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(Storied Rocks): Southern Paiute Rock Art in the Colorado River Corridor

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(Storied Rocks): Southern Paiute Rock Art in the Colorado River Corridor Tumpituxwinap (Storied Rocks): Southern Paiute Rock Art in the Colorado River Corridor Item Type Report Authors Stoffle, Richard W.; Loendorf, Lawrence L.; Austin, Diane E.; Halmo, David B.; Bulletts, Angelita S.; Fulfrost, Brian K. Publisher Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Download date 11/10/2021 13:09:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279732 T UMPIT UXWINAP (STORIED ROCKS) Version 2 Southern Paiute Consortium Pipe Spring, Arizona and Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Report of work carried out under the Southern Paiute Consortium CooperativeAgreement with the Bureau of Reclamation, #4 -FC -40 -15260 TUMPITUXWINAP (STORIED ROCKS): SOUTHERN PAIUTE ROCK ART IN THE COLORADO RIVER CORRIDOR Version 2 (For Public Distribution) Prepared for: David Wegner Glen Canyon Environmental Studies Bureau of Reclamation Flagstaff, Arizona Prepared by: Richard W. Stoffle Lawrence L. Loendorf Diane E. Austin David B. Halmo Angelita S. Bulletts Brian K. Fulfrost Southern Paiute Consortium Pipe Spring, Arizona and The Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona September 1995 Report of work carried out under the Southern Paiute Consortium Cooperative Agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation, #4 -FC-40 -15260 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Acknowledgements xi A Note on Transcriptional Practice xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Tiering 2 Common Ground 2 Rock Art (Thmpituxwinap) Terms 3 Approaches to Rock Art Studies 4 Impressionism 5 Science 5 Ethnoculture 6 GCES Rock Art Study 7 Interdisciplinarity 8 Multivocality 8 Key Study Findings 9 CHAPTER TWO OUR HOMELAND 11 CHAPTER THREE A SCIENTIST'S PERSPECTIVE 18 Grand Canyon Rock Art 19 Dating of Rock Art 20 Petroglyphs 20 Pictographs 21 Ethnography and Rock Art 22 The Relationship of Rock Art to Shamans in the Grand Canyon 23 Kanab Creek Site #4 as an Example 26 Rock Art Types or Styles and Chronology 29 Great Basin Abstract Styles 31 Glen Canyon Style V 32 Grand Canyon Polychrome Style 33 Tapering -body Human Figures 34 Western Anasazi and Fremont Rock Art 34 Cave Valley Style 35 Southern Paiute Pictographs 36 Conclusions and Recommendations 38 i CHAPTER FOUR ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW 41 Cultural Landscapes 41 Holy Lands 45 Regional Landscapes 46 Ecoscapes 47 Storyscapes 47 Landmarks 48 Southern Paiute Cultural Landscapes 48 The Paiute Holy Land 49 Grand Canyon as a Paiute Regional Landscape 49 Kanab Creek as a Paiute Ecoscape 50 Trails and the Cry as Paiute Songscapes 52 Vulcan's Anvil as a Paiute Landmark 52 Boundaries and Joint Use 53 Interaction Patterns 55 Rock Art Rules 56 CHAPTER FIVE ROCK ART IN THE COLORADO RIVER CORRIDOR 58 Methods 58 Overview of Findings 60 Sacred Paint 60 Stories and Legends 61 Site -by -Site Interpretation 61 Site 1 - C:03:006 62 Southern Paiute Interpretation 62 Archaeologist's Commentary 64 Site 2 - C:02:038 65 Southern Paiute Interpretation 66 Archaeologist's Commentary 68 Site 3 - C:02:037 69 Southern Paiute Interpretation 69 Archaeologist's Commentary 71 Site 4 - C:02:013 73 Southern Paiute Interpretation 73 Archaeologist's Commentary 75 Site 5 - C:02:056 76 Southern Paiute Interpretation 76 Archaeologist's Commentary 78 Site 6 - C:02:104 79 Southern Paiute Interpretation 80 Archaeologist's Commentary 81 Site 7 - C:06:005 82 Southern Paiute Interpretation 83 Archaeologist's Commentary 84 Site 8 - C:05:001 85 Southern Paiute Interpretation 86 Archaeologist's Commentary 88 Site 9 - C:13:003 88 Southern Paiute Interpretation 89 Site 10 - C:13:132 89 Southern Paiute Interpretation 90 Archaeologist's Commentary 92 Site 11 - C:13:322 93 Southern Paiute Interpretation 93 Archaeologist's Commentary 95 Site 12 - Deer Creek Rock Art Site 96 Southern Paiute Interpretation 97 Archaeologist's Commentary 99 Site 14 - A:16:163 101 Southern Paiute Interpretation 102 Archaeologist's Commentary 104 Site 15 - A:16:181 105 Southern Paiute Interpretation 105 Archaeologist's Commentary 107 Site 16 - A:16:172 108 Southern Paiute Interpretation 108 Archaeologist's Commentary 110 Site 17 - A:16:179 111 Southern Paiute Interpretation 111 Archaeologist's Commentary 112 Site 18 - A:16:001 113 Southern Paiute Interpretation 115 Archaeologist's Commentary 117 Site 19 - A: 16:159 117 Southern Paiute Interpretation 118 Archaeologist's Commentary 119 Site 20 - A:15:018 120 Southern Paiute Interpretation 121 Archaeologist's Commentary 121 Site 22 - A:15:005 122 Southern Paiute Interpretation 124 Archaeologist's Commentary 126 Site 23 - Spring Canyon Rock Art Site 126 Southern Paiute Interpretation 126 Archaeologist's Commentary 128 iii Site 24 - G:03:077 128 Southern Paiute Interpretation 130 Archaeologist's Commentary 131 Site 25 - G:03:080 131 Southern Paiute Interpretation 132 Archaeologist's Commentary 134 Patterns 135 Cultural Significance of Rock Art Panels for Southern Paiute People 136 Uses of Rock Art Panels 139 Past Uses of Panels 140 Current Uses of Rock Art Panels 143 Patterns of Response Based on Gender 145 Cultural Transmission 147 How Sites Are Interconnected 148 Discussion 150 CHAPTER SIX KANAV 'UIPI (WILLOW CANYON) ECOSCAPE STUDY 152 Defining the Ecoscape 152 Physical Parameters 153 Cultural Parameters 153 Region of Refuge 155 The Ghost Dance 157 Methods 161 Archaeologist's Commentary 161 Numbering System 162 Kanav 'Uipi Rock Art Sites 163 Kanab Creek Site # 1 163 Southern Paiute Interpretations 163 Archaeologist's Commentary 165 Kanab Creek Site # 2 166 Southern Paiute Interpretations 167 Archaeologist's Commentary 167 Kanab Creek Site # 3 169 Southern Paiute Interpretations 170 Archaeologist's Commentary 171 Ethnographic Commentary 171 Kanab Creek Site # 4 171 Southern Paiute Interpretations 172 Archaeologist's Commentary 175 Kanab Creek Site # 5 -- (Forest Service Site # AR- 03 -07 -03 -1019) 175 Southern Paiute Interpretations 176 Archaeologist's Commentary 179 iv Kanab Creek Site # 6 -- (Forest Service Site # AR -03 -07 -03 -1252) 182 Southern Paiute Interpretations 183 Archaeologist's Commentary 185 Kanab Creek Site # 7 -- (Forest Service Site # AR -03 -07 -03 -1264) 186 Southern Paiute Interpretations 187 Archaeologist's Commentary 188 Kanab Creek Site # 8 -- (Forest Service Site # AR- 03 -07 -03 -1267) 189 Southern Paiute Interpretations 192 Archaeologist's Commentary 193 Ethnographic Commentary 195 Additional Site Interpretations 195 Forest Service Site # AR -03 -07 -03 -1265 195 Southern Paiute Interpretations 196 Archaeologist's Commentary 196 Forest Service Site # AR- 03 -07 -03 -1256 197 Southern Paiute Interpretations 197 Archaeologist's Commentary 197 Forest Service Site # AR- 03 -07 -03 -1258 199 Southern Paiute Interpretations 200 Archaeologist's Commentary 200 Forest Service Site # AR 03 -07 -03 -1284 200 Southern Paiute Interpretations 201 Archaeologist's Commentary 201 CHAPTER SEVEN TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES 203 Defining Traditional Cultural Properties 203 Southern Paiute TCPs in the Colorado River Corridor Landmarks and Ecoscapes 205 Salt Cave Landmark 205 Southern Paiute Interpretations 205 Ethnographic Commentary 206 Vulcan's Anvil Landmark 207 Southern Paiute Interpretations 207 Ethnographic Commentary 209 The Vulcan's Anvil -Lava Falls Complex: An Ecoscape TCP? 210 Ompi (Hematite) Cave 212 Southern Paiute Interpretations 213 Ethnographic Commentary 213 Pumpkin Spring Landmark 214 Southern Paiute Interpretations 214 Ethnographic Commentary 215 Deer Creek Valley and Falls Ecoscape 216 Southern Paiute Interpretations 216 v Ethnographic Commentary 219 Granite Park Ecoscape 221 Southern Paiute Interpretations 221 Ethnographic Commentary 221 Summary 222 The National Register of Historic Places 222 Eligibility for Nomination to the National Register 223 The Current State of TCP Research and Protection 224 Historic, Cultural, and Ethnographic Landscapes 225 Conclusion 225 CHAPTER EIGHT MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 227 Laws for Protecting Cultural Resources 228 National Historic Preservation Act 229 American Indian Religious Freedom Act 230 Individual Paiute Recommendations 230 Perceived Impacts 230 Impacts from Natural Elements 231 Impacts from Human Activities 233 Southern Paiute Consortium Recommendations for Protecting and Managing Cultural Resources in the Colorado River Corridor 237 References Cited 239 Appendices 252 Appendix A Ethnoarchaeology - Rock Art Interview Form 253 Appendix B Terms That Indicate Frequency of Southern Paiute Responses 262 Appendix C Relationship Between Rating of Rock Art Panels and Other Variables 263 Appendix D Southern Paiute Responses to Rock Art Panels Based on Gender 264 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1. Perceived Importance of Rock Art Panels and Sites 136 Table 5.2. Relationship Between Importance of Rock Art Panel and Site 137 Table 5.3. Relationship Between Kind of Rock Art Panels and their Perceived Significance 137 Table 5.4. Relationship Between Perception that Rock Art Panels are Affected by Natural Elements and Their Significance 138 Table 5.5. Relationship Between Perception that Rock Art Panels are Affected by Human Activities and Their Significance 138 Table 5.6. Southern Paiute Past and Present Use of Rock Art Panels Visited on River Trips (Proportion of Representatives who Visited or Used the Panels) 140 Table 5.7. Southern Paiute Past and Present Use of Rock Art Panels Like Those Visited on River Trips (Proportion of Representatives who Visited or Used the Panels) 141 Table 5.8. Purposes for Which Southern Paiutes Made, Visited, or Used the Rock Art Panels 142 Table 5.9. Past Family Visitation or Use of Rock Art Panels 143 Table 5.10. Current Southern Paiute Visitation or Use of Rock Art Panels 144 Table 5.11. Current Family Visitation or Use of Rock Art Panels 145 Table 5.12. Past and Current Use of Site By Gender 146 Table 5.13. Gender -based Perceptions of Use of Panels for Ceremonial Purposes 147 Table 5.14. Cultural Transmission of Information About Rock Art Panels Based on Gender 148 Table 5.15. Who is Being Taught About Rock Art Panels 148 Table 5.16. Interconnectedness of Sites 149 Table 8.1. Perceived Natural Impacts to Rock Art Panels 232 Table 8.2. Perceived Human Impacts to Rock Art Panels 235 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1.
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