An educational history of the Pima and Papago peoples from the mid-seventeenth century to the mid-twentieth century Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hagan, Maxine Wakefield, 1913- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 05:03:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/597074 AN EDUGA.TICHAL HISTORY OF THE PIMA AND PAPAGO PEOPLES FROM THE MID-SEVENTEENTH CENTURY , . , TO THE MID-TWHfTIETH CENTURY . " ' Maxine wf Hagan A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the ■ A / COLLEGE OF EDUCATION V In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTORATE IN EDUCATION In the Graduate College UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 5 9 / £ ? 7 ? / I Ids STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or repro­ duction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. __ APPROVAL BY DISSERTATION DIRECTOR This dissertation has been approved on the date shown below: < 3 /?#? ii TABLE Of CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES AND G R A P H S ........ .. ........................... iv mOSODUCTICN .................... 2 Chapter II. BACKGROUND .................................. ...... 9 III. THE PEOPLE OF PIMERIA ALTA PRIOR TO THE COMING OF THE SPANISH ............................ 3^ IV. THE MISSION SYSTEM AND ITS EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES . 48 V. THE UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD INDIANS AND THEIR E D U C A T I O N .................................... 67 VI. EARLY ANGLO-AMERICAN INDIAN RELATIONS IN ARIZONA .... 95 VII. P I M A .................................... 108 VIII. PAPAGO BACKGROUND AND EDUCATION ............ 139 IX. THE HISTORY OF BOARDING SCHOOLS ATTENDED BY PIMA AND PAPAGO STUDENTS ...................... 186 X. THE HISTORY OF UNITED STATES BUREAU AND PAROCHIAL DAY SCHOOLS AMONG THE PIMA AND PAPAGO . ... ............ 207 XI. THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES OF PIMA AND PAPAGO STUDENTS IN PUBLIC S C H O O L S ................... 222 XII. S U M M A R Y ........................................ 238 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................... 319 ill LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS PAGE Progress of the Pima Indian Mission in S c hools................ 125 St. John's Indian High School Enrollment...................... 129 i Enrollments for the Government Schools on the Fima R e s e r v a t i o n ................................................. 136 Annual School Attendance Report for Papa go Indian Agency .... iBl Figures on Pima Education during the Latter Hoarding School E r a ................................................... 201 Age-Grade Relationship Papa go Children........................ 217 Grade Achievement Papa go Children vs Pima County Children . 218 School Census of Indian Children.............................. 232 Enrollment of Indian Children in Public S c h o o l s ............... 234 Attendance Figures by Tribe and Comparison in Types of Schools Attended, 1945-46 .................................. 250- 259 Comparison of Total Enrollments by Grades in Federal Schools, 1945-46 ............ ................................ 260 Comparison of Enrollments in Grades on a Percentage Basis, 1944-46 ............................................... 261 Attendance Figures by Tribe and Comparison in Types of Schools Attended, 1947-57 .................................. 262- 315 iv INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem The educational experience of the Pina and Papa go Indian tribes from the Spanish penetration of the seventeenth to the aid-twentieth century constitutes the problem of this study. The acculturation, the formal, informal, and vocational education will be traced. The con­ tributions of sectarian and non-sectarian schools will be analyzed. The effect of the policies of the Spanish, Mexican, and United States gov­ ernments on the aboriginal education will be examined. The Importance of the Study A chronological-topical history of the education of the Piman people presently occupying the Pima and Papago reservations in southern Arizona should be of value to the scholar who seeks, by means of edu­ cation, to assimilate the members of the tribes into off-reservation society. Delimitation of the Study This Study will be confined to the sociological and educational development of the Piman people for the 300 year span stated above, pima tribe members living on the Salt Biver Reservation will be con­ sidered only in relation to their present attendance in Arizona State public schools. 2 3 No attempt will be made to judge any specific pattern of education as being the solution to the present day dilemma. No condem­ nation will be made concerning past or present educational offerings. !Ehe term "education11 will be used in its broadest sense to include academic, vocational, economics, cultural, social, and civic training. Manner of Treatment The various aspects of the problem will be treated under twelve chapter headings in an historical-topical manner. To facilitate refer­ ence the organization within the thesis and within each chapter will be presented in chronological order. The material upon which this work is based has been subjected to both internal and external criticism. Legend concerning the develop­ ment of any aboriginal people has, in effect, made liars of all who seek truth. In order to avoid the possibility of too much fantasy, this thesis has sacrificed much of the glamour it might have contained. Sources of Data The primary material, amassed and synthesized for the first four chapters, comes basically from Jesuit and Franciscan Registers and other forms of Ecclesiastical reports. Secondary sources have been used to supplement parts of the development not recorded by either the mission­ aries or the Indians. The section concerning Indian education after the coming of the Anglo-Americans is based on documents from the War Department, the Department of the Interior, Congressional Records, and letters from k religious, government, and military personnel. Personal interviews with people now serving, or who have served, on the Pima or Papago reser­ vations have been a valuable source of data. Newspaper articles, church periodicals, and various quarterly reviews containing material pertinent to the study constitute additional sources. Belated Literature Evelyn Adams' book entitled American Indian Education, published by King's Crown Press in Morningside Heights, New York, 1946, is a com­ prehensive study of United States Indian educational policy. In her introductory chapter, she sketches Spanish, French, and English colonial educational policies effectively. The value of her work for the person interested in Indian education, however, lies in the subsequent chapters which deal with the changes in educational policy during the United States national period. Mr. Robert A. Backenberg's history of the Gila River Reservation has been an invaluable source dealing with all facets of Pima problems. The specific title of this book is: A Brief History of the Gila River Reservation by Robert A. Eackenberg, Research Associate, Bureau of Ethnic Research, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, 1955• Dr. William Kelly's Indians of the Southwest, First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnic Research, University Press, Tucson, Arizona, 1953, has supplied the author with a comprehensive report of the progress of the principal Indian tribes of Arizona. 5 The late Dr. Bufus Bay Wyllye published in The Nev Mexico Historical Review, Volume VI, Number 2, in November of 1931, an article entitled "Padre Luis Velardes Eelacion of Pimeria Alta, 1716". This z / "Eelacion” gives the student of papagueria the reactions of a pioneer priest to the aborigines found on what is today the Papa go Reservation. Julian H. Steward has provided a valuable source of the economic and social basis of all primitive groups. The title of his work is: "The Economic and Social Basis of Primitive Bands,” Essays in Anthro­ pology in Honor of A. L. Kroeber, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1936. John H. Hamilton's master's thesis, "A History of the Presby­ terian Work Among the Papa go and Pima Indians of Arizona," written for the University of Arizona, Department of History, is a valuable source of information concerning the work of the Presbyterians among the Pima' and Papago Indians. Father Bonaventure 0'Biasser's unpublished book "Cross Over the / Desert" contains unusual material on the history of Pimeria Alta, gleaned from old church documents. This study is a singularly valuable source concerning the founding of permanent formal schools for the Papago. In 1938, Marvin E. Heard prepared a master's thesis for the College of Education at the University