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I Prestiti Di Origine Latina in Islandese Moderno Un Glossario

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I Prestiti Di Origine Latina in Islandese Moderno Un Glossario I prestiti di origine latina in islandese moderno un glossario Matteo Tarsi Relatore: prof.ssa Roberta Cella Correlatore: prof. Marco Battaglia Indice Introduzione 3 Breve profilo storico-linguistico dell’islandese 5 Cambiamenti fonetici dall’indoeuropeo all’islandese moderno . 5 Dall’indoeuropeo al protogermanico . 5 Dal protogermanico al norreno . 9 Dal norreno all’islandese medio (X sec. - XIV sec.) . 12 Dall’islandese medio all’islandese contemporaneo (XIV sec. - metà XVI sec.) . 16 Il sistema fonetico dell’islandese moderno . 18 Dinamiche del prestito linguistico in islandese . 19 L’Islanda e la sua lingua . 19 Le diverse ondate di prestiti . 21 Cenni sul purismo linguistico in Islanda . 24 Glossario 28 Abbreviazioni . 29 Bibliografia . 33 Descrizione delle voci . 50 Nota al lettore . 51 Sezione prima . 52 Sezione seconda . 294 Registro dei lemmi citati . 321 1 INDICE 2 Appendice 324 Suddivisione del glossario secondo età . 324 Suddivisione del glossario secondo lingua di prestito . 326 Suddivisione del glossario secondo sfera semantica . 328 Introduzione La lingua islandese affonda le sue radici, come gran parte delle lingue europee con- temporanee, nell’indoeuropeo. All’interno di questa macrofamiglia linguistica essa si colloca più precisamente sotto il ramo scandinavo-occidentale del ceppo linguistico germanico assieme a feringio e norvegese. Volendo stabilire a grandi linee una data di nascita dell’islandese non possiamo prescindere dal considerare che essa non comincia ad esistere con la colonizzazione dell’Islanda sul finire del IX sec. bensì solo quando il processo di diversificazione linguistica con la lingua continentale, il norreno, rag- giunge uno stadio avanzato poiché infatti per secoli dall’inizio della colonizzazione le varietà linguistiche parlate in Islanda ed nel continente erano altamente intellegibili e frequenti erano i viaggi e gli scambi commerciali tra le due regioni, sia durante il pe- riodo dello Stato libero d’Islanda (Þjóðveldisöld, 930-1262) che in seguito alla perdita dell’indipendenza a favore della corona norvegese nel 1262 tanto che, prescindendo da fattori di caratterzzazione della coscienza nazionale, è doveroso dubitare di una differenza tra i due idiomi tanto sostanziale da poter affermare che si sia trattato sin da subito di due lingue distinte, come invece vuole in certa misura la tradizione terminologico-linguistica islandese la quale chiama antico islandese (forníslenska) la lingua ivi parlata già intorno al X secolo. A favore di questa tesi si può citare ad esempio il fatto che ancora nel XIII sec. veniva fatto riferimento a tale insieme come do˛nsktunga (lingua danica) o norrœnt mál (lingua norrena)1, non già perché iden- tiche bensì poiché ancora facenti parte di un unico continuum dialettale tanto che il processo di diversificazione del norreno nelle diverse lingue scandinave non ebbe fine 1Come ad esempio viene riportato da Arngrímur Jónsson in [36] quando viene fatto riferimento all’incipit della Heimskringla di Snorri Sturluson: A þessa Bok lait eg rita fórnar frasógur um hófdingia þa sem rijk hafa haft á Nordurlóndum / og á Danska tungo hafa maillt. [36, p. 27] Su questo libro riporterò le antiche storie di quei capi che hanno regnato sulle terre del Nord / e parlato la lingua danica. 3 INTRODUZIONE 4 se non nel XIV secolo, per questo motivo preferiamo qui adottare il termine ‘norreno’ per riferirci alla lingua antica (si veda anche sul tema [27]). La peculiarità che caratterizza la lingua islandese e la fa distaccare nel panorama linguistico nordico odierno consiste nell’estrema conservatività morfologica e produt- tività lessicale, la prima realizzandosi nella preservazione di un ricco ed articolato sistema flessivo a quattro casi (nominativo, genitivo, dativo, accusativo), tre generi (maschile, femminile, neutro) e due numeri (singolare e plurale); la seconda, figlia della politica linguistica conservatrice del XIX secolo, manifestandosi invece se non nella totale impermeabilità ai prestiti, almeno nella creazione continua di parole che o affiancano o vengono adottate al posto di un prestito con maggior o minor successo a seconda del caso. È proprio questo aspetto che ha costituito il motore propulsivo della presente ricerca; di cui il glossario rappresenta non già il punto di arrivo, bensì di inizio; ovvero sondare il lessico islandese contemporaneo alla ricerca dei prestiti di origine latina che ancora fanno parte di questa lingua. Il glossario comprende non so- lo prestiti ma anche un ricco apparato di parole derivate, attestazioni antiche, esempi d’uso moderni e parole autoctone in concorrenza con il prestito. Nei due capitoli che seguono verranno affrontati gli ambiti di stretta pertinenza riguardanti questa tem- atica, ovvero i maggiori cambiamenti fonetici occorsi dalle origini indoeuropee fino alla lingua moderna e le dinamiche del prestito linguistico di origine latina. Breve profilo storico-linguistico dell’islandese Cambiamenti fonetici dall’indoeuropeo all’islandese moderno Dall’indoeuropeo al protogermanico Per poter fornire una visione diacronica il più ampia possibile è doveroso partire da quella che è stata ricostruita come lingua da cui sia l’islandese che il latino dis- cendono: l’indoeuropeo. Tale lingua, se mai lo fu nella sua versione ricostruita di cui siamo in possesso oggi, venne parlata in un periodo compreso tra il VI ed il IV millennio a.C.. Ovviamente però non bisogna considerare questa come un’unità linguistica indifferenziata da cui, a un certo punto, si siano originate le protolingue antenate dei nostri idiomi moderni, bensì già come una lingua con al suo interno una varietà dialettale la quale fu appunto causa della sua successiva evoluzione. Le corrispondenze sistematiche che qui di seguito andremo esponendo riguarderanno prima l’ambito consonantico e quindi quello vocalico. Affronteremo quindi dapprima il frutto del lavoro linguistico-comparativo di Rasmus Rask (Undersøgelse on det gamle Nordiske eller Islandske Sprogs Oprindelse [1818]) e quindi alla sistemazione che di questo ne dette Jakob Grimm (Deutsche Grammatik [1822]) per cui la legge che ne deriva prende il nome di Legge di Rask-Grimm o prima rotazione consonantica germanica cui poi si aggiunge il corollario dovuto a Karl Verner, il quale rende conto di alcune importanti eccezioni. In un secondo paragrafo andremo invece ad esporre i cambiamenti fonetici riguardanti il sistema vocalico. Per quanto riguarda la datazione dei fenomeni che andremo a descrivere non si può affermare con certezza una data ma ha senso pensare che abbiano avuto inizio non prima del I millennio a.C. Come lingua rappresentante lo stadio più arcaico germanico prendiamo, come 5 BREVE PROFILO STORICO-LINGUISTICO DELL’ISLANDESE 6 vuole la tradizione, il gotico (germanico orientale) così come ci è stato tramandato nella traduzione della Bibbia mentre in caso di parola non presente in quella lingua riporteremo l’esito anglosassone. Per completezza comparativa citeremo a lato di ogni mutazione anche le parole corrispondenti in norreno e latino o greco antico, a seconda di quale delle due lingue ha conservato almeno un termine riconducibile a una radice indoeuropea comune. Mutamenti consonantici Legge di Rask-Grimm La legge di Rask-Grimm si può descrivere come un pro- cesso di assordimento e fricativizzazione delle consonanti indoeuropee secondo le seguenti corrispondenze (ie. > pgerm.): - occlusive sorde indoeuropee → fricative sorde protogermaniche *p > *f : ie. *peku- > pgerm. *fehu- > got. faihu (cfr. lat. pecus e norr. fé) *t > *þ : ie. *t¯u- > pgerm. *þu > got. þu (cfr. lat. tu e norr. þú) *k > *h : ie. *kerd-/kord- > pgerm. *herto > got. hairto (cfr. lat. cor e norr. hjarta) *kw> *hw : ie. *kwod > pgerm. *hwat > got. hwa (cfr. lat. quod e norr. hvað) - occlusive sonore indoeuropee → occlusive sorde protogermaniche *b > *p : ie. *dheub- > pgerm. *deupaz > got. diups (cfr. agr. dύπτw2 e norr. djúpr) *d > *t : ie. *dekmt > pgerm. *tehun(t) > got. taihun (cfr. lat. decem e norr. tíu) ˚ *g > *k : ie. *eg¯o > pgerm. *ik > got. ik (cfr. lat. ego e norr. ek) *gw> *kw : ie. *gwem- > pgerm. *kwem- > got. qiman (cfr. lat. venire e norr. koma) - occlusive sonore aspirate indoeuropee → occlusive sonore protoger- maniche (se in posizione iniziale o postnasale) *bh > *b : ie. *bhr¯at¯er > pgerm. *br¯oþar > got. broþar (cfr. lat. frater e norr. bróðir) *dh > *d : ie. *dhugh@ter > pgerm. *duhter > got. dauhtar (cfr. agr. juγάthr e norr. dóttir) 2Dalla stessa radice in lat. probabilmente Tiberis (cfr. [22]). BREVE PROFILO STORICO-LINGUISTICO DELL’ISLANDESE 7 *gh > *g : ie. *ghostis > pgerm. *gastiz > got. gasts (cfr. lat. hostis e norr. gestr) *ghw> *gw : ie. *senghw-/songhw- > pgerm. *singw- > got. siggwan (cfr. agr. ὀmfή e norr. syngva) - occlusive sonore aspirate indoeuropee → fricative sonore protogermaniche (se all’interno di parola, non precedute da nasale) *bh > *b : ie. *nebhl¯a > pgerm. *neăel > as. nifol (cfr. lat. nebula e norr. nifl-) *dh > *ð : ie. *medhios > pgerm. *međjiaz > got. midjis (cfr. lat. medius e norr. miðr) *gh > *g : ie. *steigh-/stigh- > pgerm. *stig- > got. steigan (cfr. agr. svteÐqw e norr. stíga) *ghw> *gw : ie. *dheghw- > pgerm. *dagwaz > got. dags (cfr. lat. fovere e norr. dagr) Ulteriori mutamenti consonantici: Le sonanti indoeuropee m, n, l, r mutano in pgerm. um/un, un, ul, ur: ˚ ˚ ˚ ˚ *m > *um/un : ie. *k´mtóm > pgerm. *hundą > got. hunda (cfr. lat. centum e norr.˚ hundrað) ˚ *n > *un : ie. *dnghw > pgerm. *tung¯on > got. tuggo (cfr. lat. lingua < dingua e˚ norr. tunga) ˚ *l > *ul : ie. pl¯enós > pgerm.
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