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DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAMILIA RUBIACEAE EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL CARRASCO (Limbo Palmar Y Guacharos)

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DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAMILIA RUBIACEAE EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL CARRASCO (Limbo Palmar Y Guacharos) DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAMILIA RUBIACEAE EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL CARRASCO (Limbo Palmar y Guacharos) Proyecto de Grado, Presentado Para Optar al Diploma Académico de Licenciatura en Biología. Presentado p or: JEREMY JEHIZON TERAN AGUILAR - [email protected] Tutor: Lic. MSC. Erika Fernández Lic. Saúl Altamirano COCHABAMBA – BOLIVIA Mayo, 2006 - 1 - DEDICATORIA A mis padres, por todo el apoyo y comprensión que me brindaron. - i - AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Fundación CHRISTENSEN por el apoyo económico, sin el cual este trabajo no hubiera sido posible. Al Dr. Steven Churchill y a la Msc. Lic. Luzmila Arroyo, a los cuales agradezco por siempre toda la confianza, apoyo y amistad que me brindaron. A la Dra C. M Taylor por la colaboración prestada en la revisión de las especies A la Msc Lic. Erika Fernández y al Lic. Saúl Altamirano por la orientación y consejos que me dieron durante la redacción de dicho documento. A los miembros del tribunal revisor: Dra. Carola Antezana, Lic. Magaly Mercado y Msc Lic. Erika Fernández, por sus observaciones y sugerencias que enriquecieron aún más este trabajo. Al Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética (CBG) y al Herbario Forestal ´Martín Cárdenasµ por el apoyo que me brindaron durante el trabajo de campo y gabinete. A Rubén Castro por la colaboración en los análisis estadísticos, al lic. Noel Altamirano por su la colaboración en el análisis de los resultados y Angel Bellot por su colaboración en la diagramación del documento. A mis amigos, Dennis Soux, Mauricio Bustillo, Juan Pablo Altamirano, Noel Altamirano, Miguel Alcázar, Ángel Bellot, David Ramírez, Saúl Rodrigo, Erica Delgado y Natalia Vega, con quienes pasamos muchas experiencias durante el trabajo de campo y laboratorio. - ii - FICHA RESUMEN Existe una acelerada destrucción de los bosques, esto lleva a la pérdida gradual de la diversidad biológica. El presente estudio tiene por objeto evaluar la diversidad de la familia Rubiaceae en tres zonas del Parque Nacional Carrasco: Limbo (17º08´S y 65º49`O; 2000 a 2500m), Palmar (17º09`S y 65º49`O 1500 a 1900 m) y Guacharos (17º03`S y 65º27`O9 400 a 600m). En cada zona se establecieron 10 parcelas de 10x40m (400m2) y se tomaron datos del número de especies y sus abundancias. Los datos obtenidos se 2 sometieron al análisis estadístico CHAO I S1=Sobs+(a /2b) del programa ESTIMATES 5, para estimar la diversidad existente en cada zona. Los resultados demuestran que la localidad con mayor diversidad de especies y géneros de la familia Rubiaceae es la zona de Guacharos con 40 especies distribuidas en 20 géneros y 42 especies estimadas; le sigue El Palmar con 33 especies distribuidas en 14 géneros y 34 especies estimadas y por último El Limbo con 18 especies distribuidas en 10 géneros y 18 especies estimadas. Las tres zonas presentaron una alta diversidad respecto de otras con iguales características. Se observó que la diversidad está afectada por cambios en la altura, precipitación, topografía y estado de conservación del bosque. Las frecuencias de la familia Rubiaceae responden de manera positiva a los patrones de conservación del bosque establecidos por Magurran (1988). La presencia de especies poco frecuentes y muy raras en ambientes inestables, hace que estas zonas sean puestas en consideración para la elaboración de planes de conservación. - iii - INDICE GENERAL Nº de página Dedicatoria.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ i Agradecimientos------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Ficha resumen -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii Índice general---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv Índice de figuras y Tablas-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii Anexos-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii 1. INTRODUCCIÓN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2. OBJETIVOS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2.1. Objetivo General-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2.2. Objetivos específicos----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 3. REVISION BIBLIOGRAFICA----------------------------------------------------------------------------4 3.1. Diversidad biológica-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 3.1.1. Métodos de medición de la diversidad biológica ------------------------------------------ 4 3.2. Bosques nublados tropicales ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 3.2.1. Los bosques nublados en Bolivia (Yunga Peruano-Boliviano, según Navarro, 2002) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 3.2.2. Factores que determinan la diversidad en los Yungas. --------------------------------- 7 3.2.2.1. Agua. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 3.2.2.2. Temperatura.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 3.2.2.3. Topografía y geomorfología.-------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3.2.2.4. Suelo----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3.2.2.5. El clima. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 3.2.2.6. Flora.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 3.3. Familia Rubiaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 3.3.1. Taxonomía de la familia Rubiaceae ---------------------------------------------------------- 10 3.3.1.1. Taxonómia de las sub familias de Rubiaceae ------------------------------------------ 11 3.3.2. Características morfológicas de la familia Rubiaceae --------------------------------- 13 3.3.2.1. Hojas--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.3.2.2. Estípulas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.3.2.3. Flores-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 3.3.2.4. Inflorescencia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3.3.2.5. Ovarios------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 3.3.2.6. Frutos ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 - iv - 3.3.3. Importancia de la familia Rubiaceae--------------------------------------------------------- 16 3.3.4. Distribución de la familia Rubiaceae --------------------------------------------------------- 18 3.3.4.1. La familia Rubiaceae en América tropical ----------------------------------------------- 18 3.3.4.2. La familia Rubiaceae en los Andes--------------------------------------------------------- 19 3.3.4.3. La familia Rubiaceae en Bolivia ------------------------------------------------------------- 20 4. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS---------------------------------------------------------------------------21 4.1. Área de estudio ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 4.1.1. Geología de la zona de estudio----------------------------------------------------------------- 22 4.1.2. Fisiografía de la zona en estudio -------------------------------------------------------------- 23 4.1.3. Clima de la zona de estudio----------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 4.1.4. Características generales de la zona de estudio----------------------------------------- 24 4.1.4.1. Piso Montano (Limbo) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 4.1.4.1.1. Zona del Limbo---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 4.1.4.1.1.1. Características generales de la vegetación del Limbo ------------------------- 26 4.1.4.2. Piso Basimontano o Subandino (Palmar y Guacharos) ---------------------------- 26 4.1.4.2.1. Zona del Palmar. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 4.1.4.2.1.1. Características generales de la vegetación del Palmar------------------------ 27 4.1.4.2.2. Zona de Guacharos---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 4.1.4.2.2.1. Características generales de la vegetación de Guacharos ------------------- 28 4.2. Métodos---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 4.2.1. Trabajo de campo ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 4.2.2. Datos de los especímenes botánicos-------------------------------------------------------- 29 4.2.3. Datos ecológicos ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 4.2.3.1. Hábitos de vida de la familia Rubiaceae-------------------------------------------------- 30 4.2.4. Datos cuantitativos. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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