i1.nd89 89 gi113.indd city ofSamarkand. city insustainable developmentfactors ofthe ofgeographical demonstrate theimportance Cultural Development”. thispaper, In we ofUniversal inHistory Place ofSamarkand Conferencethe International Value“The and hosted recognized. 2007,Samarkand May In wasinternationally of theanniversary on August 25–30, 2007. The celebration Samarkand celebrated its2750 Samarkand onJuly25,2006, the RepublicofUzbekistan 20, 2005,andtheDecree ofthePresident of of UNESCO atits33rd sessiononOctober oftheGeneralConference theDecision By development, environment. historical livingconditions,pattern, sustainable planning. in futurelandscapeandspatial activities centuries. shouldbeconsidered This fact for itssustainabledevelopment for many the landscape. This waslargely thereason dependenceon generalpattern: is adistinct landscape have undergone changes;there of thepopulationandeconomy withits city, thenature ofinteraction andintensity thecourseofdevelopment oftheOver may bereferred to as “river civilization”. The firststageofSamarkand’s existence withitslandscapeposition.connected areand development ofthecity largely 2 Lapas A.Alibekov 1 Boulevard 15, Samarkand, 703004 Uzbekistan; Boulevard 703004Uzbekistan; 15,Samarkand, Tel: (+99862)2332960 * University Boulevard 703004Uzbekistan; 15,Samarkand, Tel: (+998662)2310636 INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT. OF SAMARKAND IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENT Samarkand State University, Samarkand ofEconomical University Department Theory; Samarkand State University,Samarkand of Physical Geography Department andGeoecology; Corresponding author The emergence, formation, natural landscapes, landscape 1 , Saodat L.Alibekova ; e-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: th anniversary anniversary 2 brought bytheembassyconvoy through trees, whichproduced theseregal fruitswere called: thegoldenpeaches. Afew young gold,because thecolorwaslike theywere court. were asbiggooseeggs, and “They yellow to peachesasagift theChinese senttheseunusual kingdom the Samarkand existed inreality. Twice inthe VII the myths andmusic, thegoldenpeaches you leave out thesevagueassociationswith Samarkand” for Flecker’s play “Hassan.” Butif melodies ofFrederick Delius Roadto “The Samarkand” byJamesElroy Flecker, andthe places farto the West, the to “Golden journey Chineselegend the peachesofimmortality, time: thegoldenapplesofHesperides, because itresembles may thingsatthesame Peaches ofSamarkand” –waschosen wrote: titleofthisbook– Golden “The “The peaches ofSamarkand” [Schaefer, 1981], book withtheexotic nameof Colden “The ofCalifornia,epoch), University inhisfamous (researcher ofChineseculture ofthe Tang Edward Schaefer, thelargest orientalist sophisticated. very improve. andviticulture were Horticulture agriculture continuedto evolve and theZaravshan valley,In based irrigation ofSogdianawasSamarkand. city basin. The main and adjacentKashka-Darya Sogdiana occupiedtheZaravshan valley andSogdiana.were Khorezm, Bactria, The oldeststate formations inCentral Asia THE OBJECT OFTHE RESEARCH OBJECT th century, 20.0311:00:43 11:00:43 22.03.2013

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90 SUSTAINABILITY was the fact that Samarkand hadafavorable thatSamarkand was thefact significance particular them.Of between establishment oftradeandcultural contacts peopleofEastand between West andin played a crucial role intherelations inallphasesoftheirhistory, Samarkand, Sogdiana anditsmetropolitan center – mosques emerged. castles, stately buildings, andSamarkand few before centuries ourera,fortifications, human settlementsinthearea where a this provided favorable conditions for fromtimber rafting themountains–all from timeimmemorial,that served, for the large Zaravshan runningnearby River of themountainswithabundantgame, “Obi-Rahmat” – “mercy water”, theproximity is notwithoutreason calledSamarkand natural sources withexcellent water, which the relatively coolclimate, abundant favorableExtremely geographical position, ofRome. aqueducts built, whichwassimilarto thefamous agreat Samarkand, In channel”“lead was and busiestcommercial andculturalcenter. was, undoubtedly,Samarkand thelargest settlements, urban among which flourished turquoise, were Sogdiana,there mined. In copper, iron, andprecious stones, including Nurata,Gobduntau, andothers,Karatau, gold, mountainranges nearby In important. ofbuilding, becameincreasinglythe art Handicrafts, especiallyceramics, aswell as real,the world physical” (p. 15). ofrepresentations,world imaginary, thanto belonged to amuchgreater to the extent image, metaphor. theword In format, they whose life went onintheform ofaliterary “reality”, theyhave becomemythic subjects, wrote: “Although thefruitsonceexisted asa appealing” (p. 14).Further, Edward Schaefer and all exotic anddesirable, allunknown, symbolized, intheHeavenly Empire Tang, the goldenpeachesofSamarkand taste. Attractive, dueto theirinaccessibility, ofapeachitwasandwhat what sort gardens ofChanani.Nowwe canonlyguess andplanted inthepalace Serinda the desert Karachi Pass).Karachi Ottoman- 1,680 maboveRidge, sealevel (The –theZaravshanskiy ofSamarkand meridian direction from eastto west reaching, atthe basin itself, are gradually declininginthe mountains andtheirridges, aswell asthe inwidth. 40–50km Theof Samarkand, generally flatandreaches, atthemeridian oftheZaravshan valleyis The middlepart the Gobduntou andKaragchitou. Turkestan anditscontinuation, i.e., Range –the andnorth-east from thenorth Range; mountains oftheZaravshan the powerful with bordersthe south,city (15–20km) isintheproluvial inclinedplain. Frompart of theZaravshan valley, River thesouthern alluvialplain isintheterraced part northern landscapes:the ofthetwo at thejunction lies inthecenter oftheZaravshan basin,is for settlement. ofthecity, which The territory time itwasconsidered oneofthebestareas centers oftheworld’s civilization;from ancient islocated, hasbeenoneofthe Samarkand – middle part Zaravshan basinandespecially its River Central Asia are contact. indirect The differentits territory, very landscapesof ofnaturalconditions. has avariety Within development Samarkand ofSamarkand. formation, establishment, andsustainable environment role inthe played animportant The geographical locationandnatural received thenameofGreat SilkRoad. transcontinental road that,inscience, made possiblebythecreation ofthegreat to theEast–to JapanandChina. This was civilization to the West –to Europe, and were spreading theachievements oftheir Ages. ButSogdiansthemselves, inturn, andtheMiddle civilizations ofantiquity relaying culturalachievements ofthegreat it asthedominantcenter, accumulating south andfrom west to east,whichdefined caravan routes to ontheirway from north geographical positionatthecrossroads of TERRITORIES OF SAMARKAND AND ITS ADJACENT THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT the Zaravshan valley, where 20.0311:00:43 11:00:43 22.03.2013 i1.nd91 91 gi113.indd few hundred ofthemhave beenfound – monuments ofdifferent eras. Atpresent, a by theabundanceof archaeological for thelife ofprimitive people, asevidenced have been favorable theQuaternary during basin (especiallyinthemiddleofitscourse) The naturalconditionsoftheZaravshan River multiplying thejoy, peaceofmind”. bring directions, anice, quietbreeze andtheair are considered moderate. Blowingfrom all isrelatively hotandcoldtimes in Samarkand monand” –like theparadise. Summertime For iscalled thisreason, Samarkand “firdaus cause ofpredisposition to diseaseanddeath. fine andtemperate –itisabsolutely notthe Tahir Hodja,1889]states: city’s climate is “The The book “Samaria” intheXIX written areas have arelatively coolclimate. Therefore, andthesurrounding Samarkand valley andfillitwithcleanmountainair. east (32–35%)windsthat “air” theZaravshan prevalence ofeast(26–43%)andsouth- the atmosphere, to contribute ayear-around Zaravshan valley, affecting thecirculation of thatsurround theThe mountainridges tansay, etc) to it. of theZaravshan (Agalyksay, River Amanku- many tributaries thatcarried of gravity irrigation piedmont plain,suitablefor thedevelopment oftheZaravshan basin,withinavast middle part ofmountainous-plain occurred atthecontact development andexpansionofSamarkand of adiversified economy andfor living. The the bestenvironment for thedevelopment conditionscreate numerous springs) permanent climatic, andhydrological, (thepresence of ofmountainsandplains,connection orographic, valley, ofeconomy andpopulation.Atthe concentration, inthemiddleofZaravshan his productive activity, have promoted which haslongbeenusedbymanin environment ofthesedifferent landscapes, city. The naturalconditionsandgeographical ofthenaturalconditions specificity the determine features ofSamarkand geographical All theseabove-mentioned HISTORICO-GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS th [Abu also. only inthemountains, but inthefoothills cave” not newterritory andbeganexploring caves. Later prehistoric man “came outofthe dwellings ofprimitivemanwere mainly Zaravshan valley, aselsewhere, the first from theweather andpredators. the In andhidincaves to thesouthofSamarkand they spentmostoftheirtimeinthefoothills huddled; others, ahandfulofNeanderthals thecaves ofAman-Kutan, In Takaliksay, and was alsoinhabited hunters. byprimitive at analtitudeof2000meters above sealevel cave, southeast of Samarkand, located 50km to themiddlePaleolithic – period Takaliksay Stone Age. Anothermonumentdatingback inhabited hunters byprimitive oftheOld 100 thousandyears ago, thecave was at1,400m.About of theZaravshan Range slope islocated onthenorthern It 40 km). Aman-Kutan cave (southofSamarkand, them, theworld-renowned man-site – Takaliksay, etc. Among Zirabulak, Kuturbulak, number ofPaleolithic sites: Aman-Kutan, ancient timeandthere were discovered a were populated from territory Samarkand of theZaravshan mountainsbordering the shelter. For slopes thisreason, thenorthern ancient timeswhenourancestors hadto find settlementsthathave in those earliest arisen thelocationofsome determined forested mountainslopes, etc.) thathave and thepresence ofwater insmallcanyons, (thecavenatural factors inthelimestone caves. isthesesimple It of ancientkarst mountainshave abundance Zaravshanskiy limestones.Devonian Therefore, the are composedofZaravshan karst-forming slopesoftheZaravshan Ridge northern innaturalwaters.calcium carbonate The to theslowbutcontinuousdissolutionof that were formed inthelimestone due civilization, peopleusuallylived incaves prehistoric times,In andatthedawn of of Central Asia. basin wasoneofthemosthabitableareas leave nodoubtthattheZaravshan River andtheirnature of theStone Age artifacts cities, castles, villages, andsites. Abundance 20.0311:00:43 11:00:43 22.03.2013

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92 SUSTAINABILITY great city of Samarkand. great ofSamarkand. city settlements thateventually into a turned thelocationoffirstdetermined Specifically thenature of the topography andherdsmenfarmers of the Bronze Age. of theUpperPaleolithic andNeolithicby ofhunters andgatherers bytribes Samarkand favorable to thesettlementofregion of These naturalgeographical conditionswere ideal habitatfor many speciesofanimals. andwasan thickets with denseriparian almost withinitsentire length,wascovered game, andfruit. The Zaravshan valley, River valley hadabundantsuppliesofwater, fuel, reaches ofthestreams andtheZaravshan Zaravshan valley. Wild bushesinthelower of theZaravshan flewtoward Ridge, the slopes Sazagan etc.), formed onthenorthern streams (nowcalledAman-Kutan,Agalyksay, in theprehistoric era.Abundantmountain originated inaplaceinhabited Samarkand andotherplaces. Katakurgana in thevillagesMuminobadandJansnear Bronze Age monumentshave beenstudied dramatically increasing productivity. The agriculture andanimalhusbandry, – in thefoothills, there emerged newindustries ofprevious eras,characteristic losttheirrole; oftheeconomy, themainsectors BC), theBronzeIn Age (second millennium second halfoftheOldStone Age. and Takaliksay, timeandisdated withthe relates to amucholder, thanAman-Kutan man. of theprimitive site The Samarkand locationofactivities itwastheprimary gully; settlement onthebankofasmallstream was discovered. The site isalong-term UpperPaleolithic mansitethe Samarkand sideoftheChashma-Siabvalley,on theright ofSamarkand ofthecity 1939,intheheart In wild plants. who hunted, fished, andgathered edible ontheSazagansaibank, west ofSamarkand of Tym south- andSazagan,located 27km inthevillages slope oftheZaravshan Ridge man-sites inthefoothills ofthenorthern An exampleistheNeolithic(NewStone Age) development of Samarkand wasversatile; development ofSamarkand city. The influence ofenvironment onthe ofthis great on theoriginality Samarkand, influence ontheemergence andgrowth of The naturalenvironment hadastrong cultural values. were ableto create and amazingmaterial entities, etc. The inhabitantsofthevalley of power, andtheemergence oflarge public development ofcrafts, trade, centralization –thedevelopment ofhumansociety lawsthe commonobjective ofhistorical was formed on anddeveloped asacity allcitiesoftheworld, like Samarkand, in theIX–VIII settlementonAfrasiabemergedThe urban by thenaturalchannelswithdeepravines. itwassurrounded onthreepurposes: sides Afrosiab wasadvantageousfor defensive Samarkand. The geographical locationof ofancientandmedieval thisistheterritory – town, and “a longfrozen” Afrosiab settlement of theancientpart Samarkand, modern the hillyAfrosiab of upland, located north andstock-raisingso farming chose tribes afuture city,lay-out isanelevated place, most favorable sites inchoosingaplaceto thatthe isknown structure. It and territorial elements ofthecity, identifyingitslocation haveNatural factors always beenessential of thecity. and economicadvantagesofthelocation This wasdueto thegeographic, strategic, Zaravshan. locationintheMiddle important andalways remainedalliance oftribes an Sogdiana asastronghold oftheSogdiana ofThe town was founded intheheart th centuries BC. centuries 20.0311:00:43 11:00:43 22.03.2013 i1.nd93 93 gi113.indd structure formedstructure bynaturalelements. In The Zaravshan isthenaturaljunction River There, large citiesusuallyemerge. area,by geographers isformed. thejunction harmonize witheachother, astructure, called with otherlocalities. When alltheelements for communicating other opportunities of theZaravshan andZaravshan and Ridge, of nature: itslocation,proximity to therivers the form ofacombinationseveral elements in emergence anddevelopment ofSamarkand wasmanifestedThe spatialfactor inthe intheformation ofSamarkand. importance thebeginning,In hadgreat thespatialfactor factor.primary conditions andnaturalresources were the At different time, different environmental level ofdevelopment ofproductive forces. it dependedonthesocialsystem andthe Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the irrigation system of ancient Samarkand (first centuries BC; based on [Mukhamedzhanov, 1969]) [Mukhamedzhanov, on based BC; centuries (first creek feeding from springs. Undoubtedly, bankoftheChashma-Siabon theright there isanUpperPaleolithic man-site found that byafact whichissupported Samarkand, weresprings themainwater resources of flow rate (seeFig. ancienttime, the 1).In there arewithsubstantial springs active atlowsites ofthevalley,ancient surface; increases, groundwater comescloserto the the distancefrom theZaravshan mountains in groundwater atadepthof1to 20m.As rich isextremely ofSamarkand The territory as hayfields, vegetable gardens, etc. People thevalleywasused fishedintheriver; stretched alongtheZaravshan valley. River mountains). Foot andhorsebackroutes moved (e.g., down from timberrafting the ways bywhichpeopleandgoodswere the Zaravshan wasoneofthemain River ancient time, before railroads andhighways, 20.0311:00:44 11:00:44 22.03.2013

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94 SUSTAINABILITY equal to 0,072m withthetotal productionrate Samarkand Navodon wasthelargest ofthestreams of inthepastandatpresent.city had anoticeableeffect onthelayout ofthe has network The configurationoftheriver considered naturalcreeks feeding. ofspring Navodon, Chashma-Siab, etc, may be through channelsObi-Mashhad, it.Urban andintothe SiabRiver theZaravshan River flewintoand reeds, ofsprings waterways puddles andswampscovered withbushes Forming,its merideian. ontheirway, small along Samarkand ofthemodern the territory their way andopenedinseveral placeswithin Probably, inancienttime, made thesprings [Mukhamedzhanov, 1969]. planners the attention oftheancientcity ofthecity,construction couldnotbutattract located intheareasthe springs ofplanned depending onthelocal environmental largely evolved the fate ofancientSamarkand those presented above. They convince usthat examples,can beanumberofhistorical like continuously found newapplications. There With thedevelopment ofcivilization,juniper role: junipercharcoal wasusedinsmelting. smelt metal, juniperstillplayed animportant of Samarkand. howto When peoplelearned many ofthearches oftheancientbuildings Specifically thejuniperbeamsstillretain has longbeenassociated withthistree. inhabiting placeswhere thejunipergrows it wasajuniperforest. The life ofallpeoples with thickforests likely, 1966].Most [Masson, were covered andSamarkand Shahrisabz in ancienttime, themountainsbetween Asia, Professor believed that M.E.Masson onCentral Zaravshan mountains. Anexpert influenced bythedenseforest cover ofthe oflifeits aspects anditsappearancewere many of location oftheoldSamarkand, advantageous additionto avery In epoch[Mukhamedzhanov, Timurid 1969]. ofthe populated Samarkand Timur andthe needs ofnotonlyancientAfrasiab, butdensely volume ofwater couldmeettheeveryday more than6mln.l/day) [Butov, 1932]. This 3 /sec (or72l/sec, whichis valley, there were hundreds ofcities, suchas thousands ofcities. Only in theZaravshan this region period, inthehistorical there were Asia a “country ofthousandcities”. in Indeed, Professor V.M. [1966] calledCentral Masson Zaravshan valley. and falloftheancientcivilizationsin growth therise reflects and declineclearly ofthe ancient citiesandtheir of thehistory However, itshouldbenoted thattheanalysis have life. hadalongandactive Alma-Ata) are located inthefoothills and (Ashgabat, Dushanbe, Tashkent, Bishkek, of therepublics ofCentral Asian countries of thenumerous citiesandallofthecapitals oasesandlastsettlements.rich Almostall especially densely. They are associated with foothills ofCentral Asian are populated civilizationsofCentral Asia.the early The for ineconomicactivity stabilizing factor general, themountainswereIn apowerful usedbypeople.purposefully and plainshave longbeenstrategically and conditions ofthesurrounding mountains Central Asia thatfavorable pointto thefact ancient cultures found inthefoothill plainsof waters ofmountainstreams. of The pockets Later, theresidents howto usethe learned The latter ofyields. ensures thestability farming. of transhumangrazing anddry mountain areas predetermined emergence stages ofdevelopment. The proximity to the to themountains, especiallyintheearly the residents offoothill plainsto tietheirfate (from thenomadictribes). military This forced climatic (drought, duststorms, etc.) and for thepopulationandeconomy, both plainscreated continuingthreatthe desert civilizations ofCentral Asia. The proximity of formation inthefoothills oftheancient plains,surrounding arid to contributed the withpoorandmonotonesharply and foothills ofCentral Asia, contrasting environmental conditionsofthemountains of shouldbenoted thatavariety It mountains. conditions andthesurrounding Zaravshan 20.0311:00:44 11:00:44 22.03.2013 i1.nd95 95 gi113.indd infrastructure. into interwoven apowerful along theridges general, inparallelalongthe mountainsor channelshere are aligned,and dry in and otherproductpipelines, andirrigation therailway, fact, In high-voltage line, oil, gas, situationitself.by thenatural-geographical households andpopulation,causedprimarily belt, theconditionsfor concentrationof no accident;ithasonlyenhanced, inthis joint ofthemountainandlowlandareas is atthe axisgoesalongastrip transport themain in Central Asia andKazakhstan, represent “longitudinal” links. that The fact are alongthefoothills, oriented i.e., they Central connections Asia, functional In important. where itisfounded isalso of theterritory indestructible. structure The fullyfunctional political, economic, andculturallife becomes asaphenomenonof size atwhichacity Apparently,immortal. there issomecritical mountains andplainsprove to bepractically The majorcitiesfound of atthejunction [Alibekov, world modern 1992]. and zenith ofancientcivilizationsandthe lowland areas; itisthebandofemergence are zone highlandand between thecontact Foothills (thepiedmont plains)ofCentral Asia cities ofCentral Asia emerged inthefoothills. almost allmajor (piedmont plain).Indeed, Zaravshan valley, River i.e., inthefoothills ranges (Zaravshan and Turkestan) andthe islocated themountain between Samarkand and geographical location. of The territory emphasize therole oftheenvironment Here, again,we must ancient Samarkand? oftheWhat isthecauseofprosperity universal admiration. monuments thatremainof theobject there are magnificentSamarkand, medieval However, areas, in inexistingurban primarily sands orbecameundistinguishablesmallhills. of ancientsettlementsare undertheaeolian and villageshave disappeared. The remains Vardanzi, Varakhsha, Paikend, etc. Many towns areas are not uniform physico-geographically; areas are notuniform physico-geographically; anditsadjacent ofSamarkand The territory landscape. the mainfeatures ofthenatural(native) the city’s improvement; butitstillpreserves the city, just changesandadaptsto thecity strong effect ofhumansonnature within structures, andsquares. Despiteavery ofthebuildings,character architecture, on itsinnerandouter appearance–the haveconditions ofacity agreat impact thatthenaturallandscape isknown It development. different layout anddifferent degrees of zones andeven with city individual districts divisioninto theterritorial determine factors However, areas, inurban specificallythese individual componentsofthelandscape. economy of the urban ontheinteraction landscapes, aswell of asto theimpact conditions incitiesandexistingurban attention isgiven to theenvironmental environment. However little to date, very separately from itsnaturalandgeographical canneitherbestudiednordesigned The city Samarkand. not butpromote of sustainableprosperity offlow could droppedrivers 40%.Stability the multi-year average; theflowofother Zaravshan flowwasonly9%lower than year (1917),the adrasticallydry rainfall. In depends littleonweather conditionsand the seasonalregime oftheZaravshan River water, andonly1%–rainfall. For this reason, waters, 31%–glacierwater, 34%–snow stable: 34%ofitsflowisfed byground the Zaravshan isconsidered River relatively conditions. Thus, for example, theflowof Thus, thefoothills exhibitmore stable always been anarena ofcivilization. features, thefoothills ofCentral Asia have encouraging. Therefore, dueto thesenatural may anditis bedeformed butdonotbreak, elastic. The naturallinksinthelandscapes a more versatile way andare generallymore ofenvironmentalmobility factors, reactin Foothills, and becauseofthediversity 20.0311:00:44 11:00:44 22.03.2013

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96 SUSTAINABILITY environmentally city. friendly was The city the Timur erarepresented amodelof an favorable of living environment. Samarkand buildings helpedcreating a of Samarkand surrounding landscape. The traditional type andits the climaticconditionsofcity ofthepeople,of experience reflecting centuries reflects ofSamarkand The history monuments. ofhistorical preservation they canhave aprofound onthe impact processes andphenomena are developing; negative phenomena.Adverse geotechnical ofthebuildings, andother the exteriors of disease incidence, therapiddestruction This hasledto anincrease intheoverall with adverse environmental conditions. are anditssuburbs associated territory Now,was broken. mostoftheSamarkand anditssurrounding areas within Samarkand balance inthesystem “city-nature-man” andindustry, arelative population, transport, the anthropogenic load, i.e., increase in in theiroriginal form. However, dueto monuments ofhistorical and for preservation favorable livingconditionsfor thepopulation XX untilthesecondhalfof Samarkand, In alluvial-plainnaturalcomplex. terraced 3) natural system withresidual hills, and Paleozoicnatural system, 2)hilly-ridge 1)slopingpiedmont-flat proluvialparts: surrounnding areas inthree distinct sharply andthe natural systems thatdividethecity they are ofthree located atthejunction CONCLUSIONS th , century there remained relatively, century world. world. possible, intoday’s ever more globalized of sustainabledevelopment, asfarit All thatistheguarantee andimperative andgeographicalhistorical environment. inspecificallowed maintaining stability way oflife; allthat to someextent, distinctive “genetic code”, andoriginal adaptation to theenvironment, their uniqueformtheir ownandoften ofsocial landscape niches;theyhave developed ofinhabitingdifferentexperience cultures andhave different historical surrounding areas camefrom different andtheResidents ofSamarkand communicative, aswell. space, i.e., intellectual, language, and substrate, butwithspecificsocio-cultural environment notonlywithits material natural base, population,andurban urban environmental system thatincludesthe (landscape); itisananthropologic- ofecosystemspecial anduniquetype isa ofSamarkand territory The modern many aqueducts” Aleskerov, [In: 1973]. itself.the city andthegardens haveThe city the forest ofhightrees and, inthemiddle, that whenapproaching thecity, you see are somany oftheseorchards andvineyards surrounded byorchards andvineyards. There wrote: is liesonthe plain.It “Samarkand in1404, de Clavijo whovisited Samarkand Ambassador from distantSpainRuyGonzález green ring. gardens –abroadsurrounded bythirteen  20.0311:00:44 11:00:44 22.03.2013 i1.nd97 97 gi113.indd REFERENCES .Schaefer, E.E.(1981)GoldenPeaches M. ofSamarkand. 7. A.R.(1969)On thesupplyofAfrasiab. AtSat: Mukhamedzhanov “Afrasiab”, Vol. 1. T. Ed. 6. Masson V.M. ofthousandcities. M. (1966)Country “Nauka”. 5. Butov P.I. M–L. ofSamarkand. (1932)Onthewater supplyofthecity 4. M. L.A.(1992)Bandoflife themountainsanddeserts. Alibekov between “Nauka”. 3. Aleskerov Yu.N. (1973) Years Publ. equalto ages. Pages ofSamarkand. from theHistory 2. Abu Tahir of ofAntiquitiesandtheMuslimshrines Descriptions Hodja(1889)Samaria. 1. “Fan”. “Uzbekistan”. Tashkent. Trans.Samarkand. Samarkand. V.L. Vyatnik. aodat L.Alibekova Lapas A. Alibekov S geographical issuesoftheCentral Asia (2010). (1992);Ecological themountainsanddeserts between publications: (1988);Bandoflife The munificenceofthedesert geography, environmental Main protection, anddesertification. Professor.Honorary mainresearch His interests are: physical Geography, State University. Samarkand D.Sc. (ingeography), in Uzbekistan (2010, withL.A.Alibekov). in Uzbekistan sustainable development ofmountainandpiedmontpastures processes inCentral Problems Asia (2007, withL.A.Alibekov); of effects ofdesertification Social-economic with L.A.Alibekov); processes inthemountains ofCentral Asia (2007, desertification publications:Factorspopulation. Main andconsequencesof ecological problems, livingstandardsoflife andquality ofthe interests are: ofeconomicaland economictheory, socialaspects Economical PhD.Theory), inEconomics. Hermainresearch of State (Department University Economics, Samarkand –professor, ofPh HeadoftheDepartment isAssociated Professor oftheFaculty of ysical 20.0311:00:45 11:00:45 22.03.2013

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