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Fratt, Lee Archaeology: Window on the Past. a Guide For DOCUMENT RESUME ED 407 285 SO 025 462 AUTHOR Gregonis, Linda M.; Fratt, Lee TITLE Archaeology: Window on the Past. A Guide for Teachers and Students. Revised. INSTITUTION Tucson Unified School District, AS. Cooper Environmental Science Campus. PUB DATE Aug 94 NOTE 175p.; Illustrated by Lee Fratt and Ron Beckwith. AVAILABLE FROM Cooper Environmental Science Campus, Tucson Unified School District, P.O. Box 40400, Tucson, AZ 85717; telephone: (520) 743-7422. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Learner (051) Guides - Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Ancient History; Anthropology; Community Characteristics; Cultural Background; Culture; Elementary Education; Grade 5; *Interdisciplinary Approach; Intermediate Grades; Material Culture; *Social Studies; Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS *Arizona ABSTRACT This guide, a revision of the 1985 manual, Archeology Is More than a Dig, is designed to help teachers use archaeology in the classroom and can be used with several disciplines to integrate learning in the elementary classroom. Designed for fifth-grade students, the lessons can be adapted to fit the appropriate skill level of students. Divided into eight sections, section 1,"Archaeology and Archaeologists," discusses the discipline of archaeology and how and why people become archaeologists. Section 2, "Doing Archaeology," explains how archaeology is done, from survey to excavation to analysis and interpretation. Section 3,"Cultures of the Past," is a summary of the prehistoric and historic cultures in southern Arizona. Section 4, "Teaching Archaeology," discusses concepts that can be emphasized in the classroom. Section 5," Protecting Our Heritage," discusses the responsibilities of all citizens in protecting the past. Section 6, "Resources," includes an annotated list of suggested reading and audiovisual materials, as well as references used in preparing the text. Section 7, "Glossary," defines archaeological terms. Section 8, "Activities," includes instructions for activities that can be used in the classroom and answers to questions on illustrations for sections '1 and.2.(EH) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** ARCHAEOLOGY: WINDOW ON THE PAST 00 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND es1 DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY IC) r-T.1 TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Linda M. Gregonis Lee Fratt Cooper Environmental Science Campus U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Tucson Unified School District Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION Tucson, Arizona CENTER (ERIC) )<This document has been reproducedas received from the person or organization 1992 originating it. CI Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. BEST COPY AVAILABLE2 TUCSON UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT GOVERNING BOARD Brenda Even, Ph.D. President Mary Belle McCorkle, Ed.D. Clerk James Christ Member Gloria Copeland Member Joel T. Ireland Member George F. Garcia, Ed.D. Superintendent Roger Pfeuffer Assistant Superintendent, Quality Improvement Rebecca R. Montano Executive Director, Student and Staff Development Tommy Harper Director, CORE Curriculum K-12 ARCHAEOLOGY: WINDOWS ON THE PAST by Lee Fratt and Linda Gregonis A publication of the Tucson Unified School District P.O. Box 40400 Tucson, Arizona 85717 Cooper Environmental Science Campus (520) 743-7422 Prepared with a Mini-Grant from the Educational Enrichment Foundation and a Grant from the Arizona Archaeological Council for Tucson Unified School District Cooper Environmental Science Campus Doris Evans, Resource Teacher Copyright m 1992 Educational Enrichment Foundation Tucson, Arizona All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced without written permission of the authors. ARCHAEOLOGY: WINDOW ON THE PAST A Guide for Teachers and Students Linda Gregonis and Lee Fratt May 1992 Illustrations by Lee Fratt and Ron Beckwith Revised August 1994 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . Archaeology: Window on the Past is a revision of the 1985 manual, Archaeology Is More Than a Dig, by Jody Simmons, Larry Tanner, Sharon Urban, and Lou Ellen Watts. Like the first manual, this guide is designed to help teachers use archaeology in the classroom. Because archaeology borrows from many disciplines, it can be used to integrate the elementary school curriculum of mathematics, science, social science, language arts, art, and environmental education. Even physical education can play a role if you choose to prepare a sand box dig or participate in TUSD's archaeology program at Cooper Environmental Science Campus. By peering into the mysteries of the human past, archaeology can help children hone critical and higher-level thinking skills, and will encourage them to develop an appreciation for other cultures and to recognize the importance of protecting and preserVing Arizona's rich cultural heritage for the future. We have prepared the text of this guide with a fifth-grade audience in mind. Teachers may photocopy any part of the text and activities for direct use by their students, or can treat it as background material for their own use. The guide is divided into eight sections: Section A: Archaeology and Archaeologists discusses the discipline of archaeology and how and why people become archaeologists. Section B: Doing Archaeology explains how archaeology is done, from survey to excavation to analysis and interpretation. Section C: Cultures of the Past is a summary of the prehistoric and historic cultures in southern Arizona. Section D: Teaching Archaeology discusses concepts that can be emphasized in the classroom; Section E: Protecting Our Heritage discusses the responsibilities of all citizens in protecting our past. Section F: Resources includes an annotated list of suggested reading and audiovisual materials as well as the references used in preparing the text. In Section G: Glossary, archaeological terms are defined. The final portion, Section H: Activities, includes instructions for activities that can be used in the classroom. Terms that refer to important aspects of archaeological research appear in bold face print. Some, but not all, of these words appear in the Glossary. If the term represents an important vocabulary word or archaeological concept, it is also listed in the Glossary. More familiar terms do not appear in the Glossary. We put the guide in a loose-leaf binder so that changes can be made to the text and other sections as needed and so that activities can be added or deleted as they are "tested" in the classroom. We especially need your help in developing or finding good activities. Your criticisms and ideas are most welcome. Our thanks to Rick Larson, Doris and Doug Evans, Jan Mitich, and Alice Holmes for their support, ideas, and encouragement. In addition to her moral support and excellent critical comments, Doris also spent many hours formatting the manual and printing it on her laser printer. We appreciate the time spent by Sharon Urban, Rich Lange, Barb Gronemann, and Al Dart in reviewing the first version of this manual; we have incorporated many of their suggestions. 0t- We thank the Educational Enrichment Foundation and the Arizona Archaeological Council for providing funding to prepare this guide. And last, but not least,we are grateful to Larry Tanner, Lou Ellen Watts, Jody Simmons, and Sharon Urban for initiating the archaeology program at Tucson Unified School District's Environmental Education Campus. CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgments Section A: Archaeology and Archaeologists What Is Archaeology? Who Are Archaeologists? Why Study Archaeology? History and Prehistory Subfields of Archaeology Why Is Archaeology Important? Clues to the Past Principles of Archaeology Section B: Doing Archaeology Surveying and Recording Sites Finding Sites Recording Sites Remote Sensing and Other Information Excavation Which Site to Dig Records, Records, Records Grids Depth Digging, Observing, and Recording Bagging and Labeling The End of a Dig Cleaning, Labeling, and Sorting Artifacts Analysis Dating the Site How Old Is It? Archaeology and Dating Relative Dating Techniques Absolute Dating Techniques Interpretation Writing Reports Taking Care of Artifacts More Information on Doing Archaeology 7 Section C: Cultures of the Past Crossing the Bridge Mammoth Hunting End of the Ice Age America's First Farmers Villages Hohokam: Desert Farmers Changes in the Hohokam World New Peoples Historic Times More Information on Cultures of the Past When in the World Section D: Teaching Archaeology Archaeology and Culture Doing Research Before Doing Archaeology After Doing Archaeology Section E: Protecting Our Heritage Site Stewards Laws Section F: Resources Books and Other Reference Materials References Used in Preparing the Guide Section G: Glossary 8 Section H: Activities Analyzing, Mapping, and Interpreting Today's Artifacts Capsule of America Newspaper Artifacts Story in a Bag Food Food Preservation Decomposition Ceramic Reconstruction Sites and Threats Oral History Hohokam Dancing Strings and Things Natural Resources Dating With Tree Rings (Dendrochronology) How Do You Measure Up? Motel of the Mysteries Cultural Universals Mapping Archaeology Word Search Answers to Questions on the Illustrations 9 SECTION ARC E LOGY
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