Metals, Culture and Capitalism: an Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More Information
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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02962-0 - Metals, Culture and Capitalism: An Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More information Index abacus, 69 Alexandria, 63, 83, 116, 126, 190, 192, Abbasids, 66, 140, 158–60, 163, 188, 191–92, 194, 232 195 Al-Jazari, 206 Abrahamistic religions, 184–85 alloys of copper, 9 control of literacy and learning, 187–88 al-Mina, 38 spread of, 60 Almohad rulers, Spain, 192 accounting alphabet, 36 development of, 147–48 creation in Phoenicia, 36 Venetian innovations, 203–4 spread of the Greek alphabet, 67 Achaemenians, 153–54, 158 Alpine lode (copper), 17 Acre, 195 Alpine region, 40 Aegean mining, 38 early metallurgy, 10–11 al-Rammah, Hasan, 257–58 Afghanistan, 6, 20–21, 25, 27, 35, 57, 155 Altai, 10 Africa, 26 Al-Tartushi, 131 gold trade, 72 Altyn-depe, 41 gold trade with the Near East, 142–43 Al-Ubaid, 22 iron production, 87–88 Amalfi, 190 search for gold, 77 amber trade, 35, 38, 131 Agatharchides, 237 American Civil War, 274, 276 Agde, 73, 111 American colonies, 265 Agricola furnace, 264 iron production, 274 Agricola, G., xvii, 46, 64, 87, 140, 191, 200, iron working, 223 229–30, 232–35, 237–39, 244–45 American Revolution, 276 agriculture Amorites, 67 earliest settlements, 4 Amratians, 7 early farming cultures, 6 Anatolia, 9–11, 14–15, 22, 25, 27, 31, sheep farming, 39 37, 106 Ai Bunar, Bulgaria, 31 Anatolian trade network Aitchison, L., xvii, 79, 120, 231 Bronze Age, 15–17 Akhenaten, 76, 184 Andronovo culture, 167 Akkad, 16, 20–21, 36, 67, 71 Anglo-Saxons, 116, 128, 130 Akkadian kings, 16 animal power, 51–52 Al Hajjar Mountains horse transport, 50–51 copper mines, 19 plough farming, 47–50 Al Ubaid, 7 use of, 13 Alalakh, 68 animal-drawn plough, 22 Alamans, 125 animals Alaric, 122–23 associated with early settlements, 4 Alaska, 251 annealing process, 5, 9, 174 Alchemists, 46, 191, 200, 230, 232–33, antimony, 79 236, 285 Antioch, 159 Aleppo, 66, 201–2 Antwerp, 209–10 330 Alexander of Macedon, 98–99, 153, 158 Anyang culture, 169–70 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02962-0 - Metals, Culture and Capitalism: An Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More information Index 331 Aquileia, 189–90 Babylon, 68, 70, 147 Aquitaine, 122, 131 Babylonia, 21 Arabs, 154, 232 Babylonian mathematics, 36 invasions of the Near East, 21 Bacon, Roger, 105, 257 metallurgy, 121 Bactria, 40–41, 57, 153, 160 Renaissance of learning, 188 Badarians, 7, 27 Aramaeans, 21, 40, 65, 70 Baghdad, 66, 129, 158 Aramaic, 74 Bagre myth of the LoDagaa, xii, 66 Archbishop Parker, 277 Balearics, 69, 77 Archimedes, 100, 104 Bali, 163 Archimedes’ screws, 245 Balkan–Anatolian ceramic and ard (scratch plough), 17 artefact styles, 17 Arian Christianity, 109, 123, Balkans, 6–7, 29, 80, 98 125–26 use of copper technology, 17 Aristotle, 183, 233 Baltic amber, 11 Armada, 1588, 222 Baluchistan, 6 armaments bankers, 279 mass production, 276 banking, 145, 149 Armenian metal production, 16 and the Industrial Revolution, 279 armour made of metal, 95–97 Venetian innovations, 203–4 arquebus, 259 banking system arsenic, 5, 10, 17, 79 development in Europe, 211 arsenical bronze, 10, 19, 31 Barba, Alvaro Alonso, 134 art ‘barbarian’ concept, xiii, 286–89 and the European Renaissance, 297–98 ‘barbarian’ cultures Flemish, 197 iron-working, 106–19 Phoenician, 23 ‘barbarian’ peoples of the Iron Age, 155 Asante, 45, 257 ‘barbarian’ societies, 28 gold mining, 142 source of metals in the Bronze Age, 62 Ashton, T. S., 251, 268 ‘barbarians’, 7 Ashtor, E., xvii, 82, 143–46, 151, 160, adoption of ‘civilised’ methods, 67 291, 296 Barbarossa, Federico, 234 Ashur, 14–15 Barbieri-Low, A. J., 146 Asia Minor, 19–20, 30 Barnard, N., xvii, 167, 171–73 Asiatic ass domestication, 51 bath culture Assassins, 158 influence of Islam, 211–12 Assyria, 24, 70, 73 Battle of Lepanto, 259 Assyrian commerce, 14–15 Baude, Peter, 261 Assyrians, 67–69, 71, 76, 148, Bauer, George, 232 178 Becker, C. H., 21 Athens, 78 Beckmann, 200 silver mines, 80 Bede, 131 atomic bomb, 292 Beirut, 202 Augsburg, 208, 217, 220 Belgium, 5, 255, 278 Austria, 123 industrial activity, 255 Austrian Alps, 37 beliefs associated with metals and mining, Austrian Stuckhofen, 263 239–44 automobiles, 255 bell-founding, 199 Auza, Libya, 70 Bellini, Gentile, 143 Avienus, 74 Bellini, Giovanni, 208 Ayyavole, 163 bellows, 173, 175, 264, 266 Ayyubids, 192 bells Aztecs, 58 bronze-casting, 218 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02962-0 - Metals, Culture and Capitalism: An Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More information 332 index Beloch, Julius, 70 iron-working, 106, 112–13 Ben Nafi, 66 metal-mining and export, 209 Benima, 66 Roman army in, 103 Beowulf, 128, 241 Roman invasion, 80 Bergamo, 226 sea-power and colonisation, 223 Bessemer convertor, 147 tin mines, 78, 101 Bevin Boys, xi tin mining, 75 Biblical Aramaic, 67 trade in metals and arms, 221–22 Binger, L. G., 44 British iron industry bin iron, 171 dominance of, 265–70 Biringuccio, 205 bronze bishops control by European elite, 40 role after the fall of Rome, 126–27 creation of, 8 Black Death, 133, 184, 253 history of use in China, 168–70 Black Pottery culture, 166 replacement of copper, 9 Black Sea, 13, 16 use in churches and statues, 199 blast furnace, 132–33, 171, 174, 177–78, 218, Bronze Age, 5, 9 229–30, 255, 261–64 Anatolian trade network, 15–17 block and pulley, 104 appearance of copper, 9 block-printing, 219 as foundation for the modern world, 285 bloom iron, 85, 114, 170 beginning of, 4–5 bloomeries, 263 bronze-working centres, 5 boat construction, 38, 51 changes in the Near East, 13 Egyptians, 71 development of metallurgy, 32 Levantines, 71 developments in the Near East, 32 Boeotia, 70 long-distance trade, 11–21 bog-iron, 114 search for metals, 249–50 Bohemia, 35, 38, 78, 123 search for sources of metals, 32 Bohemian Erzebirge, 10 shift to iron, 5 Bohemian lode (copper), 17 spread of ‘civilisation’, 32 Bologna, 198 trade networks, 15–17 Bombay, 21 trade routes, 13–21 book-learning, 13 trading settlements, 15 Bosnia, 122 Urban Revolution, 11 Boudicca, 108 warfare associated with metals, 23–24 bourgeoisie, 41, 76, 82, 143–45, 232 bronze-casting, 218–19 Bourne, John Cooke, 278 Bruges, 209 Brahman priests, 184 Buddhism, 117, 153–54, 162–63, 177, 184 Brahmi script, 161 Bulgaria, 30–31, 35 Brahmins, 163 Bulghars, 131 brass, 96, 199, 218 burial customs, 55 Braudel, F., xvii, 144, 151, 189, 228, Byblos, 14–15, 22, 35, 37, 68, 249 279–81 Byzantine Venice, 60 Brescia, 221, 226, 263 Byzantium, 116, 120, 188, 190, 193, 199, 274 bridge building, 254, 268 conflict with Muslims, 63–82 Bridgewater, Duke of, 254 Brindley, James, 254 Cadiz, Spain, 71 Britain Cadmus, 70 achievements of the Industrial Caesar, 107 Revolution, 252 Cairo, 66 copper making, 230 Cairo Geniza, 144, 190 expansion in use of iron and coal, 251 Cairo merchants, 144 iron production by the Romans, 113–16 Caliph Omar, 232 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02962-0 - Metals, Culture and Capitalism: An Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More information Index 333 Calvinism, 117 in China, 165 camels use in construction, 181 domestication, 51 uses for, 273 Canaan, 37 caste system, 46 Canaanite Phoenicians, 76 C¸ atal Hu¨yu¨k, 9 canal building, 254 Catalans, 195 Canary Islands, 193 Cathars, 231 cannons, 199, 219, 221–22, 229, 257, 260–61, Catholic church, 233, 277–78 263–64, 266, 273–76 effects of the Reformation, 279 Canute, 129 Caucasian cultures, 30 Cape Gelidonya shipwreck, 38 cedar wood from Lebanon, 13, 22, 27 capitalism Celts, 67, 80, 82, 96, 107–8, 112, 119, 121–22, and continuous growth, 284 127, 155 and mining, 279–80 Central Asian peoples, 155 and the Industrial Revolution, 279 Centre for Arts and Humanities (CRASSH), and the modern world, 280–81 Cambridge, xi and the rise of Europe, 298–99 chain-pump, 104 consequences of the Industrial Chalcolithic, 3–8, 166 Revolution, 253 long-distance trade routes, 6–8 early signs of, 261 spread of metallurgical knowledge, 6 exchange economy in the Near East, 143 Chaldeans, 21 finance capitalism, 280 Chang, K. C., 160, 166, 168, 171, 175 in the Near East, 61 charcoal, 184, 254, 261–62, 264–65, 267 inhibitory factors in the Near East, 143 chariots, 25 institutional capitalism, 282 Charlemagne, 121, 189 investment by entrepreneurs, 260 Charles the Bald, 130 issue of shares, 46 Charles, J. A., 5, 8 merchant-bankers, 266 Chernykh, E. N., xvii, 10, 28–32, 167–68 resource capitalism, 282 Chersonesia, 65 small- and large-scale enterprises, 289 chert, 11 views on the origins of, 290–91 Childe, V. G., xvii, 18, 42, 46, 75, 78, 82, 119, Cappadocia, 16 149, 180, 182–83, 185, 235–36, 282, Caracalla, 122 288, 294 caravan trade, 35, 41, 63, 142, 158 Chilean miners, 239 Silk Road, 154 China, 7–8, 25–26, 41, 135–36, 151, 194, 251 carburation, 229–30 Age of Metals, 57 carburization of iron, 85–87 and capitalism, 150 Carcassonne, 109 comparison with the Near East, 180–81 Carnegie, Andrew, 276 contacts through the Eurasian corridor, Carpathians, 25, 30, 39 159–60 Carpatho-Balkan bronze production, 35 cultural exchange via the Eurasian corridor, Carpatho-Balkan Copper Age 168–69 (Eneolithic), 30 gunpowder, 257–58 Carpatho-Balkan cultures, 30 history of metal working, 164–82 Carron Ironworks, 254 history of porcelain production, 177–80 Carthage, 71–73, 249 history of use of bronze, 168–70