DOCSLIB.ORG

Native American Sacred Sites and the Department of Defense

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Native American Sacred Sites and the Department of Defense Native American Sacred Sites and the Department of Defense Item Type Report Authors Deloria Jr., Vine; Stoffle, Richard W. Publisher Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Download date 01/10/2021 17:48:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/272997 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Edited by Vine Deloria, Jr. The University of Colorado and Richard W. Stoffle The University of Arizona® Submitted to United States Department of Defense Washington, D. C. June 1998 DISCLAIMER The views and opinions expressed here are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U. S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of the Interior, or any other Federal or state agency, or any Tribal government. Cover Photo: Fajada Butte, Chaco Culture National Historic Park, New Mexico NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Edited by Vine Deloria, Jr. The University of Colorado and Richard W. Stoffle The University of Arizona® Report Sponsored by The Legacy Resource Management Program United States Department of Defense Washington, D. C. with the assistance of Archeology and Ethnography Program United States National Park Service Washington, D. C. June 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables vii List of Figures ix List of Appendices x Acknowledgments xii Foreward xiv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Scope of This Report 1 Overview of Native American Issues 3 History and Background of the Legacy Resources Management Program 4 Legal Basis for Interactions Regarding Cultural Resources 7 National Environmental Policy Act 8 National Historic Preservation Act 8 Archaeological Resources Protection Act 11 American Indian Religious Freedom Act 12 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 13 Executive Actions after NAGPRA 14 Service and Installation Specific Regulations 15 Tribal Recognition Status 15 Legal Summary 17 Organization of Report 17 Summary of Major Findings 17 CHAPTER TWO SACREDNESS AMONG NATIVE AMERICANS 19 Religious Contexts 20 The Mysterious Presence 20 Manifestations of the Mysterious Presence 21 Understanding the Nature of Symbolism 21 Ritual Activity 22 Kinds of Ritual Activities 23 Healing 24 Thanksgiving 24 Vision Quests 24 Condolence 25 Rituals and Sacred Places 26 Sacred Objects 26 Summary 28 i CHAPTER THREE KINDS OF SACRED SITES 29 Selection of Sacred Sites 29 Burials and Ruins 29 Mourning and Condolence Ceremonies 30 Linkage 30 TYPE A: Creation Story Locations and Boundaries 35 TYPE B: Sacred Portals Recounting Star Migrations 36 TYPE C: Universal Center Locations 36 TYPE D: Historical Migration Destiny Locations 37 TYPE E: Places of Prehistoric Revelations 38 TYPE F: Traditional Vision Quest Sites 38 TYPE G: Plant- Animal Relationship Locations 39 TYPE H: Mourning and Condolence Sites 40 TYPE I: Historical Past Occupancy Sites 41 TYPE J: Spirit Sites 41 TYPE K: Recent Historical Event Locations 42 TYPE L: Plant, Animal and Mineral Gathering Sites 43 TYPE M: Sanctified Ground 44 Summary 45 CHAPTER FOUR SACRED SITES AND MILITARY LANDS /ACTIVITIES 46 Sacred Site Locations By State 46 Arizona 47 Apache 47 Havasupai and Walapai 49 Hopi 49 Mohave and Chemehuevi 50 Navajo 50 Pima and Maricopa 51 Tohono O'odham Peoples 52 Yuma and Cocopa 52 Arkansas 53 California 53 Colorado 56 Hawaii 57 Idaho 58 Bannock 59 Northern Paiute 60 Shoshone 60 Ute 62 ii Iowa 62 Kansas 63 Kiowa 63 Pawnee 64 Louisiana 64 Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska 65 Missouri 66 Montana 67 Nevada 68 Paiute 68 Shoshone 70 New Mexico 71 Apache 74 Comanche 75 Navajo 77, Pueblo 78 Oklahoma 79 Oregon 80 Texas 81 Utah 82 Washington 83 Wyoming 84 Summary 85 CHAPTER FIVE A CONSULTATION MODEL 87 Defining Consultation 88 General Consultation 89 Specific Consultation 90 Establishing Cultural Affiliation 91 Traditional Period Affiliation 92 Aboriginal Period Affiliation 92 Treaty- Tribes 93 Land -Claims Tribes 93 Historic Period Affiliation 94 Contacting the Tribes 95 Having An Orientation Meeting 96 Forming A Consultation Committee 97 Chaco Mini -Case 98 Committee Rules 99 American Indian Information Base 100 Nevada Test Site Mini -Case 102 DOE /NV and Indian Consultation 102 iii The Consolidated Group 103 American Indian Monitors 104 The NAGPRA Subgroup 104 Conducting Site Visits 104 Forming A Study Design 105 Defining Basic Concepts 106 Assuring Participation 106 Presenting the Findings 107 Developing Native Mitigation Recommendations 108 Maintaining Ongoing Interactions and Monitoring 109 Mutual Trust 109 A Common Knowledge Base 110 Cultural Resource Management Plan 110 Monitoring Plan 111 Terminating Consultation 111 Making Analogs 111 Keeping Relations 112 CHAPTER SIX NATIONAL PICTURE: DOD INTERACTIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS 113 Sources of Data 113 Three National Mail Surveys 114 Advisory Council for Historic Preservation -Cultural Resource Management Survey (ACHP Survey) 1991 114 Legacy National Survey of Cultural and Natural Resource Programs (Legacy Survey) 1992 115 U.S. Air Force Natural and Cultural Resource Management Survey (USAF Survey) 1992 116 Two Phone Surveys 116 Legacy Study of American Indian Access to Department of Defense Facilities (Access Survey) 1992 -1993 116 Legacy Sacred Site Protection Strategies Project (Follow -Up Survey) 1993 -1994 117 Methodology 117 UofA Master List of DoD Installations (UofA Master List) 118 List of DoD Installations for which CRM Data was Collected (CRM List) 119 University of Arizona Database (UofA Database) 119 Master Data Files 120 Spreadsheet Data 120 Overall Patterns of Interactions 120 Definition of Variables 120 Branch of Service 120 iv Size of Installation 121 Region 121 Level of Interaction 121 Type of Cultural Resource 121 Basis of Interactions 122 Other Interaction Issues 122 Interactions by Branch of Service 122 Interactions by Region of Installations 124 Interactions by Size of Installations 126 Installations with Interactions 128 Levels of Interaction 130 By Branch 132 By Size 133 By Region 134 Type of Cultural Resource 136 Basis of Interactions 140 Cultural Resource Issues 140 Other Issues 146 Additional Concerns 147 Native American Involvement in the BRAC Process 147 Project Specific Concerns 148 NAGPRA Concerns 149 Summary of Analysis 149 CHAPTER SEVEN CASE STUDY OF EXEMPLARY CULTURAL RESOURCE PROGRAM: FORT HOOD, TEXAS 151 History 152 Native Americans 152 Fort Hood 155 Present Relationship 155 Focus of Native American Concerns at Fort Hood 155 Origin of the Relationship 156 Establishment of the Reburial Cemetery 157 Maintenance and Use of the Site 158 Further Interactions 160 Elements of a Successful Relationship 161 Determining Cultural Affiliation 161 Contacting the Tribes 162 Orientation Meeting and Site Visit 162 Forming Native American Consultation Committee and Procedures 163 Further Site Visits and Inventory of Cultural Resources 163 Mitigation Recommendations 163 v Monitoring and Ongoing Interactions 164 American Indian Efforts 165 DoD Personnel Efforts 166 Barriers and Efforts to Overcome Them 167 Time 167 Recognition of Good Efforts and Programs 167 Need for Resources 168 Conclusion 168 CHAPTER EIGHT THE CONSULTATION PROCESS IN THE DOD 171 Cultural Affiliation 175 Contacting the Tribes 178 Method of Contact 178 Mail 178 Phone 179 In Person 180 Method of Contact Summary 180 Use of Liaisons 181 Orientation Meeting and Site Visit 182 Tribal Consultation Committee 183 Site Visits and Inventory of Cultural Resources 184 Mitigation Recommendations and Formal Policies 186 Cultural and Natural Resource Policies 186 Evolution of the Policies 187 Content of the Policies 187 Human Remains and Reburials 188 The Evolution of Reburial Policies 189 Content of Native American Human Reburial Policies 190 Application of the Policies 194 Monitoring and Ongoing Interactions 195 Installation Closure and Termination of the Relationship 196 Summary 200 Resources 200 Changes in Personnel 201 Include Individuals with the Experience and Attitudes Necessary for Making the Relationship Succeed 201 Responsibility to More Than One Individual 202 Respect the Significance of the Individuals 202 Minimize Changes, Create Buffers for Higher Level Reorganization 203 Relationship to Other Cultural Resource Management Efforts 203 References Cited 204 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Selected Legacy Program Cultural Resources Studies 7 Table 1.2. Legislation and Executive Orders Regarding Native American Cultural Resources 9 Table 6.1 Number of Respondents and Number with Native American Interactions for each Survey 114 Table 6.2 Number of Installations with CRM Data by Branch of Service 119 Table 6.3 Number and Percent of Installations that have Interactions with Native Americans Regarding Cultural Resources 124 Table 6.4 Installations by Region 124 Table 6.5a Number of Installations on CRM List by Branch of Service and Region . 125 Table 6.5b Number of Installations on Interaction List by Branch of Service and Region 125 Table 6.6 Installations by Size 126 Table 6.7 Average Size of Installations (in acres) 126 Table 6.8 Median Size of Installations (in acres) 127 Table 6.9a Number of Installations on the CRM List by Branch of Service & Size Category 127 Table 6.9b Number of Installations on the Interaction List by Branch of Service & Size Category 128 Table 6.10 Installations on the Interaction List by Branch of Service 130 Table 6.11 Installations on the Interaction List by Presence of Formal Policies and Frequency of Interactions 131 Table 6.12 Installations on the Interaction List by Frequency of Interactions and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Historic Landmark
    BLOOD RUN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE AND NEEDS | LYON COUNTY, IOWA MARCH 2013 The Blood Run National Historic Landmark is a site that bridges many worldviews in time and culture. It is a place of many voices, many histories, and many stories. At its highpoint in the 16th and 17th centuries the site represented the center of a bustling, complex world linked to the quarries at today’s Pipestone National Monument in Minnesota, the activities that created the Jeffers petroglyph site in Minnesota, and far beyond through trade. For its time, Blood Run held an important position among societies on the cusp of drastic and inalterable change. Blood Run is a site with many pasts and competing visions for the future. To understand why things happened the way they did at the place known archaeologically as Blood Run is to move through the land, the place, the times. Sioux quartzite boulder with over 700 pits. Pipes and pipestone fragments characteristic of Blood Run. Photo Credit: John Pearson Blood Run encompasses over 1.3 square miles (844 acres) along both sides of the Big Sioux River on the Iowa/South Dakota border. Named for Blood Run Creek, the site was home to numerous prehistoric and protohistoric groups. Most notably, it is the largest known and most complex site of the late prehistoric Oneota tradition. Above the ground, remnants of this community include large and small mounds and enigmatic pitted boulders—large rocks with hundreds of small “cups” covering their surface. Between 68 and 80 mounds are still visible in Iowa today.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Governance Innovation Spotlight
    NATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICAN INDIANS TRIBAL GOVERNANCE INNOVATION SPOTLIGHT Food Sovereignty SAN CARLOS APACHE TRIBE WHAT’S INSIDE Seeking to reconnect the Western Apache people to the natural world and the physical, cultural, and spiritual sustenance it provides, the San Carlos Apache Tribe has spent the past three decades exhaustively documenting the diversity, expanse, and nutritional benefits of the pre-reservation Apache diet. Through its Traditional Western Apache Diet Project and the various informational and educational resources the Project shares across the reservation and beyond, the Tribe is training and guiding tribal members to embrace their traditional foodways as an irreplaceable pathway to individual, family, and community wellness and prosperity. he San Carlos Apache Tribe is one of four federally Western Apaches’ mutually nourishing relationship with the recognized tribal nations in Arizona that descend in natural world is what made them “Innee (in Apache, ‘the T whole or part from the Western Apaches, a closely people’), who they know themselves to be.”9 related network of 20 Apache bands that had long presided over a substantial portion of the state’s eastern half before Apaches and the Natural World: Forced Separation the arrival of white settlers in the mid-19th century.2 However, the Western Apaches’ finely-tuned food system Prior to their confinement on reservations following the could not withstand the unrelenting advance of the Civil War, Western Apaches adeptly supported themselves American frontier beginning in the 1850s. In just two through their adaptive management of a versatile seasonal decades, encroachment by white settlers and attacks by the subsistence system rooted in an U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Perspectives on the Hohokam
    Bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Tucson, Arizona December 2009 Number 60 Michael Hampshire’s artist rendition of Pueblo Grande platform mound (right); post-excavation view of compound area northwest of Pueblo Grande platform mound (above) TRIBAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE HOHOKAM Donald Bahr, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Arizona State University The archaeologists’ name for the principal pre-European culture of southern Arizona is Hohokam, a word they adopted from the O’odham (formerly Pima-Papago). I am not sure which archaeologist first used that word. It seems that the first documented but unpublished use is from 1874 or 1875 (Haury 1976:5). In any case, since around then archaeologists have used their methods to define and explain the origin, development, geographic extent, and end of the Hohokam culture. This article is not about the archaeologists’ Hohokam, but about the stories and explanations of past peoples as told by the three Native American tribes who either grew from or replaced the archaeologists’ Hohokam on former Hohokam land. These are the O’odham, of course, but also the Maricopa and Yavapai. The Maricopa during European times (since about 1550) lived on lands previously occupied by the Hohokam and Patayan archaeological cultures, and the Yavapai lived on lands of the older Hohokam, Patayan, Hakataya, Salado, and Western Anasazi cultures – to use all of the names that have been used, sometimes overlappingly, for previous cultures of the region. The Stories The O’odham word huhugkam means “something that is used up or finished.” The word consists of the verb huhug, which means “to be used up or finished,” and the suffix “-kam,” which means “something that is this way.” Huhug is generally, and perhaps only, used as an intransitive, not a transitive, verb.
    [Show full text]
  • Roger T1." Grange, Jr. a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The
    Ceramic relationships in the Central Plains Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Grange, Roger Tibbets, 1927- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 18:53:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565603 CERAMIC RELATIONSHIPS' IN THE CENTRAL PLAINS ^ > 0 ^ . Roger T1." Grange, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Roger T, Grange, Jr»________________________ entitled ______Ceramic Relationships in the Central_____ _____Plains_______________________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _____Doctor of Philosophy________________________ April 26. 1962 Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* 5 / ? / ^ t 5 /? / C 2-— A / , - r y /n / *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
    [Show full text]
  • People of Snowy Mountain, People of the River: a Multi-Agency Ethnographic Overview and Compendium Relating to Tribes Associated with Clark County, Nevada
    Portland State University PDXScholar Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations Anthropology 2012 People of Snowy Mountain, People of the River: A Multi-Agency Ethnographic Overview and Compendium Relating to Tribes Associated with Clark County, Nevada Douglas Deur Portland State University, [email protected] Deborah Confer University of Washington Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Deur, Douglas and Confer, Deborah, "People of Snowy Mountain, People of the River: A Multi-Agency Ethnographic Overview and Compendium Relating to Tribes Associated with Clark County, Nevada" (2012). Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations. 98. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac/98 This Report is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Pacific West Region: Social Science Series National Park Service Publication Number 2012-01 U.S. Department of the Interior PEOPLE OF SNOWY MOUNTAIN, PEOPLE OF THE RIVER: A MULTI-AGENCY ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW AND COMPENDIUM RELATING TO TRIBES ASSOCIATED WITH CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA 2012 Douglas Deur, Ph.D. and Deborah Confer LAKE MEAD AND BLACK CANYON Doc Searls Photo, Courtesy Wikimedia Commons
    [Show full text]
  • History of Nuwuvi People
    History of Nuwuvi People The Nuwuvi, or Southern Paiute peoples (the people), are also known as Nuwu. The Southern Paiute language originates from the uto-aztecan family of languages. Many different dialects are spoken, but there are many similarities between each language. UNLV, and the wider Las Vegas area, stands on Southern Paiute land. Historically, Southern Paiutes were hunter-gatherers and lived in small family units. Prior to colonial influence, their territory spanned across what is today Southeastern California, Southern Nevada, Northern Arizona, and Southern Utah. Within this territory, many of the Paiutes would roam the land moving from place to place. Often there was never really a significant homebase. The Las Vegas Paiute Tribe (LVPT) mentions that, “Outsiders who came to the Paiutes' territory often described the land as harsh, arid and barren; however, the Paiutes developed a culture suited to the diverse land and its resources.” Throughout the history of the Southern Paiute people, there was often peace and calm times. Other than occasional conflicts with nearby tribes, the Southern Paiutes now had to endure conflict from White settlers in the 1800s. Their way of life was now changed with the onset of construction for the Transcontinental railroad and its completion. Among other changes to the land, the LVPT also said, “In 1826, trappers and traders began crossing Paiute land, and these crossings became known in 1829 as the Old Spanish Trail (a trade route from New Mexico to California). In 1848, the United States government assumed control over the area.” The local tribe within the area is the Las Vegas Paiute Tribe (LVPT), their ancestors were known as the Tudinu (Desert People).
    [Show full text]
  • Martian Crater Morphology
    ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Number U8 - Whorf, Benjamin Lee
    NUMBER U8 - WHORF, BENJAMIN LEE THE HOPI LANGUAGE. 1935 THE HOPI LANGlTAOE by Benjamin Lee Whorf l?3r> MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY No. W UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1956 TA3LE OF CONTENTS Phonology 1 Claselfication of phonemes 1 Consonants 2 Consonant-clusters h Vowels k Vowel-length 5 Accent ' 6 Sandhi 6 II. Grammatical Operations 7 1. Pure Selection 7 Parts of Speech 7 Punctual and Tensive 3 Suppletion 9 2. Modulation: its phonology 10 3. Reduplication 11 h. Nexus 11 a. Prefixation 11 b. Suffixation 11 c. Annexation 12 Compounds 13 Incorporations 1^ Subnexation 1^ d. Context nexus 15 5. Pause Techniques 15 Sentences 15 A. Unifórmale l6 Biformals l6 Triformals l6 Copulative or nominal sentences .... 16 T^Ler...-• tives 17 Imperatives 17 III. Nouns nd Pronouns and their Syntax 17 1. Basic Pronouns 17 2. Use of the Cases 20 Basic Noun Inflections 2¿ Plurals 2j 5- Oblique Cases 2U 6. Postpositions or relationals 2k 7. Place Names 25 8. Various Pronouns 25 9. Numerals 26 TABLE OF CONTENTS ^cont'd.) 1. In general , 1'J Tht Hop i Ian ¿. Verb classes '¿'J 3. Voicer, jl northeastern Ar ¡4 . Aspeóte 3'.' •'"•. Number Uo sketch records 6 . Tenses ¡: i "'. The Modes and their Syntax :<2 Mr» Ernest Naqu °> . Address Forms 31 Iion-ac Lual Forms 32 the Uto-Aztooan ^. Inceptors 3j fleotive type* V. Invariants >3 I. Phonology VI. Deri vat i on '.A 1 A. Major co 1. Verbs [from verbs] 3' !+ 2. Verbs [from nouns] 5 aeries m, n, £, 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Blaine-Birch Bay Area Whatcom County, WA Wings Over
    Geology of Blaine-Birch Bay Area Blaine Middle Whatcom County, WA School / PAC l, ul G ant, G rmor Wings Over Water 2020 C o n Nest s ero Birch Bay Field Trip Eagles! H March 21, 2020 Eagle "Trees" Beach Erosion Dakota Creek Eagle Nest , ics l at w G rr rfo la cial E te Ab a u ant W Eagle Nest n d California Heron Rookery Creek Wave Cut Terraces Kingfisher G Nests Roger's Slough, Log Jam Birch Bay Eagle Nest G Beach Erosion Sea Links Ponds Periglacial G Field Trip Stops G Features Birch Bay Route Birch Bay Berm Ice Thickness, 2,200 M G Surficial Geology Alluvium Beach deposits Owl Nest Glacial outwash, Fraser-age in Barn k Glaciomarine drift, Fraser-age e e Marine glacial outwash, Fraser-age r Heron Center ll C re Peat deposits G Ter Artificial fill Terrell Marsh Water T G err Trailhead ell M a r k sh Terrell Cr ee 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 ± Miles 2200 M Blaine Middle Glacial outwash, School / PAC Geology of Blaine-Birch Bay Area marine, Everson ll, G Gu Glaciomarine Interstade Whatcom County, WA morant, C or t s drift, Everson ron Nes Wings Over Water 2020 Semiahmoo He Interstade Resort G Blaine Semiahmoo Field Trip March 21, 2020 Eagle "Trees" Semiahmoo Park G Glaciomarine drift, Everson Beach Erosion Interstade Dakota Creek Eagle Nest Glac ial Abun E da rra s, Blaine nt ti c l W ow Eagle Nest a terf California Creek Heron Glacial outwash, Rookery Glaciomarine drift, G Field Trip Stops marine, Everson Everson Interstade Semiahmoo Route Interstade Ice Thickness, 2,200 M Kingfisher Surficial GNeeoslotsgy Wave Cut Alluvium Glacial Terraces Beach deposits outwash, Roger's Glacial outwash, Fraser-age Slough, SuGmlaacsio mSataridnee drift, Fraser-age Log Jam Marine glacial outwash, Fraser-age Peat deposits Beach Eagle Nest Artificial fill deposits Water Beach Erosion 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 Miles ± Chronology of Puget Sound Glacial Events Sources: Vashon Glaciation Animation; Ralph Haugerud; Milepost Thirty-One, Washington State Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Lands
    ArizonA indiAn GAminG AssociAtion • AnnuAl report FY 2008 TRIBAL LANDS PAGE San Juan Kaibab-Paiute Tribe Southern Paiute Tribe Navajo Nation Havasupai Hopi Tribe Tribe Hualapai Tribe KINGMAN FLAGSTAFF Fort Mojave Tribe CAMP VERDE Yavapai-Apache Nation Zuni Tribe PRESCOTT Yavapai Prescott Tribe PAYSON Tonto Apache Colorado River Tribe Indian Tribes White Mountain Fort McDowell Apache Tribe Yavapai Nation PHOENIX San Carlos Salt River Apache Tribe Pima-Maricopa Gila River Indian Community Fort Yuma- Indian Quechan Tribe Community Ak-Chin Indian Community YUMA Cocopah Tribe Tohono TUCSON O’odham Pascua Yaqui Tribe Nation Ak-Chin Indian Community Havasupai Tribe San Juan Southern Harrah's Ak-Chin Casino Paiute Tribe Hualapai Tribe Cocopah Tribe Tohono O’odham Nation Cocopah Casino Hopi Tribe* Desert Diamond Casino I & II and Golden Ha’San Casino Colorado River Indian Tribes* Kaibab-Paiute Tribe Blue Water Casino Tonto Apache Tribe Mazatzal Casino Fort McDowell Navajo Nation Yavapai Nation White Mountain Apache Tribe Fort McDowell Casino Pascua Yaqui Tribe Hon Dah Casino Casino of the Sun Fort Mojave Indian Tribe Casino Del Sol Yavapai-Apache Nation Spirit Mountain Casino Cliff Castle Casino Valley, Avi Resort Casino Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community Yavapai Prescott Tribe* Casino Arizona at Salt River Fort Yuma-Quechan Tribe Yavapai Gaming Center Casino Arizona at Talking Stick Paradise Casino & Bucky’s Casino San Carlos Apache Tribe Gila River Indian Community Apache Gold Casino Zuni Tribe Gila River Casinos at Wild Horse Pass, Lone Butte and Vee Quiva *Not a member of AIGA Letter From The Chairwoman It is with pleasure that we present our fifth Annual Report for the Arizona Indian Gaming Association (AIGA).
    [Show full text]
  • Place Names Describing Fossils in Oral Traditions
    Place names describing fossils in oral traditions ADRIENNE MAYOR Classics Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Folk explanations of notable geological features, including fossils, are found around the world. Observations of fossil exposures (bones, footprints, etc.) led to place names for rivers, mountains, valleys, mounds, caves, springs, tracks, and other geological and palaeonto- logical sites. Some names describe prehistoric remains and/or refer to traditional interpretations of fossils. This paper presents case studies of fossil-related place names in ancient and modern Europe and China, and Native American examples in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Evidence for the earliest known fossil-related place names comes from ancient Greco-Roman and Chinese literature. The earliest documented fossil-related place name in the New World was preserved in a written text by the Spanish in the sixteenth century. In many instances, fossil geonames are purely descriptive; in others, however, the mythology about a specific fossil locality survives along with the name; in still other cases the geomythology is suggested by recorded traditions about similar palaeontological phenomena. The antiquity and continuity of some fossil-related place names shows that people had observed and speculated about miner- alized traces of extinct life forms long before modern scientific investigations. Traditional place names can reveal heretofore unknown geomyths as well as new geologically-important sites. Traditional folk names for geological features in the Named fossil sites in classical antiquity landscape commonly refer to mythological or and modern Greece legendary stories that accounted for them (Vitaliano 1973). Landmarks notable for conspicuous fossils Evidence for the practice of naming specific fossil have been named descriptively or mythologically locales can be found in classical antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Coordinator, Blood Run National Historic Landmark Reports To: Historic Sites Manager, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa Dept
    Job Title: Site Coordinator, Blood Run National Historic Landmark Reports To: Historic Sites Manager, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa Dept. of Cultural Affairs Work Location: Lyon County, Iowa (exact location TBD) Position Type: Part-Time, maximum of 780 hours/year Eligibility: Anyone interested in American/Iowa history, Native American studies, archaeology, anthropology, public history, or cultural/natural resource management is eligible to apply. Skills and qualities required: • Excellent communication skills, written and verbal, and the ability to speak to groups of people with ease. • Ability to learn and explain the history of the Blood Run site, as well as its natural and cultural features. • Must reflect the State Historical Society’s mission to preserve and present history in a friendly and accessible way. • Physical capability to assist Department of Natural Resources staff with site maintenance activities. Training and docent handbook provided. • Highly motivated self-starter with ability to work on solo or group projects. Summary of Responsibilities: Under general supervision, develop and deliver interpretation and educational programming at Blood Run National Historic Landmark. Coordinate booking of school and group tours. Lead tour groups through the site, explaining features and historical context. Answer questions related to the history of the site. Assist in the development of written interpretation such as brochures, outdoor panels, etc. Work with management and partners to organize special events, historical lectures, or other programs using outside presenters. Prepare presentations related to Blood Run and related history by researching and reading source material. Provide historical information in response to requests from interested parties by public speaking, and/or by locating and sending written material.
    [Show full text]