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Home , Alnus rhombifolia, Calochortus albus, Calochortus monophyllus, Calochortus venustus, Ceanothus integerrimus, Chrysolepis

Common , , and of Foothill Horizons By Pamela Dupzyk, updated and augmented by Pam Ivie

TREES

Grey Pine - Pinus sabiniana Needles are grey-green, in groups of three, and 7-13 inches long. The needles droop from the branches giving the a feathery look. The trunk is forked and many-branched, and the bark is gray and rough. Height is 50-70 feet. The cones are 6-10 inches long, very round and heavy, and have large sharp hooks on the end of each scale. Grows at elevations of 1,200-3,500 feet. Lifespan is 100-150 years. Evergreen. Former common names have included digger pine and bull pine.

Ponderosa Pine - Needles are yellow-green, in groups of three, and 5-10 inches long. The trunk is very straight with no secondary trunks, and the bark is yellow to yellow-brown, with deep furrows and puzzle-like pieces. Height is 70-200 feet. The cones are 3-5 inches long, dark reddish-brown, and have short prickles. Lifespan is 300-500 years. Evergreen.

Black - Large dark yellow which are deeply lobed and spiked. Bark is dark and deeply furrowed. Height is 30-40 feet. are fat and round with a reddish-brown cup that covers about half the . Grows at elevations of 1,500-6,500 feet. .

Blue Oak - Small, oblong leaves, 1-2 inches long, which have very shallow lobes and are bluish-green in color. Bark is nearly white with thin squarish scales. Acorns are oval in shape, about 1 inch long, and have small whitish, bumpy cups. Deciduous.

Valley Oak - Leaves vary greatly in size, are medium green, and are deeply lobed and rounded. Bark is whitish, thick, and chunky. Height is up to 100 feet. Acorns are large and long, and have thick bumpy cups. Deciduous.

Interior Live Oak - Leaves are small, leathery, and dark green on both sides with tiny spiked lobes. Bark is whitish-brown, and lightly furrowed. Height is 25-75 feet. Acorns are small, long, and slender and have cups that are reddish-brown, deep, and narrow. Evergreen.

Golden Cup or Canyon Live Oak - Quercus chrysolepis Leaves are small and thick, and are dark green on the topside and light green and fuzzy on the underside. Young trees have leaves that are spiny edged while older trees have smooth edged leaves. Height is 30-40 feet. Acorns are round with cups that are covered with yellowish-gold powder. Lifespan is 100-300 years. Evergreen.

Oracle Oak - Quercus x morehus (this cross no longer recognized as a species by The Jepson Manual) This oak is a cross between an Interior Live Oak and a Black Oak. They grow only where the range of these two trees overlap. The leaves are mid-sized, with shallow lobes and small, scattered spines. Acorns are medium sized, oval, and tapering in shape, and the cup is fairly deep and scaly. It is both deciduous and evergreen with some of its leaves turning colors and falling off in the autumn and some leaves staying green on the tree year round.

California Buckeye - Also known as Horse or Pear. Leaves are compound with 5 to 9 separate serrated, oblong leaflets which are 3 to 6 inches long. Height is 15-30 feet. White flowers appear in late spring which produce pear-shaped , 1-2 inches in diameter. are only edible after grinding and leaching and have never been an important food source for humans. According to The Jepson Manual, “Native Americans used ground as fish poison; and pollen toxic to honeybees.” Buckeyes are usually the first trees to shed their leaves, doing so in the late summer. Pods remain hanging on the ends of the branches.

Broad- Maple - Acer macrophyllum Also known as , Canyon, Water, White, or Big-Leaf Maple. Its large dark green lobed leaves are 6-12 inches wide. Sweet smelling yellow flowers appear after the leaves. are yellow- brown in color, "U" shaped with little wings, and are covered with bristle-like hairs. Height is 30-100 feet and the trunk diameter varies from 1 to 2 1/2 feet. Bark is rough with hard scaly ridges, gray to reddish-brown in color.

White - Alnus rhombifolia Their leaves are light yellow-green and finely toothed. Cones are very small with seeds that have very hard, thin borders. Height is 30-70 feet and the trunk diameter is 1-2 feet. Usually found along riverbanks and canyon streams.

SMALL TREES/SHRUBS

Toyon - Heteromeles arbutifolia Leaves are shiny green, oblong, thick, leathery, and sharply toothed. Individual leaves are shed at the end of their second winter. Bark is ashy-gray and smooth. Height is 5-20 feet. Small white flowers appear in the late summer to early fall. From October to February, these flowers ripen into bright red fruit from which the common names of Christmas Berry or California Holly are derived.

Manzanita - Arctostaphylos Leaves are light green, roundish, thick and leathery. Flowers are white and pink and vase-shaped. The fruit is 1/4 inch in diameter, fleshy and reddish-brown in color. Manzanita is the Spanish word for "little apple" and the fruit does resemble tiny ones. Me-wuks used the berries for cider. The bark is reddish-brown and very smooth. On old branches the red bark often shreds off. They often grow straight but they may also grow horizontally or lie along the ground. There are 6 different types in the Sierras and at least 38 different types in California.

Ceanothus - cuneatus and Ceanothus integerrimus Buck Brush (C. cuneatus) and Brush (C integerrimus) are found throughout the Sierra . Leaves are small, oblong, green, and leathery. They are a favorite food for deer, hence the name. The flowers are white or blue, in clusters, and they resemble lilac blossoms. Height is 3-8 feet. Branches are stiff, dense, and have gray bark on Buck Brush and yellowish bark on Deer Brush.

Poison Oak - Toxicodendron diversiloba Leaves are compound with 3 leaflets, 3-6 inches long and lobed. The leaves are reddish when new and then change to dark green. The flowers are greenish-white in color and bloom through April and May. The flowers produce small white or brown fruit that falls shortly after maturing. They grow mainly as shrubs, 2-8 feet tall, but they also climb on trees like a vine. The oil from the is poisonous to people but not to other animals.

Mountain Misery - Chamaebatia foliolosa Also known as Kit-ket-dizze, Bear-mat, Bear-clover, Tarweed, Running Oak, Jerusalem Oak, and Tobacco Plant. Leaves are close together, finely divided, and light green. They give off a distinct smell when crushed and are often sticky to the touch. It is a small, low-growing, dense with a thick root system which makes it hard to uproot. Flowers are small and white.

California Wild Grape - Vitis californica This is a woody vine which grows from 5-50 feet long. Leaves are heart-shaped and large in size. Flowers are greenish and fragrant and bloom in May and June. The fruit is small, purple, sweet, and has large seeds and very little pulp.

Willow – Salix spp. Willows are dioecious, which means that male and female are separate; willows also reproduce vegetatively. The leaf blade is generally linear; the is a dense . Willows are water-loving and so are found in wet areas.

WILDFLOWERS

Listed in approximate order of blooming

Baby Blue Eyes - Nemophila menziesii Blooms: February to June. Flowers are sky blue with a white center. Low-growing, delicate, branching plant.

White Nemophila - Nemophila heterophylla Blooms: February-July. Tiny white flowers with five . Grows close to the ground and has small, delicate leaves.

Western Buttercup - Ranunculus occidentalis

Blooms: March to June. Flowers are shiny yellow with 5-8 petals. They grow 12-18 inces high on sparsely-leaved branches. Indians roasted the seeds and then beat them into a flour for consumption.

Mountain Violet - Viola purpurea Blooms: March to May. The five petals are deep lemon-yellow; the lower three are purple-veined, the back of the upper two are brown. Leaves are nearly triangular, with toothed margins.

California Poppy - Eschscholzia californica Blooms: February to September. Flowers are usually bright orange but can also range from white to yellow to red. Indians used the foliage, either roasted or boiled and then put in water, as a medicine for headache or insomnia.

Shooting Stars - Dodecatheon hendersonii Blooms: February to May. Flowers are magenta with yellow, white and purple centers. The petals fold backwards giving the an inside out look. They are also called Mad Violets, Mosquito Bills, Rooster's Heads, and Wild Cyclamen.

Red Maids - Calandrinia ciliata Blooms: February to May. These tiny red flowers open in the sun and last only 1 day. There are many buds on each leafy stem and they grow close to the ground.

Common Monkey Flower - Mimulus guttatus Blooms: March to August. Flowers are yellow with red spots and are in the snapdragon family. Stem length varies from very short to 2 feet high. It is common in moist areas.

Kellogg's Monkey Flower - Mimulus kelloggii Blooms: March to June. Rose-purple and yellow flower with red spots. Dwarf plants that are found in recently dried depressions.

Filaree - Erodium cicutarium Blooms: February to June. Flowers are small, reddish, and grow in a cluster. Leaves are fringed and delicate. They grow in open grassy areas and range from 4 to 20 inches in height. They are easily identifiable because of the long thin fruit which coils into spirals when dried. It is also known as Storksbill, Clocks, or Pinclover.

Chinese Houses - Collinsia heterophylla Blooms: March to June. These grow 10-20 inches high either as a single stem or many branched with the flowers in a tiered whorled pattern. The upper petals are pale-lilac or white and the lower petals are violet or rose-purple. They prefer shady areas and sandy soil.

Popcorn Flower - Plagiobothrys spp. Blooms: March to May. Flowers are small, white with yellow centers, and clustered at the top of the stems. Stems are 8 to 16 inches high with grayish leaves and branching at the top. Also called White Forget-Me-Not. A purple dye can be made from the roots and stems.

Yarrow - Achillea borealis Blooms: March to June. Flowers are small, white, aromatic and arranged in numerous flat heads on stems 20 to 40 inches high. They have small leaves along the stem and a rosette of leaves at the base.

Star Tulips - monophyllus Blooms: April to May. Flowers are deep yellow, star shaped and very hairy, which give them their other common name, Cat's Ear. They have pale, smooth, delicate stems and leaves. The bulbs of many Calochortus were eaten by the Indians.

Mariposa Lily - Calochortus venustus Blooms: April to June. Flowers are white to yellow or lavender with a dark purplish spot surrounded by yellow on each . One or more flowers are on each stem and a few narrow leaves at the ground and tiny ones on the stem.

Fairy Lanterns - Blooms: April to June. Flowers are delicate, hanging, creamy white globes with a purple tinge that hang down. They grow 2-8 inches high in shady areas. Also called Globe Lily.

Blue Larkspur - Delphinium spp. Blooms: April to May. Larkspurs have a single stalk with numerous dark purple flowers with five petals. They grow up to 32 inches high. They prefer moist areas.

Vetch - Vicia spp. Blooms: April to July. Vetch is in the pea family. They have small, fragrant spikes of flowers varying in color from red and orange to blue and purple. They have dark green leaves and tendrils and will climb.

Blue Dicks - Dichelostemma capitatum Blooms: April to June. Also known as “Brodiaea”. These have many dark purple flowers in a clump on a leafless stem up to 24 inches tall.

Wild Hyacinth – Dichelostemma multiflorum Blooms: May-June. Similar to Blue Dicks, but each flower has a short stem (pedicel). The lavender-blue flowers are constricted above the ovary.

Twining Brodiaea, Snake Lily – Dichelostemma volubile The long, leafless stem twines around other plants for support. There are 10-30 pink flowers in the terminal head.

Farewell-To-Spring - Clarkia purpurea Blooms: April to May. One of the last wildflowers blooming, they are lavender to purple in color, have 4 petals and there are many flowers on each stem. They grow 4 to 20 inches high and prefer open areas.

Lupine - Lupinus spp. Blooms: April to June. There are 82 different species of lupine in California. Flowers vary from white to dark purple and from a few inches to over a foot in size. The flowers grow in a whorled pattern around a single stem. Many species are very fragrant. The leaves are palmately compound and look like many-fingered hands.

Paintbrush - Castilleja spp. Blooms: April to August. These are bright spikes of yellow, red or green flowers on strong, straight, hairy, stems. The leaves are long and grayish. They are found in dry, rocky areas and often live as parasites on shrubs.

Milkweed - Asclepias cordifolia Blooms: May to August. Flowers are clustered at the top of the stem and have heavy turned backed petals, 3 to 6 inches long, which are white with a light rose center. Leaves and stem are grayish-green and reach a height of up to 36 inches.

Blue-Eyed Grass - Sisyrinchium bellum Blooms: May-June. Light sky blue to violet flowers with 6 petals that grow from a tuft of grass-like leaves, 4-16 inches high. They are in the Iris family.