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Commentary on the Rule of Saint Benedict

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Commentary on the Rule of Saint Benedict CISTERCIAN STUDIES SERIES: NUMBER TWO HUNDRED TWELVE Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel COMMENTARY ON THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT CISTERCIAN STUDIES SERIES: NUMBER TWO HUNDRED TWELVE Smaragdus of Saint-mihiel 9 CommenTary on The rule of saint benedict Translated by David Barry OSB Introductory Essays by Terrence Kardong OSB Jean Leclercq OSB Daniel M. LaCorte CISTERCIAN PUBLICATIONS Kalamazoo, Michigan © Translation, copyright, Cistercian Publications, 2007 All rights reserved Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel, fl. 809-819 Translated from Smaragdi Abbatis Expositio in Regulam S. Benedicti, edd. Alfredus Spannagel and Pius Engelbert OSB, in Kassius Hallinger OSB, general editor, Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum, 8. Siegburg: Verlag Franz Schmitt, 1974. The work of Cistercian Publications in made possible in part by support from Western Michigan University to the Institute of Cistercian Studies Library of Congress: Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smaragdus, Abbot of St. Mihiel, fl. 809-819. [Expositio in Regulam Sancti Benedicti. English] Commentary on the rule of Saint Benedict / Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel ; translated by David Barry ; introductory essays by Terrence Kardong, Jean Leclercq, Daniel M. LaCorte. p. cm. — (Cistercian studies series ; 212) ISBN 978-0-87907-212-4 1. Benedict, Saint, Abbot of Monte Cassino. Regula. I. Kardong, Terrence. II. Leclercq, Jean. III. LaCorte, Daniel M. IV. Title. II. Series. BX3004.Z5S6313 2007 255'.106—dc22 2007036222 Printed in the United States of America Table of contents Introduction: Smaragdus and His Work •• Terrence Kardong Smaragdus of Saint Mihiel and Monastic Reform of Cîteaux •• Daniel M. LaCorte The Relevance of Smaragdus to Modern Monasticism •• Jean Leclercq Translator’s Preface and Acknowledgements •• Abbreviations of Works Cited •• Authors and Works Cited •• THE COMMENTARY OF ABBOT SMARAGDUS ON THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT Metrical Preface •• Introduction •• Book One: Prologue to the Rule •• Chapters of the Rule •• Chapter One through Chapter Three •• Book Two: Chapter Four through Chapter Seven •• Book Three: Chapter Eight through Chapter Seventy-three •• Scripture Index •• Index of Authors and Works •• v INTRODUCTION smaragdus and his work Terrence Kardong MARAGDUS OF SAINT-MIHIEL was one of the most prominent monks of the ninth century. In addition to being the Sabbot of an important imperial abbey, with responsibilities to the Emperor Louis the Pious, Smaragdus was a prolific author. Probably the most influential book he wrote was a complete commentary, the first ever,1 of the Rule of Saint Benedict. LIFE AND WORKS Smaragdus was of gothic parentage, born about 770 AD in southwest- ern Gaul.2 Before the year 800, he had already produced a commentary on Donatus’ Grammar, and in 809 he was employed by Charlemagne to help settle a theological dispute in the Holy Land. By this time, Smaragdus was a monk, and probably the abbot, of Castellio, a monas- tery about ten miles south of Verdun in northeast Gaul. In later years, Smaragdus was employed by Louis the Pious as a visitator at both Moyenmoutier and Saint-Claude in the Jura. 1. Although Paul the Deacon, a monk of Monte Cassino who died before 800 AD, was sometimes called the first RB commentator, the work ascribed to him is now thought to have been written about 850 by Hildemar at Civate in northern Italy. See C. Peifer, ‘The Rule in History’, in RB 1980 (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1981) 125. 2. The main source of these biographical notes is the Introduction to the critical edition of Smaragdus’ Expositio in Regulam S. Benedicti, ed. A. Spannagel and P. Engelbert, Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum (Siegburg, Germany: F. Schmitt, 1974) xxii-xxix. 1 2 Commentary on the Rule of Saint Benedict Probably the high point of Smaragdus’ monastic life was his partici- pation in the famous synods held at Aachen in 816 and 817.3 These great monastic gatherings of abbots and monks at the imperial palace were an attempt by Louis the Pious and his chief monastic official, Benedict of Aniane, to regularize monastic practice in the Empire. Soon afterwards, Smaragdus wrote his great commentary, and in it he quotes the decrees of the Synod. From this we can guess that he was one of the main collaborators of Benedict of Aniane, who was also a Goth from Aquitania. Certainly Smaragdus’ commentary promoted one of Benedict’s main projects, the recognition and observance of the Rule of Benedict as the central monastic Rule. Another one of Smaragdus’ important projects was the transfer in 824 of his Abbey of Castellio from its arid and inaccessible hilltop to a more convenient location at Saint-Mihiel. The new position on the River Meuse was a major improvement, but Smaragdus had to work long and hard to obtain imperial permission for the move. Perhaps this was Smaragdus’ last major effort, since the monks of Saint-Mihiel were granted permission by the emperor in 826 to elect a new abbot. The old abbot was still alive, but probably died soon afterwards. Besides his work as the superior of a large monastery, and his wider efforts on behalf of monasteries of the Empire, Smaragdus wrote sev- eral influential books during his life.4 In addition to his commentary on Donatus, he produced a biblical commentary entitled Expositio Libri Comitis in 812. Two years later he wrote a treatise called Via Regia at the request of the new emperor, Louis the Pious. Finally, he produced an anthology of key texts for monks entitled Diadema Monachorum. Expositio in Regulam S. Benedicti It is his commentary on the Rule of Benedict that constitutes Smaragdus’ magnum opus. Indeed, it is a major work, covering some three-hundred thirty-seven pages in the critical edition of Spannagel and Engelbert. In what follows we will see that he had a great deal of help in his work 3. Peifer, 122. 4. Smaragdus’ works are collected in J.-P. Migne, PL 102:15-976. Besides the 1974 critical edition of the Expositio, there is also Liber in partibus Donati, ed. B. Löfstedt et al., CCCM 68 (1986). Terrence Kardong 3 from Benedict of Aniane, but no one can deny that he produced a very helpful and accessible vehicle for the dissemination of the Rule of Benedict. The number of manuscripts found all over Europe show that Smaragdus’ book was a favorite manual of monastic renewal. The very fact that Smaragdus wrote a systematic, verse-by-verse commentary on the whole of the Rule certainly says something about him as a personality. He believed in careful, persevering activity rather than mere flashes of brilliance. Anyone who has, like the author of this Introduction, written a complete commentary on the RB knows what this entails. There are parts that one knows and loves well, and then there are the other parts. No matter. One approaches the entire docu- ment with the same care and attention. The Expositio ad Regulam Benedicti covers every chapter of the RB, but it is not an even document. Like many commentators on the Rule, Smaragdus goes into great detail in his remarks on the Prologue and the first seven or so chapters; but at that point he seems to have realized the magnitude of his task, and his explanations of subsequent chapters become much more laconic, even perfunctory.5 Nevertheless, he shows the full depth of his powers of analysis and imagination in the earlier chapters. The style of his Latin can only be described as plain and simple. Probably because the Expositio was aimed at the ordinary monks, many of whom found Latin difficult, the author seems to have gone out of his way to write in a clear form. On the other hand, his writing is not very eloquent; but then the genre and format of the commentary does not promote rhetorical development. Yet there is some elegance in the work, for Smaragdus quotes copiously from the Bible and the monastic Fathers. One of Smaragdus’ favorite methods of interpretation is etymology. Usually with the aid of Isidore of Seville’s Etymologies,6 he attempts to unpack the significance of Benedict’s legislation through an analysis of 5. See my study of Smaragdus’ work on the RB Prologue: ‘The Earliest Com- mentator on RB’, American Benedictine Review 55:2 (2004) 187. On this point, Spannagel and Engelbert agree with me: ‘The reader who plunges into the Expositio for the first time cannot miss the difference between the expansive, eloquent quality of the first seven chapters, and the laconic, monotonous style of the rest’ (my transla- tion of the German). 6. Critical edition W.M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911). 4 Commentary on the Rule of Saint Benedict the key words Benedict employed. Although some of these etymolo- gies amount more to flights of fancy rather than philological facts, they nevertheless constitute a genuine tendency toward analysis. Moreover, in itself imagination is by no means a foreign element in a good com- mentary. At times Smaragdus exercises a good deal of creative imagi- nation in his treatment of a text. Smaragdus’ fascination with etymology should not be misunder- stood. He did not see it as a science for the sake of science. Rather, as Jean Leclercq stresses in his famous study of medieval monastic litera- ture, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God,7 the monks only in- terested themselves with such pursuits with a view to penetrating the Bible. And that was in turn lectio divina in the service of contemplation. This is brought out by a poem of Smaragdus: Here you will find that measure of gold which comes from heaven and which we have been accorded by the Holy Ghost himself. In this book, he relates the great deeds of the Patri- archs; in it the lyricism of the Psalms resounds. This little book is full of holy gifts; it contains Scripture and it is seasoned with grammar.
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