Bathyal gastropods of Bimini Chain, Bahamas Author(s): Anton E. Oleinik, Edward J. Petuch, and William C. Aley IV Source: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 125(1):19-53. 2012. Published By: Biological Society of Washington DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/11-26.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2988/11-26.1

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BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 125(1):19–53. 2012. Bathyal gastropods of Bimini Chain, Bahamas

Anton E. Oleinik*, Edward J. Petuch, and William C. Aley, IV (AEO, EJP) Department of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33631, U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; (WCA) 835 8th Avenue North, Jacksonville Beach, FL 32250

Abstract.—This paper summarizes the taxonomic findings of the three cruises on board of Florida Institute of Oceanography research vessels Bellows and Suncoaster conducted between 2000 and 2005 as well as to discuss the unique regional oceanographic settings that were found to be essential in supporting the diverse and unique bathyal molluscan fauna encountered in the depths of the eastern Straits of Florida. Approximately 30 stations were sampled, from South Cat Cay (25u42.0859N) through Victory Cay (25u28.3559N), at depths ranging from 120–600 meters and averaging 400 m depth. A total of 74 molluscan taxa belonging to 34 families were identified from over 400 individual mollusk specimens. The gastropods Architectonica sunderlandi Petuch 1987, Bursa finlayi McGinty 1962, and Exilia meekiana (Dall, 1889a) were collected from the eastern side of the Straits of Florida for the first time. The Ranellid Pisanianura grimaldii (Dautzenberg, 1889) is reported from the western Atlantic Ocean for the first time. Two new taxa are described, including a new species of eratoid, Hespererato pallida, new species, and a new species of volute, Scaphella (Scaphella) biminiensis, new species. Additionally, a number of rare or otherwise poorly known molluscan taxa are illustrated, described, and discussed in context of the oceanographic settings from which they were collected. The presence of a diverse and unique deep-water molluscan community is attributed to the distinctive current structure and temperature asymmetry that has been observed between the western and eastern slopes of the Straits of Florida.

Keywords: Bahamas, bathyal zone, Bimini Chain, Gastropoda, mollusks

The molluscan communities of the the Blake expeditions (Dall 1881, 1889a, Straits of Florida have been extensively, 1927). The Blake expeditions extensively but sporadically, sampled since as early as surveyed the Gulf of Mexico and the the 1870s when Louis Franc¸ois Pourtale`s Caribbean Sea, including the Straits of and Alexander Agassiz first reported on Florida. The next intensive Caribbean the deep-sea dredging work done by the molluscan faunal survey was carried out United States Coast Survey’s Steamer by the University of Miami (UM) between Bibb (Agassiz 1888). The pioneering work 1962 and 1972 aboard R/V John Elliott of Pourtale`s and Agassiz was continued Pillsbury and R/V Gerda and was reported into the twentieth century by William H. on by Dr. Fredrick M. Bayer. Bayer Dall, who reported on the collections (1971) was the first of only three brief amassed between 1877 and 1880 during studies, to date, to have been focused particularly on the deep-water gastropods * Corresponding author. of the western Bahamas. More recently, 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON two works by Petuch (1987, 2002) de- 4.0 fms/nm (57.3 m/nm), and the bottom scribed a number of new deep-water taxa topography becomes more irregular from the western Bahamas and clearly (Hurley et al. 1962) as it plunges into its indicated the richness and endemism of maximum depths to the south and the the regional malacofauna. west (Fig. 2). The Straits of Florida is the The strikingly steep and sometimes even longest of the several submarine channels concave banks of the eastern (Bahamas) or valleys of the Bahamas region. The side of the Straits of Florida have been trough of the Straits of Florida separates noted for at least half of a century, since Florida from the Bahamas and Cuba and the earliest geologic reconnaissance sur- is of particular interest for several rea- veys of the Straits of Florida and the sons, including the presence of the Flor- Great Bahama Bank (Newell & Rigby ida Current. The Florida Current trans- 1957, Siegler 1959, Hurley et al. 1962) but ports immense amounts of water (36 3 have only recently begun to be systemat- 106 m3 s21) (Richardson & Schmitz 1965) ically investigated by detailed depth through the Straits at velocities as high as soundings and biological surveys. A great 4.0 knots or more (Hurley et al. 1962) deal of the research done has been focused combining with the Antilles Current from on the Miami and Pourtale`s Terraces on the east to form the Gulf Stream. the western (Florida) side of the Straits of The area of the Straits of Florida Florida (Hurley et al. 1962, Kofoed & between Miami, Florida, and Bimini, Malloy 1965, Rona & Clay 1966, Uchupi Bahamas is the narrowest portion of the 1966, 1969; Malloy & Hurley 1970, Straits being only approximately 45 nau- Ballard & Uchupi 1971) and more recent- tical miles wide (Malloy & Hurley 1970) ly, detailed research has been conducted (Fig. 2). Here, powerful ocean currents on the deep-water coral reefs which are are funneled between Miami, Florida, located throughout the Straits (Reed 1980, and Bimini, Bahamas, providing a large 2002a, 2002b, 2004; Reed & Mikkelsen amount of warm productive water flow 1987, Messing et al. 1990, Land & Paull through the area. It is also here where the 2000, Brooke & Young 2003, Grasmueck Florida and Antilles Currents merge and et al. 2006, 2007). become deflected toward the north by the The Straits of Florida is an articulate constriction of the Straits of Florida trough 700 km long and 90–145 km wide between the western margin of the Great that is located to the east and south of the Bahama Bank and the eastern margin of Florida Plateau (Fig. 1). Depths along the Florida’s continental shelf. As a result of axis of the Straits of Florida range from this constriction, northern deflection, and 2200 m, south of Dry Tortugas, to 740 m merging of currents, warm, surface de- west of Little Bahama Bank (Uchupi rived waters also are forced downward 1966). The floor of the northern Straits along the slopes of the western Bahama of Florida is a smoothly graded valley, Bank but not along the eastern slopes of with a general slope of 0.6 fathoms/ Florida’s continental shelf. This flow nautical mile (51.1 m/nm), which runs bathes the Bimini shelf ecosystems in as far south as about 25u309N where the warm, surface derived waters (16.5uCat valley empties into an elevated ‘abyssal’ 400 m), while at comparable depths plain at the not quite abyssal depth of across the Straits of Florida the shelf 845 meters, west of Cat Cay, Bahamas. faunas are exposed to cooler (7.5uCat This deeper plain remains nearly flat for 400 m) bottom derived waters (Sverdrup about 60 miles to the south until it nears et al. 1942). Unique and diverse benthic Cay Sal Bank. Here the valley begins to invertebrate assemblages, including mol- narrow, the grade increases to about lusks, in this area suggest that these VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 21

Fig. 1. Location of the study area within the Straits of Florida. currents carry a plentiful supply of north of the Great Bahama Bank, are nutrients and plankton that allow these steep, at times concave and typically have deep-water communities to flourish. piles of various sized talus at their base. The eastern and the western slopes of Recent studies showing that the compli- the Straits of Florida are very different cated bathymetry, which has been report- biologically and geologically. The western ed to exist extensively beyond the base of slope has a conspicuous step-like appear- the eastern slopes of the Straits of Florida, ance, resulting from a prominent ridge at is often attributed to the wide spread around 366 meters, and a number of presence of deep-water ahermatypic coral terrace, ledge, and scarp features (the mounds such as those initially reported by Miami Terrace) that are not found on Neumann et al. (1977), and most recently the Bahamian side. All the slopes of the systematically investigated by Grasmueck eastern or Bahamian side of the Straits, et al. (2006, 2007). While the distinctive including Cay Sal Bank but with the slope morphology of the eastern Straits of exception of the broad nose extending Florida has been recognized for at least 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Fig. 2. Bathymetric map of the northern Straits of Florida. Modified after Malloy & Hurley (1970). half of a century, contemporary mapping shallower upslope areas. Occasionally efforts and biological surveys are only just dredges were pulled parallel to the dip of beginning to recognize the diverse benthic the slope. Once the dredged material was faunas that are flourishing here due to a aboard the ship, samples were immediate- number of unique oceanographic condi- ly sorted and preserved in ethanol until tions. they could be further studied in the lab. Once in the lab, the samples were Materials and Methods removed from the alcohol, labeled by station number, and photographed. The The deep-water surveys in the western images were taken using an Optronics Straits of Florida in the vicinity of Bimini Magnafire Firewire digital camera. For Chain were conducted during years imaging of larger specimens, the camera 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2005 from the was operated from a lighted platform and Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO) images of smaller specimens were cap- research vessels R/V Bellows and R/V tured through an Olympus SZX12 binoc- Suncoaster. Sampling consisted of dredg- ular microscope. ings at upper bathyal depths ranging from 120–600 m and averaging 400 m Systematics depth. Dredgings were carried out at over 30 stations located between South This section describes and discusses Cat Cay (25u42.0859N) and Victory Cay some of the poorly known bathyal taxa (25u28.3559N). Each research vessel was collected during the course of this study. equipped with a hydraulic dredging winch This section does not describe or discuss operated on a stern mounted U-frame. all of the molluscan taxa that were The winches and U-frames were used to identified during this study, many of the tow a steel, fixed-frame, Cape Town specimens collected were determined to be dredge (1 ft wide and 3 ft in depth). primarily littoral inhabitants that had Dredges were pulled generally perpendic- been posthumously transported down ular to the strike of the slope of the Bimini the slope from their regularly occurring shelf, from the deep waters towards the environment. VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 23

Below is the list of stations mentioned in this are collected from Bahamian and Cuban section with corresponding coordinates. localities for comparison with their Bar- bados counterparts, this specimen will be Station 1 25u30.6209N, 79u17.9619W considered to be C. apicinum. The subtle Station 1-1 25 30.1659N, 79 18.1699W u u differences initially recognized by Quinn Station 1-2 25u29.7589N, 79u18.4629W Station 1-3 25u30.0539N, 79u19.1079W were recognizable in the Bimini specimen. Station 1-4 25u29.7919N, 79u18.4789W Although most closely resembling Cal- Station 1-5 25u29.7589N, 79u18.4629W liostoma apicinum, the Bimini specimens Station 1-6 25u30.0539N, 79u19.1079W are also similar to C. debile Quinn 1992 Station 1-7 25 29.7489N, 79 18.1239W u u and C. roseolum Dall 1881. Two defining Station 2 25u26.0089N, 79u18.6179W Station 3 25u28.4779N, 79u17.6329W characteristics of C. apicinum are the Station 4 25u29.1379N, 79u18.9449W presence of eight or nine strong lirae Station 4-1 25u28.5009N, 79u18.7669W running into the throat of the aperture Station 4-2 25u28.7359N, 79u19.0849W and a chink-like umbilicus that generally Station 5 25 42.1899N, 79 20.4969W u u disappears when the shells are fully Abbreviations used: FAU—Florida Atlantic Uni- mature. The Bahamian specimen is more versity, BCFAU—Bimini Mollusks Collection, sharply keeled than typical C. apicinum, Florida Atlantic University, Department of Geosci- with a narrower aperture and a more ences, Boca Raton, Florida; USNM—United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian projected periphery. The protoconch is Institution, Washington D.C. white, not purplish-brown as in typical C. apicinum. This specimen differs from C. debile by having early whorls composed Phylum Mollusca of five strong, beaded spiral chords rather Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 than two. Bimini specimen lacks distinct Subclass Prosobranchia Milne-Edwards, radial threads and fine beading of the 1848 basal spiral chords as in C. debile.The Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, columella is also thickened and the C. roseolum 1815 umbilicus is chink-like. does not have lirae present in the throat, does Family Trochidae Rafinesque, 1815 not develop the tooth-like process on the Subfamily Calliostomatinae Thiele, 1924 columella which forms in adult C. apici- Genus Calliostoma Swainson, 1840 num and also when fully mature, the later Calliostoma apicinum Dall, 1881 body whorls of C. roseolum become Fig. 3A–C convex. This gives the shell a step-like Material examined.—USNM 1138011, appearance, while mature C. apicinum one freshly dead specimen dredged from retain flat-sided body whorls. 380 m, west of Victory Cay, Bahamas, Station 1. Family Architectonicidae Gray, 1850 Type locality.—Barbados. Architectonica sunderlandi Petuch, 1987 Range.—Deep water in the Straits of Fig. 3D, E Florida from Cuba north to the western Bahamas. Architectonica sunderlandi Petuch 1987:21, Discussion.—Quinn (1992) recognized pl. 10, figs. 1–4. that typical Calliostoma apicinum is only Material examined.—USNM 1138009, found in Barbados, whereas other speci- dead specimen dredged from 400 m, south mens with similar morphologies that have and west of Victory Cay, Bahamas, been collected in the Bahama Islands and Station 3, May 2002. northwestern Cuba may prove to be a Type locality.—Key West, Florida, separate species. Until more specimens 250 m. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Fig. 3. A–C, Calliostoma cf. apicinum Dall, 1881, height: 7.6 mm, diameter: 7.7 mm, USNM 1138011; D, E, Architectonica sunderlandi Petuch, 1987, height: 8 mm, diameter: 17 mm, USNM 1138009; F, G, Vermicularia bathyalis, height: 9.1 mm, width: 7.0 mm, USNM 1138035; H, I, Hespererato pallida, height: 9.6 mm, width: 6.6 mm, Holotype USNM 1138036.

Range.—Deep water on both sides of described specimens from off the Florida the southern Straits of Florida. Keys. Not much is known of the mor- Discussion.—This specimen of Archi- phological variations and range of A. tectonica sunderlandi Petuch 1987 differs sunderlandi since there were previously in a number of ways from the originally only two other known specimens to VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 25 compare, both from off Key West, Material examined.—USNM 1138077, Florida. This specimen may be an ex- length 7.5 mm; BCFAU 0013, 36 mm, treme variant or it could possibly be a two freshly dead specimens dredged from Bahamian subspecies of A. sunderlandi. 600 m, south and west of Victory Cay, The shell differs from the Key West Bahamas, Station 2, 23 May 2002. specimens in having five not six chords Type locality.—Off Victory Cay, Baha- per whorl with the peripheral two being mas, 400 m. smaller, not larger than the central Range.—This species was described by chords; in having three spiral grooves Petuch (2002) with the type locality being around the periphery of the base rather the carbonate mud bottom at 400 meters than being smooth; and in having a less depth, 7 km southwest of Victory Cay, keeled periphery than that of the Flor- Bimini Chain, Bahamas. The specimens idian A. sunderlandi. The coloration of the referred to herein were dredged from Bahamian specimen is somewhat different deeper water, just down slope of the type from the Floridian ones but it may well locality (600 meters, Station 2). The have faded since the death of the shell. geographic extent of this species is pres- Regardless, it is comparable in general ently not known beyond the type locality. tone, and in having remnants of dark Discussion.—Vermicularia bathyalis is flammules on the subsutural chord and currently the deepest dwelling Vermicu- the peripheral chords. The Bahamian A. laria known from the western Atlantic. sunderlandi is similar in size to the A. The holotype was collected from 400 m in sunderlandi from Florida and smaller than 2000 and two more specimens were the common shallow-water A. nobilis collected from 600 m. This is remarkably Ro¨ding, 1798 which is the most similar deep water for the genus. Both specimens western Atlantic Architectonica species. clearly display the unique characteristics A. sunderlandi differs from the common, of the protoconch and early whorls. The widespread A. nobilis in being a smaller, turritelloid stage is composed of four flatter shell, with a much less developed, whorls in all, the first three being white smoother sculpture. The base of A. nobilis while the fourth is orange-brown. The is heavily sculpted with beaded cords, early whorls have a distinct single large while the base of A. sunderlandi is smooth keel-like spiral chord around the mid- or only finely sculpted by three smooth body that gives way to the scaly texture of spiral grooves around the periphery. A. sunderlandi could also be confused with the teleoconch after the fourth early A. peracuta (Dall 1889a:275, pl. 33, figs. whorl. The larger specimen is less scaly 2, 5) but differs in having a higher spire, than the holotype and the smaller, pre- less developed peripheral keel, and in sumably juvenile specimen. The 12 main having orange flammules around the spiral chords are very faint. The thickness periphery. of the spiral sculpture seems to be a variable characteristic from specimen to Superfamily Cerithiacea Fleming, 1822 specimen, based on the limited material. Family Turritellidae Clarke, 1851 There are three other species present in Subfamily Vermiculariinae the western Atlantic: Vermicularia spirata Genus Vermicularia Lamarck, 1799 (Philippi, 1836), V. fargoi Olsson, 1951, Vermicularia bathyalis Petuch, 2002 and V. knorri (Deshayes, 1843). Vermicu- Fig. 3F, G laria bathyalis is most similar to V. knorri but differs in having a proportionally Vermicularia bathyalis Petuch 2002:63, much smaller turritelliod stage with 4 fig. 1C–F. whorls while V. knorri has 6–7. V. bath- 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON yalis also has 12 main chords on the body Discussion.—Hespererato maugeriae whorl while V. knorri has 2. (Gray in G. B. Sowerby I 1832) and H. martinicensis Schilder 1933 are the only Family Eratoidae Gill, 1871 two Hespererato species currently recog- Subfamily Eratoinae Gill, 1871 nized from the western Atlantic. The Genus Hespererato Schilder, 1933 Hespererato shells collected from off Hespererato pallida, new species Victory Cay most closely resemble H. Fig. 3H, I maugeriae in overall shape but are very Etymology.—The name was selected to different in a number of ways. The shells reflect the pure ivory white color of all differ from typical H. maugeriae in being specimens collected. always pure, ivory white, in having 4–5 Diagnosis.—Shell bright white to semi- heavy columellar plications, in having a transparent, moderately elongated, dis- lower more rounded spire, in having a tinctly angled periphery, shoulder con- more elevated outer lip; in having a cave, four strong columellar plates. distinctly sharp angled periphery and Description.—Shell much larger than concave shoulder; and by living in much common Hespererato maugeriae (Gray deeper water (to 600 m). Hespererato in G. B. Sowerby I 1832), averaging maugeriae is tan with pinkish or yellowish 8–10 mm in height; shell pure white, undertones, has less distinct columellar smooth, semi-transparent, with distinctly plications, has a more elevated, pointed angled periphery and concave shoulder; spire, and the outer lip is generally flush all whorls, including protoconch covered with the broadly rounded shoulder. He- with bright white glazy callus; outer lip spererato maugeriae inhabits much shal- thickened, curled in, with row of 13–17 lower water (maximum 120 m). Hesper- evenly spaced small teeth; upper end of erato martinicensis, which is most outer lip well shouldered and elevated to common around Martinique Island and almost same height as apex; apex bulbous throughout the Lesser Antilles, is usually and rounded; spire elevated but low and even smaller than H. maugeriae and has consisting of three whorls; columella more labial teeth that are placed closer straight, roughly parallel to axis of coiling together than in H. maugeriae.This and marked by 4–5 elevated folds; 4 species is uniquely colored with a yellow anterior-most plates are strongest, blade- to reddish spire and green to pink anterior shaped and always present; fifth fold extremity. closest to parietal end of shell can be Family Bursidae Thiele, 1925 weak or absent; aperture narrow, elon- Genus Bursa Ro¨ding, 1798 gated with broad and short siphonal Subgenus Colubrellina Fischer, 1884 canal; axial sculpture composed of very Bursa (Colubrellina) finlayi McGinty, thin growth lines best visible on shoulder. 1962 Type material.—Holotype USNM Fig. 4A, B 1138036, Paratype USNM 1138037. Material examined.—Seven specimens Bursa finlayi McGinty 1962:39, plate 3. collected alive and dead in the vicinity of Victory Cay, Bahamas, Stations 1-1, 1-3, Material examined.—USNM 1138010, 3. Heights ranged from 7.0–9.6 mm and one specimen dredged alive, 410 m, south widths ranged from 5.1–6.6 mm. and west of Victory Cay, Bimini Chain, Type locality.—South and west of Bahamas, Station 1-2, 24 May 2002. Victory Cay, Bimini Chain, Bahamas, Type locality.—115 fms, Pourtale`s Pla- Station 1-1, 25u30.1659N, 79u18.1699W, teau, off Sombrero Key Light, Florida 400–600 m, May 2002 and May 2003. Keys. VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 27

Fig. 4. A, B, Bursa finlayi McGinty, 1962, height: 50 mm, width: 28 mm, USNM 1138010; C, D, Siratus yumurinus (Sarasu´a & Espinosa, 1978), height: 66.5, width: 27.1 mm, USNM 1138048; E, F, Pisanianura grimaldii (Dautzenberg, 1889), height: 21.2 mm, width: 13.6 mm, USNM 1138058; G, H, Chickcharnea fragilis Petuch, 2002, height: 35.5 mm, width: 21.0 mm, USNM 1138015; I, J, Antillophos bahamasensis Petuch, 2002, height: 21.0 mm, width: 9.7 mm, USNM 1138007; K, L, Antillophos freemani Petuch, 2002, height: 19.5 mm, width: 7.7 mm, USNM 1138008. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Range.—Florida Keys to the western glaze beneath thick periostracum through Bahamas. which spiral sculpture is visible; anal Discussion.—The Bimini specimen canal lacking; siphonal canal very short, closely resembles the shells of Bursa broad and twisted to left; sutures distinct finlayi from Florida and displays no and well impressed; spiral sculpture con- major morphological differences. This is sisting of numerous rather coarse but the first official record of collection of B. distinct spiral cords of three sizes which finlayi from the Bahamas, along the alternate regularly with each other; four eastern slopes of the Florida Straits. primary, or largest, cords present with central two being heaviest; axial sculpture Family Ranellidae Gray, 1854 of numerous raised costae which produce Subfamily Pisanianurinae small, rounded nodes at intersections with Ware´n & Bouchet, 1990 primary spiral cords, giving the shell Genus Pisanianura G. Rovereto, 1899 beaded, lattice-like surface; axial sculp- Pisanianura grimaldii (Dautzenberg, 1889) ture becomes obsolete below periphery of Fig. 4E, F body whorl; periosticum thick and brown. Hindsia grimaldii Dautzenberg 1889: pl. 2, Discussion.—The recovery of this spec- fig. 4. imen of Pisanianura grimaldii is regarded Anura clathrata Dautzenberg & Fischer as the first record of this species from the 1906:25, pl. 3, figs. 6–8. western Atlantic Ocean. The early whorls Pisanianura grimaldii:Ware´n & Bouchet on the shell indicate a long-lived plank- 1990:64, figs. 126, 127, protoconch figs. tonic larval stage that obviously can 94, 95, radula figs. 25, 26, jaw fig. 55, remain suspended in the water column operculum fig. 68—Henning & Hem- for a length of time before settling and men 1993:130, pl. 26, fig. 1. maturing. This species has been docu- Material examined.—USNM 1138058, mented alive from as deep as 2200 meters one freshly dead specimen dredged from (Henning & Hemmen 1993). Recognizing 580 m depth near Wedge Rock, Bahamas, the fact that only one specimen has been Station 4, 10 May 2003. recovered in the previous four years of Type locality.—Azores, eastern Atlan- dredging off the western Bahama Bank, it tic Ocean, 1278 m, Monaco Expeditions is hard to say whether there may or may station 112. not be a population of P. grimaldii living Range.—This is the first record of in the deep waters of the Florida Straits. Pisanianura grimaldii from the western It is likely that this could be a chance Atlantic Ocean. The previously known specimen with its larva drifted the north distribution is: NE Atlantic (S. Morocco, equatorial current across the Atlantic Azores, S. Madeira), SW Indian Ocean Ocean and settled far out of place. (N. Mozambique), SW Pacific (New Caledonia). Superfamily Muricoidea da Costa, 1776 Description of Bahamian specimen.— Family Muricidae da Costa, 1776 Shell thin but strong, imperforate, sculpt- Subfamily Muricinae da Costa, 1776 ed with numerous fine spiral and axial Genus Siratus (Jousseaume, 1880) ridges; whorls 6, globose, convex and Siratus yumurinus regularly increasing in size; nucleus of 2.5 (Sarasu´a & Espinosa, 1978) large, sinuous whorls, brown in color; Fig. 4C, D shell color ivory white; aperture ovate, coming to points at ends; outer lip thin, Murex (Murex) yumurinus Sarasu´a & sharp; parietal area with medium white Espinosa 1978:3, fig. 1A–D. VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 29

Siratus yumurinus: Petuch 2002:65, elevated, evenly separated cords which are fig. 2G. more elevated when they cross the varices and the intervarical costae; a smaller, finer Material examined.—USNM 1138048, cord appears between each of the primary one live specimen taken in 564 m, south- cords. Operculum oval, caramel colored, west of South Cat Cay, Bahamas, Station with an apical nucleus and strong concen- 1-3. tric growth lines. Color pale cream-white, Type locality.—Bahı´a de Mantanzas, sometimes with two or three caramel Cuba. colored spiral lines on the body whorl’’ Range.—Restricted to northern Cuba, (Sarasu´a & Espinosa 1978). southern Gulf of Mexico and the Straits Discussion.—Murex yumurinus is most of Florida. similar to M. cailleti Petit 1856, which Original description (translated from differs in having the varices less elevated, Spanish).—‘‘Shell strong, spiny, of medi- the base more bulky, in having more um size reaching more than 50 mm in pronounced sutures, and by having the length, with 2 nuclear whorls and 7 subsutural area well marked with spiral postnuclear whorls and a markedly angu- ridges. In general, M. yumurinus has a lar profile. Spire extended, suture irregu- greater number of spines, and the primary lar, not deep. Subsutural area well spine situated on the shoulder of the marked. Aperture oval, slightly oblique, varices is always present and directed with porcelaneous lips; internal lip with posteriorly. The spiral cords are placed the upper portion adhering to the wall of closer together and the protoconch is the body whorl and the lower portion with composed of two whorls. a free edge; outer lip well developed with Murex yumurinus collected from off denticulations on the border. Siphonal Victory Cay in 2001 was illustrated by canal moderately long, comparatively Petuch (2002). Petuch’s illustration shows wide and curved toward the dorsum. The a specimen without spines or siphonal posterior part of the siphonal canal is wide canal, as it was collected dead and had and bulky. Subsutural area well indicated, been tumbled. Two specimens, one alive characterized by a lack of sculpture with and one dead were collected during the only growth lines present. The three FAU cruise in 2002. The dead specimen equidistant varices are flexed dorsally, was in the same condition, as illustrated rounded, with convex profiles, and have by Petuch (2002), while the live specimen short, open, sharp spines which begin at is in excellent condition and is compara- the anterior face of the varix; in adults the ble to the holotype. The shell from off Cat varix behind the outer lip is much more Cay has a nucleus of two bulbous, sharp; the varices can possess up to six porcelaneous whorls that are followed spines which may vary greatly, the shoul- by seven postnuclear whorls. The entire der spine is longer and sharper. In adults, outer lip has only faint indications of the base of the siphonal canal has a single numerous denticulations. A particular spine; juveniles can have two well devel- characteristic of the outer lip is that it is oped spines along with two other small hollowed-out inside of the aperture, ones. There are three intervarical costae creating a continuous sulcus from the which are elevated in the middle of each posterior canal to the siphonal canal. The whorl forming an angular profile for the subsutural area of the body whorls is periphery of the whorls; occasionally there lacking in sculpture compared to the rest are one or two intervarical costae which of the shell, but there are 5–6 weak spiral begin just below the subsutural area. The threads in the subsutural area of each spiral sculpture consists of a base of small, whorl. Each varix is ornamented with 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON three, forward curved spines, a large one Type locality.—Carbonate mud bot- posteriorly and two smaller ones on the tom, 400 m depth, off Victory Cay, anterior portion of the varix. The varix, Bimini Chain, Bahamas. which was being formed just behind the Range.—Known only from the type outer lip, has no spines. There are three locality. moderately strong intervarical costae Description.—‘‘Shell small and fragile; between each of the three primary varices color translucent and shape resembles and there is an indication of a fourth inflated, Ptychosalpinx-type buccinid; costae to the right of those three, but only shoulders rounded, with deeply impressed on the body whorl. The siphonal canal is sutures and elevated spire whorls; sub- well developed and there is a former canal sutural area slightly flattened, producing present that was broken off. There are scalariform spire; first postnuclear whorl also two smaller spines at the base of the sculpted with 12 strong spiral cords; body siphonal canal, a characteristic that is whorl smooth and silky with strong spiral common in juvenile specimens (Sarasu´a & cords confined to subsutural area and Espinosa 1978). The shell is spirally anterior third of the body whorl; siphonal sculpted with numerous, evenly spaced, canal short, stubby, open and flaring, low cords that alternate in size and ornamented with four large spiral cords possesses a faint caramel color. This is and numerous fine spiral threads; colu- the only color on the shell other than the mella smooth, straight, without any pale cream-white base coloration. On the plications or ornamentation; parietal re- specimen that was collected dead: there gion and columella glossy; interior of are seven body whorls, the nucleus is shell smooth and glossy; protoconch missing, and the shell only measures proportionally very large, bulbous, 39.2 mm from the base of the aperture dome-like, glossy, polished, flattened at to the approximate tip of the nucleus. tip, and composed of 2K whorls; entire There are faint traces of many denticles shell pure white; periostracum thin, pale along the entire outer lip, the primary brown’’ (Petuch 2002). varices are not so well developed, and Discussion.—Only three specimens of there are three intervarical costae with no Chickcharnea fragilis have ever been indication of a fourth to the right of them. recorded, all dredged from the type All spines are broken off, including the locality in 2000 and 2002. As a result of siphonal canal, and the inside of the outer its scarcity, very little is known about the lip is solid, not channeled like the possible variations in size and sculpture specimen that was collected alive. that this species may possess. Chickchar- nea fragilis resemble Ptychosalpinx globo- Family Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815 sus (Dall, 1889a) or Liomesus stimpsoni Subfamily Photinae Vaught, 1989 (Dall, 1889a) but differs from P. globulous Genus Chickcharnea Petuch, 2002 in lacking the large, sharp edged, prom- Chickcharnea fragilis Petuch, 2002 inent fasciolar plication on the columella Fig. 4G, H that characterizes all Ptychosalpinx spe- cies, fossil and Recent. In this sense, it Chickcharnea fragilis Petuch 2002:68, fig. more closely resembles L. stimpsoni but 2E, F differs in being a much smaller, more fragile shell with a smooth body whorl Material examined.—USNM 1138015, that lacks coarse spiral cords. one freshly dead specimen collected from The specimen collected in 2002 shows 400–480 m, west of South Cat Cay, some variation from the descriptions of the Station 1-4, 24 May 2002. holotype and paratype. Most obviously it VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 31 is over 10 mm larger than any of the others known that A. bahamasensis may have as collected, expanding the known size range many as five columellar denticles. Al- to 15–35+ mm. Instead of having low spiral though A. bahamasensis is sympatric with cords confined to the subsutural area and A. freemani (Petuch, 2002), it was noted the anterior third of the body whorl, the that A. bahamasensis seems to be much entire shell is sculpted with many faint, low less common in the deep waters off spiral cords (35 on the body whorl) and Victory Cay than A. freemani (Petuch, there is no indication of any smooth area 2002). The FAU dredgings of 2002 and on the body whorl. Additionally, the 2003 seem to support this conclusion, as siphonal canal lacks the four large spiral there were three A. freemani collected but cords present on the holotype, but does only one A. bahamasensis. have numerous fine spiral threads that The new specimen is roughly the same terminate upon intersecting with the thick- size as the others collected in 2001 but ened, glazed callus covering the parietal displays some minor sculptural variation. region. The parietal region, columella, and The body whorl has 18 longitudinal interior of the shell are glossy white and costae and 14 spiral cords that are tan smooth. This specimen is also covered by a in color and stand out against the whitish thin light-brown periostracum, unlike the background color of the body whorl. The other two specimens that lacked any trace spiral cords on the body whorl have a of periostracum. single thin thread between them, which is also faintly darker in color. The spire Genus Antillophos Woodring, 1928 whorls have 5–6 spiral cords as opposed Antillophos bahamasensis Petuch, 2002 to 8–10. There are two varices per spiral Fig. 4I, J whorl that are not very large and are fairly obscure. The outer lip is thickened Antillophos bahamasensis Petuch 2002:65, and has only 10 large chords instead of fig. 2A, B. 14–16. The columella has five randomly- sized plications instead of one, with the Material examined.—USNM 1138007, anterior-most two being largest. There is one freshly dead specimen dredged from a single large denticle at the posterior- 432 m, west of South Bimini Island, most end of the columella that seems to Bahamas, Station 5, 9 May 2003. form a posterior canal. The protoconch is Type locality.—400 m depth off Victory shiny, tan colored and smooth, composed Cay, Bahamas. of 2.5 volutions, with a single, brown, Range.—Endemic to the deep waters spiral thread at their center. The body off the Bahamas. whorl is whitish-tan with three darker tan Discussion.—Antillophos bahamasensis bands. The spiral whorls are whitish-tan, is very similar in size, shape, and general mottled with darker tan. The outer lip, color to A. bayeri Petuch 1987 from the siphonal canal, interior of aperture, and western and southern Caribbean. Antillo- columella area are all white. phos bahamasensis differs in being a broader, stockier shell with a proportion- Antillophos freemani Petuch, 2002 ally lower spire, in having a distinctly Fig. 4K, L shorter and wider siphonal canal, in having more sloping spire whorls, and by Antillophos freemani Petuch 2002:65, figs. inhabiting much deeper water. Originally, 2C, D. A. bahamasensis was thought to have only a single columellar denticle, which further Material examined.—USNM 1138008, differentiated it from A. bayeri.Itisnow one freshly dead specimen and two larger, 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 33 broken specimens dredged from 410 m, and semi-transparent with an interior south and west of Victory Cay, Bimini sculpture of 16 very thin, obscure spiral Chain, Bahamas, Station 1-5, 24 May threads. The columella possesses a heavy, 2002. prominent fold at the anterior end and a Type locality.—400 m depth off Victory very faint dentification at the posterior Cay, Bahamas. end. The shell color is pure white, stained Range.—Endemic to the deep waters of gray, with no indication of additional the Bahamas. color bands or patches. Two other broken Discussion.—Antillophos freemani is specimens were dredged in 2002, and most similar to the common, widespread, these are larger than the complete shell shallow water A. candei (Orbigny, 1842). that was recovered. These can easily be Antillophos freemani differs mainly in identified by the pure white color, the being a much more slender, elongated unique sculpture, the presence of numer- shell with a higher, more protracted spire, ous rounded varices on the body whorl, in having fewer ribs on the body whorl, in comparatively thin outer lips, and the having more numerous and finer spiral single heavy plication on the anterior cords, in having a more developed, and portion of the columella. narrower siphonal canal, in having a proportional larger protoconch, and in Family Fasciolariidae Gray, 1853 being completely white or pale off-white Subfamily Peristerniinae Tryon, 1880 in base color. The most obvious differ- Genus Bullockus Lyons & Snyder, 2008 ence between A. freemani and the sym- Bullockus mcmurrayi Clench & Aguayo, patric A. bahamasensis is the overall body 1941 sculpture. In A. bahamasensis the spiral Fig. 5A–D and axial sculpture produce a nearly reticulate pattern, while in A. freemani the axial sculpture is dominant and it has Latirus (Hemipolygona) mcmurrayi Clench larger, more prominent varices. & Aguayo, 1941:178, pl. 14, fig. 3.—Petuch On the specimen collected in 2002, 1987:45, figs. 5, 6; 2002:65, fig. 2I, J. there are 16 large, primary spiral cords Material examined.—USNM 1138041, on the body whorl. With each pair being four specimens freshly dead and well separated by a single, smaller, secondary preserved, dredged from 564 m, west of thread and two smaller, tertiary, finer South Cat Cay, Bahamas, Station 1-6, spiral threads. There are 15 axial costae May 2002. (See Table 1 for dimensions of and three heavy, varices on the body specimens.) whorl and two to three thick varices on Type locality.—Off Matanzas, Cuba in each spiral whorl. The intersection of the 347 m. spiral and axial sculpture produces prom- Range.—Northern Cuba and the Flor- inent, rounded beads. There are five ida Straits. primary ribs on the spiral whorls. The Discussion.—Although this species outer lip is wide, thickened, expanded, seems to be somewhat restricted in range, r

Fig. 5. A–D, Latirus macmurrayi (Clench & Aguayo, 1941). A, B, USNM 1138041, height: 36.1 mm, width 13.3 mm; C, D, USNM 1138033, height: 28.6 mm, width: 10.8 mm; E, F, Exilia meekiana (Dall, 1889a), height: 12.9 mm, width: 5.0 mm, USNM 1138032; G, H, Oliva bahamasensis Petuch & Sargent, 1986, height: 42.9 mm, width: 18.5 mm, USNM 1138053; I–K, Scaphella cf. gouldiana Dall, 1887, height: 48.0 mm, width: 15.8 mm, USNM 1138066. 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Table 1.—Dimensions of individual Latirus Oliva (Strephona) bahamasensis macmurrayi specimens. Petuch & Sargent, 1986

Color form Height (mm) Width (mm) Fig. 5G, H

Pale yellow with spiral banding 36.1 13.3 Pale yellow with spiral banding 25.5 10.3 Oliva (Strephona) bahamasensis Petuch & Pale yellow with spiral banding 24.6 9.7 Sargent, 1986:125, pl. 20, figs. 15–18. Pinkish-white, no spiral bands 28.6 10.8 Material examined.—USNM 1138053, one freshly dead specimen dredged from it is highly variable in form and color, as 500 m, off Wedge Rock, Bimini vicinity, are most Latirus species. The color may Bahamas, Station 4-1, 10 May 2003. be off-white to dark brown, with or Type locality.—200 m depth off the without darker spiral bands. Most re- north coast of Grand Bahama Island, markably, the umbilicus may be wide and Bahamas. flaring as in the holotype (illustrated by Range.—Bahamian deep water endem- Petuch 1987), or it may be narrow and ic. nearly absent, as in the specimens illus- Discussion.—Oliva bahamasensis is sim- trated herein and by Petuch (2002, fig. 2i, ilar to O. drangai Schwengel, 1951, and O. j). The subgenus Hemipolygona was erect- barbadensis Petuch & Sargent, 1986, two ed in 1899 by Rovereto to include L. other deep-water olives from the eastern maderensis Watson 1897 from the eastern Caribbean. The Bahamian species is Atlantic off the Madeira Islands. Latirus noticeably more inflated and stockier, mcmurrayi definitely belongs in Hemipo- has only very weak columellar plications, lygona along with L. maderensis but is and characteristically has a bright yellow proportionally longer, and lacks the very color. This record can be regarded as a strong spiral costae of L. maderensis. minor range extension; pushing the range A total of four specimens of Latirus from the northern slopes of the Little mcmurrayi were collected in 2002, all with Bahama Bank into the deep waters of the the same general shape. Two distinct color Florida Straits and south along the shelf forms were present with three of the of the Great Bahama Bank throughout specimens having an off-white or pale- the Bimini Chain of Islands. Oliva baha- straw base color with numerous narrow masensis is one of the deepest dwelling brown spiral threads (16–18 on the body olives in the entire western Atlantic. whorl and 8–10 on spire whorls). One Dredged specimen figured herein, specimen, which happens to be the fresh- matches the original description by Petuch est (non-eroded) specimen, is dull pinkish- & Sargent (1986), with little if any varia- white in color with no spiral color banding tion. The shell is solid and thick with an and has an intact large, bulbous two- overall fusiform shape and the protoconch whorled nucleus that is smooth and large. The edge of the suture is marked glassy. The smallest specimen is 24.8 mm with purple-red flammules that run onto in height and the largest is 36.1 mm in the shoulder. The interior of the aperture of height. All four specimens from the Bimini the Bimini specimen is white instead of vicinity have a narrow pseudoumbilicus. pale-yellow orange and the columellar area has 15 thin, weak plications, with the Superfamily Volutacea Rafinesque, 1815 anterior four being the strongest. Family Olividae Latreille, 1825 Subfamily Olivinae Swainson, 1840 Genus Oliva Bruguie`re, 1789 Family Turbinellidae Swainson, 1840 Subgenus Strephona Mo¨rch, 1852 Genus Exilia Conrad, 1860 VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 35

Exilia meekiana (Dall, 1889a) the first known record of Exilia meekiana Fig. 5E, F from the Bahamas. Attesting to the rarity of this species, Dr. Bayer noted that, over Fasciolaria (Mesorhytis) meekiana Dall, a period of more than six years of 1889a:172, pl. 36, fig. 7; 1889b: 112, pl. trawling and collecting in the tropical 36, fig. 7. western Atlantic during the Deep-Sea Teremachia meekiana: Bayer, 1971:197, Biology Program of the Rosenstiel School fig. 54 (left).—Abbott, 1974:243, fig. of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 2653. among many specimens of gastropods, Material examined.—USNM 1138032, only two specimens of this species were two dead specimens dredged from 400– ever collected. 450 m, west of Victory Cay, Bahamas, The specimens collected aboard the Station 4-2, 24 May 2002. R/V Bellows are only approximately half Type locality.—Off Morro Light, Cuba the length of full-sized specimens, and in 450–730 m. they are fairly thin and delicate and pure Range.—Deep waters (440–1100 m) of white in color. On the unbroken speci- the Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, and men, there is a blunt and globose proto- the Bahamas. conch that persists for only one whorl. Discussion.—This shell has had quite a There are six postnuclear whorls that are number of names since Dall originally rounded and have about 10 raised axial referred to it as Mesorhytis, a genus ribs on the second, third, and fourth erected by Meek (1876) to include some whorls that abruptly become obsolete on Cretaceous fossils. The genus was origi- nally placed under the subfamily Fascio- the fifth whorl. There, the sculpture lariinae. Bayer (1971) placed the shell in becomes dominated by 5–6 fine, spiral the Turbinellidae based on shell morphol- threads that are restricted to the posterior ogy and anatomy and moved the species part of each whorl. None of the spiral to the genus Teremachia Kuroda, 1931. threads appear to be stronger than the Because the genus Teremachia is restrict- rest, as they are all nearly equal in ed to the southwestern Pacific, the species thickness and are fairly faint mainly was later referred back to the genus visible under magnification. The outer Mesorhytis until Kantor et al. (2001) lip is smooth and sharp and the parietal synonymized the genus Mesorhytis with wall is finely glazed, but there is no visible the genus Exilia, placing the shell in its callus. The columella has three distinct, current taxonomic position. narrow, oblique plaits which rise at nearly This species was described by Dall right angles from the columella. The (1889a) from only a ‘‘couple’’ of dead broken specimen differs from the com- specimens collected aboard the R/V Blake plete specimen in being larger (recon- in the late nineteenth century. Bayer structed altitude of protoconch 15.5 mm), (1971) collected one live aboard the R/V Gerda off the southwestern coast of having a more inflated body whorl, and a Jamaica in 1970 and some specimens much more developed spiral sculpture, have since been dredged alive from composed of 10 raised ribs on the shallower water (30–60 m) off Miami penultimate whorl and over 30 raised ribs and the Florida Keys by Kevin and Linda on the body whorl. There are 14 raised Sunderland of Fort Lauderdale, Florida axial ribs on the penultimate whorl that (pers. comm.). Two additional specimens appear just below the suture on the body were dredged aboard the R/V Bellows in whorl as small raised nodes. Dall (1889a) 2002 off Victory Cay, Bahamas. This is commented that the point at which the 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON axial sculpture of the shell becomes no. 2625, 75 mi off Cape Fear, North obsolete is variable from specimen to Carolina, 32u359N, 77u309W (Clench specimen, which is apparent when both 1946). Bahamas specimens are compared. The Range.—From North Carolina to Ba- degree of spiral sculpture is also a variable hamas and Cuba (Poppe & Goto 1992). character, as can be seen in the two Description.—The shell collected off specimens from the Bahamas. Bayer Bimini (and described herein) is compar- (1971) also observed that as the shells atively small for the genus, highly pol- mature, the body whorls become slightly ished and shiny, fusiform, and moderately more inflated, the outer lips become more solid; spire somewhat protracted; nuclear flared, and the anterior canals are more whorl smooth with small, polished calcar- distinctly recurved. ella extending above, but depressed with- Exilia meekiana most closely resembles in, second whorl; early whorls with E. chaunax (Bayer, 1971) from west of St. numerous, fine spiral threads, becoming Lucia, Lesser Antilles but differs in most prominent above shoulder and lacking axial ribs on the body whorl, in nearly obsolete on body whorl; only having 5–6 subsutural spiral cords rather visible sculpture on body whorl are sets than one, and in having larger, more of fine axial growth increments; under distinct columellar plaits. Another species, magnification, faint traces of spiral cords E. costatus (formerly Mesorhytis costatus) are barely visible above shoulder; shoul- Dall, 1890, was dredged from 687 fathoms ders smooth, with no trace of nodula- off St. Kitts, Lesser Antilles. This species tions; teleoconch consisting of five is distinctly different from both E. meeki- smooth whorls with anterior portion of ana and E. chaunax, primarily in having a whorls moderately convex, shouldered, more developed sculpture of numerous and concave; sutures moderately incised; spiral threads and raised axial costae aperture elliptical, two-thirds length of covering the entire shell. shell; outer lip thin; parietal wall with light glaze; columella straight with three distinct plicae and faint fourth on anteri- Subfamily Scaphellinae Swainson, 1832 or; central two plicae strongest; siphonal Genus Scaphella Swainson, 1832 canal rather broad and straight, not Subgenus Scaphella Swainson, 1832 arching; base color pale-ivory with 10 Scaphella cf. gouldiana (Dall, 1887) wide yellowish-brown spiral bands cir- Fig. 5I–K cling the entire shell. Material examined.—USNM 1138066, Discussion.—Only a single, freshly dead one specimen collected from around specimen was collected in 2001 aboard the 400 m in 2002 aboard R/V Bellows, R/V Bellows, from deep water off Victory Station 1-6. Cay, Bahamas. In general, the shell Type locality.—The type locality of displays some characteristics typical of Scaphella gouldiana is Albatross sta. the Scaphella gouldiana (Dall, 1887). The

R

Fig. 6. A, B, Scaphella atlantis Clench, 1946, height: 66.6 mm, width: 26.0 mm, USNM 1138064; C, D, Scaphella bermudezi (Clench & Aguayo, 1940), height: 38.3 mm, width: 15.2 mm, USNM 1138065; E–H, Scaphella biminiensis; E, F, Paratype USNM 1138068, height: 34.9 mm, width: 12.7 mm; G, H, Holotype USNM 1138067, height: 37.9 mm, width: 14.3 mm; I–L. Conus (Lindaconus) lindae Petuch, 1987; I, J, Pure white specimen, collected alive, height: 44.0 mm, specimen from a private research collection; K, L, Banded color form, live with animal, height: 35.0 mm, specimen from a private research collection. VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 37 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Bahamian shell differs from typical S. number of other malacologists working gouldiana in being smaller, more thin- on the genus Scaphella, it is our under- shelled, more highly polished, more pro- standing that no shell has ever been tracted and less convex with more round- collected that exactly matches the holo- ed shape, and in having no traces of axial type. The true identity of Scaphella costae at the shoulders. The Bahamian atlantis still remains unknown and many specimen also has a nucleus with a malacologists place it in synonymy with distinctly projecting calcarella that is Scaphella dohrni,asitismostsimilar immersed within the first body whorl. species. In their very conservative work, This shiny, highly polished Scaphella may Weaver & du Pont (1970) synonymized a prove, upon the collection of more number of Scaphella species with S. specimens, to be a new species endemic dohrni. These species include S. atlantis, to the Bimini Chain of Islands. S. dubia, S. gouldiana, S. robusta, S. florida, S. bermudezi, and S. cuba.Most Scaphella (Scaphella) atlantis Clench, Scaphella species are highly variable and 1946 many of the Scaphella forms undoubtedly Fig. 6A, B intergrade within and throughout their ranges. It is, however, difficult to be completely confident about the taxonomic Scaphella (Aurinia) atlantis Clench, placement of various forms and species of 1946:53, pl. 29, fig. 5. the western Atlantic Scaphella, because Scaphella (Clenchina) dohrni (Sowerby III, the biology, ecology, and biogeography of 1903): Weaver & du Pont, 1970:143, pl. the separate populations remain poorly 59, fig. A, B. known. Of the two Scaphella atlantis Scaphella atlantis Clench, 1946.—Poppe collected off Victory Cay, the larger & Goto, 1992:143, pl. 53, figs. 3, 4. specimen is fairly mature but, at only 66.5 mm, it is probably still not a fully Material examined.—USNM 1138064, two specimens dredged from 450–476 m, mature specimen. The shell is moderately off Victory Cay, Bahamas, Station 1-7, thin and consists of only six whorls. The May 2002 and June 2005. The second color is nearly ivory white with a faint examined specimen measured 46.0 mm in yellow undertone and has 15 spiral rows height and 18.0 mm in width. of dark brown spots on the body whorl. Type locality.—Off Punta Alegre, Ca- The outer lip is thin and the parietal wall magu¨ey, Cuba in 385 m. has a thin glaze. The columella is straight Range.—Previously only known from with three strong plicae and a very faint the northern coast of Cuba, these speci- underdeveloped fourth plica. The nucleus mens were collected from the northwest- has a smooth, finely-pointed calcarella ern margin of the Great Bahama Bank, is that is immersed within the first whorl, a range extension. The species is probably while the early whorls have a finely found throughout the deep waters of the reticulate sculpture that is strongest on eastern and southern Straits of Florida. the first whorl and becomes obsolete after Discussion.—When Scaphella atlantis the third whorl. On the later whorls, the was originally described in 1946, only a only trace of sculpture is the numerous single mature specimen was known fine growth increments that encircle the (97.5 mm in length). Since the original body whorl. There is a faint trace of account, we are unsure how many more S. nodulations on the penultimate and body atlantis may have been collected, but whorl, giving the shoulder a slightly through personal communications with a angled profile. VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 39

Scaphella (Scaphella) bermudezi new species described below does not (Clench & Aguayo, 1940) have any traces of the barred color Fig. 6C, D pattern, is not as thick-shelled, and does not have such heavy columellar plicae. Aurinia bermudezi Clench & Aguayo, 1940:89, fig. 2. Scaphella (Scaphella) biminiensis, Scaphella (Aurinia) bermudezi Clench, new species 1946:56, pl. 30, fig. 6. Fig. 6E–H Scaphella (Clenchina) dohrni Weaver & du Pont, 1970:300, pl. 57, figs. A, B. Scaphella (Clenchina) gaudiati Bail & Shelton, 2001.—Petuch, 2002: 65, figs. Material examined.—USNM 1138065, 2K, 2L, 2M, 2N, 2Q. one dead specimen, with protoconch Etymology.—Named for the Bimini missing, dredged from around 400 m, Chain, Bahamas, the type locality. Station 3. Diagnosis.—Shell thin, small for genus, Type locality.—Bahı´a de Cochinos, Las elongate-fusiform, color variable but sol- Villas, Cuba, in 330–350 m. id; nucleus bulbous, rounded; early Range.—Unknown, most likely Florida whorls with small, even spiral cords; Straits off the north coast of Cuba to shoulder of last two whorls with nodes; along the western margin of the Great outer lip thin. Bahama Bank. Description.—Shell moderately small Discussion.—Only one specimen of for genus, known to reach only 48 mm Scaphella bermudezi was collected off in length, fusiform, moderately thin and Victory Cay. For now, we refer this light; protoconch large with diameter specimen to S. bermudezi primarily be- reaching 2.0 mm, white and bulbous, of cause it differs in a number of ways from only one whorl, rounded, usually with a the other Scaphella species collected off of worn appearance, and slightly flattened; the Victory Cay. In general, this specimen teleoconch of five whorls, sculpted with is thick shelled, has four heavy columellar numerous fine spiral threads which be- plicae, has numerous low, rounded nodes come nearly obsolete on the body whorl; around the shoulder of the last two sculpture on early whorls composed of 9– whorls, and has a color pattern of eight 10 low, even, spiral cords which may spiral rows of dark brown axially drawn appear to be finely reticulated by growth out bars. Unfortunately, the protoconch increments; body whorl with traces of the is broken off. Of the other Scaphella numerous fine spiral threads and axial forms from the Victory Cay locality, this growth lines; body whorls convex, shoul- species most closely resembles Scaphella dered; sutures irregular, lightly incised; atlantis, primarily in having a similar adult shells may have 12–14 rounded color pattern of axially extended brown evenly spaced nodules along the shoulder dots or bars. On the other hand, the of the last two whorls; knobs absent on Victory Cay shell is much thicker, with early whorls or on young shells; aperture heavy nodes at the shoulder of the last elongate-elliptical; outer lip thin; glaze of two whorls, and is generally less inflated parietal wall variable, ranging from ab- than S. atlantis. When first comparing the sent to thin white glaze to thickened white overall shape and sculpture of this spec- callus; columella straight, recurved dor- imen with that of the new species sally, usually dark in color, with two to described below, we were initially inclined four well developed plications; number of to refer to this specimen simply as a columellar plications variable, with no spotted color form of it. However, the correlation between shell size and number 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON of plications; shell color varies from pure Table 2.—Dimensions of individual Scaphella ivory-white to pale yellow to pinkish to (Scaphella) biminiensis specimens. orange, traces of spots or stripes; perios- State of shell collected Height (mm) Width (mm) tracum variable in thickness, brown. Type material.—Holotype USNM Live 37.9 14.3 Dead, broken lip & 1138067, Paratype USNM 1138068. canal 35.4 13.8 Material examined.—Eight specimens Freshly dead 34.9 12.7 that were collected from a number of Freshly dead 29.8 12.2 dredges carried out at Stations 1-4, 1-6, Dead, eroded 24.1 9.9 and 1-7; 2002, 2003, 2005; 380–480 m Dead, broken Indeterminate 11.5 Freshly dead, depth. (See Table 2 for dimensions of juvenile 18.0 8.1 specimens.) Freshly dead, Type locality.—Off Victory Cay, Bim- juvenile 12.0 5.7 ini Chain, Bahamas in 400–600 m. Range.—Only known from the type locality. calcarella extending above the second Discussion.—This is a highly mutable whorl, and by being a solid color instead species, with all of the variations of color, of having brownish bands or bars. The sculpture, and form intergrading from new species differs from S. gaudiati in shell to shell. Of all of the specimens being much smaller, thinner shell, by collected, only one had a thickened, white having only five body whorls instead of parietal callus. Most other larger shells six, by having a sculpture in the early had only a thin glaze while the smaller whorls composed of fine spiral cords, by shells had no glaze at all. Strangely having a thin outer lip instead of a thick enough, the largest specimen also has no one, by having 2–4 columellar plicae glaze. If the development of the parietal instead of two, and by having a different callus is a sign of maturity of the shell, it color. may be safe to assume that this species may not grow much larger than about 40 mm in length. The shells are very Superfamily Conacea Rafinesque, 1815 similar in size and form to Scaphella bermudezi Clench & Aguayo, 1940 but Family Conidae Rafinesque, 1815 does not have the spotted color pattern, Genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758 and are much thinner-shelled. It is very Subgenus Lindaconus Petuch, 2002 possible that these shells and S. bermudezi Conus (Lindaconus) lindae Petuch, 1987 may intergrade or even be the same Fig. 6I–L species, but because of the subtle differ- ences in color and structure of the shell, Conus (Floraconus) lindae Petuch, 1987:55, we are treating them as separate species pl. 9, figs. 9, 10. for now until more is known about the Conus (Lindaconus) lindae Petuch, taxonomy of Scaphella in the western 2002:69–70, Figs. 3G, 3H, 3I, 3J, 3K, Atlantic. This species is also similar to 3P. Scaphella neptunia Clench & Aguayo, 1940, collected in 644 meters of water Material examined.—Holotype USNM off Jamaica, and also resembles Scaphella 859886 and approximately 40 shells. Most gaudiati Bail & Shelton, 2001, a species shells were collected dead and only 5 collected off west Guadeloupe. It differs collected alive, which were dredged from from S. neptunia primarily in having more 350–481 m at Stations 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, heavily sculpted early whorls, by lacking a 1-6, 1-7, 3, 4, and 5, from 2000–2005. VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 41

Type locality.—240 m depth off the elevated, protracted spires with slightly southern coast of Grand Bahama Island, canaliculated whorls. If two specimens Bahamas. with opposite variations were compared, Range.—Endemic to the deep waters of one would assume that there were two the Bahamas, possibly confined to the distinct species off Bimini, yet complete northwestern margin of the Great Ba- intergrades of all morphological extremes hama Bank. have been found, demonstrating that a Discussion.—In 2002 Petuch placed single, highly variable species occurs in the Conus lindae into a new subgenus that he deep waters of the western Bahamas. described, called Lindaconus. The subge- nus Lindaconus only includes two taxa, C. Discussion lindae from the deep waters of the Bahamas and C. lightbourni Petuch, 1986 Although they are geographically so from the deep water off Bermuda. As close, the deep-water benthic communi- recognized the subgenus contains taxa ties of the Bahamian (eastern) and similar to the subgenus Floraconus Ire- Floridian (western) sides of the Straits of dale, 1930 that contains shells from Florida are strikingly different. Variations Australia and South Africa. Lindaconus in current regimes and vertical tempera- was erected to represent similar shells ture profiles from east to west are major from the western Atlantic that have factors affecting benthic communities. probably evolved their similarities Surface and bottom currents on the through convergence and not direct ge- eastern side of the Straits of Florida are netic relationships. In general, shells in predominantly northerly. Off Miami, on Lindaconus are from deep waters, of the Miami Terrace, surface currents are average size for the genus, glossy with a typically northerly, but significant south- pocellaneous texture, are adorned with erly bottom currents of 8–10 cm s21 are delicate pink, white and orange colors; commonly reported. The southerly bot- they have proportionally large, bulbous tom currents may, in some cases, have protoconchs, and they have a large resulted from a seasonal submarine coun- anterior columellar plication which may terclockwise gyre in the western Straits of be variable in prominence as in C. lindae. Florida (Neumann & Ball 1970). Minter Lindaconus lindae is one of the most et al. (1975) also recorded an unexpected variable cones in the western Atlantic, westerly flowing current 9–23 cm s21 at both in shell color and shape. Pure white 430 m in the Tortugas and Agassiz has been found to be the most common valleys, to the west of the Pourtale`s color and the pink colored specimens are Terrace. In all cases of observed counter- less frequently collected and the most currents, geomorphological features on rarely encountered specimens are shells the bottom of these valleys indicate that with multiple bands of pink or tan spots or the predominant flow is parallel with the shells with bands of pink spots and rows continental shelf in the easterly or north- of and large dark rose-pink patches. erly direction (in the direction of the Equally as variable as the color is the Florida Current). shape of the shells. Some individuals, such Grasmueck et al. (2006, 2007) mea- as the holotype, are short and stocky with sured current speeds and directions over a broad shoulders and subpyriform shapes 45-hour period at the toe-of-slope of the while other specimens are very slender and Great Bahama Bank, off Bimini, Baha- elongate. Spire height is also variable with mas, in 590–710 meters of water. Here, some specimens having proportionally bottom currents in the lower 40 meters of low, sloping spires while others have the water column changed direction from 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON north to south seven times during the 45- 400 meters depth (the average depth of hour period of observation. This obser- this study) is 9uC warmer on the eastern vation indicates that the constant north- side (16.5uC) than it is on the western side erly surface currents are decoupled from (7.5uC) of the Straits (Sverdrup et al. 1942) the variable bottom currents. The ob- (Malloy & Hurley 1970). The water served current velocities were shown to temperature observations of Sverdrup et correlate with the tide level curve for al. (1942) have been more recently sup- North Bimini, indicating that the bottom ported by observations made during currents are tidally controlled. Although submersible dives within the study area bottom current directions were variable, aboard the Johnson Sea-Link (John Reed, the geomorphologic features on the bot- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institu- tom indicated a dominant northerly tion, pers. comm. 2009; Grasmueck et al. direction of flow. Differences in ocean 2006, 2007). currents and current regimes have a major This temperature asymmetry observed effect on the sources of larvae and larval across the Straits of Florida is due, in distribution of pelagic and benthic organ- part, to the Antilles Current that contrib- isms on either side of the Straits of utes much warmer water to the eastern Florida (Reed et al. 2005a). The counter- side of the Gulf Stream than the Florida clockwise gyres and cold-water upwell- Current does to the western side. The ings, which have been recognized on the Antilles Current, which is fed by the western side of the Straits of Florida, may North Equatorial Countercurrent, origi- be a major factor preventing certain nates deeper in the tropical Caribbean (to planktonic larvae from reaching the the south and east) and naturally carries Miami and Pourtale`s Terraces. warmer water than the Florida Current, Temperatureisalsoamajorfactor which originates in the Gulf of Mexico. affecting benthic communities on the Also, the constriction of the Straits of western and eastern sides of the Straits of Florida between Miami, Florida and Florida. Cold water upwelling events are Bimini, Bahamas, along with the merging known to occur on the west side of the and northern deflection of the Florida Straits of Florida along the eastern Florida and Antilles currents, forces warm, sur- shelf but are not known to occur on the face-derived waters downward along the eastern side of the Straits in the Bahamas slopes of the western Bahama Bank but (Reed et al. 2005b). These episodic events not along the eastern slopes of Florida’s are known to affect the deep-water Oculina continental shelf. As a result, Bimini Shelf reefs off central Florida (Reed 1981, 1983) ecosystems can rely on warm, surface and also occur in the Florida Keys and derived waters while at comparable Pourtale`s Terrace (Smith 1982, Lee & depths across the Straits of Florida the Williams 1999, Leichter et al. 2003). The shelf faunas are exposed to cooler bot- absence of periodic cold water upwelling tom-derived waters (Malloy & Hurley events and higher average water temper- 1970). Stable water temperatures are atures at depth in the Bahamas allows likely extremely important in supporting Bahamian ecosystems, shallow and deep, the diverse deep-water molluscan com- to rely on more stable, and higher, water munity off Victory Cay. Petuch (2002) temperatures year-round. Water temper- pointed out that many of the taxa living atures in the deep waters (below 200 m) of in the deep waters off the western the Straits of Florida are constantly Bahamas are derived from predominantly warmer on the eastern (Bahamian) side shallow-water families that may be more of the Straits than on the western (Flor- stenothermal than typical deep-water idian) side. The water temperature at molluscan communities. This makes them VOLUME 125, NUMBER 1 43 dependent on the consistently warmer begins to gently dip to the west at around waters provided to the area by the local 5 degrees from the Bimini shelf. The slope oceanographic setting. base is a smooth, hard bedrock surface Observations made by Neumann & Ball covered by a moving veneer of sediment. (1970) from the Aluminaut identified three The ripples are 1–2 m high in places and discrete, depth restricted shelf environ- are being pushed northward by an unusu- ments off Bimini, all having different ally strong bottom current of up to 50 cm/ current and substrate types. A strong sec. In general, this lower zone exhibits distinction was made between the shallow, more of the surficial features typical of a intermediate and deep slope base environ- shallow, current swept bottom rather than ments. Depth soundings and dredged those of the archetypical deep sea. Here on materials from FAU surveys between the deep shelf, the sediment is composed 2001 and 2007 support the observations of pteropod fragments, foraminifera, pe- reported by Neumann & Ball for the lecypods, gastropods, calcareous algae Bimini study locality. Beyond the shallow fragments, shell hash, and gravel sized reef area, the seafloor between 30–76 m bedrock fragments. From the western consists of a continuous, vertical to edge of this shallow dipping slope, the overhanging wall that is approximately sea floor plummets abruptly to depths of 46 meters high and plummets from the over 950 m into the Straits of Florida. shallow reef environment at around 30 m Grasmueck et al. (2006, 2007) used an down to the intermediate depths around autonomous underwater vehicle to map a 76 meters. In this zone Neumann & Ball 16 km2 area 15 km west of Bimini, in (1970) reported current velocities from waters just beyond the average depths of 50–150 cm/sec to the north. this study. The mapped area contained The intermediate zone of the shelf off over 150 individual coral mounds of Bimini was defined as 76–222 meters various sizes and shapes, the tallest depth and has relatively low current reaching 120 meters off the seafloor. velocities (5–10 cm/sec) compared to its Farther offshore, in an area 30 km west upper and lower counterparts. The upper of Bimini, a 12 km2 area was mapped and portion of the intermediate zone is explored. Here, 70% of the seafloor was covered by a mud filled breccia of large covered with small, horseshoe shaped talus blocks that have accumulated at the coral mounds that were generally less base of the vertical cliff that characterizes than 5 m high. Grasmueck et al. (2007) the upper shelf environment. Below the also noted that the style of coral mound talus deposits, muddy sands slowly thin architecture changes dramatically across out to expose hard bedrock at approxi- the Florida Straits, from Bimini to mately 222 m. Interestingly, higher cur- Miami. These morphological differences rent velocities in the deeper zone below likely reflect variations in current regimes, have restricted the deposition of muddy sediment inputs, and other abiotic condi- sediments to the intermediate zone, above tions affecting the eastern and western 222 m. Here in these muddy sediments, sides of the Straits of Florida. The current formed structures were rarely differences in mound morphology across observed by Neumann & Ball. Instead, the Straits likely reflect deep-water corals’ the sediment surface was dominated by and related faunas’ ability to adapt to pits, mounds, trails and burrows of variations in environmental conditions. benthic organisms. In defining bathymetric zones for the The environment observed at the base Straits of Florida, Quinn (1979) proposed of the slope (222–540 m) is unique for its a modified version of the bathymetric depth. Here the seafloor planes off and zones defined by Ekman (1953). Accord- 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ing to Quinn’s observations, the littoral, shells. A total of 25 individual trochid or shelf fauna extends from the tidal area specimens were identified (5 species from 4 down to about 150–180 meters. This genera), and a total of 25 individual turrid depth is somewhat shallower than the specimens were identified (12 species from boundary used by Ekman (1953), Bruun 10 genera) (Table 3). (1957), and Voss (1967). In the fauna of The shell that was most commonly gastropods of the family Trochidae stud- collected alive was the xenophorid Tugur- ied by Quinn (1979) and in the molluscan ium caribaeum, with over 30 individuals fauna studied herein, a distinct break in collected (about half alive). The most species composition is recognized at the abundant mollusk, overall, in the dredge 150–180 m depth. The littoral fauna hauls was Lindaconus lindae,withover40 observed off Victory Cay is composed of specimens being collected from 2002– 18 species and is dominated in composi- 2005. A total of four were collected alive tion by the gastropod families Trochidae, and the rest were collected dead. The dead Triviidae, and Mitridae. Of the 18 littoral cone shells appear to be so abundant on species, eight are also known from waters the ocean bottom at around 400 m depth deeper than 180 meters. Most of the off Victory Cay that Petuch (2002) used deeper records can be attributed to the term ‘‘Conus pavement’’ to illustrate fortuitous occurrences or collection of their abundance. The dead shells that dead specimens washed down slope from make up the Conus pavement are usually shallower water. At least three species, partially buried in fine carbonate mud Emarginula tuberculosa, Solariella lamel- and serve as a substrate for the attach- losa, and Astyris diaphana,maybe ment of a number of cnidarians and considered true inhabitants of both the poriferans, principally the hydrocoral littoral and the bathyal zones. Stylaster laevigata. The bathyal zone extends from 180– 2000 m, or to about the 4uCisotherm. Conclusions Recognizing that only the southwestern portion of the Straits of Florida reaches A total of 74 molluscan taxa from 34 depths of over 1000 m, Quinn (1979) families were identified from over 400 termed the depths from 180–1000 m the individual mollusk specimens collected upper bathyal, and those from 1000– off Victory Cay, Bimini, Bahamas (Ta- ble 3). Three species, Architectonica sun- 2000 m the lower bathyal. Since the depth derlandi, Bursa finlayi, and Exilia meeki- of the Straits of Florida off the Bimini ana, were collected from the eastern side Islands does not reach much more than of the Straits of Florida for the first 900 meters depth before arriving at the documented time. Pisanianura grimaldii is western slope, the rest of the mollusks reported from the western Atlantic Ocean collected in this study are considered a part for the first time. Two new species of the upper bathyal fauna. A few of the Hespererato pallida and Scaphella bimi- species included in the Bahamian fauna niensis are described. Additionally, a have been collected from the lower bathyal number of rare or otherwise poorly zone at other localities, namely those of the known molluscan taxa are illustrated, family Turridae. As is generally observed described, and discussed in context with in western Atlantic deep-water molluscan the oceanographic setting. Although Mi- faunas, the families Trochidae and Turri- ami, Florida and Bimini, Bahamas lie dae were very common in the dredge hauls only 25 nautical miles apart, the benthic but were almost always represented by communities observed on the east and only dead (although sometimes very fresh) west sides of the Straits of Florida are OUE15 UBR1 NUMBER 125, VOLUME Table 3.—Alphabetical list of species of mollusks dredged in the vicinity of the Victory Cay, Bimini, Bahamas. Abbreviations: D, diameter; H, height ; L, length; W, width.

Number collected Species Bahama locality and condition Date collected Depth (m) Size (mm) Actaeon danaida Dall, 1881 West of Victory Cay, 25 u28.082 9N, 1 dead 23 May 2002 400 H 5 7.1, W 5 3.9 79u18.393 9W Acteocina perplicatus Dall, Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W 1 23 May 2005 500 H 5 8.0, W 5 3.6 1889 Admete cf. microscopica Dall, Off Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W 1 dead 23 May 2002 500 L 5 11.0, W 5 6.1 1889 Antillophos bahamasensis West of South Bimini Island, 25 u42.189 9N, 1 dead 9 May 2003 432 H 5 21.0, W 5 9.7 Petuch, 2002 79u20.496 9W Antillophos freemani Petuch, South and west of Victory Cay, 25 u29.758 9N, 3: 1 dead, 2 24 May 2002 410 H 5 19.5, W 5 7.7 2002 79u18.462 9W; Station 1-2 larger, broken Architectonica sunderlandi South and west of Victory Cay, 25 u28.477 9N, 1 dead 23 May 2002 400 L 5 17.0, H 5 8.0 Petuch, 1987 79u17.632 9W; Station 3 Bullockus mcmurrayi West of South Cat Cay, 25 u30.053 9N, 4dead,well May 2002 564 H 5 28.6–36.1, (Clench & Aguayo, 1941) 79u19.107 9W; Station 1-3 preserved W 5 10.8–13.3 Bursa (Colubrellina ) finlayi South and west of Victory Cay, 25 u29.758 9N, 1 dredged alive 24 May 2002 410 L 5 50.0, W 5 28.0 McGinty, 1962 79u18.462 9W; Station 1-2 Calliostoma apicinum West of Victory Cay, 25 u30.620 9N, 1 dead 24 May 2002 380 H 5 7.61, W 5 7.77 Dall, 1881 79u17.961 9W; Station 1 Calliotropis (Solarcida ) West of Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 10 dead 23 May 2002 400–500 H 5 5.0–3.7, calatha (Dall, 1927) 79u19.223 9W W 5 7.1–4.6 Cerithium (Thericium ) Off western slope of Victory Cay/South 1 dead, drilled 27 May 2002 564 H 5 15.8, W 5 7.8 eburneum Bruguie`re, 1792 Cat Cay, 25 u31.197 9N, 79 u18.801 9W Cerithium (Thericium ) Off Wedge Rock, Victory Cay, 25 u30.449 9N, 1 tumbled, 28 May 2002 440 H 5 13.5, W 5 6.8 litteratum (Born, 1778) 79u18.214 9W eroded, filled with sediment Chickcharnea fragilis Petuch, West of South Cat Cay, 25 u29.791 9N, 1 dead 24 May 2002 400–480 H 5 35.5, W 5 21.0 2002 79u18.478 9W; Station 1-4 Cochlespira radiata South Cat Cay, 25 u29.791 9N, 79 u18.478 9W; 1 dead 24 May 2002 481 H 5 20.7, W 5 8.0 (Dall, 1889) Station 1-4 Columbarium (Peristarium ) South and west of Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 1dead,with 23 May 2002 500 H 5 ,24.0, D 5 6.49 electra Bayer, 1971 79u19.223 9W broken siphonal canal 45 6POEDNSO H ILGCLSCEYO WASHINGTON OF SOCIETY BIOLOGICAL THE OF PROCEEDINGS 46 Table 3.—Continued. Number collected Species Bahama locality and condition Date collected Depth (m) Size (mm) Compsodrillia acsestra Victory Cay, 25 u28.477 9N, 79 u17.632 9W; 1dead 23May2002 400 H 5 24.6, W 5 6.9 (Dall, 1889) Station 3 Compsodrillia tristicha Victory Cay, Bimini Chain; Station 3 2 dead 400 H 5 10.9–12.8, Dall, 1889 W 5 4.0–4.7 Conus (Lindaconus ) lindae Off Victory Cay; Stations 1-2, . 50 shells, only 5 May 2002, 350–481 X¯ H 5 44.10, Petuch, 1987 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 3, 4, 5 collected alive May 2003, X¯ D 5 22.36 May 2005 Coralliophilia caribaea Off Wedge Rock, 25 u30.165 9N, 1 dead, partially 10 May 2003 472 H 5 18.75, W 5 15.75 Abbott, 1958 79u18.169 9W; Station 1-1 eroded, with broken anterior canal Cymatosyrinx pagodula Victory Cay, Bimini Chain; Station 3 1 eroded 23 May 2002 400 H 5 9.4, W 5 3.6 (Dall, 1889) Dephnella pompholyx South and west of Victory Cay, 1, dredged 23 May 2002 600 H 5 6.5, W 5 3.9 Dall, 1889 25u26.008 9N, 79 u18.617 9W; Station 2 Diodora fluviana West of Victory Cay, 25 u28.477 9N, 1dead 23May2002 400 L 5 19.0, H 5 9.0, (Dall, 1889) 79u17.632 9W; Station 3 W 5 14.0 Diodora sayi Off Cat Cay, 25 u31.197 9N, 79 u18.801 9W2dead,partially 27 May 2002 400 L 5 18.8, 16.7; (Dall, 1889) eroded W 5 11.7, 10.1; H 5 7.2, 7.0, respectively Diodora tanneri West of Victory Cay, 25 u28.477 9N, 2: 1 dead, 1 23 May 2002 400 L 5 40.0, H 5 15.0, (Verrill, 1883) 79u17.632 9W; Station 3 tumbled and W 5 27.0 eroded Distorsio perdistorta West of Victory Cay, 25 u29.748 9N, 1 live juvenile, May 2002, 360–476 (Live juv.) H 5 20.9, Fulton, 1938 79u18.123 9W; Station 1-7 2broken May 2005 W 5 12.3 Drillia havanensis Dall, Victory Cay, Bimini Chain; Station 3 3 dead, well 23 May 2002 400 H 5 6.4–11.4, 1881 preserved W 5 1.9–3.8 Emarginula tuberculosa South and west of Victory Cay, 1dead 23May2002 600 L 5 19, H 5 11.5 Libassi, 1859 25u26.008 9N, 79 u18.617 9W; Station 2 Enaeta reevei Dall, 1907 South and west of Victory Cay, 1 dead May 2003 400 L 5 12.7 25u29.758 9N, 79 u18.462 9W; Station 1-5 OUE15 UBR1 NUMBER 125, VOLUME Table 3.—Continued. Number collected Species Bahama locality and condition Date collected Depth (m) Size (mm) Eudolium crosseanum South and west of Victory Cay, 4 dead, eroded 23 May 2002 400–600 L 5 9.0–26.0 Monterosato, 1869 25u28.477 9N, 79 u17.632 9W; Station 3 with broken lips and missing protoconchs Exilia meekiana West of Victory Cay, 25 u28.735 9N, 2 dead 24 May 2002 400–450 L 5 12.9, W 5 5.0 (Dall, 1889) 79u19.084 9W; Station 4-2 Fusinus (Heilprinia ) West of South Cat Cay, 25 u30.053 9N, 5 May 2002 400–564 H 5 19.1–76.7, halistreptus (Dall, 1889) 79u19.107 9W; Station 1-6 W 5 5.8–23.2 Harasewychia amphiurgus South and west of Victory Cay, 1dead, 23 May 2002 400 H 5 10.4, W 5 3.8 (Dall, 1889) 25u28.477 9N, 79 u17.632 9W; Section 3 semi-eroded Hespererato South and west of Victory Cay, 7, collected alive May 2002, 400–600 H 5 7.9–9.6, 25u30.165 9N, 79 u18.169 9W; Station 1-1 and freshly dead May 2003 W 5 5.1–6.6 Hyalina avenacea South and west of Victory Cay, 2 dead 23 May 2002 600 L 5 15.4, W 5 6.5 (Deshayes, 1844) 25u26.008 9N, 79 u18.617 9W; Station 2 Inodrillia acova Bartsch, Victory Cay, Bimini Chain; Station 3 2 dead 23 May 2002 400 H 5 16.3, W 5 5.5 1943 (both) Kurtziella serga (Dall, 1881) Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W 1 dead 23 May 2005 500 H 5 9.7, W 5 3.3 Leucosyrinx verrillii Victory Cay; Station 3 1, partially 23 May 2002 400 H 5 16.7, W 5 5.3 (Dall, 1881) eroded with broken outer lip Microgaza rotella inornata West of Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 3 dead 23 May 2002 400–500 H 5 4.5, 4.1, 3.1; Quinn, 1979 79u19.223 9W W 5 7.5, 6.0, 4.3 Mitra (Mitra ) barbadensis Off Victory Cay, 25 u28.477 9N, 1 23 May 2002 400 L 5 20.0 (Gmelin, 1791) 79u17.632 9W; Station 3 Mitra (Mitra ) swainsonii Off Wedge Rock, 25 u30.470 9N, 1 May 2003 430–440 H 5 89.5, W 5 25.0 antillensis Dall, 1889 79u18.380 9W Mitra (Nebularia ) Off Wedge Rock, 25 u30.470 9N, 1 May 2002 430–440 H 5 40.5, W 5 11.0 straminea A. Adams, 1853 79u18.380 9W Mitrella (Astyris ) diaphana South and west of Victory Cay, 6 23–27 May 2002 380–450 H 5 12.0–14.7, (Verrill, 1882) 25u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W W 5 4.9–6.0 Natica perlineata Dall, 1889 West of Wedge Rock, 25 u30.165 9N, 3 dead May 2002, 472 H 5 9.5–23.0, 79u18.169 9W; Station 1-1 May 2003 W 5 9.5–22.9 Niso interupta var. albida West of Victory Cay, 25 u28.082 9N, 1dead,nearly 23 May 2002 400 H 5 22; W 5 9.6 (Dall, 1889) 79u18.393 9W perfect condition 47 8POEDNSO H ILGCLSCEYO WASHINGTON OF SOCIETY BIOLOGICAL THE OF PROCEEDINGS 48 Table 3.—Continued.

Number collected Species Bahama locality and condition Date collected Depth (m) Size (mm) Niveria (Cleotrivia ) candidula South and west of Victory Cay, 1 dead 23 May 2002 500 H 5 11.0, W 5 8.2 (Gaskoin, 1836) 25u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W Niveria (Niveria ) nix West of Victory Cay, Bimini Chain, ,20 dead May 2002, 400–500 H 5 8.7–10.9, (Schilder, 1922) 25u29.748 9N, 79 u18.123 9W; Station 1-7 May 2003 W 5 7.1–9.0 Nodicostellaria styria South and west of Victory Cay, 1 dead, dredged 500 H 5 11.4, W 5 3.8 Petuch, 2002 25u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W from muddy ooze Oliva (Strephona ) Off Wedge Rock, Bimini Vicinity, 1 dead 10 May 2003 500 H 5 42.85, W 5 18.5 bahamasensis Petuch & 25u28.500 9N, 79 u18.766 9W; Station 4-1 Sargent, 1986 Olivella (Macgintiella ) West of Victory Cay, 25 u28.735 9N, 4 24 May 2002 400–500 H 5 8.7–18.4, watermani McGinty, 1940 79u19.084 9W; Station 4-2 W 5 3.8–7.5 Ovulacteon meekii Dall, 1889 Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W 1 23 May 2002 500 H 5 5.3, W 5 3.1 Perotrochus (Entemnotrochus ) West of Victory Cay, 25 u29.617 9N, 1 dead, broken 23 May 2002 380 H 5 28.0, D 5 55.0 adansonianus (Crosse & 79u18.041 9W Fischer, 1861) Persicula bahamasensis Off Victory Cay, 25 u30.449 9N, 79 u18.214 9W 5 2002, 2005 360–440 H 5 5.8–8.8, Petuch, 2002 W 5 3.8–4.7 Pisanianura grimaldii Off Wedge Rock, 25 u29.137 9N, 79 u18.944 9W; 1 dead 10 May 2003 580 H 5 21.2, W 5 13.6 (Dautzenberg, 1889) Station 4 Poirieria (Paziella ) pazi West of Victory Cay, 25 u28.735 9N, 4: 2 alive, 2 dead 24 May 2002 400–600 H 5 19.4–41.8, (Crosse, 1869) 79u19.084 9W; Station 4-2 W 5 9.4–17.2 Polinices bahamiensis (Dall, South and west of Victory Cay, 25 u26.008 9N, 2 dead 23 May 2002 600 H 5 6.5, 7.2; 1925) 79u18.617 9W; Station 2 W 5 5.9, 6.7 Polystira staretti Petuch, 2002 Victory Cay, 25 u29.370 9N, 79 u18.243 9W 3 May 2003 400–511 H 5 27.1–39.8, W 5 9.1–10.3 Polystira tellea (Dall, 1889) Victory Cay, 25 u29.370 9N, 79 u18.243 9W 3 dead 2002, 2003 440–511 H 5 29.5–60.0, W 5 8.5–18.3 Ringicula natida Verrill, 1873 Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 79 u19.223 9W 1, broken 23 May 2005 500 H 5 4.5, W 5 2.2 Scaphella (Scaphella ) atlantis Off Victory Cay, 25 u29.748 9N, 79 u18.123 9W; 2 May 2002, 450–476 H 5 46.0–66.6, Clench, 1946 Station 1-7 Jun 2005 W 5 18.0–26.0 Scaphella (Scaphella ) Off Victory Cay; Station 3 1 dead, protoconch 23 May 2002 400 L 5 38.3, W 5 15.2 bermudezi (Clench & missing Aguayo, 1940) Scaphella (Scaphella ) Off Victory Cay, 25 u29.748 9N, 79 u18.123 9W; 8 2002–2005 380–480 H 5 12.0–37.9, biminiensis Station 1-7 W 5 5.7–14.3 OUE15 UBR1 NUMBER 125, VOLUME

Table 3.—Continued. Number collected Species Bahama locality and condition Date collected Depth (m) Size (mm) Scaphella (Scaphella )cf. Off Victory Cay; Station 1-6 1 2001 400 L 5 48.0, W 5 15.8 gouldiana (Dall, 1887) Siliquaria modesta Dall, 1881 West of Victory Cay, Bimini Chain, 3: only 1 well 24 May 2002 476 L 5 20.5, 9.5, 23.0 25u29.748 9N, 79 u18.123 9W; Station 1-7 preserved, mature Siratus yumurinus South and west of South Cat Cay, 1 live 27 May 2002 564 L 5 66.5, W 5 27.1 (Sarasua & Espinosa, 1978) 25u30.053 9N, 79 u19.107 9W; Station 1-6 Solariella (Sauvotrochus ) West of Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 1 dead 23 May 2002 400–500 H 5 5.2, D 5 4.5 lubrica Dall, 1881 79u19.223 9W Solariella (Solariella ) West of Victory Cay, 25 u27.332 9N, 2 dead 23 May 2002 400–500 H 5 6.2, 6.1; lamellosa Verrill & Smith, 79u19.223 9W D 5 5.5, 5.3 1880 Splendrillia lissotropis (Dall, Victory Cay, Bimini Chain; Station 1-7 1, eroded 400 H 5 8.1, W 5 3.3 1881) Sthenorytis pernobilis Off Victory Cay, Bimini Chain, 1 live 12 Jun 2005 390 H 5 35.8, W 5 26.5 (Fischer & Bernardi, 1856) 25u30.362 9N, 79 u18.086 9W Terebra (Myurella ) floridana Off Victory Cay, 25 u30.470 9N, 2 May 2002 440–476 H 5 18.0, 26.0; Dall, 1889 79u18.380 9W W 5 26.6, 62.9 Terebra evelynae Clench & Victory Cay, 25 u42.189 9N, 4 May 2003 432–472 H 5 35.3–53.5 Aguayo, 1939 79u20.496 9W; Station 5 Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 West of Wedge Rock, 25 u30.165 9N, 1 dead, partially 10 May 2003 307–472 H 5 26.7, W 5 16 79u18.169 9W; Station 1-1 encrusted with coralline algae, well intact Vermicularia bathyalis South and west of Victory Cay, 2 dead 23 May 2002 600 L 5 7.5, 36 25u26.008 9N, 79 u18.617 9W; Station 2 Xenophora (Tugurium ) Off Victory Cay, 25 u29.370 9N, 79 u18.243 9W .30 specimens, 2002–2005 .511 H 5 5.7–39.9, caribaeum (Petit, 1856) dead and alive D 5 8.6–68.8 49 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON strikingly different. The presence of the possible. Authors would also like to diverse and unique deep-water molluscan thank two reviewers whose comments community encountered off Bimini is and suggestions were much appreciated attributed to a current and temperature and very helpful in improving the manu- asymmetry that has been observed be- script. tween the western and eastern slopes of the Straits of Florida. This current Literature Cited asymmetry forces warm, surface-derived waters down to bathyal depths on the Abbott, R. T. 1974. American Seashells. 2nd eastern slopes of the Straits of Florida, edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 663 pp. supporting a bathyal fauna with distinct Agassiz, A. 1888. Three cruises of the United States tropical shallow water affinities. coast and geodetic survey steamer ‘‘Blake’’: in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the Atlantic Coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York. Acknowledgments Bail, P., & D. N. Shelton. 2001. Scaphella gaudiati n. sp. (Gastropoda: Volutidae: Scaphellinae) The authors would like to express our a new volute from the Caribbean Sea. gratitude and respect for the following Novapex 2(4):137–140. people and institutions who were instru- Ballard, R. D., & E. Uchupi. 1971. Geological mental for the completion of this work: observations of the Miami Terrace from the Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO); submersible Ben Franklin. Marine Technolo- gy Society Journal 5(3):43–48. the Captains and Crew members of the Bayer, F. M. 1971. Biological results of the R/V Bellows and R/V Suncoaster;J.Reed University of Miami Deep-Sea Expeditions. from Harbor Branch Oceanographic In- 79. New and unusual mollusks collected by stitution for sharing many papers and R/V John Elliott Pillsbury and R/V Gerda firsthand, unpublished, submersible ob- in the tropical western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science 21(1):111–236. servations from the study area; B. Cargile Brooke, S., & C. M. Young. 2003. Reproductive ecology for his devotion to, and generous support of a deep-water scleractinian coral, Oculina of, the field of malacology; Dr. M. G. varicosa, from the southeast Florida shelf. Harasewych of the National Museum of Continental Shelf Research 23(9):847–858. Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Bruun, A. F. 1957. Deep sea and abyssal depths. Pp. 641–672 in J. W. Hedgpeth, ed., Treatise Washington, D.C. for providing referenc- on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Geo- es and expert advice; Dr. H. Lee and the logical Society of America Memoir 67. Jacksonville Shell Club, Florida for pro- Clench, W. J. 1946. The genera Bathyaurinia, viding references, generous support, and Rehderia and Scaphella in the western Atlan- help with identification of poorly known tic. Johnsonia, Monographs of the Marine Mollusks of the Western Atlantic 2(22):41–60. taxa; the Broward Shell Club, Broward Clench, W. J., & C. G. Aguayo. 1940. Notes and County, Florida, for generous support of descriptions of new deepwater Mollusca ob- the senior author research project, to Mr. tained by the Harvard-Havana Expedition off W. P. Cargile of Woodside, California the coast of Cuba, III. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:77–94. for helping finance part of the research Clench, W. J., & C. G. Aguayo. 1941. Notes and cruises and for his knowledge and exper- descriptions of new deepwater Mollusca tise in living Conidae, and, finally to all of obtained by the Harvard-Havana Expedition the FAU students and faculty members off the coast of Cuba, IV. Memorias de la who have participated in the research Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 15(2): 177–180. cruises through the years. Without them Dall, W. H. 1881. 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