Metals, Culture and Capitalism: an Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02962-0 - Metals, Culture and Capitalism: An Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More information

Index

abacus, 69 Alexandria, 63, 83, 116, 126, 190, 192, Abbasids, 66, 140, 158–60, 163, 188, 191–92, 194, 232 195 Al-Jazari, 206 Abrahamistic religions, 184–85 alloys of copper, 9 control of literacy and learning, 187–88 al-Mina, 38 spread of, 60 Almohad rulers, Spain, 192 accounting alphabet, 36 development of, 147–48 creation in Phoenicia, 36 Venetian innovations, 203–4 spread of the Greek alphabet, 67 Achaemenians, 153–54, 158 Alpine lode (copper), 17 Acre, 195 Alpine region, 40 Aegean mining, 38 early metallurgy, 10–11 al-Rammah, Hasan, 257–58 Afghanistan, 6, 20–21, 25, 27, 35, 57, 155 Altai, 10 Africa, 26 Al-Tartushi, 131 gold trade, 72 Altyn-depe, 41 gold trade with the Near East, 142–43 Al-Ubaid, 22 iron production, 87–88 Amalfi, 190 search for gold, 77 amber trade, 35, 38, 131 Agatharchides, 237 American Civil War, 274, 276 Agde, 73, 111 American colonies, 265 Agricola furnace, 264 iron production, 274 Agricola, G., xvii, 46, 64, 87, 140, 191, 200, iron working, 223 229–30, 232–35, 237–39, 244–45 American Revolution, 276 agriculture Amorites, 67 earliest settlements, 4 Amratians, 7 early farming cultures, 6 Anatolia, 9–11, 14–15, 22, 25, 27, 31, sheep farming, 39 37, 106 Ai Bunar, Bulgaria, 31 Anatolian trade network Aitchison, L., xvii, 79, 120, 231 Bronze Age, 15–17 Akhenaten, 76, 184 Andronovo culture, 167 Akkad, 16, 20–21, 36, 67, 71 Anglo-Saxons, 116, 128, 130 Akkadian kings, 16 animal power, 51–52 Al Hajjar Mountains horse transport, 50–51 copper mines, 19 plough farming, 47–50 Al Ubaid, 7 use of, 13 Alalakh, 68 animal-drawn plough, 22 Alamans, 125 animals Alaric, 122–23 associated with early settlements, 4 Alaska, 251 annealing process, 5, 9, 174 Alchemists, 46, 191, 200, 230, 232–33, antimony, 79 236, 285 Antioch, 159 Aleppo, 66, 201–2 Antwerp, 209–10 330 Alexander of Macedon, 98–99, 153, 158 Anyang culture, 169–70

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02962-0 - Metals, Culture and Capitalism: An Essay on the Origins of the Modern World Jack Goody Index More information

Index 331

Aquileia, 189–90 Babylon, 68, 70, 147 Aquitaine, 122, 131 Babylonia, 21 Arabs, 154, 232 Babylonian mathematics, 36 invasions of the Near East, 21 Bacon, Roger, 105, 257 metallurgy, 121 Bactria, 40–41, 57, 153, 160 Renaissance of learning, 188 Badarians, 7, 27 Aramaeans, 21, 40, 65, 70 Baghdad, 66, 129, 158 Aramaic, 74 Bagre myth of the LoDagaa, xii, 66 Archbishop Parker, 277 Balearics, 69, 77 Archimedes, 100, 104 Bali, 163 Archimedes’ screws, 245 Balkan–Anatolian ceramic and ard (scratch plough), 17 artefact styles, 17 Arian Christianity, 109, 123, Balkans, 6–7, 29, 80, 98 125–26 use of copper technology, 17 Aristotle, 183, 233 Baltic amber, 11 Armada, 1588, 222 Baluchistan, 6 armaments bankers, 279 mass production, 276 banking, 145, 149 Armenian metal production, 16 and the Industrial Revolution, 279 armour made of metal, 95–97 Venetian innovations, 203–4 arquebus, 259 banking system arsenic, 5, 10, 17, 79 development in Europe, 211 arsenical bronze, 10, 19, 31 Barba, Alvaro Alonso, 134 art ‘barbarian’ concept, xiii, 286–89 and the European Renaissance, 297–98 ‘barbarian’ cultures Flemish, 197 iron-working, 106–19 Phoenician, 23 ‘barbarian’ peoples of the Iron Age, 155 Asante, 45, 257 ‘barbarian’ societies, 28 gold mining, 142 source of metals in the Bronze Age, 62 Ashton, T. S., 251, 268 ‘barbarians’, 7 Ashtor, E., xvii, 82, 143–46, 151, 160, adoption of ‘civilised’ methods, 67 291, 296 Barbarossa, Federico, 234 Ashur, 14–15 Barbieri-Low, A. J., 146 Asia Minor, 19–20, 30 Barnard, N., xvii, 167, 171–73 Asiatic ass domestication, 51 bath culture Assassins, 158 influence of Islam, 211–12 Assyria, 24, 70, 73 Battle of Lepanto, 259 Assyrian commerce, 14–15 Baude, Peter, 261 Assyrians, 67–69, 71, 76, 148, Bauer, George, 232 178 Becker, C. H., 21 Athens, 78 Beckmann, 200 silver mines, 80 Bede, 131 atomic bomb, 292 Beirut, 202 Augsburg, 208, 217, 220 Belgium, 5, 255, 278 Austria, 123 industrial activity, 255 Austrian Alps, 37 beliefs associated with metals and mining, Austrian Stuckhofen, 263 239–44 automobiles, 255 bell-founding, 199 Auza, Libya, 70 Bellini, Gentile, 143 Avienus, 74 Bellini, Giovanni, 208 Ayyavole, 163 bellows, 173, 175, 264, 266 Ayyubids, 192 bells Aztecs, 58 bronze-casting, 218

332 index

Beloch, Julius, 70 iron-working, 106, 112–13 Ben Nafi, 66 metal-mining and export, 209 Benima, 66 Roman army in, 103 Beowulf, 128, 241 Roman invasion, 80 Bergamo, 226 sea-power and colonisation, 223 Bessemer convertor, 147 tin mines, 78, 101 Bevin Boys, xi tin mining, 75 Biblical Aramaic, 67 trade in metals and arms, 221–22 Binger, L. G., 44 British iron industry bin iron, 171 dominance of, 265–70 Biringuccio, 205 bronze bishops control by European elite, 40 role after the fall of Rome, 126–27 creation of, 8 Black Death, 133, 184, 253 history of use in China, 168–70 Black Pottery culture, 166 replacement of copper, 9 Black Sea, 13, 16 use in churches and statues, 199 blast furnace, 132–33, 171, 174, 177–78, 218, Bronze Age, 5, 9 229–30, 255, 261–64 Anatolian trade network, 15–17 block and pulley, 104 appearance of copper, 9 block-printing, 219 as foundation for the modern world, 285 bloom iron, 85, 114, 170 beginning of, 4–5 bloomeries, 263 bronze-working centres, 5 boat construction, 38, 51 changes in the Near East, 13 Egyptians, 71 development of metallurgy, 32 Levantines, 71 developments in the Near East, 32 Boeotia, 70 long-distance trade, 11–21 bog-iron, 114 search for metals, 249–50 Bohemia, 35, 38, 78, 123 search for sources of metals, 32 Bohemian Erzebirge, 10 shift to iron, 5 Bohemian lode (copper), 17 spread of ‘civilisation’, 32 Bologna, 198 trade networks, 15–17 Bombay, 21 trade routes, 13–21 book-learning, 13 trading settlements, 15 Bosnia, 122 Urban Revolution, 11 Boudicca, 108 warfare associated with metals, 23–24 bourgeoisie, 41, 76, 82, 143–45, 232 bronze-casting, 218–19 Bourne, John Cooke, 278 Bruges, 209 Brahman priests, 184 Buddhism, 117, 153–54, 162–63, 177, 184 Brahmi script, 161 Bulgaria, 30–31, 35 Brahmins, 163 Bulghars, 131 brass, 96, 199, 218 burial customs, 55 Braudel, F., xvii, 144, 151, 189, 228, Byblos, 14–15, 22, 35, 37, 68, 249 279–81 Byzantine Venice, 60 Brescia, 221, 226, 263 Byzantium, 116, 120, 188, 190, 193, 199, 274 bridge building, 254, 268 conflict with Muslims, 63–82 Bridgewater, Duke of, 254 Brindley, James, 254 Cadiz, Spain, 71 Britain Cadmus, 70 achievements of the Industrial Caesar, 107 Revolution, 252 Cairo, 66 copper making, 230 Cairo Geniza, 144, 190 expansion in use of iron and coal, 251 Cairo merchants, 144 iron production by the Romans, 113–16 Caliph Omar, 232

Index 333

Calvinism, 117 in China, 165 camels use in construction, 181 domestication, 51 uses for, 273 Canaan, 37 caste system, 46 Canaanite Phoenicians, 76 C¸ atal Hu¨yu¨k, 9 canal building, 254 Catalans, 195 Canary Islands, 193 Cathars, 231 cannons, 199, 219, 221–22, 229, 257, 260–61, Catholic church, 233, 277–78 263–64, 266, 273–76 effects of the Reformation, 279 Canute, 129 Caucasian cultures, 30 Cape Gelidonya shipwreck, 38 cedar wood from Lebanon, 13, 22, 27 capitalism Celts, 67, 80, 82, 96, 107–8, 112, 119, 121–22, and continuous growth, 284 127, 155 and mining, 279–80 Central Asian peoples, 155 and the Industrial Revolution, 279 Centre for Arts and Humanities (CRASSH), and the modern world, 280–81 Cambridge, xi and the rise of Europe, 298–99 chain-pump, 104 consequences of the Industrial Chalcolithic, 3–8, 166 Revolution, 253 long-distance trade routes, 6–8 early signs of, 261 spread of metallurgical knowledge, 6 exchange economy in the Near East, 143 Chaldeans, 21 finance capitalism, 280 Chang, K. C., 160, 166, 168, 171, 175 in the Near East, 61 charcoal, 184, 254, 261–62, 264–65, 267 inhibitory factors in the Near East, 143 chariots, 25 institutional capitalism, 282 Charlemagne, 121, 189 investment by entrepreneurs, 260 Charles the Bald, 130 issue of shares, 46 Charles, J. A., 5, 8 merchant-bankers, 266 Chernykh, E. N., xvii, 10, 28–32, 167–68 resource capitalism, 282 Chersonesia, 65 small- and large-scale enterprises, 289 chert, 11 views on the origins of, 290–91 Childe, V. G., xvii, 18, 42, 46, 75, 78, 82, 119, Cappadocia, 16 149, 180, 182–83, 185, 235–36, 282, Caracalla, 122 288, 294 caravan trade, 35, 41, 63, 142, 158 Chilean miners, 239 Silk Road, 154 China, 7–8, 25–26, 41, 135–36, 151, 194, 251 carburation, 229–30 Age of Metals, 57 carburization of iron, 85–87 and capitalism, 150 Carcassonne, 109 comparison with the Near East, 180–81 Carnegie, Andrew, 276 contacts through the Eurasian corridor, Carpathians, 25, 30, 39 159–60 Carpatho-Balkan bronze production, 35 cultural exchange via the Eurasian corridor, Carpatho-Balkan Copper Age 168–69 (Eneolithic), 30 gunpowder, 257–58 Carpatho-Balkan cultures, 30 history of metal working, 164–82 Carron Ironworks, 254 history of porcelain production, 177–80 Carthage, 71–73, 249 history of use of bronze, 168–70 Carthagena, 67, 72, 249 iron production, 218–19 Carthaginian settlements, 33 iron-working, 85, 87, 153, 170–76 Carthaginians, 74, 98, 101, 250 porcelain, 155–58, 178–79 cassiterite, 10 pottery technology, 178–79 cast iron, 85–86, 132–33, 174, 261 use of metals, 105 adoption by industry, 260–61 Yellow River Valley, 32, 160, 164, improved production technologies, 229–30 170, 181

334 index

Christian church commercial law, 15, 24–25 control of learning, 187–88 communication Christian monasteries development of, 252 Viking raids, 129 Confucianism, 184–85, 235 Christianity, 60, 184, 187, 291 consonantal alphabet, 22 and the Crusades, 215 Constantinople, 125–26, 128, 190, 192–93, and the fall of Rome, 117–18 202, 274 Arian Christianity, 125–26 consumer goods, 252 divisions within, 117–18 copper, 10, 23 lack of interest in metallurgy, 231–32 advantages over stone, 8 rejection of scientific enquiry, 231–32 alloys, 8–9 rise of, 117–18 Alpine lode, 17 spread of, 60, 63–64 appearance in the Bronze Age, 9 Visigoth beliefs, 123 Bohemian lode, 17 Christians combination with other metals, 8 conflict with Muslims, 63–82 creation of bronze, 8 Chrysostom, Bishop, 125–26 development of smelting processes, 6, 8–9 Chust culture, 173 development of the kiln, 4–5 Cimmerians, 25, 98 development of working methods, 8–9 Circumpontic Metallurgical Province, 30 early exploitation, 6–7 cire perdue (lost wax) process, 8 early smelting, 5 Civil War, 276 elite control of, 54 ‘civilisation’ from Cyprus, 69 spread in the Bronze Age, 32 from Oman, 27 ‘civilisation’ concept, xiii, 286–89 from Spain, 78 ‘civilized’ societies, 28 hammering, 5 Clarke, David, xvii melting and smelting, 4–5 class mobility, 256 ores, 8 classes production from ores, 8 economic stratification, 13 properties of, 8 classical period, 79 replacement by bronze, 9 Cleere, H., 114–15 Saxon lode, 17 Cleopatra, 69 Taurus highlands of Anatolia, 6 clockwork, 206–7 trade with highland communities, 6–7 clockwork machines, 105 Transylvania, 16 coal, 196, 251 use for tools and ornaments, 8 use as fuel, 253–55 use in pottery glazes, 6 use in iron production, 175–76 Copper Age, 3–4 use in metallurgy, 173 Iberia, 79–80 uses for, 261–62 copper coins, 201 coal mines, 184 copper-making, 230 Coalbrookdale, 254, 262, 267–68 copper mines, 201 Cochin, 21 Al Hajjar Mountains, 19 Cockerill, James, 255 Spain, 101 Cockerill, William, 255 copper trade coinage, 25–26, 71 early Renaissance period, 217–18 coins, 201, 204, 232 Copts, 120 coke, 251, 253–54, 262, 264–66 Corded Ware culture, 31 coke-fired blast furnace, 255 core and periphery dichotomy, 286–89 colonisation and the Industrial Revolution, Corinth, 78 272–73 Cornish greenstone, 11 Columbian Indians of North America, 8 Cornwall Columbus, Christopher, 193, 233, 277 mines, 224

Index 335

tin, 209 Dante’s Inferno, 239 tin mines, 35, 60, 63, 120 Danube region Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 277 Tumulus culture, 17–18 corruption Danube trade route, 16, 38 metals as cause of, 140 transmission of metallurgy, 79 Cort, Henry, 266, 274 Darby, Abraham, 254, 262, 266–67 Cortes, Hernando, 233 Dardanelles, 13, 16 Coruna tin mines, Spain, 35 Dark Ages, 82, 191 cotton industry, 197–98 David, King of Israel, 70 Crassus, 158 Davies, O., 123 Crete, 22, 24, 34, 36, 38, 51, 74, 249 Davy, Humphrey, 256 Minoan culture, 37 de Milamete, Walter, 258 Minoans, 75–76 deep mining, 62, 280 Cripps, Humphrey, 276 deforestation, 261 Croesus, 77 Delft, Holland, 178 cross-bow, 135, 256 democracy, 182–84 Crowley, Ambrose, 267 and women, 184 crucible, 9 Demosthenes, 97 crucible process, 265 Dereivka settlement, 167 Crusades, 135, 150, 192–93, 195, 211–12, 215, Dickens, Charles, 278 217, 232 diffusionist approach, xii Cucuteni-Tripolye culture, 30 Dilmun, Arabian Gulf, 20–21 cultural exchange via the Eurasian corridor, Diocletian, 64, 127 168–69 Diodorus Siculus, 237, 245 cultural influences Dissenters, 256 spread of, 23 Diya¯rbakir, 6 cultural transmission domesticated animals, 4 Eurasian corridor, 159–60 horses, 167 culture sheep, 167 spread and development, 10–11 double-entry book-keeping, 204 spread through the use of metal, 24–25 Drangiana, Iran, 19 culture and industry, 299–300 Dura-Europa, 65 culture in Europe Durer, Albrecht, 208 influence of Islam, 211–12 Dutch mining engineers, 224 cuneiform script, 19, 22, 34, 148 Dutch Republic, 283 cupellation, 140 currency Early Copper Age, 79 items used as, 25–26 Early Geometric period, 98 Cyclades, 38 Ebla, Syria, 13, 15–16, 22 Cycladic Islands, 24 Eblaites, 15–16, 36 cylinder seals, 34, 41, 147 economic stratification, 13, 117–18 Cyprus, 20, 22, 33, 35, 37–39, 68–69, and specialization, 97–98 82–83, 87 impact of the Industrial Revolution, 278–79 export of copper, 34 Edinburgh, 254 Cyrene, Libya, 77 Egypt, 8, 13–14, 73 Cyrus, 153 Bronze Age efforts to obtain metals, 18 Cleopatra, 69 da Gama, Vasco, 233 conditions in mines (second century bce), Dacia, 122 237–39 Dagomba, 50 construction of the Pyramids, 8 Dalmatia, 17 development in the Age of Metals, 27 Damascus, 66–67, 115, 201–2 dynastic period, 8 Damascus (damascened) steel, 130, 162, 172 invasions by ‘barbarians’, 67

336 index

Egypt (cont.) European industry New Kingdom, 36 expansion by the fifteenth century, 196 Nile Valley civilisation, 32 European Renaissance, 251 pre-dynastic period, 8 flowering of the arts, 297–98 Ptolemaic period, 69 European textiles, 196–200 sea trade, 36 Europeans on the west coast of Africa, 33 trade with Italian republics, 195–96 Ezekiel, 68 Egyptian traders, 22 Egyptian writing, 14 factory and home-workers, 290 Egyptians, 68, 249 factory system of production, 253 control of the Aegean, 71 Famagusta, 195 metal weaponry, 23 Faraday, Michael, 256 El Argar, Spain, 35 farming Elamites, 67 use of animal labour, 13 Elba, 40, 70, 98 farming cultures electricity, 256 spread in the Neolithic, 7–8 Eliade, Mircea, 239 Fatimid period, 144–45 Eliot, T. S., 288 Fatimids, 193, 195 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 221–23, 265, Fayum, 75 274 Fertile Crescent, 13, 15, 35 El-Mansur, 222 feudalism, 135 Eneolithic (Carpatho-Balkan Copper Age), 30 Fibonacci, 194 Engels, Friedrich, 49, 278 Fife coalfields, xi English Midlands, 254 finance capitalism, 280 English mining financial system Elizabethan period, 221–22 development in Europe, 211 English wool, 196 Venetians, 203–4 Erasmus, 233 Finley, M. M., 146, 280 Ercker, Lazarus, 206 fire Erdemgil, S., 212 control for working metal, 4–5 Ergani copper mines, 6 importance in early human life, 5 Erlitou, 41 firearms Etruria, 40 development of gunpowder weapons, 257–59 Etruscan traders, 76 invention of, 136 Etruscans, 69–70, 73, 77–78, 95, 98–99, First World War, 276 107, 250 Flanders, 193, 208 iron-working, 97 Flemish art, 297 Eurasian corridor, 153–54 flint mining, 11 cultural exchange, 168–69 flintlock mechanism, 276 cultural transmission, 159–60 Florence, 195, 199, 203 influence in India, 161 flour mill, 104 Persians, 154–60 flux, 9 steppe cultures, 167 folklore Eurasian Metallurgical Province, 167 terrors of the underworld, 239–44 Europe, 33 fondaco of the Turks at Venice, 33 connections with the Near East, 298 food production metal production in the twelfth century, earliest settlements, 4 215–17 Ford, Henry, 276 migration in the Chalcolithic, 7 forest and forest-steppe cultures, 30 rise of, 298–99 forest-steppe peoples, 31 spread of metal-working, 35–36 France, 5, 274 trading routes in the Bronze Age, 13 industrial activity, 255 European economic expansion, 296–97 Iron Age, 80

Index 337

iron-working, 107–12 Gerzean stage, 27 metal production, 107–12 Gerzeans, 7 Franciscan order, 194, 258 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 199 Frankish miners, 216 Ghosh, A., 162 Franks, 120, 129–30, 132, 144, 171, 189, 217 Gibbon, 117 Frisians, 116 Giblites, 14 fuel Glasgow, 254 amounts required for smelting metals, glass industry, 141 261–62 glass-making, 36 requirements for metal smelting, 265 Venice, 196 search for, 253–54 gold, 25, 55, 79 search for more efficient methods, 264 from Africa, 77 search for oil, 255–56 Jewish traders, 65 Fugger family, 58, 134, 201, 204, 208, 217, Roman supplies of, 26–27 220–21, 289 separation from silver, 200 Transylvania, 16 Gades (Cadiz), Spain, 77 use in the Stone Age, 4 Gaismair, Michael, 220 use in trade with India, 159 Galatia, 112 gold mines, 75 Gandah, Kum, 66 Nubia, 23 gangue, 9, 114 Thrace, 80 Gaul, 116, 123, 131 Wales, 104 Gauls, 107–8 gold-mining Gaza, 65 Africa, 142–43 Geber (Ja¯bir ibn Hayya¯n), 200, 234 Romans, 81 Geertz, Clifford, 98 Goldstone, J., 297 Gellner, Ernest, 298 Gonja people, 20, 43–44, 46, 50 Genghis Khan, 155 Gorgippa, 65 Genizas, 55, 141 Goths, 120–22, 125, 134, 155 Genoa, 190, 192–95, 201 government involvement in commerce, 146 cotton industry, 197 Graecus, Marcus, 257 trade with Egypt, 194 grave goods genre painting metal items in early graves, 21 influence of the Reformation, 278 Great Exhibition, the (1851), 252 Gerar, 87 Great Transformation, the 23 German craftsmen, 199 Greece, 7, 11, 13, 24 German merchants, 217 trading in the Bronze Age, 75 German metal-workers, 226 Greek alphabet, 22 German miners, 216–17, 220, 222–24, 226, spread of, 67 230, 279–80 Greek enterprise German Stu¨ckhofen, 260, 263 Bronze Age, 70 Germanic peoples, 82, 121 Greek Philosophers, 233 Germans, 67, 96, 119, 121, 126, 128–29 Greeks, 69, 73, 77–78, 97–98, 107–8, Germany 187, 250 inventions in the sixteenth century, 205 interest in mines and metal, 80 metal-working and national identity, 224–26 trade in metals, 40 mining expertise (medieval period), 139–40 use of iron and steel, 98 Ruhr coal fields, 255 greenstone (Cornwall), 11 role in development of printing, 204–5 Grimes Graves, East Anglia, 11 technological inventions, 205–7 gun manufacture, 207, 221 tin plate, 264–65 mass-production, 276 trade in the fifteenth century, 204 use of cast iron, 276 trade with Venice, 207–8 Gundeshapur, Khuzistan, 159

338 index

gunpowder, 136, 206–7, 219, 256 horses development of weapons, 257–59 as transport, 50–51 use in mining, 259–60 domestication, 28, 51, 167 Guo Moruo (Kuo Mo-Jo), 175 emergence of the warhorse, 134 Gutenberg, Johannes, 142, 204 use to transport trade goods, 25 Gutium, 67 hospital of St John, Jerusalem, 190 House of Oedipus, 70 Habsburgs, 200 Hsiung-nu, 127 hackbut, 259 Huelva, 72, 77, 101 Hadrian’s Wall, 187 Huguenots, 198 Haldites, 67 Hulegu, 158 Hallstatt culture, 96, 122 humanists, 233, 236 Hallstatt period, 112 Hundred Years War, 274 Hammurabi, 20–21 Hungarian plain, 38 Han dynasty, 165, 170, 176 Hungary, 5, 25, 80, 98, 123, 139 Hanbury, John, 264, 268 Hunger Marches, xi Hannibal, 81, 133 Huns, 122, 126–27, 155, 189 Hanno, 74 Huntsman, 266 Hanseatic League, 261 Hyksos dynasty, 38 Hanseatic merchants, 207, 209 Hapsburgs, 209 Iberia, 7, 27, 75, 77, 79–80 Harappan culture, Indus Valley, 6, 21, 55 Iberian Celts, 122 Harun al-Rashid, 178 Iberians, 107–8 Harz mountains mines, 121, 139, 216, 260 Ibn Battuta, 143, 155 Hasanlu, 87 Iceni, 108 heavy plough, 24 Ilkhans, 145 Henry VI, King of England, 126 Incas, 58, 134 Hephthalites, 127 India, 7, 26, 51, 100, 152, 265, 287 heraldry, 135 and capitalism, 150–51 Hero of Alexandria, 105, 206 caste system, 46 Herodotus, 74, 140 coming of the Bronze Age, 54–57 ‘heroic’ culture, 107–8 coming of the Iron Age, 55 hieroglyphics, 148 Indus Valley, 6, 18–21, 32, 55 high heat technology, 288 introduction of iron, 56–57 Higham, C. F. W., 57 Iron Age, 160–62 high-carbon steel, 171 trade with Romans, 57 Himilco, 74 trading networks, 162–63 Hinduism, 162–63, 184 wootz (crucible steel), 162 Hiram I of Tyre, 70 Indian Ocean trade, 55 Hirschi, C., 224–25 indirect process of making wrought iron, 264 Hittite Empire, 9 Indo-Aryans, 55 Hittite language, 37 Indo-European languages, 154, 167–68 Hittite region, 68 Indo-Iranian languages, 31 Hittites, 17, 22, 36–39, 87 indulgences, 221 hoards of copper ingots, 17 Indus Valley, 20, 32 Hochstetter, Daniel, 221 Harappan culture, 6, 21, 55 Hochstetter, Joachim, 221 pre-Harappan phase, 6 Hodges, R., 81 use of metals, 18–19 Holland, 251, 283 Industrial Revolution, 181, 186, 205, 245, 278, Homans, G. C., 116 297 Hoover, H., 64, 229–31, 244–45 and capitalism, 253 Hoover, L., 64, 229–31, 244–45 Britain, 198 horse-mounted societies, 25 changes for workers, 252, 278–79

Index 339

dominance and colonisation, 272–73 development of, 85–86 dominance of the British iron industry, Etruscans, 97 265–70 France, 107–12 expansion of the iron industry, 255, 272 Greeks, 98 improvement in transport networks, 254 increase from the eleventh century, 132 machinery used, 271–72 Middle Ages, 131, 251 major shifts associated with, 251–53 Mycenaeans, 87 social changes, 278–79 Norway, 106 textile production, 271 properties when heated, 85 use of iron and coal, 251–52 quenching, 85, 87 industry revival in the tenth century, 131–32 and culture, 299–300 role of smiths, 42–44, 46 inheritance law, 146 social and cultural impacts, 112–19 institutional capitalism, 282 spread of, 86–87 inventions, 104–6 spread throughout Europe, 98 Ionia, 36, 75 tempering, 85, 87 Iran, 7, 14, 19, 31, 35, 87, 167 wrought iron, 85–86 Iraq, 87 Isaiah (prophet), 70 iron Ischia, 37 cost of production, 87–88 Isidore of Charax, 57 early production of, 9 Isis, 64 implications of shift from bronze, 39–40 Islam, 60, 117, 140, 155, 160, 163, 179, 184, manufacture of mass goods, 251 188, 230 Iron Age, 5 and the Crusades, 215 ‘barbarian’ peoples, 155 control of learning, 188 Celts, 80 cultural influences in Europe, 211–12 cultural and religious movements, 93–95 spread of, 60, 63, 66, 141, 191 features of Iron Age societies, 182–86 Islamic Renaissance, 147 France, 80 Islamic scholars in India, 55 preservation of classical knowledge, 191 India, 160–62 Islamic world inventions, 104–6 connections with Venice, 190–92 origins of, 62, 153 Israel, 73–74, 215 search for metals in the Mediterranean, Israelites, 70, 74, 76 76–77 Italian merchant cities, 261 spread of knowledge of iron, 75 Italian Renaissance, 147, 188, 206, 215, 236, warrior society, 107–8 297 iron industry Italian republics Britain’s road to dominance, 265–70 trading connections, 188–92 expansion in the Industrial Revolution, 272 Italy, 11, 35, 37–38, 40, 69, 77, 83, 98, 143 iron mines early metal working, 79 mount Trgovi, 122 ivory, 38 iron ore, 85 availability of, 87 Jains, 163 iron-working Japan, 133, 171, 173, 219 Armenia, 36 history of sword-making, 176–77 ‘barbarian’ cultures, 85–106 Jarmo, Kurdistan, 4 bloom iron, 85 Java, 163 Britain, 112–13 Jericho carburization, 85–87 pre-pottery Neolithic, 4 cast iron, 85–86, 132–33 Jerusalem Celts, 96 sacking in 270 ce, 26 China, 85, 170–76, 218–19 Jesuits, 292

340 index

Jewish diaspora, 64 spread of Semitic languages, 67 link with trading, 65–66 spread of the Greek alphabet, 67 Jewish merchants, 144, 190 Languedoc, 125 Jewish settlements, 250 lapis lazuli, 20, 27, 35, 55 Jones, A. H. M., 117 Lawrence, D. H., 242 Judaism, 117, 155, 163, 184, 187–88, 291 lead, 9 control of learning, 188 lead mines spread of, 60, 64 Taurus mountains, 19 Julius Caesar, 113 lead-mining Justinian, 159 Britain, 209 League of Nations, 255 Kanesh, Anatolia, 14–16, 20, 24, 35, 148 learning Kanites, 67 control by Abrahamistic religions, 187–88 Kanligec¸it, 36 Lebanon, 7, 13, 22, 33, 35–36, 68–69 kaolin, 165 Ledderose, L., 179, 282 Karelian culture, 30 Levant, 15–16, 18, 22, 37, 66 Karnataka, 56 Le´vi-Strauss, C., 66, 288 karum system, 25 libraries, 141 Kazakhstan, 10 Libyans, 67, 71 Khusrau, 159 Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G., 117–18 Khvalynsk-Sredny Stog cultures, 31 Lie`ge, 267 kilns Ligbi people, 44 development for metal-working, 4–5 lighthouses, 63 origins of, 4 Liguria, 79 use for smelting copper, 9 Linares, 81 Kition, Cyprus, 68–69, 77 Lipari, 17, 37–38 Klingender, F. D., xvii literacy, 13 knights combining practical and theoretical armour and weaponry, 134–36 knowledge, 235–36 Knights Templar, 192, 215, 263 control by Abrahamistic religions, 187–88 Knossos, 37–38, 75 influence of the Romans, 187 Kohl, P. L., 28 purpose of religious writings, 235–36 Kranich, Burchardt, 264 spread of, 108 Krivoi Rog, 160 Liudprand of Cremona, 105 Ktesibios, 105 LoDagaa people, xiii, 42–44, 46, 49–50, 66, Ku¨ltepe, 24 240, 285–86 Kufic script, 163 Lombards, 189 Kurgan culture, 31 Lombe, John, 198 Kuro-Araks, 30 London, 209, 211 Kythnos, 24 Longshan cultures, 41, 166, 168 Los Pozus de Annibil, 81 La Graufesenque, 109 lost wax (cire perdue) process, 8 La Te`ne culture, 96, 112 Lothal, Gujarat, 21 La Te`ne, Switzerland, 107 Lucca, 196–98, 219 land ownership Luther, Martin, 233 impact of plough farming, 47–50 Lutherans, 227 land rights Luvian language, 37 and mineral rights, 22 Lydia, Asia Minor, 77 landlords origins of, 22 Macedonians, 67, 80 Lane, F. C., xvii Macfarlane, Alan, 298 languages machinery of the Industrial Revolution, spread of Biblical Aramaic, 67 271–72

Index 341

Mackworth, Humphrey, 253 megalithic grave complex, 55 Magan (Oman), 19–21 Mehrgarh, 54 magic and science, 286 Meluhha, Pakistan, 20–21 Magna Graecia, 70, 107 Memphis, 71 Maikop culture, 31 Menes, 14 mail coach age, 254 merchant-bankers, 266 majolica, 178, 196 merchants Malacca, 150 exchange economy in the Near East, 143 Malaysia, 163 metal trade specialists, 13 Malinowski, Bronisław, 285 Merchants’ Guide, 144 malleable iron, 269 mercury (quicksilver), 140, 200, 289 Malta, 69, 77, 82 Mesopotamia, 6, 8, 27, 49, 55, 128, 149 Malthus, T. R., 252, 281, 283, 299 Bronze Age trade routes, 13–21 Mamluks, 155, 158, 193, 195–96, 200–1 sea trade, 36 Mamprusi, 50 Mesopotamian traders, 22 Mani, 159 Metal Age Manichaeism, 188, 231 route of spread, 40 Manishtushu, 21 metal artefacts Mansa Musa, 143 manufacture of symbols of power, 17 Marcomanni, 123 metal goods Margiana, 41 increasing demand for, 251 Mari, 22 metal-mining market economy European metal production in the twelfth in the Near East, 143 century, 215–17 Phoenicians, 71 search for sources of metals, 214 Marseilles, 73, 107, 190, 195 metal production martensite, 87 south of France, 107–12 Martial, 109 technological developments, 200 Marx, Karl, 290, 299 metal technology mass-production, 288 transfer of, 62 Massa Marittima, 217 metal trade matchlock mechanism, 259 interaction with ‘barbarian’ societies, 62 mathematics with Europe, 35–36 development of, 147–48 metal use Mathesius, 240 spread in Europe, 17 matrilineal societies, 52–53 metal weapons and tools, 28, 37 Mature Indus Civilisation, 55 transfer of technology, 62 Mauss, Marcel, 7 metal working Maya, 58 diffusionist view, 27–32 Mazdaism, 64 independent invention view, 27–32 McAdam, John, 254 spread in the Mediterranean, 33–35 Medes, 67, 153 spread through Europe, 35–36 mediaeval heavy horsemen metallurgy armour and weaponry, 134–36 consequences of the fall of Rome, 120–21 Medici bank, 209 development in Anatolia, 15–16 Mediterranean development in the Bronze Age, 32 Bronze Age trade routes, 13–21, 75–77 early development and spread, 10–11 recovery in the post-Roman period, 189 lack of early publications about, 232 search for metals in the Iron Age, 76–77 specialist occupations, 42–50 spread of metal-working, 33–35 spread of knowledge in the Chalcolithic, 6 Mediterranean societies metals specialization in traded goods, 97–98 advantages over stone and bone, 11 use of maritime transport, 97–98 asymmetrical exchange, 7

342 index

metals (cont.) monotheism, 60, 117, 125, 183–84, 187–88 concerns about harm caused by, 140 Montagne Noire, 109–11 implications of trade in, 7 Montesquieu, C. L., 118 long-distance trade in the Bronze Age, 11–21 Moore, Henry, 242 spiritual beliefs associated with, 239–44 Moors, 126 spread of use worldwide, 54 Morocco, 71 metals, search for Mother Earth concept, 239 Bronze Age, 62–63, 249–50 mother-of-pearl, 20 developments fueled by, 286 mounted pastoral nomadism, 28 drive of increasing demand, 251 Mozarabs, 125 influence of interactions, 295 Mu¨nster, Sebastian, 224–25 problem of resource depletion, 250 Murano glass, 214, 219, 229 widening search for supplies, 58–61 musket, 256, 276 Metcalf, John, 254 Muslim Abbasids, 163 Middle Ages, 15, 85, 111 Muslim conquests, 63–82 iron technology, 131 Muslim ideas middle classes, 41 spread of, 21 Miletus, 37–38 Muslim scimitars, 133 military industrialisation, 276 Muslims mills, 104, 132, 141, 172, 201, 264–65, 271 conflict with Byzantium, 63–82 mineral rights conflict with Christians, 63–82 and land rights, 22 Mycenae, 16, 25, 37–39 Ming dynasty, 156, 218 Mycenaeanized Sea Peoples, 39 mining Mycenaeans, 71, 78, 80, 87, 101, 249 deep gallery mining, 39 ‘myth’ deep-mining, 45, 62 and religion, 66 early shallow mining, 5 economic exploitation of miners, 237–39 Nabateans, 65 in the Neolithic, 11 Namazga IV culture, 41 invention of new machinery, 244–45 Napoleon, 256 Roman exploitation of Spanish mines, Napoleonic Wars, 276 100–1 Naram-Sin of Akkad, 36 spiritual beliefs associated with, 239–44 Narbonne, 109–11 technological developments, 200 Nasrid rulers, Granada, 192 terrors of the underworld, 239–44 Near East tin mining (Late Bronze Age), 10 Bronze Age developments, 32 use of explosives, 259–60 Bronze Age trade routes, 13–21 Minoans, 36–37, 75–76, 78 changes in the Bronze Age, 13 Mintz, S. W., 144 comparison with China, 180–81 Mithras, 64 connections with Europe, 298 modern world economic decline, 202 alternating course of development, 285–99 factors in non-development of alternating development between east and capitalism, 143 west, 291–95 gold trade with Africa, 142–43 alternating spheres of progress towards, xv post-Roman period, 188–89 and capitalism, 280–81 post-Roman trading and banking, 140–43 Bronze Age foundations, 285 replacement of copper with bronze, 9 development of, 249–81 trade in European iron goods, 271 development of communication, 252 wider perspective on, 295–96 long-term processes leading to, 291–95 Nebuchadnezzar, 21, 68 Mongolia, 25, 168 Necho, Pharaoh, 74 Mongols, 129, 145, 155, 158, 169, 193–94, 226, Needham, J., xvii, 150, 169, 172, 174, 219, 223, 258, 292 236, 257, 285, 291

Index 343

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 150 Ortoq merchants, 155 Neolithic, 6, 9, 47, 166 Ottomans, 195, 201–2, 211, 259, 274 in Europe, 79 mining for stone, 11 Padua, 143, 210–11, 234 pre-pottery stage, 4 Paestum, 70 spread of farming cultures, 7–8 Pakistan, 6 use of fire, 5 Paleolithic Neoplatonism, 231, 234 use of fire, 5 Nestorian Christianity, 155, 159 Palestine, 7, 31, 68, 74, 76, 87, Nestorius, Archbishop, 126 158, 215 Netherlands Palmyra, 65 industrial activity, 255 Panticapaeum, 65 New Carthage, 249 paper making, 141–42, 196 New World paper money, 145 metals from, 133 Paris, Matthew, 224 Newcomen, Thomas, 245, 254, 260, Parthian period, 41 268 Parthians, 57, 153, 158–59 Newton, Isaac, 285 participant observation method, 290 nickel, 31 patrilineal societies, 52–53 nickel-bronze, 10 pattern-welding, 130 Nile delta, 7 Pax Tartarica, 169 Nile Valley, 18, 32 Pekin man, 164 Nimes, 109 Peleseti, 74 Nineveh, 35 period of Disunion (220–589), 153 Nobel, Alfred, 260 Peripatetics, 233 non-Conformists, 256 Persia, 6, 65, 100, 127–28, 145, 202 Nora stone, 77 Persians, 67, 70, 80, 98, 154–60, 232 Noricum, Austria, 100, 103, 106, 112, 115, Petra, 57, 65 120, 122 pewter, 218, 264–65 Normandy, 129 Phanageria, 65 Normans, 130–31 Pharisees, 117 Norsemen, 128–29 Philip of Macedonia, 80 North America Philistines, 67–68, 74, 76 search for metals, 277 Philo of Byzantium, 105 northern Europe Phocaea, 70, 193 trade with Italian republics, 208–11 Phoenicia, 13–14, 22, 36, 66 Norway Phoenician art iron-working, 106 influences, 23 Nubian gold, 23, 27, 142 Phoenicians, 15, 18, 38, 40, 67–78, 80, 108, Nubians, 67 240, 249 Nuremberg, 208, 217, 220, 264 Photius, 237 Phrygia, 87 obsidian, 11, 37 Phrygian horsemen, 68 Ohalo, Israel, 4 Phrygians, 25, 39 oil industry pig-iron, 229 search for oil, 255–56 pilgrimages, 163, 192 olive oil trade, 14 and the Crusades, 215 Olmecs, 58 Pippin, son of Charlemagne, 190 Oman, 19–20, 27 Pirenne, 81 Ophir, 70 piston-pump with valves, 104 ores Plague, the, 184 metal extraction techniques, 62–63 Pliny, 81, 245 Orthodox Christianity, 159 Pliny the Elder, 100, 140

344 index

plough querns, 51 invention of, 13 Quibilai Khan, 158 plough farming, 47–50, 132, 175 Quran, 140 Poland, 5 Polanyi, 72, 146, 148, 280, 287 Radhanites, 144 Poliochni, Lemos, 24 Railway Age, 245 Polo, Marco, 150, 178, 194, 205, 226 railways, 269, 276–77 polytheism, 184 Rajputana, 55 Pontic region, 7, 64–65, 122 Ratdolt, Erhard, 204 Pope Ravenna, 223 ban on trading with the ‘heathen’, 67 Ray, H. P., 20–21 religious embargoes on trade, 194–95 Re´aumur, 266 restrictions on trading, 226–28 Reformation, 277–78 porcelain, 155–58, 178–79 removal of church decoration, 279 porcelain production, 177–81, 196 Regensburg, 217 Portuguese, 201–2, 222 religion Portuguese tin mines, 35 and ‘myth’, 66 pottery and science, 297 Chinese technology, 178–79 and trade, 141 evidence of Bronze Age trading association with teaching, 54 relationships, 69 influence of trade on spread, 63–71 origins of kilns, 4 merchant travellers, 163 pre-pottery Neolithic, 4 movements between east and west, 291 trade in, 7 pilgrimages, 163 use of copper in glazes, 6 spread associated with search for metals, use of the wheel, 51 58–61 Poussin, Nicholas, 297 spread of, 141 power transmission through shafts and views of women, 184 gear-wheels, 104 religious art, 297 Prague, 228 religious confict precious metals Muslim conflict with Byzantium, 63–82 as a standard of value, 25–26 religious controls coinage, 25–26 prohibition on lending money on pre-pottery Neolithic, 4 interest, 146 printing, 204–5 religious intolerance, 125 use of metal type, 205 religious teaching printing press, 142–43 control of literacy and learning, 187–88 profit theory, 15 religious writings property rights, 282 purpose of, 235–36 Protestant church, 277–78 Renaissance, 87, 291–92 effects of the Reformation, 279 Renaissance in Europe, 61 Protestant ethic, 144, 281 Renaissance man, 235 Protestants, 50, 67, 220, 233, 259 Renfrew, Colin, 10, 27–28, 78 proto-Chalcolithic, 79 resource capitalism, 255, 282 puddling furnace, 255 resource depletion, 265 puddling process, 147, 274 reverberating furnace, 266 Punt, 18 Rhodes, 37–38 Puritanism, 279 Richards, Audrey, 52 Pyramids of Egypt Rio Tinto, 101, 245 construction of, 8 Roger II of Norman Sicily, 197 Roman Empire Quakers, 256 consequence of the fall of, 81–82 quenching of iron, 85, 87 defence of frontiers, 127–28

Index 345

mining and use of metals, 80–82 scientific tradition spread of written culture, 187 importance of writing, 236–37 Romania, 30 Scipio, 99 Romans, 60, 69, 97, 162, 250 Scottish Enlightenment, 254 causes of the fall of Rome, 115–19 scratch plough (ard), 17 iron production in Britain, 113–16 Scythians, 153, 160, 170, 173 metal body armour, 96–97 Sea Peoples, 23, 68–69, 73–74, 76 mining and metal working, 98–106 sea-power roads and bridges, 51 and cannons, 274–76 settlements in southern France, 109 sea trade, 36 slavery, 103 seals, 41, 75 trade with India, 57 Se´billot, Paul, 239 widespread use of metals, 26–27 Second World War, 276 Rome, 143 Segal, Clancy, xi fall of, 67, 120–21 Seima-Turbino culture, 96, 167 sacking of, 112, 123 Seima-Turbino languages, 31 Roover, R. de, 149 Seima-Turbino people, 10 Rostovtzeff, 82 Seleucids, 153, 158 Royal Institution, 256 Semitic Aramaic, 161 Ruhr coal fields, 255 Semitic Carthaginians, 64 Rus (Swedes), 129–30 Semitic languages Russia, 129, 168, 251 spread of, 67 Russian Alaska, 251 Semitic merchants Jewish trading colonies, 21 Safavids, 259 Semitic peoples of Mesopotamia, saffron, 189 74 St. Albans (Albano), 64 Serapis, 64 St. Augustine, 187–88, 231–32 Serenissima, 190 St. Columba, 187 seric iron, 115 St. John’s College, Cambridge, xvii, 276 settlement St. Mark, 190, 194 animals associated with, 4 Sako Scythians, 57 earliest food producing settlements, 4 Saladin, 158, 194–95, 202 Sevastopol, 65 Salamis, 77, 80 Shang culture, 166, 169–70 saltpetre, 206 Shang dynasty, 165, 178 samurai sword, 177 Shapur, 159 Sardinia, 17, 37, 39, 69, 77, 193 Sheffield steel, 265 Sargon II of Assyria, 77 shell money, 26 Sargon, king of Akkad, 16, 20–21, 23–24, 67, 71 Shinto religion, 177 Sasanian dynasty, 127 ship construction, 222 Sasanians, 153, 159, 162 Sialk, 7 Savery, Thomas, 254 Sialk III, 51 Saxon lode (copper), 17 Sicily, 37, 69, 82–83 Saxon miners, 139–40 Sidon, 68, 70, 249 Saxons, 123, 131, 135, 240 Siemens-Martin procedure, 266 Saxony, 78 silk industry, 112 Scandinavia, 35, 38 European production, 196–200 Scargill, Arthur, xi Silk Road, 153–54, 202 Schliemann, Heinrich, 24 opening after the Crusades, 194 Schwaz, 224 silk trade, 141, 159, 194, 201 science silver, 9, 23, 25, 77, 82 and magic, 286 separation of other metals, 200 and religion, 297 use in trade with China, 156, 159

346 index

silver mines Spanish Armada, 274 Athens, 80 Spanish California, 251 Bolivia, 134 specialist occupations, 42–50 Europe, 216 specialization Harz Mountains, 121 and economic stratification, 97–98 Spain, 81, 101 and stratification of society, 117–18 Taurus mountains, 15–16, 19 Spina, 223 Thrace, 80 spirituality silver trade beliefs associated with metals and mining, prominence of Venice, 139 239–44 Sinai, 18, 22, 27, 35 Sri Lanka, 162 Sinai mines, 23 Srubnaya culture, 167 slag, 9 St Albans, 64 slave trade, 220 Stanford, Leyland, 276 slavery, 103 state involvement in commerce, 146 Smith, Adam, 46, 179, 282–83 steam engine, 255, 268–69 smithying steam power, 267 popular beliefs about, 242 steel, 86 soap, 196 steel-making, 115, 171–72, 229–30, 265–66, Socatra, 65 268–69 social development Stephenson, George, 245, 253, 268 and the search for metals, 58–61 steppe and forest-steppe peoples, 31 closed groups of specialists, 46–47 steppe cultures, 167 consequences of the use of iron, 112–19 Stone Age, 4 economic stratification, 48–50, 54 Strabo, 245 elite control of copper, 54 Stu¨ckofen, 229 features of Iron Age societies, 182–86 Stu¨ckhofen furnace, 229 impacts of the Industrial Revolution, 278–79 Sugar, 196 influences of the Bronze Age, 52 Sultan Djakmak, 195 matrilineal societies, 52–53 Sumer, Mesopotamia, 6, 40 patrilineal societies, 52–53 Sumeria, 16 plough farming, 47–50 Sumerian city states, 11 specialist occupations, 42–50 Sumerians, 78, 96 transportation, 51–52 Sunnis, 188, 191–92 use of animal power, 47–52 Susa, Persia, 6, 31 use of simple machines, 52 Sutton Hoo, 120 use wheeled transport, 50–51 Sweden, 87, 126, 278 social differentiation iron production, 265 Early Bronze Age, 36 Swedes, 131 Socotra, 33 sword-making, 130 Sogdian merchants, 154 diffusion of knowledge, 171 Solomon, 105, 240–41 Japan, 176–77 Sombart, Werner, 290 Spain, 133–34 Song dynasty, 179 symbols of wealth South America, 134, 251 creation in metals, 13 search for metals, 57–58, 277 Synesius of Cyrenaica, 126 space programme, 292 synoecism, 58 Spain, 35, 70, 249–50 Syria, 6, 14, 16, 19–20, 57, 66, 83, 105, 144–45 metal mines, 126 Syros, 36 Phoenician colony, 75 Roman mining for metals, 100–1 Tagort, 65 silver mines, 81 Tamil Nadu, 56 sword-making tradition, 133–34 Tang dynasty, 154, 165, 172, 178

Index 347

Tang pottery, 178 trade Taranto, 37 influence on spread of religions, 63–71 Tarim Basin, 168 long-distance routes of the Chalcolithic, Taurus highlands of Anatolia, 6 6–8 Taurus mountains, 14 long-distance trade in the Bronze Age, lead mines, 19 11–21 metal mines, 34, 36 trade in metals silver mines, 15–16, 19 centralised control, 19–21 tin mines, 16 trade networks Tavistock Institute, xi Bronze Age, 15–17 teachers of the written word, 54 trade routes Tell Abraq, 19 tin (Late Bronze Age), 10 Tell el-Amarna, 76 trading tempering of iron, 85, 87 ‘barbarian’ adoption of ‘civilised’ Temple methods, 67 building and restoration, 74 trading colonies destruction of (73ce), 65 establishment of, 36 terra sigillata pottery, 101 trading posts, 33 textile industry trading settlements Europe, 196–200 Bronze Age, 15 technological advances in Europe, 201 transport textile production horse transport, 50–51 effects of the Industrial Revolution, 271 use of animal power, 13 thalers, 232 wheeled transport, 50–51 Thales, 69 transport networks Thapar, Romila, 26 demands of the Industrial Revolution, Thebes, 71 254 Theophilus, 230, 232, 234–35 Transylvania, 16, 35, 123, 139 Thermi, Lesbos, 24 treadle loom, 201 Thomasian Christianity, 163 Trevithick, Richard, 245, 268 Thrace, 36 Troad, 10 gold and silver mines, 80 Troy, 13, 16, 24–25, 35–38, 40, 75–76, 78 Thracians, 25 Tudor period, 251, 260, 264, 283 Thucydides, 80 Tumulus culture, 17–18 Tien Shan, 10 Tumulus period, 107 Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria, 68 Tunisia, 71, 83 Timbuktu, 65 Turcoman tribes, 202 tin, 5, 9–10, 25, 38, 55 Turco-Persians, 202 from Afghanistan, 27 Turkey, 25 from Anatolia, 27 Turkic peoples, 154 from Britain, 71, 75, 78 Turkish archers, 256 Late Bronze Age trade routes, 10 Turkish empire, 154 tin-bronze, 9–10, 15–16, 19, 31, 35 Turkmenistan, 40–41 tin mines Turks, 155, 171, 203, 222, 257, 259 Britain, 101 Tuscany, 37, 79 Cornwall, 120 Tylecote, R. F., xvii Europe, 35 Tyre, 23, 36, 64, 66, 68–71, 73, 77, 196, Taurus mountains, 16 240, 249 tin-mining, 224 Tyrolean mines, 200, 220–21 tin-plate, 218, 264–65 tobacco trade, 254 Ugarit, 13, 15, 22, 36–37, 68, 249 Toledo, Spain, 133 Uighur caravaners, 155 Toulouse, 109, 123, 125 Ukraine, 226

348 index

Umayyad rulers, Southern Spain, 192 trade with Egypt, 195–96 Una-Japra-Sana valley, 122 trade with northern Europe, 207–11 United States, 251 trading on the Silk Road, 202 Upper Mesopotamia, 145 Verona, 226 Ur, 31, 35 Vienna, 78, 217 Ural-Altaic peoples, 154 Vikings, 106, 128–31, 171 Urals Visigoths, 107, 109, 120–27 source of metals, 25 Vladimir I of Bulgaria, 123 Urartians, 68 Volsques Tectosages, 123 Urban Revolution, 11, 54, 60 urbanisation, 6, 53, 108 Wagner, D. B., xvii, 170, 172–73 Urnfield culture, 39 Wales, 103 Uruk, 6–7, 36, 147–48 gold-mining, 104 Uruk period, 20 Wallerstein, I., 287 Uzbekistan, 173 Walter de Milemete, 136 Uzbeks, 259 war over commerce, 16 Valens, Emperor, 134 use of animal labour, 13 Vandals, 107, 123, 125 Ward-Perkins, B., 116–17, 149 Venetians in Constantinople, 33 warfare Venice, 129, 143, 146–47, 149, 194 Akkadian conquests, 23–24 accommodations for traders, 192 associated with metals in the Bronze Age, armed support for trading ships, 151 23–24 artistic centre, 228 introduction of heavy weapons, artistic culture, 207–8 273–74 banking system, 203–4 metal weapons and armour, 37 colonies and trading ports, 202–3 shifting traditions, 256–61 conflicts with the Catholic church, 226–28 warhorse connections with the Islamic world, 190–92 emergence of, 134 cultural developments, 204–5 warrior society of the Iron Age, 107–8 demand for wood, 228–29 water-clock, 105 depletion of surrounding forests, 228–29 water-powered bellows, 123, 132, 264 effects of the Crusades, 192–93 water-powered machinery, 132, 172, 175, 201, exports, 199 264, 271 financial system, 203–4 water-wheel, 104, 245 German merchants, 217 Watt, James, 245, 266, 268, 274 glass industry, 141 wealth glass-making, 196 creation of symbols in metals, 13 impact of Atlantic trade, 228 weapons made of metal, 96–97 interest in the Tyrolean mines, 220–21 weapons trade, 129–31 metal trade, 219 weavers’ loom, 51 own industries, 219–20 weaving, 201 pilgrims and the Crusades, 215 Weber, Max, 143, 281, 290, 299 printing and publishing, 204–5 Wedgwood, Josiah, 254 rise to commercial prominence, 139, 143, Wengrow, D., xii 189–91, 214–16 wheel role in the revival of Europe, 212–13 invention of, 51 silk trade, 197–200 range of applications, 51 state-controlled fleet, 215 wheeled transport, 50–51, 167 technological developments, 205–6 Whitehouse, D., 81 trade and influences from the east, 214–16, Whittaker, C. R., 72 232 William of Rubruck, 194, 226 trade in metals, 200 windlass, 104

Index 349

wine trade, 36, 73, 78 written communication women combining practical and theoretical and democracy, 184 knowledge, 235–36 view of different religions, 184 written culture wool trade, 193, 196 influence of the Romans, 187 wootz steel, 130, 150, 162 wrought iron, 85–86, 147, 165, 170, 229 work Wyatt, Mathew Digby, 252 division of labour, 46 Wrigley, E. A., 151, 255 Yamnaya (Pit Grave) culture, 167 writing, 11 Yarranton, Andrew, 264 and the scientific tradition, 236–37 Yellow River Valley, China, 32, 160, 164, cuneiform script, 148 169–70, 181 development in relation to trade, Yemen, 66 147–48 Young, Arthur, 283 early alphabetic system, 23 Yue-chi, 57 invention of, 13–14 Yugoslavia, 10 spread of, 60, 75 writing systems Zagros mountains, 153–54 development of, 22 Zagros-Luristan highlands, 6 impacts of use of writing, 54 Zen Buddhism, 177 Linear A, 37 zinc, 199 Linear B, 37–38 zinc trade, 218 Minoans, 37 Zoroastrianism, 64, 155, 159