DOCSLIB.ORG

The Origin of the Indo-Iranians

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Origin of the Indo-Iranians CONTENTS Introduction xi PART ONE THE ANDRONOVO CULTURAL ENTITY Chapter 1: History of Research on the Andronovo Culture 3 Chapter 2: Methodological Aspects of Ethnocultural Reconstruction 9 Chapter 3: Classification of Sites and the Primary Features of Andronovo Unity 17 Petrovka 19 Alakul' 20 Fedorovo 23 Sol'-Iletsk 26 Kozhumberdy 27 Atasu 27 Amangel'dy 28 Tautary 29 Semirech'e 29 Chapter 4: Settlements and Domestic Architecture 31 Settlements and houses 31 House-plan 36 House Type I 40 House Type II 60 House Type III 66 Chapter 5: Ceramics 67 Petrovka 68 Alakul' 69 Fedorovo 71 Mixed types 74 Alekseevka 75 Dongal 77 Dandybay 78 Chapter 6: Mining, Metallurgy and the Metal Industry 85 Chapter 7: Textiles and Dress 101 Chapter 8: Transport 107 Vehicles 107 Chariots of the Eurasian steppe 109 Cheek-pieces 115 Frontlet 131 The tactics of chariot warfare and horse riding 131 CONTENTS viii Chapter 9: Economy 141 Farming 141 Stockbreeding 146 The Indo-Iranian economy 157 Chapter 10: The Ethnogenesis of the Indo-Iranians and the Ethnic Attribution of the Andronovo Culture 163 The retrospective approach 163 The evidence of material culture 164 Chapter 11: Verification of the Hypothesis 169 Anthropological evidence 169 Toponymic evidence for the Indo-Iranian homeland 173 Indo-Iranian traditions on the homeland 174 Art and mythology 175 Some mythological representations 183 Chapter 12: Mortuary Practice 185 Chapter 13: Indo-Iranian Contacts with Other Linguistic Groups 199 Indo-Iranians and Finno-Ugrians 199 Indo-Iranians and Greeks 204 Chapter 14: Conclusions to Part One 205 PART TWO THE MIGRATIONS OF TRIBES AND THEIR CULTURES IN CENTRAL ASIA Chapter 15: Cultures of Central Asia in the 4th-3rd Millennia BC 211 Chapter 16: The Indo-Aryan Migration and the First Stage of the Andronovo Migration to the South 217 The problem of migration 217 Migration in the Eurasian Steppe and neighboring regions 220 The first stage of Andronovo migration 220 Chapter 17: The Agricultural Tribes of South Central Asia in the 2nd Millennium BC 225 Chapter 18: The Occupation of Central Asia by Pastoral Tribes 229 The first Indo-Aryan migration to the south 229 The second stage of Andronovo migration 234 Chapter 19: The Settlement of Pastoral Tribes in Central Asia 237 The Tazabagyab culture: The Aral Sea Littoral variant 238 The Tazabagyab culture: The Lower Zeravshan variant 240 Sites of the Central Zeravshan 240 The Tashkent Oasis 241 The Timber-grave culture 241 Fedorovo type sites of the Andronovo culture 242 Andronovo sites of the Fedorovo type in Kirgizia 242 The Semirech'e-Fergana type 243 Sites of the North-eastern Tian-Shan 246 Sites of southern Fergana 247 Fergana valley: Late sites of the Kayrak-Kum type 248 Chapter 20: Relation of the Andronovans with the Population of Xinjiang and Central Asia 251 ix CONTENTS Chapter 21: Cultures of Northern Bactria in the Late Bronze Age 267 BMAC sites in Uzbekistan 267 Northern Bactria and Tadzhikistan 271 BMAC sites in Tadzhikistan 271 Bishkent-Vaksh culture 275 The Andronovo culture in Tadzhikistan 278 Andronovo sites of the Pamirs 285 The Andronovo culture in southern Bactria 286 The culture of the Barbarian Occupation Period 289 Chapter 22: Trans-Caspia and Turkmenia 291 PART THREE THE GENESIS OF THE DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF INDO-IRANIANS Chapter 23: Modern State of the Problem of Indo-Iranian Origins 297 Chapter 24: The Genesis of the Dards and Nuristani 307 Chapter 25: The Genesis of the Indo-Aryans 321 Is Vedic archaeology possible? 322 The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture 323 The Andronovo culture 325 Settlements and dwellings 326 Ceramics 327 Metal articles 328 Horses and chariots in Hindustan 329 Burial rite 339 The Andronovo burial rite 340 Burial rites in Baluchistan 342 Burial rites in the Harappan civilization 342 Burials in the post-Harappan cultures of North-Western India 343 Anthropological and genetic data 345 PART FOUR THE GENESIS OF THE IRANIANS Chapter 26: The Genesis of the Iranians 349 The history of research on the Timber-grave culture 349 The culture of the Eurasian steppes in the Final Bronze Age 358 The genesis of the West Iranians 367 The genesis of Eastern-Iranian nomadic peoples: the Scythians and the Saka 379 The anthropological data 383 The formation of the Scythian complex 388 The genesis of the Eastern Iranians of South Central Asia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan 413 The formation of the farming culture of the Iranian-speaking peoples in North Central Asia 436 The Chust culture 437 The Burgulyuk culture 441 The problem of the date of Zarathustra 448 CONTENTS X Conclusion 451 Post Scriptum 458 APPENDICES Appendix I: The Chronology of the Andronovo Culture 459 The methods of determining chronology 459 The new radiocarbon dates of the steppe cultures 460 The European line of synchronization 461 The South-Asian line of synchronization 462 The Chinese line of synchronization 464 Conclusion 465 Appendix II: Radiocarbon dates 467 BIBLIOGRAPHY 477 MAPS 583 FIGURES 609 INDEX 731.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia
    ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5 ANCIENT IRANIAN NOMADS IN. 1 ANCIENT IRANIAN NOMADS IN WESTERN CENTRAL ASIA* A. Abetekov and H. Yusupov Contents Literary sources on the ancient Iranian nomads of Central Asia ............ 25 Society and economy of the Iranian nomads of Central Asia .............. 26 Culture of the Iranian nomads of Central Asia ..................... 29 The territory of Central Asia, which consists of vast expanses of steppe-land, desert and semi-desert with fine seasonal pastures, was destined by nature for the development of nomadic cattle-breeding. Between the seventh and third centuries b.c. it was inhabited by a large number of tribes, called Scythians by the Greeks, and Sakas by the Persians. The history of the Central Asian nomads is inseparable from that of the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppe zone. Their political and economic life was closely linked, and their material culture had much in common. It should also be noted that, despite their distinctive qualities, the nomadic tribes were closely connected with the agricultural population of Central Asia. In fact, the history and movements of these nomadic tribes and the settled population cannot be considered in isolation; each had its impact on the other, and this interdependence must be properly understood. * See Map 1. 24 ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5 Literary sources on the ancient Iranian. Literary sources on the ancient Iranian nomads of Central Asia The term ‘Tura’¯ 1 is the name by which the Central Asian nomadic tribes were in one of the earliest parts of the Avesta. The Turas¯ are portrayed as enemies of the sedentary Iranians and described, in Yašt XVII (prayer to the goddess Aši), 55–6, as possessing fleet-footed horses.2 As early as 641 or 640 b.c.
    [Show full text]
  • M. Witzel (2003) Sintashta, BMAC and the Indo-Iranians. a Query. [Excerpt
    M. Witzel (2003) Sintashta, BMAC and the Indo-Iranians. A query. [excerpt from: Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia] (to appear in : Sino-Platonic Papers 129) Transhumance, Trickling in, Immigration of Steppe Peoples There is no need to underline that the establishment of a BMAC substrate belt has grave implications for the theory of the immigration of speakers of Indo-Iranian languages into Greater Iran and then into the Panjab. By and large, the body of words taken over into the Indo-Iranian languages in the BMAC area, necessarily by bilingualism, closes the linguistic gap between the Urals and the languages of Greater Iran and India. Uralic and Yeneseian were situated, as many IIr. loan words indicate, to the north of the steppe/taiga boundary of the (Proto-)IIr. speaking territories (§2.1.1). The individual IIr. languages are firmly attested in Greater Iran (Avestan, O.Persian, Median) as well as in the northwestern Indian subcontinent (Rgvedic, Middle Vedic). These materials, mentioned above (§2.1.) and some more materials relating to religion (Witzel forthc. b) indicate an early habitat of Proto- IIr. in the steppes south of the Russian/Siberian taiga belt. The most obvious linguistic proofs of this location are the FU words corresponding to IIr. Arya "self-designation of the IIr. tribes": Pre-Saami *orja > oarji "southwest" (Koivulehto 2001: 248), ārjel "Southerner", and Finnish orja, Votyak var, Syry. ver "slave" (Rédei 1986: 54). In other words, the IIr. speaking area may have included the S. Ural "country of towns" (Petrovka, Sintashta, Arkhaim) dated at c.
    [Show full text]
  • Ulug-Depe and the Transition Period from Bronze Age to Iron Age in Central Asia
    Ulug-depe and the transition period from Bronze Age to Iron Age in Central Asia. A tribute to V.I. Sarianidi Johanna Lhuillier To cite this version: Johanna Lhuillier. Ulug-depe and the transition period from Bronze Age to Iron Age in Central Asia. A tribute to V.I. Sarianidi . Dubova, N.A., Antonova, E.V., Kozhin, P.M., Kosarev, M.F., Muradov, R.G., Sataev, R.M. & Tishkin A.A. Transactions of Margiana Archaeological Expedition, To the memory of Professor Viktor Sarianidi, 6, Staryj Sad, pp.509-521, 2016, 978-5-89930-150-6. halshs-01534928 HAL Id: halshs-01534928 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01534928 Submitted on 8 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N.N. MIKLUKHO-MAKLAY INSTITUTE OF ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES MARGIANA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION ALTAY STATE UNIVERSITY TRANSACTIONS OF MARGIANA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION Volume 6 To the Memory of Professor Victor Sarianidi Editorial board N.A. Dubova (editor in chief), E.V. Antonova, P.M. Kozhin, M.F. Kosarev, R.G. Muradov, R.M. Sataev, A.A. Tishkin Moscow 2016 Туркменистан, Гонур-депе, 9 октября 2005 г.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Archeological Discoveries Related to the First Urban Culture of the Fergana Valley
    CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 72-75, June 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-16 ISSN 2767-472X ©2021 Master Journals Accepted 25th June, 2021 & Published 30thJune, 2021 HISTORY OF ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES RELATED TO THE FIRST URBAN CULTURE OF THE FERGANA VALLEY Abdumuxtor Abduxalimovich Khakimov Ph.D, Senior Lecturer Of The Department Of History Of Uzbekistan, Andijan State University Ubaydullo Ibrokhimjon Ogli Komilov 1st-Year Master Degree Of The Department Of History Of Uzbekistan, Andijan State University ABSTRACT The article describes the emergence and development stages of the first cities in the Fergana Valley. Also, the history of archeological discoveries related to the first urban culture of the Fergana Valley is analyzed, taking into account that the scientific study and analysis of these issues can be carried out only due to archaeological research. KEYWORDS: - Central Asia, Fergana Valley, Southern Turkmenistan, Pamir-Alay, Pamir-Fergana, Chust culture, Khasan, Dalvarzin, Ashkaltepa, Khojambog, Eilaton, Markhamat. the last century and 1933-1934 B.A. Latin INTRODUCTION distinguished four stages of the material culture of the Fergana Valley [1.134-141]. The emergence and stages of development of the first cities in the Fergana Valley, the problems of During archeological excavations during the history and culture of the first cities are construction of the Greater Fergana Canal in important issues in the history of the 1939, TG Oboldueva identified Bronze Age Motherland. Given that the scientific study and artifacts (fragments of pottery, stoneware, analysis of these issues can be carried out only bronze knives) and compared them with objects due to archaeological research, we found it of material culture in Turkmenistan (Nov I) [2.7- necessary to briefly dwell on the history of 10].
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Views on the Emergence and Development of Agricultural Crop in Southern Uzbekistan
    The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: October 31, 2020 | Pages: 339-351 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue10-56 OCLC - 1121105668 Basic Views On The Emergence And Development Of Agricultural Crop In Southern Uzbekistan Tokhir Norkobilov Husanovich Researcher, State Museum Of History Of Uzbekistan Journal Website: http://usajournalshub.c om/index,php/tajssei Copyright: Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. ABSTRACT This article discusses the main views on the emergence and development of agricultural culture in Southern Uzbekistan. The question of the emergence of agriculture in southern Uzbekistan has been considered by researchers in connection with the history of the Bronze Age cultures of Northern Afghanistan and Southern Turkmenistan, as they have common developmental laws and historical roots. The study of the Namazgah cultures in southern Turkmenistan, the Dashtli cultures in northern Afghanistan, and the Sapalli cultures in southern Uzbekistan is one of the most important discoveries in Central Asian archeology and contains a wealth of scientific information on the history of the Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age, the areas where farmers lived were expanded by developing new lands. In these processes, migration is especially important - the migration of the population from one region to another and the emergence of agricultural culture in the Margiana and Bactria regions were associated with migration. According to the analyzed data, the main points of scientific views on the emergence and development of agricultural culture in Southern Uzbekistan are based on the theory of migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Proto-Iranians of Afghanistan As Initiators of Sakta Tantrism: on the Scythian/Saka Affiliation of the Dasas, Nuristanis and Magadhans
    Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXVII, 2002 PRE-PROTO-IRANIANS OF AFGHANISTAN AS INITIATORS OF SAKTA TANTRISM: ON THE SCYTHIAN/SAKA AFFILIATION OF THE DASAS, NURISTANIS AND MAGADHANS BY Asko PARPOLA (Helsinki) 1. Introduction 1.1 Preliminary notice Professor C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky is a scholar striving at integrated understanding of wide-ranging historical processes, extending from Mesopotamia and Elam to Central Asia and the Indus Valley (cf. Lamberg- Karlovsky 1985; 1996) and even further, to the Altai. The present study has similar ambitions and deals with much the same area, although the approach is from the opposite direction, north to south. I am grateful to Dan Potts for the opportunity to present the paper in Karl's Festschrift. It extends and complements another recent essay of mine, ‘From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian', to appear in a volume in the memory of Sir Harold Bailey (Parpola in press a). To com- pensate for that wider framework which otherwise would be missing here, the main conclusions are summarized (with some further elaboration) below in section 1.2. Some fundamental ideas elaborated here were presented for the first time in 1988 in a paper entitled ‘The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dasas’ (Parpola 1988). Briefly stated, I suggested that the fortresses of the inimical Dasas raided by ¤gvedic Aryans in the Indo-Iranian borderlands have an archaeological counterpart in the Bronze Age ‘temple-fort’ of Dashly-3 in northern Afghanistan, and that those fortresses were the venue of the autumnal festival of the protoform of Durga, the feline-escorted Hindu goddess of war and victory, who appears to be of ancient Near Eastern origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans
    3 (2016) Miscellaneous 1: A-V Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans TRAVIS D. WEBSTER Center for Traditional Vedanta, USA © 2016 Ruhr-Universität Bochum Entangled Religions 3 (2016) ISSN 2363-6696 http://dx.doi.org/10.13154/er.v3.2016.A–V Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans TRAVIS D. WEBSTER Center for Traditional Vedanta ABSTRACT Recent archaeological evidence and the comparative method of Indo-European historical linguistics now make it possible to reconstruct the Aryan migrations into India, two separate diffusions of which merge with elements of Harappan religion in Asko Parpola’s The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization (NY: Oxford University Press, 2015). This review of Parpola’s work emphasizes the acculturation of Rigvedic and Atharvavedic traditions as represented in the depiction of Vedic rites and worship of Indra and the Aśvins (Nāsatya). After identifying archaeological cultures prior to the breakup of Proto-Indo-European linguistic unity and demarcating the two branches of the Proto-Aryan community, the role of the Vrātyas leads back to mutual encounters with the Iranian Dāsas. KEY WORDS Asko Parpola; Aryan migrations; Vedic religion; Hinduism Introduction Despite the triumph of the world-religions paradigm from the late nineteenth century onwards, the fact remains that Indologists require more precise taxonomic nomenclature to make sense of their data. Although the Vedas are widely portrayed as the ‘Hindu scriptures’ and are indeed upheld as the sole arbiter of scriptural authority among Brahmins, for instance, the Vedic hymns actually play a very minor role in contemporary Indian religion.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time.
    [Show full text]
  • Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 86 October, 1998 Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor by Jidong Yang Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Historian Su Beihai's Manuscript About the History Of
    UDC 908 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2020. Т. 12. Вып. 4 Chinese Historian Su Beihai’s Manuscript about the History of Kazakh People in Central Asia: Historical and Source Study Analysis* T. Z. Kaiyrken, D. A. Makhat, A. Kadyskyzy L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2, ul. Satpayeva, Nur-Sultan, 010008, Kazakhstan For citation: Kaiyrken T. Z., Makhat D. A., Kadyskyzy A. Chinese Historian Su Beihai’s Manuscript about the History of Kazakh People in Central Asia: Historical and Source Study Analysis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2020, vol. 12, issue 4, pp. 556–572. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.406 The article analyses the research work of Chinese scientist Su Beihai on Kazakh history, one of the oldest nationalities in Eurasia. This work has been preserved as a manuscript and its main merit is the study of Kazakh history from early times to the present. Moreover, it shows Chinese scientists’ attitude to Kazakh history. Su Beihai’s scientific analysis was writ- ten in the late 1980s in China. At that time, Kazakhstan was not yet an independent country. Su Beihai drew on various works, on his distant expedition materials and demonstrated with facts that Kazakh people living in their modern settlements have a 2,500-year history. Although the book was written in accordance with the principles of Chinese communist historiography, Chinese censorship prevented its publication. Today, Kazakh scientists are approaching the end of their study and translation of Su Beihai’s manuscript. Therefore, the article first analyses the most important and innovative aspects of this work for Kazakh history.
    [Show full text]
  • Painted Ware Cultures” (2Nd -1St Millennium B.C.) Johanna Lhuillier
    A synthetic note about the phenomenon of the Central-Asian Early Iron Age “painted ware cultures” (2nd -1st millennium B.C.) Johanna Lhuillier To cite this version: Johanna Lhuillier. A synthetic note about the phenomenon of the Central-Asian Early Iron Age “painted ware cultures” (2nd -1st millennium B.C.). Bulletin of the International Institute of Cen- tral Asian Studies, International Institute for Central Asian Studies (Samarkand) 2011, 13, pp.9-20. halshs-01534935 HAL Id: halshs-01534935 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01534935 Submitted on 8 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ISSN 1694-5794 BECTH~K M~UA~ BULLETIN OF IICAS ~3,lJ,aH~e Me>K,O,yHapO,lJ,Horo V1HcT~TyTa publication of the International Institute WeHTpaJl bHOa3~aTCK~X ~CCJle,lJ,OBa H~ 171 for Central Asian Studies (CaMapKaH,lJ,) (Samarkand) BblnYCK 13, 2011 VOLUME 13, 2011 PeAaK~1.10HHa~ KOnnerl.1~: Editorial board: W.M. MycTacpaeB (omeem. peàaKmop), Sh.M. Mustafayev, (editor-in-chief), K.M. 5al71naKoB, W. n~,lJ,aeB , p. Ha3apoB, K.M. Baipakov, Sh. Pidayev, R. Nazarov, X .C. n~ , M.
    [Show full text]
  • Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age
    Open Archaeology 2021; 7: 3–36 Review Stanislav Grigoriev* Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0123 received June 8, 2020; accepted November 28, 2020. Abstract: Andronovo culture is the largest Eurasian formation in the Bronze Age, and it had a significant impact on neighboring regions. It is the important culture for understanding many historical processes, in particular, the origins and migration of Indo-Europeans. However, in most works there is a very simplified understanding of the scientific problems associated with this culture. The history of its study is full of opposing opinions, and all these opinions were based on reliable grounds. For a long time, the existence of the Andronovo problem was caused by the fact that researchers supposed they might explain general processes by local situations. In fact, the term “Andronovo culture” is incorrect. Another term “Andronovo cultural-historical commonality” also has no signs of scientific terminology. Under these terms a large number of cultures are combined, many of which were not related to each other. In the most simplified form, they can be combined into two blocks that existed during the Bronze Age: the steppe (Sintashta, Petrovka, Alakul, Sargari) and the forest-steppe (Fyodorovka, Cherkaskul, Mezhovka). Often these cultures are placed in vertical lines with genetic continuity. However, the problems of their chronology and interaction are very complicated. By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures (except for its early stage); however, it is better to avoid the use of this term. Keywords: Andronovo culture, history of study, Eurasia 1 Introduction The Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age is the largest archaeological formation in the world, except for the cultures of the Scytho-Sarmatian world of the Early Iron Age.
    [Show full text]