Basic Views on the Emergence and Development of Agricultural Crop in Southern Uzbekistan

The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

Basic Views On The Emergence And Development Of Agricultural Crop In Southern Uzbekistan

Tokhir Norkobilov Husanovich Researcher, State Museum Of History Of Uzbekistan

Journal Website: http://usajournalshub.c om/index,php/tajssei

ABSTRACT

This article discusses the main views on the emergence and development of agricultural culture in Southern Uzbekistan. The question of the emergence of agriculture in southern Uzbekistan has been considered by researchers in connection with the history of the Bronze Age cultures of Northern Afghanistan and Southern Turkmenistan, as they have common developmental laws and historical roots. The study of the Namazgah cultures in southern Turkmenistan, the Dashtli cultures in northern Afghanistan, and the Sapalli cultures in southern Uzbekistan is one of the most important discoveries in Central Asian archeology and contains a wealth of scientific information on the history of the Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age, the areas where farmers lived were expanded by developing new lands. In these processes, migration is especially important - the migration of the population from one region to another and the emergence of agricultural culture in the Margiana and Bactria regions were associated with migration. According to the analyzed data, the main points of scientific views on the emergence and development of agricultural culture in Southern Uzbekistan are based on the theory of migration.

KEYWORDS

Southern Uzbekistan, Northern Afghanistan, Southern Turkmenistan, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, agricultural culture, Namazgah, Dashtli, Sapalli, Margiana and Bactria, Sapallitepa, Jarqutan, Molali, Kuchuktepa, Yazdepa, Tillatepa, Tolliqon, Shurtoqay, migrations, Ox civilization, Turan civilization.

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 339 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

INTRODUCTION

Italian scientist M. Tozi - "Turan civilization" [Lamberg–Kаrlovsky, 1994, Р.398-405; Tosi, It is known that in different regions of the 1989. - P.69-71].T.Sh. Shirinov uses the concept ancient East the first states and cities emerged of "Turanian civilization" in his works [Shirinov, on the basis of the development of productive 2000. - P.27]. However, A.A. Askarov and T.Sh. farms and the separation of specialized crafts, Shirinov suggested linking the common Bronze due to socio-economic, cultural and political Age cultures of southern Central Asia, factors. Northeast Iran, and northern Afghanistan with The issue of the emergence of agriculture in the concept of the "The historical and cultural southern Uzbekistan has been considered by unity of Namazgah" [Askarov, Shirinov, 1993, researchers in connection with the history of P.42]. the Bronze Age cultures of Northern During the Bronze Age, the areas where Afghanistan and Southern Turkmenistan, as farmers lived were expanded due to the they have common developmental laws and development of new lands. In these processes, historical roots. migration- the movement of the population The study of the Namazgah cultures in from one area to another was especially southern Turkmenistan, the Dashtli cultures in important. The emergence of agricultural crop northern Afghanistan, and the Sapalli cultures in the Margiana and Bactrian regions was in southern Uzbekistan is one of the most associated with migration, i.e., the migration of important discoveries in Central Asian the population to new lands. archeology and contains a wealth of scientific Initially, A.A. Askarov speculated that during information on the history of the Bronze Age the Bronze Age, southern Uzbekistan was [Masson, 1959; Askarov, 1977; Sarianidi, 1977; occupied by cultivators from northeastern Iran Askarov, Shirinov, 1993]. In the publications of or southern Afghanistan and southern V.I. Sarianidi, the monuments and finds of the Turkmenistan [Askarov, 1973. -P.120-125]. The Bronze Age are called by a common name, the researcher compared the pottery and bronze Bactrian-Margiana archeological complex weapons of the Sapalli culture with the [Sarianidi, 2001]. U.V. Rakhmanov proposed findings of Mundigak in southern Afghanistan, the introduction of the term Namazgah-Sapalli Hissar and Shohtepa in northeastern Iran, and culture in science [Raxmanov, 1987. -P.17.]. Namazgah in southern Turkmenistan. In his According to A.S.Sagdullaev, within Bactria it is subsequent research, A.A. Askarov changed his appropriate to call the culture of the Bronze mind a bit. In particular, the scientist noted that Age Dashtli-Sapalli culture [Sagdullayev, 1989- farmers in the southern part of Uzbekistan P.14.]. A.A. Askarov and T.Sh. Shirinovs called migrated from the agricultural oases of this culture the Sapalli-Dashtli archeological southern Turkmenistan. It was concluded that complex [Askarov, Shirinov, 1993, P.40-45]. the similarities in the archeological artifacts of After the material sources of the Bronze Age the Sapalli culture in the complexes of were widely covered in the scientific literature, southern Afghanistan and northeastern Iran foreign archaeologists began to apply the term were influenced by their cultural ties [Askarov, civilization to these cultures. American 1973. -P.108-109]. researcher K.K. Lamberg-Karlovsky was the

first to use the terms "Ox civilization", and the

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 340 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

MATERIALS AND METHODS different regions of the Ancient East. In

particular, North India, Southern Afghanistan, In the process of comparing the findings of Eastern Iran and Southern Turkmenistan are pottery culture and monuments of Southern among them [Masson, 1974; Masson, 1982. - Turkmenistan (Namazgah, Oltintepa, P.10; Sarianidi, 1977.P.158; Garden, 1982.-P.7]. Ulugtepa), especially in terms of shaping and production technology, ceramic vessels (vases, According to K.K. Lamberg-Karlovsky, the Oxus pots, jugs, bowls) and anthropological civilization, that is, the inhabitants of Margiana materials played an important role. A.A. and Bactria expanded their territories at the Askarov noted the influence of the pottery of expense of the lands of other tribes. This the Harappa culture on the bronze vessels of civilization is characterized by a highly the Southern Uzbekistan (Surkhandarya oasis) developed defense system, with towers and predicted the migration of representatives mounted on the walls of castles. The castles of this culture to the territories of northern were built in the form of rectangles and circles. Afghanistan [Askarov, 1977. -P.108-109]. These large buildings included a castle where the chiefs lived, a temple that housed several In the 1970s, French archaeologists excavated architectural buildings, an inner palace, and the Tolliqan and Shurtuqay districts (northeast other architectural complexes. They are fter of the Panj River) in northeastern Afghanistan. occupation at the end of the III-millennium BC They found and examined the remains of 26 and at the beginning of the II-millennium BC, it settlements of the IV-II millennium [Gardin, may have been caused by conflicts and Lyonnet, 1979. - P.99-154; Garden, 1982. -P.6-8]. struggles for water and land resources. During the Tolliqan period (3500-2500 BC) the According to K.K.Lamberg-Karlovsky, the ancient agricultural population of southern owners of the castles were also responsible for Afghanistan took an active part in the the organization of production, including development of the eastern regions of Bactria farming, in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. [Lyonnet, 1977 - P.19-35]. During the Shurtuqay Researcher emphasizes the importance of period (second half of the third millennium), animal husbandry in the emergence of Bactrian representatives of the Harappa culture played civilization, describing the rich tombs, the an important role in migration processes representation of camels, goats, deer in the [Frankfor, 1982. - P.30-32]. According to French fine arts, and intricate architectural structures scholars, such monuments as Shurtakay served as symbols of cultural ties between pastoralists as a trading post - a factor [Gardin, 1985. -P.39- and cultivators [Lamberg-Karlovsky, 1989. - 46]. P.17-32]. We believe that natural resources, copper, tin, On the emergence of Bronze Age culture in the lead, gold, silver and precious stones have regions of ancient Bactria, the French always been necessary for the development of archaeologist P. Amiet writes: "In the metalworking and jewelry professions. This is mountainous and desert oases of outer Iran, evidenced by the location of Bronze Age under the influence of Mesopotamia and monuments in the foothills of Bactria. Susiana, "nomadic" or"nomadic-artisan" According to scientific views in the 70s and cultures were formed, and along with early 80s of the twentieth century, the agricultural cultures lived livestock-artisan emergence of agricultural crop in the regions population. According to the researcher, of Margiana and Bactria was associated with fortresses such as Dashtli-3 served as a

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 341 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

caravanserai and warehouse. These buildings of the Sapalli culture developed animal

also indicate the presence of aristocrats in the husbandry. In our opinion, P. Amiet above pastoral community [Amiet, 1989. - P.137-138]. mentioned conclusion is not sufficiently substantiated, that is the conclusion that the M.Tosi writes that in Central Asia, animal main part of the population of Bactria was husbandry and agriculture developed cattle-breeders must be substantiated on the harmoniously, and international trade basis of various data. It is safe to say that the coordinated them. The researcher believes cattle were raised with the help of shepherds. that the presence of rich objects in the graves Therefore, P. Amiet cannot agree with the idea of women found and examined in Sapallitepa is that castle buildings such as the Bactrian a characteristic of nomads [Tosi, 1989. - P.69- Dashtli-3 served as warehouses for the cattle 71]. population. These ideas about the role of nomadic In this regard, A.A. Askarov's conclusions pastoralism in the development of cultures in should be quoted. Remains of grain (barley, Bactria and Margiana were considered and wheat) were found in Sapallitepa. They are criticized by V.M. Masson and V.I. Sarianidi. stored in jars. Numerous tools related to Researchers were agreed that it is better to pottery cultivation, harvesting and processing talk about shepherds living in the mountains of agricultural products have been found. and deserts of III-II millennia BC, and not According to the researcher, an average of 60- nomadic pastoralists [Masson, 1988. - V.14; 70 hectares of land around Sapalli has been Amiet, 1988. - V.14].According to E.V.Antonova, cultivated, and these and other data suggest V.M. Masson and V.I. Sarianidi mistakenly that farming predominated in the lives of the criticizedP. Amiet and M.Tozi. She writes that people of Sapalli [Askarov, 1973. -P.130- the word shepherd should be understood as 131.Askarov, 1977. -P.146-147]. In southern neighbors of the peasants who have their own Uzbekistan (Surkhandarya oasis) during the castles [Antonova, 1996. -P.197-240]. Bronze Age mainly small cattle (sheep, goats) In determining the function of large buildings were grazed. This form of animal husbandry as castles, it is advisable to cite ethnographic took over the mountains and developed in the data. According to B.V. Andrianov, 3/1 of the steppe areas. Turkic-speaking Qashqai population was The question of the emergence and sedentary and 3/2 was nomadic. They migrate development of agriculture in the Bactrian in the Lur-Bakhtiar range and gather in the regions in the late 1980s was analyzed by A.S. winter. Qashqai is a permanent wintering Sagdullaev. According to the researcher, the ground for nomadic pastoralists, consisting of formation and development of agricultural rectangular, square-shaped buildings. The crop in Bactria dates back to the Eneolithic- houses are built along the wall and the central Bronze Age.Farmers have gradually developed part consists of an open area [Andrianov, 1985. the oases in the direction of the Amudarya in -P.150-151]. front of the Hindu Kush. It is proposed to divide Excavations in the southern part of the the history of agricultural culture in Bactria into Jarkutan fort have uncovered numerous the following periods: bones, which have been found to belong to sheep, goats, and black cattle. The number of bones found also indicates that the population

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 342 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

1. Tolliqon period (3500-2500 BC). The According to the researcher, the main stages of

emergence of early settlements in development of the historical and cultural northeastern Afghanistan; unity of Bactria-Margiana can be studied in 2. Shortoqay (second half of the III connection with the spread of the East-Iranian millennium BC). Development of lands ethnocultural unity, ie the gradual separation along the Panj River; of the Bactrian, Sogdian and Khorezmian 3. Davlatabad (first quarter of the II peoples [Sagdullayev, 1987. - P.88]. However, millennium BC). studying this topical issue based solely on 4. Dashtli-Sapalli (1700-1300 BC). archaeological data is a daunting task. Development of the lands of Northern In the early 1990s, A.A. Askarov and T.Sh. Afghanistan and Southern Uzbekistan Shirinovs considered the scientific views of the (Surkhandarya oasis); V.M. Masson, V.I. Sarianidi, V.A. Alekshin and 5. Molali period (1300-1000 BC). The B.A. Udemuradovs. As a result, researchers emergence of arable settlements in the have linked the emergence of new agricultural oases at the foot of Boysun Mountain hotspots in the Margiana and Bactria regions [Sagdullayev, 1989.- P.29]. to migration, i.e., demographic, social causes According to A.S. Sagdullaev, the historical- due to the rapid population growth of the cultural region (unity) of Bactria-Margiana was Bronze Age in various regions of the formed in the Bronze Age as a result of the East[Askarov, Shirinov, 1993. - P.41-43]. spread of settled agricultural population with a The migration of the population from one common culture from the lower Murgab oasis region to another was typical of different to the Hindu Kush and Gissar foothills periods. In the Bronze Age Margiana and [Sagdullayev, 1987. - P.88]. This unity Bactria, a continuous migration process is developed on a new basis in the Early Iron Age observed, in which the relationship between and is distinguished by its common features in the beginning of migration (the old settlement terms of socio-economic, cultural and religious area) and the acquired new territories is beliefs of the population. weakened, and the emergence of new tribes According to the researcher, Sogd and and ethnic groups in new agricultural centers Khorezm were also under the influence of the can be predicted. According to the specialized historical and cultural region of Bactria- scientific literature, the causes of permanent Margiana. Due to migration, the location of the migration were varied. Among them are the population of Bactria-Margiana in these most common types of migration due to regions was estimated [Sagdullayev, demographic (population growth), socio- 1989.Vol.XIX. - P.17]. economic reasons, ie the need to develop new areas (fertile lands), water and raw materials It is possible to agree with A.S.Sagdullaev's [Bruk, 1978. - P.51-52]. opinion, because in different periods the historical and cultural regions united the tribes In recent years, this issue has been raised by and ethnic groups located in the neighboring O.M. Mavlonov made a special analysis and territories, which were in constant contact described the reasons for migration as follows [Cheboksarov, Cheboksarova, 1982. -P.222]. [Mavlonov, 2008. -P.321]:

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 343 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

Based on the information reflected in the and the control of important trade routes led literature, it should be noted that in the regions to wars between the Akkadian and Sumerian of Margiana and Bactria, the agricultural crop city-states [Yoffi, 1986. -P.20]. K.K. Lamberg- and architectural traditions formed in the Karlovsky provides information on the spread Ancient Eastern regions are widespread. V.I. of Sumerian material culture in the northern Sarianidi noted the influence of the and western regions of Iran[Lamberg - Mesopotamian building traditionsin the Karlovski, 1986. - P.167-168]. By the end of the Dashtli-3 palace and temple, as well as the third millennium BC - beginning of the second architectural plan of Sapallitepa [Sarianidi, millennium BC, it can be assumed that as a 1977. - P.40]. According to K.K.Lamberg- result of the escalation of political conflicts and Karlovsky, in the II millennium BC, the Central wars in Anterior Asia, civilians were forced to Asian civilization (Margiana, Bactria) migrate to remote areas [Sagdullayev, 2010. - developed rapidly and was culturally equal to P.63]. the Mesopotamian, Elamite and Indian In ancient times, the type of migration arising civilizations [Lamberg–Karlovsky, 1990. -P.12- out of necessity, which led to the development 18]. of new sources of raw material reserves, was RESULT AND DISCUSSION also widespread. According to sources at the beginning of the second millennium BC, The French archaeologist A.P. Frankford in his Assyrian trade caravans were sent to monuments such as Shortoqay in Afghanistan Afghanistan to buy tin products [Adams, 1986. and Mergar, Noshara in Pakistan, instead of the - P.14]. During the Bronze Age, settlements in traditions of the Harappan culture, focused on the oases of Northern Afghanistan and the processes of the gradual spread of the Southern Uzbekistan appeared on new lands material objects of Bactrian culture [Francfort, to develop agriculture. The immigrants used 1985. -P.95-104]. This process is also noted by the knowledge and practice gained in their K.K.Lamberg-Karlovsky[Lamberg–Karlovsky, home countries in the fields of construction 1990. -P.12]. methods, architecture, and handicrafts, and Researchers have linked the migration of developed these industries in the new people from Mesopotamia to the Far East - conditions in the developed areas. political migration, including migration to Iran According to the analysis of the above data, and Central Asia. The conquest of fertile lands V.M. Masson, A.A. Askarov, V.I. Sarianidi, T.Sh.

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 344 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

Shirinov one can agree with and other scholars various conclusions about the emergence of

that the agricultural crop in northern the cultures Yaz I, Kuchuk I, Tilla I. In this Afghanistan and southern Uzbekistan was regard, conflicting views have been expressed formed as a result of population migration. in the science of Central Asian archeology. Emergence of Yaz I type in southern In our opinion, it is controversial to connect the Turkmenistan E.Schmidt initially described this cultures of Bactria and Margiana in the Bronze as “the result of an invasion of barbarians,” in and Early Iron Ages with the concepts of the 1950s and 1960s, A.F. Ganyalin, A.A. "Turanian civilization" and "Outer Iran". The Marushchenko, S.P. Tolstov and M.A. Itina's term "Turan" has been used in Persian publications, the migration and settlement of literature, and the term "Iran" has been used cattle-breeding tribes living in the Eurasian since 1935 as the official name of the Persian region in Central Asia in the second millennium state [Sagdullayev, 1996. -P.93-99]. From the BC was associated with the process of point of view of historical-geographical and assimilation by local tribes [Shmidt, 1908, - Vol. cultural features, it is expedient to use such I; Ganyalin, 1959. - P.86; Marushenko, 1959. - terms in the scientific literature as "Margiana- P.70-72; Tolstov, Itina, 1960. - P.31-35].Many Bactria archeological complex" [Sarianidi, scholars argue that the roots of the Tilla I 1990. - P.316], "Oks (Amudarya) civilization" culture should be traced to the regions of [Boqiyev, Shaydullayev, Yo’ldosheva, 2015.- Eastern Iran [Sarianidi, 1972. - P.19; Kuzmina, P.176]. 1972. - P.137-138; Sarianidi, Koshelenko, 1985. - In the second half of the second millennium BC, P.203]. Commenting on the formation of the cultural changes took place in the southern Kuchuk I culture in southern Uzbekistan, regions of Central Asia. Due to migration, the A.A.Askarov concluded that the formation of influx of livestock into the Dashtli-Sapalli the Kuchuk I culture took place under the cultures has spread. As a result, at the end of influence of the traditions of the Sapalli culture the 2nd millennium BC - the beginning of the 1st and as a result of the sedentary life of some millennium BC, the monuments Kuchuktepa cattle-breeding tribes. However, A.A. Askarov and Kyzyltepa appeared in Northern Bactria did not deny that the Kuchuktepa culture and Tillatepa in Southern Bactria [Sarianidi, emerged as a result of the migration of part of 1972. - P.19; Sagdullayev, 1978; Askarov, the population of the Chust culture in Fergana Albaum, 1979]. The material cultures of the to southern Uzbekistan (Surkhandarya oasis) Kuchuk I, Kyzyl I, and Tilla I periods are [Askarov, Albaum, 1979. - P.72]. explained by exact similarities. The issue of the spread of Andronovo culture These cultures differ from the cultures of the in the southern regions was observed on the indigenous population of the late Bronze Age, basis of material sources of Namazgah-Sapalli- first and foremost, by their uniqueness in the Dashtli cultures [Raxmanov, Shaydullayev, field of pottery. Kuchuk I period pottery is 1985. - P.58-63]. mostly handmade and decorated with The issue of the influx of ethnic groups from geometric (triangular, straight line) patterns the territories of Eastern Iran, put forward by with red paint on the outside [Lhuillier, 2013. - V.I. Sarianidi, is denied by A.A.Askarov. P.103-146]. According to A.A.Askarov and L.I.Albaum, the Scientists who have studied these changes in roots of the Kuchuktepa and Tillatepa cultures the field of material culture have observed can be traced back to the Sarazm archeological

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 345 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

complexes in ancient Sogd [Askarov, Albaum, millennium BC – 15th century. Researchers

1979. - P.72-73]. have noted that the Andronovo and Yaz I and Kuchuk I cultures are ethnically Indo-Aryan. A.A Askarov's article devoted to this issue The spread of the Indo-Aryans to India through suggests that the assimilation of the Central Asia was linked to the crisis of the population of Sapalli culture by cattle-breeding Harappan culture [Kohl, 1984; Hiebert, 1993. - tribes from the Mulali period formed the P.136-148; Hiebert, 1994. №42; Salvatori, 1993. Kuchuk I culture, and that a part of the Chust - P.38-54]. culture moved directly to Bactria and formed the Kuchuktepa culture [Askarov,1979. -P.34- As a result of recent research, the monuments 37]. of the Kuchuk I period appeared mainly in new areas, but no urban-type monuments were A.A. Askarov's opinion is based on the study of found in the territories of Southern Uzbekistan archeological sources. The researcher and Northern Afghanistan. At the same time, expressed this opinion in the 70s of the last some traditions of construction of buildings century, when very few pottery fragments belonging to the architecture of Sapalli-Dashtli typical of steppe cultures were found in the cultures are inherited. Housing construction on Jarkutan monument. However, in later years, a high foundation is inherited from the Sapalli- numerous specimens of material culture Dashtli cultures [Shirinov, Shaydullayev, 1988. - confirming the opinion expressed by A.A. P.13-26]. Askarov were found and examined in Jarkutan. They show that cattle-breeding steppe According to the literature, in the late Bronze inhabitants migrated to ancient farming areas Age, due to the migration of northern steppe [Raxmanov, Shaydullayev, 1985. - P.58-63; cattle-breeding tribes and agricultural groups Avanesova, Tashpulatova, 1999. - P.27-36]. from the south to Margiana and Bactria, moved to Lower Zarafshan and Khorezm The abundance of pottery from the Jarkutan regions as a result of the population of ancient cultural strata and the Boston VI cemetery, the agricultural oases increased [Sagdullayev, presence of bronze weapons, the presence of 1989. - P.55]. lightning rods, and the connections between the Sapalli culture and the cattle steppe tribes In recent years, different opinions have been are multifaceted. The idea put forward by expressed about the emergence of the Kuchuk A.A.Askarov is fully confirmed in the example I and Kyzyl I cultures [Shaydullayev, 2000. - of Jarkutan material sources. From the time of P.108-110]. In particular, the migration of East Molali, the expansion of the Sapalli culture to Turkestan tribes to the Bandikhan oasis of the Kofirnihan, Vakhsh and Kyzylsu oases of southern Uzbekistan is assumed [Sverchkov, southern Tajikistan, as well as the process of Boroffka, 2009]. mixing with local livestock cultures, has been According to the analyzed data, the main observed on the basis of material sources aspects of scientific views on the emergence [Pyankova, 1989]. and development of agricultural culture in In the early 80s and 90s of the twentieth Southern Uzbekistan are based on the theory century, European and American researchers of migration. In particular, at the beginning of also paid attention to this problem. They have the XXI century, this problem was specifically their own views on the subject, and Yaz I addressed in the part of E.V. Rtveladze's culture marked by the middle of 2nd monograph entitled "Migration of peoples as a

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 346 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

factor in the development of civilizations" the scientific problem of the migration

[Rtveladze, 2005. - P.32-49]. of the population of Old Asia to the far eastern regions. Terms such as According to the researcher, the migration of Namazgoh-Sapalli, Dashtli-Sapalli, ethnic groups, cultural and economic Bactria-Margiana archeological development, ethnic integration of tribes and complex, "Turan civilization", "Ox peoples, the factors of assimilation has civilization" were used in the naming of become a topic of debate in historiography. In the culture of the Margiana-Bactrian ancient times, anthropological images and Bronze Age, and this issue became languages also changed as a result of the controversial. ethnocultural synthesis of indigenous peoples 4. In the early 1990s, Summarizing the and foreign ethnoses. E.V. Rtveladze deals with available data, A.A. Askarov and T.Sh. the issue of Indo-European (Aryan) and Iranian Shirinov linked the emergence of new tribes in the history of the Bronze and Early agricultural centers in southern Iron Ages of Central Asia. This problem is Uzbekistan with migration, ie connected with the history of Sapalli-Dashtli demographic, social reasons due to and Kuchuk I, Kyzyl I periods [Rtveladze, 2005. population growth in the Bronze Age in - P.33-36]. various regions of the East; CONCLUSION 5. In the literature published in the early 21st century, E.V. Rtveladze, A.S. In conclusion, it should be noted that: Sagdullaev, O’.M. Mavlonov, Sh.B. 1. In the early 1970s, A.A. Askarov Shaydullaevs revealed the estimated that the emergence of demographic, environmental, socio- agricultural culture in southern economic and political causes of Uzbekistan was the result of the population migration, and the activities of farmers who migrated influence of external factors on the from northeastern Iran or southern formation of agricultural culture in Afghanistan and southern southern Uzbekistan. It was found that Turkmenistan; the ethnocultural intermingling of 2. In the late 70s, A.A. Askarov has steppe cattle-breeding tribes and local changed his mind. Concluded that the agricultural population played an migration of farmers to the territories important role in the formation of the of Southern Uzbekistan on the basis of cultures of the Late Bronze Age (Puppy the objects of ceramic material culture I, Red I). The idea of the migration of arose under the influence of cultural East Turkestan tribes to the territories ties with Southern Afghanistan and of southern Uzbekistan has not been Iran; proven.

3. V.I. Sarianidi noted the influence of the It should be noted that in southern Uzbekistan Ikkidarya Range (Mesopotamia) and there are no traces of ancient agricultural crop architectural traditions in the compared to the Bronze Age Sapalli culture. architectural plan of the Dashtli Palace The population who moved to Southern and Temple in northern Afghanistan Uzbekistan (Surkhandarya oasis) applied the and Sapallitepa. Also, V.I. Sarianidi, K.K. knowledge and experience gained in their Lamberg-Karlovski, R. Adams realized homeland in the field of agriculture,

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 347 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

architecture and handicrafts in the newly Paris,1986 // Informatsionniy byulleten’

developed areas. The influence of the gradual MAIKSA, M.: 1988. – Vip.14 – S. 99–100. migration of steppe cattle-breeding tribes to 4. Andrianov B.V Neosedloye naseleniye the regions of southern Uzbekistan in the mira (Istoriko–etnograficheskoye Bronze Age was reflected in the material issledovaniye). – M.1985. – S. 150–151. culture, burial rites and beliefs of the local 5. Antonova E.V. Kontakti Mesopotamii s population (research by U.V. Rakhmanov, N.A. vostochnimi zemlyami v IV–III tis.do n.e Avanesova, Sh.B. Shaydullaev). At the end of // Aziya – dialog sivilizatsiy. – S. – the second millennium BC, Jarkutan, a large Peterburg, 1996. – S. 197–240. settlement, was in crisis. In this regard, it can 6. Askarov A.A. be assumed that part of the arable population Drevnezemledel’cheskaya kul’tura will be converted to the form of livestock epoxa bronzi yuga Uzbekistana. – farming, which is grazed on foothills. Tashkent: Fan, 1977. – S.108–109. 7. Askarov A.A. K voprosu o proisxojdenii According to new data, in the end of the kul’turi plemen s raspisnoy keramikoy second millennium BC. - the beginning of the epoxi pozdney bronzi i rannego jeleza first millennium BC (Kuchuk I, Kyzyl I period) // Etnografiya i arxeologiya Sredney houses appeared in Jarkutan in the form of Azii. – M.: Nauka,1979. – S.34–37. basements and semi-basements 8. Askarov A.A. Sapallitepa. – Tashkent: [Mustafokulov, Bendezu-Sarmento, 2012. - Fan, 1973. – S.120–125. P.203-213; Bendezu-Sarmiyento, Lyuilye, 2015. - 9. Askarov A.A., Albaum L.I. Poseleniye P.26-45;Mustafakulov, Bendezu-Sarmyento, Kuchuktepa. – Tashkent: Fan, 1979; 2016. - P.267-274]. They reflect the methods of 10. Askarov A.A., Shirinov T.Sh. Rannyaya housing construction of the livestock gorodskaya kul’tura epoxi bronzi yuga population. However, the building styles, Sredney Azii. – Samarkand, 1993; handicrafts and farming traditions typical of 11. Avanesova N.A., Tashpulatova N. the Sapalli culture have not completely Simvolika ognya v pogrebal’noy disappeared. During the Early Iron Age, the praktike Sapallinskoy kul’turi (po traditions of the Bronze Age culture developed materialam issledovaniya mogil’nika on a new basis, and large areas of southern Bustan VI) // IMKU. – Samarkand, 1999. Uzbekistan were developed for agricultural – Vip. 30. – S.27– 36. purposes. Also, a new stage in the history of 12. Bendezu-Sarmiyento X., Lyuil’ye J., statehood and urban planning has begun. Mustafakulov S., Raximov K. REFERENCES Pogrebal’naya praktika naseleniya rannego jeleznogo veka: noviye

1. Adams R. Izucheniye bronzovogo veka naxodki iz Djarkutana v Severnoy Mesopotamii i sosednix regionov // Baktrii // Vestnik MITSAI, vipusk 22, DrevniyesivilizatsiiVostoka. – Tashkent: 2015. S. 26-45; Fan, 1986. – S.14. 13. Boqiyev A., Shaydullayev A.,

2. Amiet P. Elam and Baktria // Baktria. An Yo’ldosheva Z. Oks sivilizatsiyasi. – Ancient Oasis Civilizations. – Roma– Toshkent: Yangi nashr, 2015. – 176 b. Venezia, 1989. – P.137–138. 14. Cheboksarov N.N., Cheboksarova I.A.

3. Amiet P. L’age des echanges inter– Narodi, rasi, kul’turi. – M.: Nauka, 1982. iraniens 3500–3700 avant J.–C. – S.222.

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 348 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

15. Francfort N.P. Tradition harapeenne et Lamberg – Karlovski K.K. Modeli

innovation bactrienne a’ Shortughai // vzaimodeystviya ot Mesopotamii do Archeologique de la Bactrianne doliniInda // VDI. – M., 1990. – №1. – Ansienne. – Paris, 1985. – P.95–104. S.12–18. 16. Frankfor N.P. Xarappskaya traditsiya i 26. Lamberg–Karlovsky C. The Bronze Age baktriyskaya innovatsiya v Shortugaye of Baktria // Baktria. An Ancient Oasis // Drevneyshiye kul’turi Baktrii: Tez. Civilizations. – Roma–Venezia, 1989. – dokl. simpoziuma. – Dushanbe: Donish, R. 17–32. 1982. – S.30–32. 27. Lamberg–Karlovsky C.C. The Bronze 17. Ganyalin A.F. K stratigrafii Namazga– Age khanates of Central Asia // tepe // TIIAE AN TSSR. – Ashxabad, Antiquity. – Rom, 1994,Vol. 68 – R. 398– 1959. – Vip.II. 1956. – S.86; 405. 18. Garden J.K. Ob arxeologicheskoy 28. LhuillierJ. Les cultures à céramique geografii Sredney Azii // Drevneyshiye modelé epeinteen Asiecentrale: kul’turi Baktrii: Tez. dokl. simpoziuma. unaperçu del’ assembla gecéramique – Dushanbe: Donish, 1982. – S.6–8. de la de uxièmemoitié du II emillénaire 19. Gardin J.C. Pour une geographie av. J.-C.Iranica Antiqua 48, 2013. R. 103- archeologique de la Bactriane: Actes du 146. collogue franco – sovietique. – Paris, 29. Lyonnet B. Decouverte desites L’age 1985. – P.39–46. Bronze dansle N. E. de L’Afganistan: 20. Gardin J.C., Lyonnet B. La prospection leurs rapports avec la civilization de archeologique de la Bactriane L’Indus // Estratto da Annali dell’ Orientale (1974–1978): premiers Istituto oriental di Napoli. – Napoli, resultats // Mesopotamia. – 1978–1979. 1977 – Vol.37 – P.19–35. – Vol. XIII–XIV. – P.99–154; 30. Marushenko A.A. Yelken–depe // TIIAE 21. Hiebert F.T. Chronology of Margiana AN TSSR. – Ashxabad, 1959. – Vip.V. – and Radiocarbon Dates // Information S.70–72; Bulleten of IASCCA. – Moskov, 1993, 31. Masson V.M. Afganistan v drevnosti // Issue 19. – P.136–148; IstoriyaAfganistana. – M.: Misl’, 1982. – 22. Hiebert F.T. Origins of the Bronze Age S.10; Oasis Civilization in Central Asia // 32. Masson V.M. American School of Prehistorik Drevnezemledel’cheskaya kul’tura Research Bulleten. – Cambridge, 1994, Margiani // MIA, – L., 1959, №73; – №42; 33. Masson V.M. Problema drevnego 23. Kohl Ph.L. Central Asia. Paleolithic goroda i arxeologicheskiye pamyatniki Beginnings to Early Iron Age. – Paris, Severnoy Baktrii // DrevnyayaBaktriya. 1984. – L.: Nauka, 1974. – S.7; 24. Kuzmina E.E. Kul’tura Svata i yee svyazi 34. Masson V.M. Protobaktriyskiy blok s Severnoy Baktriyey // KSIA. – M., 1972. drevnevostochnix sivilizatsiy (K vixodu – Vip.32. – S.137–138; knigu: Amiet P. L’age des echanges 25. Lamberg – Karlovski K.K. Konturi inter–iraniens 3500–3700 avant J.–C. drevneyshey istorii Iranskogoplato // Paris, 1986) // Informatsionniy Drevniyes ivilizatsii Vostoka. – byulleten’ MAIKSA, M.: 1988. Vip.14; Tashkent: Fan, 1986. – S.167–168.

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 349 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

35. Mavlonov O’.M. Markaziy Osiyoning 44. Sagdullayev A.S. K izucheniy

qadimgi yo’llari: shakllanishi va uposeleniya Mullali // Krayevedeniye rivojlanishi bosqichlari. – Toshkent: Surxandar’i. – Tashkent: Uzbekistan, Akademiya, 2008. – B.321. 1989 – S.14. 36. Mustafakulov S., Bendezu-Sarm’yento 45. Sagdullayev A.S. Kul’tura Severnoy X., Raxmanov U., Lyuil’ye J., Raximov Baktrii v epoxu pozdney bronzi i K., Dyupon A. Arxeologicheskiye rannego jeleza (Po materialam issledovaniya na Djarkutane v 2013 g. // pamyatnikov rayona Shurchi– Arxeologicheskoyeissledovaniya v Baysuna): Atoref. diss... kand. istor. Uzbekistane 2013-2014 goda. Vipusk 10. nauk. – L.: Leningradskoye otdeleniye Samarkand, 2016. S. 267-274. Instituta arxeologii AN SSSR, 1978. 37. Mustafokulov S., Bendezu-Sarmento 46. Sagdullayev A.S.MargianaiBaktriya. X., Raxmonov U., Xasanov M., Lyuil’ye Istoricheskiye traditsii i kul’turniye J., Lyuno E. Poleviye raboti uzbeksko- svyazi v do antichnuyu epoxu // fransuzskoy (MAFOUZ) ekspeditsii na Drevneymerv. – Tr. YUTAKE. – Djarkutane v 2009-2011 gg. // Ashxabad: Ilim, 1989. – T.XIX. – S.17. Arxeologicheskiye issledovaniya v 47. Sagdullayev A.S.Nekotoriye aspekti Uzbekistane 2010-2011 godi. Vipusk 8. problem i proisxojdeniya Samarkand, 2012. S. 203-213; sredneaziatskix kompleksovtipa Yaz I // 38. Problemyetnicheskoygeografiiikartogr SA. – M., 1989. – S.55. afii / Otv. red. S.I.Bruk. – M.: Nauka, 48. Sagdullayev A.S. Osnovniye cherti i 1978. – S.51–52. genezis kul’turi do antichnoy Baktrii // 39. Pyankova L.T. Drevniy eskotovodi Antichniye iranne srednevekoviye Yujnogo Tadjikistana. – Dushanbe: drevnosti Yujnogo Uzbekistana. – Donish, 1989. Tashkent: Fan, 1989. – S.29. 40. Raxmanov U.V. Keramicheskoye 49. Sagdullayev A.S. Qadimgi O’zbekiston proizvodstvo epoxi bronzi Yujnogo ilk yozma manbalarda. – Toshkent: Uzbekistana: Avtoref. diss... kand. O’qituvchi, 1996. – B.93–99. istor. nauk. – Samarkand: Institut 50. Sagdullayev A.S.Usadbydrevney arxeologii, 1987. – S.17. Baktrii. – Tashkent: Fan, 1987. – S.88. 41. Raxmanov U.V., Shaydullayev Sh.B. O 51. Salvatori S. Protohistoric Margiana: on vliyani i kul’tur stepnoy bronzi na a Resent Contribution. (Reviev of: keramicheskiye kompleksi Sapallinskoy «IASCCA. Information Bulleten», 19 kul’turi // ONU. – Tashkent, 1985. – №11. Moskov, 1993 // Revista di Arheologia. – – S.58–63. Venice, 1995. – Anno XIX. – P.38–54. 42. Rtveladze E.V. Sivilizatsii, gosudarstva, 52. Sarianidi V.I, Koshelenko G.A. kulturi sentralnoy Azii. – Tashkent: B.i., SrednyayaAziya v ranne mjeleznom 2005. – S.32– 49. veke // Drevneyshiyego sudarstva 43. Sagdullayev A.S. Etnokul’turniye Kavkazai Sredney Azii. Arxeologiya protsessi v SredneyAzii v drevnosti // SSSR. – M.: Nauka, 1985. – S.203. Qadimgi davlatchilik va urbanizatsiya 53. Sarianidi V.I. Drevniye zemledel’si (tarixiy lavhalar). – Toshkent: Afganistana. – M: Nauka. – 1977. Mumtozso’z, 2010. – S.63. 54. Sarianidi V.I. Drevnosti strain Margush. – Ashxabad: Ilim, 1990. – 316 s.

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 350 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668

55. Sarianidi V.I. Nekropol’ Gonura I

iranskoye yazichestvo. – M: Nauka, 2001. 56. Sarianidi V.I. Raskopki Tillyatepe Severnom Afganistane. – M.: Nauka, 1972. – S.19; 57. Shaydullayev Sh.B. Severnaya Baktriya v epoxu rannego jeleznogo veka. – Tashkent: Xalq Merosi, 2000. – S.108– 110. 58. Shirinov T.SH. Turanskaya sivilizatsiya Baktrii i Margianivo II tis. don.e. // Kul’turnoye naslediye Turkmenistana:Tez. dokl. – Ashxabad. – SPb, 2000. – S.27. 59. Shirinov T.Sh., Shaydullayev Sh.B. K voprosu o xronologicheskoy periodizatsii Kuchuktepa // IMKU. – Tashkent, 1988. – Vip. 22. – S.13–26. 60. Shmidt E. Archaeological Excavation Anau and old Merv // Pampelly. Explorations in Turkestan. – Washington, 1908, – Vol. I; 61. Sverchkov L.M., Boroffka N. O nekotorix problemax arxeologicheskogo issledovaniya kul’tur raspisnoy keramiki epoxy pozdney bronzi – rannego jeleza Tashkentskogo oazisa // Stolitse Uzbekistana Tashkentu 2200 let. Materiali mejdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferensii. Tashkent: Fan, 2009. 62. Tolstov S.P., Itina M.A. Problema suyarganskoy kul’turi // SA. – M., 1960. – №1, – S.31–35. 63. Tosi M. The Origins of Early Bactrian Civilization // Baktria. An Ancient Oasis Civilizations. – Roma – Venezia, 1989. – P. 69–71. 64. Yoffi N.Y. Sferi vzaimodeystviya v Mesopotamii // Drevniye sivilizatsii Vostoka. – Tashkent: Fan, 1986. – S.120.

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 10 -2020 351