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Home , Oliva (gastropod), Olivella (gastropod), Olivella biplicata, Whorl (mollusc)

Callianax biplicata (= biplicata) Phylum: Class: Order: (=Stenoglossa) The purple olive (Sowerby, 1825) Family: Olividae

Description Callianax pycna, another small olive (to 19 Size—large for family: to 30 mm long (Carlton mm), is stout, and has brownish zig-zag lines and Roth 1975); mature at 16 mm (Edwards on its whorls (Carlton and Roth 1975). It is not 1968); males larger than females. Width found in Puget Sound, but is a more southern usually about twice as high as wide (Kozloff . 1974a). This specimen 18 mm high, 9 mm Characteristics of the family Olividae wide. include a polished shell (indicating that the Color—gray, purple fasciole (band) at base often covers it), a subcylindrical, offset with dark line (fig. 1); faint vertical spired shell with an greater than ½ striations, but surface otherwise polished, the shell length. They are usually sand unsculptured: Olivella (Callianax) dwellers. (Carlton and Roth 1975). Shell Shape—stout, robust, sub-cylindrical; Ecological Information only slightly elevated; 5-6 whorls. Body Range—Vancouver Island to Magdelena Bay, whorl convex, nearly flat near thin straight Baja : Oregonian and Californian outer ; aperture elongate, triangular, with shallow water marine faunal provinces. anterior notch (fig. 2). Local Distribution—outer, marine portions of —strong , with a fold of 2 most bays and estuaries, including Coos Bay, incised lines or plications in lower Netarts (Stout 1976). portion: sp biplicata (fig. 2). Habitat—sandy beaches and spits of bays, —small, horny, thin, half ovate, as well as outer coast. Can concentrate apical nucleus (not figured). metals in tissues, apparently without harrn —eyeless; foot plow-shaped, for (Morris et al 1980). burrowing (McLean 1969). Long for Salinity—full sea water. water intake (fig. 3). with 3 teeth to the Temperature— row: Neogastropoda (not figured). Tidal Level—low intertidal to subtidal waters: Eggs and Young—egg like a dome-shaped lives in quite a wide band (Kozloff 1974b); hat, about 0.5 mm diameter (fig. 4a). found higher than and associated with the 0.2-0.3 mm (fig. 4b) (Edwards 1968). razor clam: Siliqua patula. Associates—Siliqua patula; parasitic Possible Misidentifications nematodes (Edwards 1969): in southern Callianax species are the only genus of California, hydroids on spire. the family Olividae in our north temperate waters; the larger Oliva is a warm water Quantitative Information genus. The genus Callianax may be Weight— distinguished by its smooth surface, slight Abundance—common intertidaily (Carlton spire, elongate, notched aperture, clean sand and Roth 1975). habitat, and in C. biplicata by its columellar folds. At least 3 Callianax are found on the Life History Information west coast: Reproduction—dioecious (two sexes); Callianax baetica, slenderer than C. mating behavior observed at every low tide, biplicata (2 ½ x as high as wide), shell tan or all year: no ‘year classes' in Oregon waters. cream with red, brown or purple markings and Mate selection by chemosensory means; lines: it can be found on protected beaches internal fertilization. Only sexual dimorphism and subtidally. It is smaller than C. biplicata- observable is larger size of males. Sterility only up to 19 mm It is found in Puget Sound rate may be as high as 50% due to trematode as well as in California (Kozloff 1974a; infestation. Single egg cases deposited

Carlton and Roth 1975). usually on empty shells; egg development Digitized 2010 – Last Updated 1979 – E-mail corrections to [email protected] time variable: 10-28 days (Edwards 1968). southern California. [Los Angeles] Los nonpelagic: swim near substrate Angeles County Museum of Natural (Edwards 1968). History. Growth Rate—to maturity (16 mm) in one 7. MORRIS, R. H., D. P. ABBOTT, and year. Males grow faster than females and are E. C. HADERLIE. 1980. Intertidal larger. Growth rate varies from 0.1 mm to 9.7 invertebrates of California. Stanford mm/year (Stohler 1969). Few young reach University Press, Stanford, California. maturity; mostly populations of older , 8. STOHLER, R. 1969. Growth study in which have a low mortality rate (Edwards . The Veliger. 11:259- 1969). 267. Longevity—possibly several years: as many 9. STOUT, H. 1976. The natural as ten (Edwards 1968). resources and human utilization of Food—family is carnivorous; scavengers Netarts Bay, Oregon. Oregon State animal matter; large Callianax will eat University, Corvallis, OR. polychaetes (Edwards 1969). Predators—Pisaster brevispinus (Coos Bay, North Spit) (Edwards 1969): small Cancer antennarius and C. magister; shorebirds, particularly gulls; fish; man, for ornament (Stohler 1969). In southern California: mollusks Octopus, Polinices, , echinoderm Astropecten (Stout 1976). Behavior— reacts to predator Pisaster brevispinus by crawling or by rapid upside down swimming (Edwards 1969). Trails near surface. shell partly exposed. Larger animals active at night and hide from predators during the day.

Bibliography 1. CARLTON, J. T., and B. ROTH. 1975. Phylum Mollusca: Shelled Gastropods, p. 467-514. In: Light's manual; intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. S. F. Light, R. I. Smith, and J. T. Carlton (eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley. 2. EDWARDS, D. C. 1968. Reproduction in Olivella biplicata. The Veliger. 10:297-304. 3. ——. 1969. Predators on Olivella biplicata, including a species-specific predator avoidance response. The Veliger. 11:326-333. 4. KOZLOFF, E. N. 1974a. Keys to the marine invertebrates of Puget Sound, the San Juan Archipelago, and adjacent regions. University of Washington Press, Seattle & London. 5. ——. 1974b. Seashore life of Puget Sound, the Strait of Georgia, and the San Juan Archipelago. University of Washington Press, Seattle & London. 6. MCLEAN, J. H. 1969. Marine shells of

Digitized 2010 – Last Updated 1979 – E-mail corrections to [email protected]

Digitized 2010 – Last Updated 1979 – E-mail corrections to [email protected]