Progressive detection techniques I
Geiger counters => Cosmic rays => Iarocci tubes NUSEX
Cloud chambers => The positron (C.D.Anderson) Could be triggered Cosmic Rays Antiparticle of electron C.Blackett and G.P.S.Occhialini
Nuclear emulsions p => m decay C.Powell and G.P.S.Occhialini
B.Pontecorvo: An advice to our British collegue : Work with Occhialini he will not get the Noble prize, but you will !
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 1 techniques
Bubble chambers. Description by Glaser.
Cannot be triggered => not for cosmic rays but with accelerators.
Two tipes of liquids
Hydrogen, Deuterium, Helium Elementary particles Resonances L.Alvarez
=> Heavy liquids (Freon) Chiper and larger masses Neutrino physics :: Weak neutral currents. Linearity of crsoss section, hyperon production
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 2 techniques Comparison
• Scintillators See Co60 • Ionization 20-30 eV • Semiconductors a few eV • Bolometers down to 10 –3 10 –4
Example recoil from solar neutrino
Searches for rare events Radioactivity Cosmic rays
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 3 techniques
Radioactivity
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 4 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 5 techniques The Jin Ping Laboratory (7000 m.w.e)
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 6 techniques DARK MATTER AN DOUBLE BETA DECAY The French connection ALSO NUCLEON STABILITY, ELECTRON DECAY ETC,
Nuclear Emulsions Recent example => OPERA => Directionality for DARK MATTER SEARCH
T.Naka, M.Kimura2, M.Nakamura3, O.Sato3, T.Nakano3,T.Asada3, Y.Tawara4 and Y.Suzuki Special high resolution nuclear emulsions with silver halide crystals. Submicrontracks (150 nm to 200nm ) Angular resolution 31 degrees
Directional Recoil Identification From Tracks Boulby Mine WIMP spin-dependent cross-section . Planned upgrades to DRIFT II and DRIFT III,
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 7 techniques Bubble Chambers The principle
COUPP
4.0-kg CF3I bubble chamber in SNOLAB underground laboratory Ultra sound analysis to discriminate alpha-decay background events from single nuclear recoils >99.3% rejection of alpha-decay total exposure of 553 kg-days single bubble recoil-like events was 437.4 kg-days neutron background internal to the apparatus, accounts for five single nuclear recoil events excess of single data provide new direct detection constraints on WIMP-proton spin-dependent WIMP masses >20 GeV/c2
PICO New data are reported from the operation of a total exposure of 211.5 kg-days energy thresholds ranging from 3.2 keV to 8.1 keV excellent electron recoil and alpha rejection capabilities at very low thresholds dependence of acoustic signal on alpha energy 12 events with not uniform time distibution direct detection constraint for spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering.
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 8 techniques PICASSO
10 detectors at SNOLAB total mass of 0.72 kg of 19F and an exposure of 114 kg day recoil energy thresholds down to 1.7 keV (WIMP masses < 10 GeV) No dark matter spin dependent signal for WIMP masses of 20 GeV no spin independent signal close to the low mass region of 7 GeV favoured by CoGeNT and DAMA/LIBRA
MOSCAB (Materia OSCura A Bolle)
A new technique for DM research Geyser technique applied to the construction of a prototype of 0.5 kg a big detector of 40 kg in construction at Milano to run in LNGS.
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 9 techniques Scintillator single phase
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 10 techniques KIMS
A search for low-mass (20 GeV) WIMPs) low-background CsI(Tl) detector of Korea Invisible Mass Search total exposure of 24,524.3 kg·days visible energies between 2 - 4 keV ee (electron-equivalent energy) energy distribution consistent with null signals upper limits of the WIMP-proton spin-independent interaction covers most of the low-mass favored by the DAMA annual modulation signal
XMASS
designed for multiple physics goals highly-purified liquid xenon scintillator in an ultra-low radioactivity environment detector with 835 kg of liquid xenon was constructed and is being operated
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 11 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 12 techniques COGENT Search for an Annual Modulation in a P-type Point Contact Germanium Dark Matter Detector
=>Fifteen months of CoGeNT data Supports the presence of a modulated component of light-mass WIMPs => OFHC copper and < 0.2 Bq/kg Pb statistical significance for a modulation of 2.8 s.
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 13 techniques Majorana demonstrator
Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 14 techniques 15
XENON, XENON100, XENON 1TON liquid xenon (LXe) as WIMP target and detection medium simultaneous measurement of the ionization and scintillation signals cylindrical two-phase (gas /liquid) time projection chamber(TPC) LXe target mass of 62 kg 99 kg of the same high-purity LXe, optically separated from the target volume instrumented as an active scintillator veto passive shield made frocm OFHC copper, polyethylene No evidence for a sygnal =>Also measurements for Axions
Oher liquid noble gas detectrors LUX, XMASS, and with Argon: mini- CLEAN/DEAP , ArDM. Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector techniques NEXT
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 16 techniques Edelweiss
EDELWEISS in laboratory of Modane First 400 gram above 50 GeV Now low energy with 49 900 gram detectos Shield neutrons with 3He proportional counters and muons with scintillator Then Edelweiss III and Eureca
17
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector techniques CRESST II W. Potzel
Hybrid technique Operating in LNGS with bolometric CaWO4 crystals Bolometer read with TES (see later) light absorber combined with another TES Measurement of the scintillations
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector techniques CDMS II
=> Soudan Underground Laboratory =>ZIP detectors either Silicon or Germanium => Stars used in final analysis August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 19 techniques Future Large projets DARWIN DARWIN (dark matter wimp search with noble liquids) =>a design study for a next generation, multi-ton dark matter detector in Europe. Liquid argon and/or liquid xenon Light and charge signals in the active detector volume time projection chamber technique. DARWIN probes the spin-independent, WIMP-nucleon cross section down 10 -48cm2
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 20 techniques AXIONS CAST (S.Bertolucci) Coupling of an incombent solar axion to a virtual photon provided by the field of an intense dipole magnet. => Axion energy transferred to a real photon => 3He as a buffer gas Scannned the mass range from .39 to 0,64 eV. -10 -1 =>no excess found in the X ray spectrum with gax < 2.3 10 GeV
Searched by Majorana , CUORE crystal array *, XENON100 *axions from the 14,4 keV line from Iron 55 in the sun
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 21 techniques Thermal detectors
Q T = C Thermal sensor V
v T 3 CV = 1944 ( ) J/K vm absorber crystal
Incident particle
Energy resolution <1 eV ~ 0.9eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 22 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 23 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 24 techniques A 2.2 kg TeO2
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 25 techniques 3 Energy resolution of ea crystal of TeO2 5x5x5 cm (~ 760 g )
: 0.8 keV FWHM @ 46 keV 1.4 keV FWHM @ 0.351 MeV 2.1 keV FWHM @ 0.911 MeV 2.6 keV FWHM @ 2.615 MeV 3.2 keV FWHM @ 5.407 MeV 210 Po a line (the best a spectrometer so far
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 26 techniques Thermistors and Transition Edge Sensors (TES) Superconductors operated at the superconducting to normal transition
Thermistors TES • Very high resistance •Very low Resistance • Negative “low” •Positive “high” sensitivity sensitivity •SQUID readout • FET readout
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 27 techniques Thermometers Thermal detectors with NTD Ge sensors Thermal sensors with doped semiconductors Superconducting Tunnel Junctions Superconducting Phase Transition sensors Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors Superconducting Kinetic Inductance Devices
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 28 techniques Temperature => change of magnetization of a paramagnetic sensor => e.g. Au:Eu
For X- ray spectroscopy they have already shown a resolution of 2 keV and a pulse risetime of 90 ns
MKID a superconducting thin film microwave resonator to detect changes in the surface impedance of the superconducting film by detecting changes in properties of the resonance circuit: the microwave kinetic inductance detector, So far application in microwave and optical astronomy
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 29 techniques Applications
Neutrino Physics • Dark matter searches • Alpha & beta spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, heavy ions, and neutrons • X-ray & gamma spectroscopy in atomic, nuclear, astrophysics & other fields • UV to IR single photon detection • Bolometers in mm / sub-mm wave for astronomy • Geochronology • Discovery on nuclei • Beta Environmental Fine Structure • Macromolecules in medicine • Environmental radioctivity Plutonium • Archaeometry and archaeometallurgy
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 30 techniques Direct measurement of the neutrino mass C.Weinheimer
b decay
3 3 - Beta spectrometers H => He + e + n e KATRIN 2 eV => 0.2 eV Project 8 Measuring the cyclotron radiation while moving in a uniform magnetic field
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 31 techniques X Thermal detectors for searches on neutrino mass in single b decay
Milan-NASA => crystals of ̴ .5mg of AgReO4 => implanted Si:P thermistors mn < 15 eV Genoa < 22 eV
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 32 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 33 techniques
An alternative measurement of the antineutrino mass
187 187 - Re => Os + e + n e Nucleus with the lowest beta transition energy ( 2.5 keV) Source inside the detector => all energy spent inside the detector is measured It corresponds to the entire decay energy apart the antineutrino one
If the beta decay occurs to an exited state also the decay of this state is measured
163 - 163 Ho + e => Dy + n e
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 34 techniques
Three methods to determine or restraint neutrino mass from EC
1. Absolute M and M/N capture rates
2.Inner bremssstrahlung end point
3.Total calorimetric spectrum end point
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 35 techniques
ECHO
Holmium implantation experiment
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 36 techniques Holmes
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 37 techniques The second mystery of Ettore Majorana
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 38 techniques Double beta decay
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 39 techniques Two neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 40 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 41 techniques How to search for bb decay
Geochemical experiments 82Se = > 82Kr, 96Zr = > 96Mo, 128Te = > 128Xe (non confirmed), 130Te = > 130Te Radiochemical experiments 238U = > 238Pu (non confermato)
Direct experiments
Source = detector Source detectors
e-
e-
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 42 techniques The first Ge bb experiment
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector techniques 43 Bracking news then 0nbb in 76Ge
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 44 techniques BUT => GERDA (S.Schoenert)
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 45 techniques Nuclear Matrix Elements
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 46 techniques Present results on neutrinoless DBD
0n 25 EXO T 1/2 (136Xe) > 1.6 × 10 yr
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 47 techniques Second Generation Experiments Majorana quoted Gerda S.Schoenenrt Kamlandzen Piepke Exo Piepke SNO+ A competitor
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 48 techniques Nd150C
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 49 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 50 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 51 techniques Searches of bb decay with thermal detectors
130 Te => 130 Xe + 2 e a.i,. ~ 34% E = 2527 keV
Mibeta (Milan) an array of 20 bolometers of TeO2 of 320 => 6.8 kg CUORICINO (CUORICINO Coll.) => 40.7 kg CUORE (CUORE coll) 988 crystals of 750 g => 741 kg
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 52 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 53 techniques Progress of thermal detectors
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 54 techniques CUORICINO CUORE0 CUORE
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 55 techniques CUORICINO
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 56 techniques 1/2 24 CUORE0 =>Ton > 2.7 x 10 90% c.l.
1/2 24 CUORE+CUORICINO =>Ton > 4 x 10 90% c.l.
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 57 techniques 57 24 19.75 kg y => 90% limit t1/2 > 2.8 x 10 a =>
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 59 techniques Other possible candidates for bb decay
Compound Isotopic abundance Transiton energy
48 CaF2 .0187 % 4272keV 76Ge 7.44 " 2038.7 "
100 MoPbO4 9.63 " 3034 "
116 CdWO4 7.49 " 2804 "
130 TeO2 34 " 2528 "
150 150 NdF3 NdGaO3 5.64 " 3368“
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 60 techniques Reduction of the background in bb and DM experiments
DM => enhance nuclear recoil reduce electromagnetic (e,g etc) contribution bb => enhance detection of the electron pair reduce degraded a particle
Hybrid techniquest (acting in a different way) Thermal detector are slow , but ionization, scintillationa and light are fast Pulse shape discrimination (even for thermal detectors if associated with a large energy loss by scintillation
Cherenkov light (for TeO2 detectors for instance
Surface activity reduction for bb experiments by
=>Surface-sensitive composite bolometers (eg. thin TeO2, Ge slabs or NbSi) Reflecting film and light detector
Cherenkov light at 2.5 Mev 125 photons => 350 eV (in TeO2) Scintillation + heat and pulse shape discrimination (for scintillating sources)
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 61 techniques Hybrid techniques to reduce the background in bb and DM experiments
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 62 techniques The first scintillating calorimenter (CaF2)
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 63 techniques For TeO2 which does not scintillate => Cerenkov ligth
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 64 techniques Cerenkov light in TeO2
Light emitted by a TeO2 crystal at room temperature with cosmic ray Evidence of directionality
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 65 techniques Now a competitor AMORE Advanced Mo based Rare process Experiment
CUPID
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 66 techniques An important result in nuclear physics => the decay of 209Bi 209Bi considered the stable with the higher atomic number => it is not !
Experiment by P.de Marcillac et al a 47 g BGO crystal
19 E = 3137 ± 1stat ± 2syst => 1,9 ± 0.2 x 10 a
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 67 techniques Fukushima Measurements in Milano
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 68 techniques The problem of Roman Lead
210Pb (22.3 y) => 210Bi => 210Po => 206Pb
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 69 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 70 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 71 techniques Archaeometry Roman Lead
210Pb (22.3 y) => 210Bi => 210Po => 206Pb Thermally < 4 mBq
Isotopic lead geochronology
206Pb, 207Pb - 204 Pb (reference) August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 72 techniques
Procured enough for CUORE
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 73 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 74 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 75 techniques Coherent elastic neutrino - nucleus scattering
Same technique as for Dark Matter
Not yet found , but cross section enhanced by coherence => high intensity p and m decay-at-rest (DAR) (maximum neutrino energy ≈52 MeV) Maybe also from SNS and Supernovae Maybe even with reactors
Texono (with the Taiwan reactor and the Texono-CDEX collaboration in Jinping Underground Laboratory =>Array of small Ge ionisation detectors (bettercalorimeters!)
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 76 techniques DREAMS Detection of relic neutrinos
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 77 techniques August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 78 techniques
3 3 - 187 187 - n e + H=> He + e n e + Re => Os + e
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 79 techniques Conclusions
La scienza e’ il capitano, la tecnica i soldati (Leonando da Vinci) Science is the Captain, technique the solders I do not aggree => role played in this workshop by technical (scientific) developments. More multidisciplinarity is needed. Majorana theory in solid state physics
Depression when theoretical predictions do not satify our hopes Amicus Plato , sed magis amica veritas Plato is my friend, but truth even more
Cio’ che l’esperienza ed il senso dimostra si deve anteporre ad ogni ragionamento ancorche’ ne paresse assai be fondato What experience and commo sense show shoul be preferred to any reasoning even it appears to be quite well founded
There are more things in Earth and Heaven, Polonius that can be dreamt for by your philosophy Hamlet
August 30, 2015 Ettore Fiorini: Progressive detector 80 techniques