant part of the project. Towards the end of 2000, the HFA amalgamated with the Ministry of Health (MOH), who continued to resource the Tuhoe project, despite their reservations about the philosophical framework of the HFA project. Therefore, it must be acknowledged that the
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