Central Asia Palaeolithic Beginnings to the Iron Age. L'asie Centrale Des

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Central Asia Palaeolithic Beginnings to the Iron Age. L'asie Centrale Des Central Asia Palaeolithic Beginnings to the Iron Age L'Asie Centrale des origines à l'Age du Fer CENTRAL ASIA PALAEOLITHIC BEGINNINGS TO THE IRON AGE L'ASIE CENTRALE DES ORIGINES A L'AGE DU FER Philip L.iKohl ; avec des contributions de H.-P. Francfort et J.-C. Gardin ASIE CENTRALE Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations Paris 1984 Synthèse nO 14 ISSN 0291-1663 ISBN 2-86538-071-8 La loi du II mars 1957 interdit les copies ou reproductions destinées à une utilisation collective. Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants cause, est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du code pénal. C Éditions Recherche sur les civilisations A.D.P.F.-1984 9, rue Anatole de la Forge-75017 PARIS CONTENTS Preface (J.-C. Gardin) Chapter 1 to chapter 20 (Ph. L. Kohl) Chapter I : History of archaeological explorations in Soviet Central Asia and adjacent areas .. 17 Chapter 2 : Western Turkestan : the physical and ecological setting 25 Chapter 3 : Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Beginnings 35 Chapter 4 : The Djeitun period and the beginnings of food production 45 Chapter 5 : The Kelteminar culture in Khoresmia and the Kyzyl Kum 57 Chapter 6 : The Anau IA period : early relations with the Iranian Plateau 65 Chapter 7 : The Namazga sequence and the Namazga I (early Aeneolithic) period 73 Chapter 8 : The Middle Aeneolithic or Namazga II period 83 Chapter 9 : The Late Aeneolithic or Namazga III period 93 Chapter 10 : The Early Bronze or Namazga IV period 105 Chapter 11 : The Middle Bronze or Namazga V period of southern Turkmenistan and the city of Altyn-Depe 117 Chapter 12 : The Late Bronze Age of the Kopet Dagh Piedmont and Sumbar Valley of southern Turkmenistan 135 Chapter 13 : The Bronze Age of Margiana (Lower Murghab) 143 Chapter 14 : The Bronze Age of southern Uzbekistan (northern Bactria) 151 Chapter 15 : The Bronze Age of northwerstern Afghanistan (southern Bactria) 159 Chapter 16 : The Bronze Age of southern Tadjikistan 173 Chapter 17 : The Bronze Age of the Zeravshan (Ancient Sogdiana) and Fergana Valleys 179 Chapter 18 : The Early Iron Age 193 Chapter 19 : Problems in relative and absolute chronology : Neolithic through Early Iron 209 Chapter 20 : The Central Asia sequence and an evaluation of Soviet Archaeology in western Turkestan 237 Commentaires (H.-P. Francfort) .............................................................................................................. 249 Le dernier mot (Ph. L. Kohl) .................................................................................................................... 267 Bibliography 271 Index Table des matières ............................................................,......................................................................... 283 Planches ........................................................................................................................................................ 287 PRÉFACE La publication du livre de Philip Kohl est l'aboutissement d'une histoire commencée à Kabul, en 1975, par une première rencontre entre Philip Kohl et l'U.R.A. 10 en la personne de deux de ses membres, Henri-Paul Francfort et Bertille Lyonnet. Tous trois revenaient alors de prospections dans le Nord-Est de l'Afghanistan : entre Baghlan et Faizabad pour l'un (Kohl 1978*), entre Khwaja Ghar et Yangi Qala pour les deux autres (Lyonnet 1977*). C'était assez pour qu'une relation s'imposât : les territoires que nous nous proposions d'étudier, avec l'accord des autorités afghanes, se recouvraient en partie; mieux encore, nos objectifs se révélaient étonnamment voisins. Philip Kohl s'intéressait en effet aux périodes anciennes de l'histoire de l'Asie centrale, vers lesquelles ses travaux antérieurs en Iran le portaient; et nous découvrions nous-mêmes autour de Shortughaï les vestiges de sociétés organisées contemporaines de l'âge du bronze et du premier âge du fer, qui donnaient enfin des racines à la Bactriane de l'historiographie classique, perse ou grecque. Cette convergence de nos programmes se doublait d'une communauté de vues sur certains manquements des recherches archéologiques conduites jusqu'alors en Afghanistan, et sur la manière d'y remédier. Nous regrettions l'un et l'autre la priorité plus ou moins consciente que l'on avait accordée à l'étude de sites ou de monuments peu nombreux, certes spectaculaires — Bactres, Hadda, Bamiyan, Begram, Lashkari Bazar, Surkh Kotal, Aï Khanoum — mais dont la somme ne constituait pas une base convenable pour reconstruire l'histoire des sociétés qui se sont succédé sur le territoire de l'Afghanistan, depuis l'âge de la pierre jusqu'aux temps modernes. L'image que nous pouvions alors nous faire de cette histoire pêchait par des dissymétries trompeuses, dans les trois dimensions habituelles : le Temps, où les périodes antérieures à la conquête d'Alexandre paraissaient encore former une sorte d'âge obscur mal aimé des archéologues; l'Espace, découpé lui-même en tranches inégalement explorées, en vertu de considérations où les habitudes, voire la commodité, avaient autant de part que la raison; la Fonction, enfin, si l'on veut bien comprendre sous ce terme volontairement large les différentes catégories d'interprétations auxquelles les sites et monuments avaient jusque-là donné lieu, davantage tournées vers l'histoire de l'art que vers l'histoire des sociétés et de leur milieu. Les programmes de recherche que nous avions élaborés indépendamment, Philip Kohl et nous- mêmes, avaient pour but de réduire ces dissymétries, par des voies semblables : prospections systémati- ques, collectes massives de céramique de surface, sondages ou fouilles assujettis à des objectifs précis, travaux corollaires de paléoécologie. Les circonstances obligèrent malheureusement Philip Kohl à s'arrêter en chemin, dès 1976; et ce fut à Cambridge, Massachusetts, que j'eus le plaisir de le rencontrer, un an plus tard. Les raisons qui m'y amenaient étaient celles-là mêmes dont il vient d'être question : l'Université de Harvard m'avait fait l'honneur de m'inviter à donner quelques exposés sur « les stratégies de recherche en archéologie », appuyés sur le cas de l'Afghanistan (Gardin 1980*). Les conversations que j'eus à cette occasion avec Philip Kohl achevèrent de me convaincre que nous avions, sur la façon de parvenir à une connaissance plus équilibrée de l'histoire de l'Asie centrale, les mêmes opinions et les mêmes desseins. Nous nous accordions en particulier sur trois points essentiels : a) la place qu'il convenait de donner aux recherches sur les périodes anciennes, relativement négligées en Afghanistan, ne fût-ce que pour mieux comprendre l'étonnant développement de certaines régions aux époques historiques, la Bactriane notamment; b) la nécessité de prendre en considération, ce faisant, non seulement les données archéologiques proprement dites, mais aussi les observations relatives au milieu * Les références suivies d'un astérisque viennent en complément de la bibliographie de Philip Kohl; elles sont données à la fin de la préface. Les autres font partie de la bibliographie générale, in fine. naturel et à son exploitation par l'homme au cours de ces mêmes périodes (données climatiques, tectoniques, hydrologiques; ressources animales, végétales, minières; systèmes d'irrigation artificielle); c) le fait enfin que nous étions tributaires dans les deux cas de la documentation considérable amassée par les missions archéologiques soviétiques en Asie centrale, insuffisamment connue des chercheurs « occidentaux », à commencer par nous-mêmes. Philip Kohl fut de nous tous le plus prompt à corriger ce défaut : deux longs séjours en Uzbekistan, au Tadjikistan et au Turkmenistan, en 1978 et 1979, lui permirent d'acquérir une connaissance de première main des sites et des matériaux sur lesquels repose aujourd'hui pour l'essentiel l'histoire de l'Asie centrale aux hautes époques, avant que les sources écrites — perses, grecques, romaines, indiennes, chinoises — ne viennent relayer ou compléter les témoignages de l'archéologie. Un premier fruit de ces voyages fut le livre édité par Philip Kohl en 1981 « The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia », où sont traduites une quinzaine d'études signées des meilleurs spécialistes soviétiques de l'âge du bronze en Asie centrale. Le panorama est remarquable, enrichi par une introduction de Philip Kohl sur la civilisation de Namazga; mais il ne constitue pas véritablement une histoire de l'Asie centrale aux hautes époques en raison de la forme discontinue propre à toute anthologie : la synthèse des 17 contributions reste à faire, et certaines régions de l'Asie centrale parmi les plus riches en vestiges de l'âge du bronze sont absentes du tableau, notamment la Bactriane méridionale, à l'Ouest (Dashly, Farrukhabad), comme à l'Est (Shortughaï, Taluqan). Aussi l'idée vint-elle d'inviter Philip Kohl à présenter à Paris cette histoire plus complète et plus suivie, pour laquelle il était le mieux armé. L'occasion nous en fut donnée par l'affectation à l'U.R.A. 10 d'un poste de chercheur associé du C.N.R.S., pour l'année universitaire 1980-1981, destiné à Philip Kohl. Ce dernier donna pendant son séjour à Paris un cycle d'une vingtaine de conférences sur « The Prehistory of Southern Central Asia », dans le cadre de mon séminaire d'archéologie théorique à l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. Le présent ouvrage est le fruit de ces conférences et des discussions nourries qui suivirent,
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