A synthetic note about the phenomenon of the Central-Asian Early Iron Age “painted ware cultures” (2nd -1st millennium B.C.) Johanna Lhuillier
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Johanna Lhuillier. A synthetic note about the phenomenon of the Central-Asian Early Iron Age “painted ware cultures” (2nd -1st millennium B.C.). Bulletin of the International Institute of Cen- tral Asian Studies, International Institute for Central Asian Studies (Samarkand) 2011, 13, pp.9-20. halshs-01534935
HAL Id: halshs-01534935 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01534935 Submitted on 8 Jun 2017
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BECTH~K M~UA~ BULLETIN OF IICAS ~3,lJ,aH~e Me>K,O,yHapO,lJ,Horo V1HcT~TyTa publication of the International Institute WeHTpaJl bHOa3~aTCK~X ~CCJle,lJ,OBa H~ 171 for Central Asian Studies (CaMapKaH,lJ,) (Samarkand)
BblnYCK 13, 2011 VOLUME 13, 2011
PeAaK~1.10HHa~ KOnnerl.1~: Editorial board: W.M. MycTacpaeB (omeem. peàaKmop), Sh.M. Mustafayev, (editor-in-chief), K.M. 5al71naKoB, W. n~,lJ,aeB , p. Ha3apoB, K.M. Baipakov, Sh. Pidayev, R. Nazarov, X .C. n~ , M. KaJlnaKJlbl ,
nepesoA Ha aHrnI.1HCKI.1H: Translated into English: C. ra3~eB S. Gaziyev
KOMnbtoTepHa~ sepCTKa 1.1 AI.13aHH: Computer design: A. K)Jl,lJ,aWeB A. Yuldashev
AApec: Address: Me>K,O,yHapO,lJ,Hbll71 V1HCT~TyT International Institute WeHTpaJlbHOa3~aTCK~X ~CCJle,lJ,OBaH~171 for Central Asian Studies YH~Bepc~TeTcK~171 6yJlbBap, 19 19, University Boulevard str. , 140129, 140129, CaMapKaH,lJ" Y36eK~cTaH Samarkand, Uzbekistan TeJl.: (99866) 235 1520; 235 1522; Tel.: (99866) 235 1520; 235 1522
The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of AsmOJ1l" Hecytn omsemcmBeHHOemf> 3a B"wop Unpeàocma&A.eHue the facts contained in this edition and for the opinions expressed g,arcmoB U MHeHUü, coiJqnKa~UXQI B 3mOM wàaHUU U He therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not 8blptVlCalO~UX uiJeu IOHECKO. 0603Ha'leHUJI U Mamepua.w, commit the organization. Nor do they the expression of any npeàemalMeHHNe B fCHUZe, He 3all:.UOflalOm B ce6e MHeHUJI opinions as the part ofUNESCO concerningthe legal status ofany IOHECKO OmHOCUme.AJ>HO AeZa.UoHOZO cmamyca tcalCOu-AU6o country, territory, city or area or ofits authoritïes, or concerningthe empaH"" meppumopuu, zopoiJa UAU30HN /l.4.UJIHUJI, zpaHUf4. delimitation ofits frontier or boundaries.
© Me>KAyHapoAHblH ~HCTI.1TyT © International Institute UeHTpanbHOa31.1aTCKI.1X I.1ccneAOSaHI.1H, for Central Asian Studies, 2011 2011
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Image on the co ver: The A lamgiri Gate (1673, Monument Of Temurid architecture in Pakistan, Lahore) COAEP)KAHIŒ
Aoaxyaoe6a A. « MHKPOCOQHo.Ao.rIDI» QeHTpaAbHo.H A3HH B cpo.To.Ao.KYMeHTax xx B. 3 AIOUAbe )1(. KOMlIAeKCHble 3aMeTKH 0. cpeHo.MeHe «KYAbTYP paCnHCHo.H KepaMHKH» paHHero. )I(eAe3Ho.ro. BeKa B l4eH1'pélAbHo.H A3HH (11-1 TbICH'leAeTIDI Ao. H. 3.) 9 ACaH06 T. K BOnpOCy 0 KyAbTypHo.-Xo.3:SlHCTBeHHo.H TeppHTo.pHH H 3THo.Co.qHaAbHo.H CTpYKType Ko.qeBo.ro. KhlpfbI3CKOrO o.6xqeCTBa 21 illuxue6aC. HeCHMH H y36eKCKaJl KAaCC~eCKaJl no.33ID1 B 3no.xy TeMYPHAo.B (XV-XVI BB.) 28 E~eMaH06a C. o COBpeMeHHo.M Co.CTo.SlHHH H H3yqeHHH TPaAHQHo.HHo.H Ka3axcKo.H MY3bIKaAbHo.H KYAbTYPbI 46 Aeomap (j). KapaKaAIlaKCKHe 6apAbI Y36eKHCTaHa: 3AeMeHTbI MY3bIKaAbHo.H 3CTeTHKH 58
KOHtJ)EPEHllHH BTOpaJl BCTpeqa Ko.o.PAHHaQHo.HHo.ro. Ko.MHTeTa no. CepHHHo.H Ho.MHHaQHH IIIeAKo.Bo.ro. nyTH B cnHCo.K BceMHpHoro. HaCAeAIDI. Arnra6aTcKo.e Co.rAameHHe. 65 U CHTpaAbHOa3HaTCKaJl ceTeBaJl BCTPeqa no. Co.XpaHeHHIO HeMaTepHaAbHo.ro. KYAbTypHo.ro. HaCAeAHSl 68
HHtJ)OPMAQIUI 0 AEBTEAbHOCTH MHllAH TIoceIl\eHHe MI1QAH fAaBo.H IlpeACTaBHTeAbcTBa IOHECKO B DaHrKo.Ke 71
Y'lEHbIE QEHTPAAbHOH A3HH TIp0
Dodkhudoeva L. "Microsociology" of Central Asia reflected in photo documents of 20th century 3 J. Lhuillier A Synthetic note about the phenomenon of the Cetral-Asian early iron age "Painted ware cultures" (2nd_Pt millenium B.e.) 9 AsanovT. On the cultural and economic territory and ethno-social structure ofKyrgyz nomadic society 21 Shikhiyeva S. Nesimi and Uzbek classic poetry during the age ofTimurids (lSth_16th centuries) 28 Elemanova S. On a current state and study of the traditional Kazakh music culture 46 LeotarF. Karakalpak bards ofUzbekistan: elements of musical aesthetics 58
CONFERENCES The second meeting of the Coordinating committee on SeriaI nomination of the Silk Road to the World Heritage List. Ashgabat Agreement 65 Central Asian networking meeting on the preservation of intangible cultural heritage 68
INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES OF IICAS The visit to IICAS by the Head of UNESCO Office in Bangkok 71
SCHOLARSOFCENTRALAS~ Professor Y.A. Sher turned 80 72 BECTHMK MML1A11, BbIIIYCK 13, 2011 BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011
KOMllAEKCHblE 3AMETKH 0 ~EHOMEHE «KYAbTYP PACIIIICHOH KEPAMIIKH» PAHHErO )l(EAE3HOrO BEKA B QEHTPAAbHOHA31I1I (11-1 TbIC.HqEAETIUI AO H. 3.)
A SYNTHETIC NOTE ABOUT THE PHENOMENON OF THE CENTRAL-ASIAN EARLY IRON AGE "PAINTEDWARE CULTURES" (2ND-IS™ILLENNIUMB.C.)
© 20 Il r. )I{. AloHAbe © 2011 J. Lhuillier IIapuJIC, cI>paH"fUJI Paris, France
I10cAe OKOH'laHillI 6poH30Boro BeKa AA5I U;eHTpaA.b After the end of the Bronze Age, the Central Asia HOH A3HH BpeMeHH paHHero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa, OKO is characterized during Early Iron Age, around 1500- AO 1500-1400/1000-900 rOAOB AO H. 3. [Francfort & 1400/1000-900 BCE [Francfort & Kuz'mina 1999] by Kuz'mina 1999] XapaKTepeH HAeOAOmqeCKHH rrepeBo major ideological upheavals throughout Central Asia. pOT. B 3TOT rrepHOA c~ecTByeT Macca KyAbTyp H3BecT In this period, a medley of cultures coexist known as HbIX KaK « KyAbTypbI pacrrHcHoH pyqHOH KepaMHKH» "handmade painted ware cultures" (fig. 1)I. AlI are (HM. 1) 1. Bee OHH rrpHHaMe:>KaT oceAAbIM KyAbTypaM, sedentary cultures, whose economy relies on agricul 'lMI 3KOHOMHKa OCHOBaHa Ha CeAbCKOM X03m1CTBe H ture and cattle rearing, and whose ceramics are mainly pa3BeAeHHH CKOTa, a KepaMH'IeCKHe H3AeAlUl B OCHOB handmade and sometimes painted. However, each cul HOM H3rOTOBAeHbl BpyqHYIO H B HeKOTopblX CAyqéUlX ture has its own specific material features. Currently dif paCKpameHbI. OAHaKO Ka:>KAaJI KyAbTypa HMeeT CBOH ferent groups have been identified in Turkmenistan, in crrelw
MATEPHAAbILVl H CO~H03KOHOMH'lECKMl THE CORPUS UNDER STUDY XAPAKTEPHCTHKA A large corpus of firsthand data was examined, espe cially ceramics, from the major sites where French mis H3YIlAEMbIH MATEPHAA sions are currently working: the MAFOuz-Sogdiane at EblA rrpOaHaAH3HpOBaH 60AblllOH KOprryC rrepBoHa Koktepe and Afrasiab; the MAFOuz-Protohistoire at 'IaAbHblX CBeAeHHH, B oco6eHHocTH H3AeAlUl H3 KepaMH Dzharkutan and the MAFTur at Ulug-depe. Were also KH, C OCHOBHblX MeCT pacKorroK, rAe B AaHHoe BpeM.sI pa- studied other materials from Dzham-53 site, excavated 60TaIOT
Puc. 1. PaCnOAO'ICel-lUe "YAbmyp pacnuCl-lOu KepaMUKU Fig 1. Location ofpainted ware cultures ApyrHe MaTepHaAbI H3 A)I(aM-53, H3BAeqeHHbIe HTaAO more ancient but published or unpublished excavations y36eKcKoH 3KClleAHIJ;HeH H3 CaHrHp-Telle (MAFOuz from Kuchuk-tepe (A.A. Askarov's excavations, ceramic Sogdiane)2. 3TOT lIepBOHaqaAbHbIH MaTepHaA 6bIA 110- stored in the National Museum of Tashkent and in the TOM AOIIOAHeH H3yqeHHeM MHOrOqHCAeHHbIX AaHHbIX H3 Termez museum), Dzharkutan (Sh. Shajdullaev's exca 60Aee ApeBHHX, HO y)l(e OIlHcaHHbIX AH60 HeOIlHcaHHbIX vations, ceramic stored in the Institute of Archaeology paCKOIIOK B KyqyK-Telle (pacKoIIKH A.A. ACKapoBa, Ke of Samarkand), Tuyabuguz (Kh.l. Duke's excavations, paMHqeCKHe H3AeAWI, xpaIDIIu;HeC51 B Hau;HOHaAbHOM ceramic stored in the Institute of Archaeology of Sa MY3ee B TarnKeHTe H B MY3ee TepMe3a), A)I(apKyTaHe markand) and sites of the Chust culture, in Kyrgyzstan (pacKoIIKH III. IIIaHAYAAaeBa, KepaMHqeCKHe H3AeAWI, Ou.A. Zadneprovkij's excavations, ceramic stored in XpaH5lIIJ;HeC51 B l1HcTHTyTe apxeOAorHH B CaMapKaHAe), the Sulejman-Too Museum of History and Archaeology Ty516yry3e (pacKoIIKH X. 11. AIOKa, KepaMHqeCKHe H3Ae and in the Osh museum) and in Uzbekistan Ou.A. Zad AWI xpaH5lIIJ;HeC51 B l1HcTHTyTe apxeOAorHH B CaMapKaH neprovkij's excavations, ceramic stored in the National Ae) H B MecTax pacKolloK qyCTCKOH KyAbTypbI B KHprH- museum of Tashkent and in the Registan museum of 3HH (pacKoIIKH IO. A. 3aAHellpoBcKoro, KepaMHqeCKHe Samarkand). AlI together, more than 8000 potsherds, H3AeAWI, xpaH5IIu;HeC51 B My3ee HCTOpHH CyAeHMaH-Too of which 7000 are unpublished, were examined. Un H B OmCKOM MY3ee) H B Y36eKHcTaHe (pacKoIIKH IO. A. published and published data collected over the past 50 3aAHellpoBcKoro, KepaMHqeCKHe H3AeAWI, XpaH5lIIJ;HeC51 years and amounting to 500 references in Russian com B HaIJ;HOHaAbHOM MY3ee BTarnKeHTe H B My3ee PerHCTa pleted the study. Ha B CaMapKaHAe). B 06Iu;eH CAO)I(HOCTH 6bIAH H3yqeHbI In spite of a scatlered and disparate literature, the ex 60Aee 8 000 rAHIDIHbIX qepellKOB, H3 KOTOpbIX 7 000 He haustive inventory of references has enabled the identifi OIlHCaHbI. 3aBepmHAH H3yqeHHe qaCTbIO orry6AHKOBaH cation of 246 sites where evidences of painted ware cul Hble, a qaCTbIO Heorry6AHKOBaHHbIe AaHHbIe, c06paHHbIe tures type material were found. Archaeological research 10 BECTHMKMMLfAM, BbInYCK 13, 2011 BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011
3a rrOCAeAHl1e 50 AeT 11 COCTaBA5IIOI.Ql1e 500 CCblAOK Ha so far has demonstrated that these cultures occupied the pyCCKOM 513bIKe. territory in very different ways depending on the area. HecMoTp51 Ha pa3p03HeHH}'1O 11 06'beMH}'lO AHTepa Thus, cultures in Sogdia, in the oasis of Turkmenabad TYPY, I1CqeprrbIBalOI.Qa51 Orrl1Cb 3aMeTOK rr03BOAHAa rrpo and in south-west Tajikistan numberless than ten settle H3BeCTH I1AeHTI1 11 AlOuAbe)K. Lhuillier J. (TypKMeHIfCTaH) If A)I(apKyTaHe (Y36eKlfCTaH), rAe Bpa DZHAlIKUTAN I.qeHIfe IfCnOAb30BaHO TOAbKO B HeMHOrme MOp Horo cIfcTeMaTIf3IfpOBaHlfjI, TaK KaK rrocYAa Ha K~OM includes a horizontal frieze in the upper third of the yqacTKe BeCbMa CTaHAapTIf3IfpOBaHa, OCHOBbI nOAo6- vase and a line on the internal face of the lip, with the Horo cIfcTeMaTIf3IfpOBaHlfjI HeIf3BeCTHbI. PeAKo MO)I(HO exception of the Chust culture (Fergana valley) where BCTpeTIfTb ABa a6coAIOTHO OAlfHaKOBbIX If3AeAlfjl, 'ITO vertical decorations prevail. Then within this frieze, the n03BOAReT rrpeAnoAaraTb, qTO rOH'lap rrOAb30BaACjI OT decor itself, repeats the same design or includes various HOCIfTeAbHOH «cBo6oAOH TBOpqeCTBa». patterns placed side by side according to symmetrical HaIIIa pa60Ta TaK)I(e AeMoHcTpIfpyeT cJI.qecTBo principles (fig. 3) that differ very much from one site to BaHIfe TeCHOH CBjl3If Me~y onpeAeAeHHbIMIf TIfnaMIf the other. Thus, the more or less complex association of AIf3aHHa, Mop 12 BECTHMK MMl...(AM, BbIIIYCK 13, 20 11 BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011 rrpOH3BOACTBe 3aBHceAa OT 3HaqeHIDI H AOrYlH, MOp ---5em Pue. 4. KepaMUica e pe3HblM opHaMeHmoM U3 KOIcmene Fig. 4. Examples Of jars with incised omament from Koktepe 14 BECTHMK MMJM11, BbIIIYCK 13, 2011 BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011 Ensemble 1 Ensemble 3 "centre" Ensemble 2 ------::=::-.."" "south" Puc. 5. PacnpeoeAeHue KYAbmyp KpaUleHou KepaMUKU no zpynnaM u KamezopwlM Fig. 5. Distribution ofpainted ware cultures, cultural groups and larger categories KyAbTyp COOTHOlIIemœ rracT6Hlu;Horo )KHBOTHOBOACTBa typical lithic or metallic tools, apart from the bronze H ceAbCKOrO X03.SI:aCTBa CHAbHO OTAH'IaAaCb OT OAHOH arrowheads. Houses are made of raw bricks or abodej rpyrrnbI K APyrOH. CaMbIe ceBepHbIe KyAbTypbI B03BO many are just undetermined constructions on posts. Big AHAH nOAyrroA3eMHbIe )KHAHrn;a, oKpy)KeHHbIe MHoro citadels were built on mud brick platforms. qHCAeHHbIMH CHAOCHbIMH .sIMaMH, 'lTO He Ha6AlOAaeTc.SI - Ensemble 3 "centre" groups together cultures of B lO)l(HbIX perHoHax. TaM)Ke 60AblIIe Bcero HaxOAOK KO northern Bactria, in present Uzbek Surkhan-Darya and CTea AOIuaAeH H OCTaTKOB c6pYH. Y)Ke 3TH AaHHbIe, He south-western Tajikistan (i.e. groups D & E). The ceram CMOTp.sI Ha CAO)KHOCTb HHTeprrpeTHpOBaHH.sI, YKa3bIBaIOT ic complex is quite elaborate. Lithic knives and sickle are Ha KOqeBOe nacTyrnecTBo, pacrrpOCTpaHeHHoe B ceBep particularly typical. Evidence of metallurgical produc HbIX CTeIlSlX U;eHTpaAbHOH A3HH. HarrpoTHB, B IO)KHbIX tion exists. Citadels were built on mud brick platforms. perHoHax 60Aee pa3BHTbI opOCHTeAbHbIe CHCTeMbI, YKa- These three ensembles (fig. 5) refer to variations in 3bIBalOII\He Ha rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTb C 3eMAeAeAb'leCKHMH the material complex, but also in economy and way of CTPYKTypaMH, pa3BHBlIIHMHC.sI B 6pOH30BbIH BeK. life. They may also correspond to several political bod OTCyTcTBHe npeAMeTOB pOCKOlIIH H 3axopoHeHHH ies, each one of which pursued its own development AaeT HeBepHoe npeACTaBAeHHe 0 COU;HaAbHbIX CTPYKTy independentIy. Nevertheless, economy and mate rial pax 3THX KyAbTyp, yrrpOrn;a.sI MX. THrrbI KepaMHKH H Me cultures in these categories link all the cultural groups TaAAyprHqeCKOrO rrpOH3BOACTBa YKa3bIBaIOT Ha 'laCTH'l together into a larger cultural and possibly religious phe HYIO CneU;HaAH3aU;HIO peMeCAeHHoro rrpOH3BOACTBa nomenon. (MeTaAAyprHSl B ceBepHbIX KyAbTypax, KepaMHKa B IO)K HbIX). DOAee Toro, pa3BHTHe MOH}'MeHTaAbHOH apXHTeK ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND RELIGION TypbI H YKpeIlAeHHH AOKa3bIBaeT HaAH'lHe 3AHT crroc06- Differences observed in the material assembling seem HbIX opraHH30BaTb rrocTpollKy 60AblIIMX coopy)KeHHH to correspond partIy to socioeconomic variations. This H IlOAAep:>KHBaTb opOCHTeAbHbIe CHCTeMbI (B IO)KHbIX is the case for subsistence economy: among agro-pas perHoHax). BAacTb, CKopee Bcero, He 6bIAa u;eHTpaAH- toral cultures, the ratio and nature of cattle rearing and 30BaHa, a opraHH30BaHa AHlIIb B CTerreHH, AOCTaTO'lHOH agriculture varied greatIy from one group to the other. AMI ynpaBAeHHSI TeppHTopHeH H KOHTpOA.sI HaA CeAbCKO The northernmost cultures developed a semi-subterra X03RHCTBeHHbIMH yrOAb.sIMH. 3TO OrrpeAeA.sIAO COU;HaAb ne an architecture, surrounded by numerous silos, which HbIe HpeAHrH03HbIe rrpHHU;HIIbI MX MaTepHaAbHOH KyAb- don't exist in the southern regions. This is also where the 15 Lhuillier J. Typbl, qTO 06'b5ICIDIeT OTCyTcTBHe rrpeAMeTOB pOCKOIIIH, ratio ofhorse bones and harness equipment is the high rro KpaflHe Mepe B C03AaHHH AOAI'OBeqHbIX rrpeAMeTOB est. This data alone, though difficult to interpret, makes 6blTa (AroHAbe, B rreqaTH). BorrpeKH 06rn;errpHIDITb1M sense when talking about nomadic pastoralism, which is rrpeACTaBAeHH5IM, OqeBHAHa5I CKpOMHOCTb MaTepH widespread in the northern steppes of Central Asia. On aAbHOrO 6blTa He065I3aTeAbHO 03HaqaeT COqHaAbHO- the contrary, in southern regions, irrigation networks 3KOHOMHQecKYID, rrOAHT~eCKYID H KyAbTypHyro «rrpH are more developed and show continuity with the agri MHTHBHOCTb». cultural structures developed in the Bronze Age. TOQHa5I q,opMa rrpaKTHKOBaBIIIHXC5I BepOBaHHH He The absence of prestigious goods and burials gives a H3BeCTHa, HO OT~aeTC5I OT BpeMeH 6pOH30Boro BeKa. mistaken image of the social structures of these cultures HeKoTopbIe 3AeMeHTbl, BrrOCAeACTBHH pa3BHBIIIHeC5I as simple in character. The nature of cerarnic and met B Ma3AeH3M, y)l(e 3aMeTHbI. K rrpHMepy, TaKHe, KaK Bbl allurgic productions indicates a partial specialization of CTaBAeHHe OCTaHKOB ycorrIIIHX. AIITpOrrOAOrHQeCKOe craft production (of metallurgic production in the north HCCAeAOBaHHe OCTaHKOB yKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, QTO KOCTH ern cultures, of ceramic production in the southern cul 6bIAH paCCe5IHbl rro pa3HbIM CA05IM rroceAeH}iH, B pa3~ tures). Furthermore, the development of monumental HbIX MecTax. Bep05ITHo, B )l(eAe3HblH BeK KaxeKCH5I CTaAa architecture and fortifications prove society was struc OCHOBHOH q,OpMOH rrorpe6eHH5I H rrpe06AaAaAa Ha BceM tured with elites able to organize large-scale construc IO)l(HOM rrpOCTpaHCTBe I4eHTpaAbHOH A3HH. Hap5IAY tion works and maintenance of the irrigation networks c HeH cyrn;ecTBOBaAH H HHbIe 06P5IAbl, TaKHe, KaK c60p (in the southern regions). Power was probably little rrpaxa B ypHbl HAM )l(e rrorpe6eHHe OCTaHKOB B OTAeAb centralized and organized so as to manage the territory HbIX HAM 06rn;HX MOrHAax 6e3 rrOrpe6aAbHbIX Bern;eH. and control lands for agriculture. It defined social and CTerreHb pacrrpOCTpaHeHHOCTH H yCAOBH5I rroA06HbIX religious principles for their material culture and lauded 06p5IAOB He yCTaHoBAeHbI. the absence of prestigious goods, at least when made of lasting materials (Lhuillier, submitted). Unlike what is rEHE311C, PA3BIITIIE Il IIC'lE3HOBEHIIE commonly thought, the apparent austerity of material PACnllCHbIX KEPAMllqECKHX KYAbTYP assemblages does not necessarily entail socioeconornic, Pa3BepHYTa5I KaTeropH3aqH5I TeppHTopHH (pHC. 5) H political and cultural "simplicity': H3yqeHHe MaTepHaAbHbIX KyAbTyp QaCT~HO AaIOT OT The nature of the religion practiced remains un BeTbl Ha Borrpoc 0 rrepexoAe OT 6pOH30Boro BeKa, XOT5I known, but it is distinct from the Bronze Age. Sorne ele 3Ta rrp06AeMaTHKa Bce ern;e rrpeAMeT AA5I AHCKyCCHH [CM. ments that willlater develop into mazdeism are already Ky3bMHHa, 2007, rA. 26, 0630p rHrrOTe3J. I4eHTpaAbHa5I apparent, such as the exhibition of corpses for example. A3H5I KaK eAHHoe qeAoe 6bIAa MeCTOM KOHTaKTOB co An anthropological study ofbone remains showed that CTerrHOH KyAbTypOH Ha rrpOT5I)l(eHHH Bcero 6pOH30Boro bones were scattered in the different settlement layers BeKa, B oc06eHHOCTH B rr03AHHH BeK 6pOH3bI. 3TH KOH on many sites Emaciation probably became the major TaKTbl 6bIAH rrpOAOA)l(HTeAbHbIMH H MHpHbIMH, K HaQaAY mortuary treatment and prevailed throughout southern )l(eAe3HOro BeKa He 6bIAO BTOp)l(eHHH HAM MHrpaqHH, Central Asia in the Iron Age, while other marginal prac OHH BHeCAH CBOH BKAaA B 06pa30BaHHe H CTpyKTypy tices also existed such as the secondary deposit ofbones KyAbTyp paHHero )l(eAe3HOro BeKa. BAH5IHHe CTerrHbIX or the burial of corpses in individual or collective tombs KyAbTyp oc06eHHo 3aMeTHO B ceBepHoH KaTeropHH 1, without funeral deposits, so that the conditions of these Qb5I TeppHTOpH5I C 6poH30Boro BeKa 6bIAa rrOA Herro different practices cannot be determined. cpeAcTBeHHblM BAH5IHHeM CTerrH. Ho B « qeHTpaAbHoH » H «IO)l(HOI1» KaTeropH5IX 2 H 3 KOQeBa5I KyAbTypa CTOA GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT AND DISAPPEARING KHyAacb C HaCAeAHeM MeCTHOH qHBHAM3aqHH OKca. B OF PMNTEDWARE CULTURES paHHeM )l(eAe3HOM BeKe 06a TeQeHH5I B3aHMOAeHCTBoBa The elaborate categorization of territory (fig. 5) and AH H yqacTBOBaAH B reHe3Hce H pa3BHTHH KyAbTyp pac the study of their material culture provide sorne answers rrHCHOH KepaMHKH. OceAAa5I qHBHAM3aqH5I 06'b5ICIDIeT to the question of the transition from the Bronze Age, KyAbTypHyro rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTb, KOTOpa5I 3aMeTHa B Ke question still subject to debate [see Kuz'mina, 2007, paMHKe, B apXHTeKType H 3eMAeAeAHH, TorAa KaK CTerr chap. 26, for a review of hypothesisesJ. Central Asia Ha5I TpaAHqH5I XOTb H rrpHBHOCHAa MaA03aMeTHbIe H3- as a whole was marked by contacts with steppe people MeHeHH5I B KepaMHKy, HO cyrn;ecTBeHHbIe-B X035IHCTBO, B all along the Bronze Age and more strongly in the Late oc06eHHOCTH B Tex cq,epax, KOTopble He 6bIAH OCBoeHbl Bronze Age. These contacts were lengthy and peaceful, 16 BECTHMK MMLTA11, BbIIIYCK 13, 2011 BULLETIN OF IICAS, VOLUME 13, 2011 '-lHBHAI13alV'feM OKca. CAO:>Imo orrpeAeAHTb 6blAH AH 3TH and there were no invasion or migration in the beginning KyAbTypHbIe H3MeHeHIDI CBH3aHbI CMHrpaU;IDIMH HaCeAe of the Iron Age, but they contributed to the structura HlfjI, H Borrpoc 06 3THH':IeCKOM rrpHHaMe:>KHOCTH AlOAeM tion of Early Iron Age cultures. The influence of steppe KyAbTypbI pacrrHcHoM KepaMHKH OCTaeTCH OTKpbITbIM. cultures was particularly strong in the "north" ensemble CKopee Beero, KyAbTypa rr03AHero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa rrpo 1, whose territory was under direct influence since the HCXOAHT OT HHTeHCHBHoro B3aHMoAeMcTBIDI AByx KyAb Bronze Age. But, in the "centre" and "south" ensembles TypHblX Te':leHHM Ha rrpOTjI)I(eHHH rr03AHero BeKa 6pOH- 2 and 3, the steppe influence came up against the legacy 3bI H Bcero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa. OAHO HarrpaBAeHHe llIAO co of the local Oxus civilization. In the Early Iron Age, both CTeneH EBpa3HH Ha IOr B IJ;eHTpaAbHYIO A3HlO, a BTopoe trends interacted and took part in the genesis and devel C IOra Ha eeBep IJ;eHTpaAbHOM A3HH. Aa:>Ke B CAyqéUlX, opment of painted ware cultures. The second explains KorAa KyAbTypbI « ceBepHoM» KaTeropHH rrOKa3bIBalOT cultural continuity, as shown in the ceramics, in the ar npH3HaKH orrocpeAoBaHHoM CBH3H c CHHbU;3HHeM, o':le chitecture or land management, while the first brings BHAHO, qTO CHHbU;3HH He HBAHeTCH MeCToM 3apO:>KAeHIDI about barely perceptible changes in the ceramics but KyAbTyp pacrrHcHoM KepaMHKH [Francfort 2001; Lhuil major improvements in the economy especially in the lier 2007]. are as that had remained out of reach of the Oxus civiliza Pe3yAbTaTbI Haillero HCCAeAOBaHIDI rrepexoAa C paH tion. It is difficult to determine if these cultural changes Hero :>KeAe3HOro BeKa K cpeAHeMY H rr03AHeMY :>KeAe3HO were linked to population migrations, and the question MY BeKy 0603HaqaIOT BeCbMa CXO:>KHe rrpou;eccbI, KaK B of the ethnic identity of the painted ware cultures people n03AHHH BeK 6POH3bI, TaK H B 3rroxy paHHero :>KeAe3HO remains unanswered. The Late Iron Age culture seems ro BeKa. B « QeHTpaAbHoM » H «1O:>KHOM » KaTerOpHjIX 2 to result from a rich interaction in the Late Bronze Age H 3 KyAbTypa 5[3 II-III pa3BHAaCb H pacrrpOCTpaHHAaCb and throughout the whole Iron Age between two cul BllAOTb AO Xope3Ma. A B CorAHaHe, qaqe H B 17 AlOuAbe)K. Lhuillier J. OTCyTCTBIDI CHAbHOH BAaCTIf 3Ta KyAbTypa paCrrpOCTpa started during the Late Bronze Age, around 1700 B.e. HlfAaCb BIIAOTb AO OKpalfH, AO TOrO KaK Ha'lUa yracaTb But despite this, strong cultural changes occurred in this CaMa. K TOMY BpeMeHIf, BO BpeMR cpeAHero If rr03AHero period and continued right through the Iron Age. We )l(eAe3HOro BeKOB rrOjffilfAOCb HOBoe «rrOAlfTIf'leCKOe can suggest that painted ware cultures developed on so eAlfHCTBO». CoxpaHeHIfe 3AeMeHTOB 6pOH30Boro BeKa a vast territory thanks to the weak structuration of soci· HapSIAY C HOBbIMIf rrpIf3HaKaMIf, pa3BlfBIlllfMIfC.SI rr03AHee ety after the decline of the Oxus civilization at the end BO BpeMR cpeAHero If rr03AHero )l(eAe3HOro BeKOB, 060- of the Bronze Age. Thanks to the lack of strong power, 3Ha'laeT paHHIfH )l(eAe3HbIH BeK KaK rrOAAlfHHbIH rrepe they spread out to marginal regions before their own re XOAHOH rrepIfOA. traction, when a new "political entity" appeared in the Middle and Late Iron Age. The survival of Bronze Age 1. AaHHéUI CTaTMI 6blAa nepepa60TaHa If3 AOKTOpCKOH AlfC features together with new elements developed in the cePTaQHH, 3aIQillQeHHOH B )'HIfBepHCTeTe ITaplf)l(a ITaHTeoH Middle and Late Iron Age make Early Iron Age a real COp60HHbI, nOA PYKOBOACTBOM AHpH-ITOASI 18 BECTHl1K Ml1I..JAH, BbIIIYCK 13, 2011 BULLETIN OF I!CAS, VOLUME 13, 2011 Francfort H.-P. Asie centrale, in P. Briant et R. Boucharlat 2. zum 1. vorchristlichenJahrtausend. Akten des Internation (eds.), L'archéologie de l'empire achéménide: nouvelles alen Kolloquiums Berlin, 23 bis 26 November 1999, Kollo recherches, Paris: De Boccard, 313-351. 2005. quien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, vol. 6, Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Francfort H.-P. L'âge du bronze en Asie centrale. La Habelt, 221-235. 2001. civilisation de l'Oxus, Anthropology of the Middle East, vol. FrancfortH.-P.Asiecentrale,inP.BRIANT etR. BOUCHA 4, n° l, 9l-111. 2009. RLAT (eds.), L'archéologie de l'empire achéménide: nou Francfort H.-P., Kuz'mina E.E. « Du nouveau dans la velles recherches, Paris: De Boccard, 313-351. 2005. chronologie de l'Asie centrale du Chalcolithique à l'Age du Francfort H.-P. L'âge du bronze en Asie centrale. La civilisa Fer », in J. Evin, e. OBERLIN, J.-P. DEGAS, (dir.), Actes tion de l'Oxus, Anthropology of the Middle East, vol. 4, n° l, du congrès « 14C Archéologie » , Lyon, 6-10 avril 1998, 91-111. 2009. 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I1CTOpIDI ApeBHero toire, Sciences sociales, n° 3, 625-663. 2002. li cpeAHeBeKoBoro KepaMWIeCKOro rrpoH3BoAcTBa Haxma6a. Gorbunova N.G. The Culture of ancient Fergana: VI century TaulKeHT: A. KaAbIpH, 2000. B.e. - VI century A.D., BAR International series 281, Oxford: Kuz'minaE.E. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leiden: Brill, BAR. 1986. 2007. 762p. Isamiddinov M.Kh. & Khasanov M.Kh. lstorija drevnego Lecomte O. Entre Iran et Touran, recherches archéologiques i srednevekogo keramicheskogo proizvodstvaNakhshaba, au Turkménistan méridional (2001-2006), Comptes rendus Tashkent: A . Kadyri, 2000. des séances de l'année 2007, Académie des Inscriptions et Kuz'minaE.E. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leiden: Brill, Belles-Lettres, Paris: Diffusion de Boccard, 2007.195-226. 2007. 762p. Lhuillier J. « Les relations des cultures à céramique modelée Lecomte O. 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