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A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of California Oaks

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United States Department of Agriculture A Field Guide Forest Service to Insects and Pacific Southwest Research Station Diseases of General Technical Report PSW-GTR-197 California Oaks July 2006 Tedmund J. Swiecki Elizabeth A. Bernhardt cm 18 17 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis 16 of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental 15 status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an 14 individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) 13 Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, 12 audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint 11 of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, 10 D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider 9 and employer. 8 7 6 Citation: Swiecki, Tedmund J. and Bernhardt, Elizabeth A. 2006. A field guide to insects and diseases of 5 California oaks. Gen. Tech Rep. PSW-GTR-197. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, 4 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 151 p. 3 Author information: Tedmund J. Swiecki and Elizabeth A. Bernhardt are plant pathologists and principals of 2 Phytosphere Research, 1027 Davis Street, Vacaville, CA 95687 (Email address: [email protected]) 1 0 mm A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of California Oaks Tedmund J. Swiecki Elizabeth A. Bernhardt Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the following persons for their review of material included in the manuscript: David Adams, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, retired; L.E. Ehler, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis; Deborah Ellis, Consulting Arborist and Horticulturist; Susan J. Frankel, USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; James D. MacDonald, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; Don Owen, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection; Katie Palmieri, California Oak Mortality Task Force; David Rizzo, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; Steve Seybold, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; and Sheri Smith, USDA-Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. The authors thank John Muir Laws (California Academy of Sciences) for the use of his original illustrations. His work is supported by the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund. We also thank the following persons and organizations for providing photographs: Larry G. Bezark, California Department of Food and Agriculture; Robert Campbell, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, retired; Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program; Larry Costello, University of California Cooperative Extension (UCCE); Bruce Hagen, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF); Robert S. Kelley, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation; T.W. Davis and California Academy of Sciences; Edward E. Gripp, Landscape Architect; Steve Koike, UCCE; Don Owen, CDF; Steve Tjosvold, UCCE; John A. Weidhass, Virginia Tech; Allison Wickland, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis; and www.forestryimages.org. Photographs without a specific photo credit and the photo-based illustrations are by the authors. The photographs and illustrations reproduced in this publication are under copyright by the photographers or illustrators and may not be reproduced in any form without obtaining permission in writing from them. Layout and design by Janice Alexander, University of California Cooperative Extension and the California Oak Mortality Task Force. Support for this publication was provided by the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection. Contents 5 Introduction Insects and Mites Acorn feeders 10 Filbert weevils (Curculio aurivestis, C. occidentis, C. pardus) 12 Filbertworm (Cydia latiferreana) General foliar feeders 14 California oakworm, California oakmoth (Phryganidia californica) 16 Fruit tree leafroller (Archips argyrospila) 18 Oak ribbed casemaker (Bucculatrix albertiella) 20 Tent caterpillars: Western tent caterpillar (Malacosoma californicum); Pacific tent caterpillar (M. constictum); Forest tent caterpillar (M. disstria) 24 Western tussock moth (Orgyia vetusta) Gall formers 26 Erineum mite (Eriophyes mackiei) 28 Gall wasps (family Cynipidae) Sap feeders 32 Kuwana oak scale (Kuwania quercus) 34 Oak leaf phylloxera (Phylloxera spp.) 36 Oak lecanium scale (Parthenolecanium quercifex) 38 Obscure scale (Melanaspis obscura) 40 Pit scales: Oak pit scale (Asterolecanium minus, A. quercicola); Golden oak scale (A. variolosum) 42 Treehoppers (Platycotis vittata, P. vittata quadrivittata) Contents 1 44 Whiteflies: Crown whitefly (Aleuroplatus coronatus); Gelatinous whitefly (A. gelatinosus); Stanford’s whitefly Tetraleurodes( stanfordi) 46 Woolly oak aphids (Stegophylla querci, S. quercifoliae; S. essigi) Twig borers 48 Oak twig borer (Styloxus fulleri californicus) 49 Other twig borers (Aneflomorpha lineare, Scobicia suturalis) 50 Oak twig girdler (Agrilus angelicus) Bark and wood boring insects 52 Ambrosia beetles (Monarthrum dentiger, M. scutellare) 56 Bark beetles: Western oak bark beetle (Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis); Oak bark beetles (P. agrifoliae, P. pruinosus) 60 Carpenterworm (Prionoxystus robiniae) 62 Flatheaded borers/Metallic wood boring beetles: Flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata); Pacific flatheaded borerChrysobothris ( mali) 64 Lead cable borer (Scobicia declivis) 65 Pigeon tremex (Tremex columba) 66 Roundheaded borers/Long-horned beetles: California prionus (Prionus californicus); Banded alder borer, California laurel borer (Rosalia funebris); Nautical borer (Xylotrechus nauticus); Neoclytus conjunctus 70 Western sycamore borer (Synanthedon resplendens) 2 A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of California Oaks Diseases Acorn diseases 72 Drippy nut (Brenneria quercina) Diseases affecting leaves and twigs 74 Early defoliation/leaf browning/drought stress 76 Oak anthracnose, twig blight, and leaf spots: Apiognomonia errabunda (= Discula umbrinella), Cryptocline cinerescens, Septoria quercicola, and other fungi 80 Oak leaf blister (Taphrina caerulescens) 82 Powdery mildews: Brasiliomyces trina, Cystotheca lanestris, Microsphaera extensa curta, Microsphaera penicillata (wide sense), Phyllactinia angulata Branch diseases 88 Branch canker (Diplodia quercina) 90 Orange hobnail canker (Cryphonectria gyrosa=Endothia gyrosa) 92 Oak mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum) Diseases affecting branches and trunks 96 Canker rots (Inonotus andersonii, I. dryophilus) 100 Hedgehog fungus (Hericium erinaceus f. erinaceus) 102 Hypoxylon thouarsianum 106 Sulfur fungus (Laetiporus gilbertsonii=L. sulphureus) 110 Other wood decay fungi affecting branches and trunk (Phellinus gilvus, Phellinus robustus=Fomitiporia robusta) 112 Sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum canker; Phytophthora stem canker (P. nemorosa, P. pseudosyringae) 118 Sunscald 120 Wetwood and alcoholic flux Contents 3 Root diseases 124 Armillaria root rot, oak root fungus (Armillaria mellea) 128 Ganoderma root rot (Ganoderma applanatum, G. brownii, G. lucidum) 132 Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi and other Phytophthora species) 136 Weeping conk (Inonotus dryadeus) 137 Western jack o’lantern fungus (Omphalotus olivascens) 138 Glossary 143 List of plants 146 References 149 Index 4 A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of California Oaks Introduction California has more than twenty-five native species, natural hybrids, and varieties of oaks (Quercus species). The form of these oaks ranges from large trees, up to about 25 m tall, to shrubs no taller than about 1.5 m. California’s native oaks include representatives of three oak subgroups or subgenera (Table 1). Hybridization only occurs between oaks in the same subgroup. In addition, some insects, pathogens, and other agents may selectively colonize or damage oaks in certain subgroups. Table 1—Scientific and common names of California native oaks by subgroup. Subgroup Species Common name Common (subgenus) form1 White oaks Q. douglasii blue oak tree (Quercus or Q. engelmannii Engelmann oak tree Lepidobalanus) Q. garryana Oregon white oak tree Q. lobata valley oak tree Q. berberidifolia scrub oak shrub Q. cornelius-mulleri Muller oak shrub Q. dumosa Nuttall’s scrub oak shrub Q. durata leather oak shrub Q. john-tuckeri Tucker’s oak shrub Q. sadleriana deer oak shrub Q. turbinella desert scrub oak shrub Red/black oaks Q. agrifolia coast live oak tree (Lobatae or Q. kelloggii California black oak tree Erythrobalanus) Q. parvula var. shrevei Shreve oak tree Q. wislizeni2 interior live oak tree Intermediate oaks Q. chrysolepis canyon live oak tree (Protobalanus) Q. tomentella island oak tree Q. vacciniifolia huckleberry oak shrub 1 Some of the species have both tree and shrub forms. 2 This species was formerly spelled Q. wislizenii. Introduction 5 As of the early 1990’s, oak woodlands and forest types dominated by oak trees covered about 3.6 million hectares in California, or roughly 8.9 percent of the
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  • Survey of the Insect Pests from Some Orchards in the Middle of Iraq

    Survey of the Insect Pests from Some Orchards in the Middle of Iraq

    1 Plant Archives Vol. 20, Supplement 2, 2020 pp. 4119-4125 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 SURVEY OF THE INSECT PESTS FROM SOME ORCHARDS IN THE MIDDLE OF IRAQ Hanaa H. Al-Saffar and Razzaq Shalan Augul Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mails : [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This study designed at identifying insect pests that attack some trees and shrubs grown in the orchards in different regions, middle of Iraq. The investigation included date palm, citrus, pomegranate trees and grape shrubs. During the survey, 10 species were recorded on date palms (the most infested was Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin, 1930, followed by Oryctes elegans Prell, 1914), four species on citrus (the most infested was Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead, 1894) followed by whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856), one species only on pomegranate ( Aphis punicae Passerini, 1863), and one species Arboridia hussaini (Ghauri, 1963) on Grapes. Given the importance of date palm trees in Iraq, the most important insect pests present and recorded in previous studies have been summarized. Also, the synonyms of the species and their geographical distribution are provided. Keywords : Iraq, Orchards, Pests, Shrubs, Survey, Trees. Introduction pomegranates, figs and grapes randomly during the period from 1 st .March to 1 st .November.2019. There are many tools The orchards in the middle of Iraq are one of the most important by farmers due to the important crops they offer in used to collect the specimens that including: nets, aspirators, the local market, such as dates, citrus fruits, pomegranate, light traps, and also by direct method using the forceps.