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Toward a Patuheuheu Hapū Development Model

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Toward a Patuheuheu Hapū Development Model Ko au ko Te Umutaoroa, ko Te Umutaoroa ko au: Toward a Patuheuheu Hapū Development Model Byron William Rangiwai A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) February 2015 Dedication This work is dedicated to my maternal great-grandparents Koro Hāpurona Maki Nātana (1921-1994) and Nanny Pare Koekoeā Rikiriki (1918 - 1990). Koro and Nan you will always be missed. I ask you to continue to watch over the whānau and inspire us to maintain our Patuheuheutanga. Arohanui, your mokopuna tuarua. ii Table of contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................... ii Figures.... ................................................................................................................................ v Images…. ................................................................................................................................ v Maps........ ............................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ vi Attestation of authorship .................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. viii Abstract.. ............................................................................................................................ xiii PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. 1 Personal introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Orthographic conventions ................................................................................................. 15 Patuheuheu hapū identity .................................................................................................. 16 A note on Te Umutaoroa and the chapter titles .............................................................. 18 Outline of the thesis ............................................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER ONE: Te Mauri Tangata - Introduction and Methodology ......................... 21 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 21 Māori world view ............................................................................................................... 21 Patuheuheu hapū world view ............................................................................................ 25 Kaupapa Māori ideology ................................................................................................... 26 Whenua as a portal ............................................................................................................. 28 Te Umutaoroa research model .......................................................................................... 29 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER TWO: Te Mauri Pakanga - Prophets of the Revolution: Te Kooti, Freire and Fanon ............................................................................................................ 34 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 34 Critical theory: A Horkheimeran definition .................................................................... 36 Te Kooti: Prophet, revolutionary and critical theorist ................................................... 37 Te Kooti’s biography ......................................................................................................... 38 Te Kooti’s critical theory ................................................................................................... 55 Te Kooti’s violence and Fanon’s decolonisation theory ................................................. 66 Te Kooti’s vision for Patuheuheu and Freire’s critical pedagogy ................................. 69 Transformation and praxis: Toward a prophetic vision for the future ........................ 70 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER THREE: Te Mauri Whenua - The Significance of Land and Land Loss ... 75 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 75 Importance of whenua for Māori ...................................................................................... 75 iii Treaty of Waitangi ............................................................................................................. 78 Colonisation and Māori land loss ..................................................................................... 81 Tūhoe land loss ................................................................................................................... 85 Patuheuheu land loss .......................................................................................................... 90 Eviction from Te Houhi ..................................................................................................... 97 Land loss and millennialism: Webster’s analysis of the effects of Tūhoe land loss and the prophet Rua Kēnana ................................................................................................... 99 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER FOUR: Te Mauri Atua me Te Mauri Whakapono - Māori Prophetic Movements as Sites of Political Resistance ..................................................... 104 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 104 Christianity in Aotearoa New Zealand and the rise of Māori Prophets ..................... 105 The first Māori prophet: Papahurihia (Te Atua Wera) and the Nākahi movement . 112 Te Ua Haumēne and the Pai Mārire movement ............................................................ 114 Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki and the Ringatū faith ................................................. 122 Rua Kēnana and the Iharaira movement ...................................................................... 130 Critical analysis of Māori prophetic movements as sites of political resistance......... 137 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER FIVE: Te Mauri Whakaora me Te Mauri Hōhonu - Te Umutaoroa – The Slow-Cooking Earth Oven: Past, Present and Future ................................... 144 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 144 The emergence of Te Umutaoroa – the slow cooking earth oven ................................ 144 Intergenerational transfer of Te Umutaoroa ................................................................. 150 Te Umutaoroa as contemporary political resistance .................................................... 157 Case study: Te Tāpenakara mo te Iwi Charitable Trust .............................................. 158 Māori development 1900-2025 ........................................................................................ 165 Community development theory .................................................................................... 169 Prophecy and hapū development .................................................................................... 174 Patuheuheu hapū development model ............................................................................ 176 Explanation of the Patuheuheu hapū development model ........................................... 177 Patuheuheutanga....................................................................................................... 179 Mauri atua – governance.......................................................................................... 179 Mauri whakapono – self-determination.................................................................. 185 Mauri whakaora – health and wellbeing ................................................................ 188 Mauri whakahoki – sustainable resource development and management .......... 194 Mauri whenua – environmental management ....................................................... 198 Mauri tangata – housing .......................................................................................... 202 Mauri pakanga – critical education and praxis ..................................................... 206 Mauri hōhonu – research ......................................................................................... 215 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 220 CHAPTER SIX: Te Mauri Whakahoki - Conclusion: Reflections on the Thesis ........
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