Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor

SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 86 October, 1998 Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor by Jidong Yang Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. 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To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Jidong Yang, II Siba; Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor" Sino-Platonic Papers, 86 (October~ 1998) Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor JidongYang The significance of the Gansu Corridor to China's foreign relation after the second century BCE has long been well-known to scholars all over the world. By contrast, due to the scarcity of relevant historical sources, we still possess very limited information about this area before it became a part of the Han Dynasty and then an important section of the Silk Road. Such a gap in our knowledge has to be filled by archaeological excavations. Since the late 1940s, a number of archaeological sites bearing similar characteristics and dated to the first half of the second millennium BCE has been discovered and excavated along the Gansu Corridor. Cultural relics from these sites, which belong to what is now caned Siba 1m. Culture by Chinese scholars, have shown many interesting features. Probably due to financial difficulties, however, none of the excavations, except for a relatively minor one (Gansusheng and Ttlin 1998), has been reported in detail up to now, though they were carried out more than ten years ago. During the past decade, a few western scholars, including Noel Barnard, Emma C. Bunker and Katheryn M. Lindufl; were allowed to examine some Siba artifacts personally in China, but they have not published any photos or detailed reports of what they saw, either. 1 Jidong Yang, "Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor" Sino-Platonic Papers .. 86 (October~ 1998) The lack of detailed reports of excavations, however, does not mean that this culture is less important. As seen from its high frequency of appearance in Chinese archaeological journals and books, Siba culture is apparently considered to be a very important one by C~ese scholars themselves. What I would like to do in this paper, therefore, is to glean as much information as possible which is widely scattered in various sources in order to give a more comprehensive picture of Siba culture and to attract the attention of scholars to it. 1) History of excavations In 1948, students of a local school at Siba in the eastern Gansu Corridor found a large amount of ancient pottery and a few pieces of gold circles and bronze knives in a construction area. These finds, most of which were fragmentary and gathered from the sunace, were reported to the Bureau of Cultural Relics in Beijing in the early 1950s. In 1956, some archaeologists including An Zhirnm were sent to Siba and gathered more pottery from the ground (An 1959: 7). Siba was not the first prehistoric site found in northwest China. As early as the 1920s, J. G. Andersson, a Swedish geographer and the pioneer of modem Chinese archaeology, made a series of field smveys in eastern Gansu and found a number of Neolithic village$ and numerous painted ceramics which he distinguished into several prehistoric cultures (Andersson 1925). The pottery discovered at Siba in the 1950s, however, showed some features that could not be connected with any ancient culture found by Andersson and therefore immediately attracted special attention. Based on his observation of the pottery collected in 1956, An Zhjrnin suggested that it should be seen as belonging to a new archaeological culture which he named Siba culture (An 1956: 17). However; it was not until 1976 that Huoshaogou *~ the most important and representative site of Siba culture located in suburban Yumen :fir, City in the middle Gansu Corridor, was discovered and excavated (Gansusheng 1979: 142). This site has 2 Jidong Yang, "Siba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor" Sino-Platonic Papers, 86 (October, 1998) also become known to Western scholars during recent years through the works of Noel Barnard (1993: 11-13), Emma C. Bunker (1993: 30-31; 1994: 33; 1998: 607-610), and Katheryn M. Lindu:ff(1997: 20; 1998: 626-627). A total of312 tombs dating from 2000- 1800 BCE were excavated at Huoshaogou. In 1986, another important cemetery dating from 1850-1600 BCE was found and excavated at Ganguya ~~~ (Dry Bone Cliffs), about 100 kilometers east ofHuoshaogou, where 105 Bronze Age tombs were discovered (Li 1993: 81). Unfortunately, excavations at both of the most important sites of Siba culture have not been fully reported yet. In addition to these major sites, quite a few Siba commnnities and cemeteries including some large ones such as Donghuishan UtlJ, Xihuishan ggY<tlJ, Shaguoliang ~~~ and Yingwoshu lI~W were discovered all along the Gansu Conidor during a large-scale archaeological swvey in 1986. Most of them yielded the same type of pottery and bronze wares and fell into the period from 2000-1600 BCE (Li 1993: 95-102). It has also been mentioned (Shui 1993: 466; Mei and Shell 1998) that Siba-type objects have recently been found at Rami in eastern Xinjiang, which is th~westernmost border of Siba culture lmown so far. 2) Siba pottery Siba pottery is first of all characterized by its strikingly poorer quality in comparison with that of preceding and contemporary prehistoric cultures in both Gansu and the Central Plain. Most ceramics unearthed at Huoshaogou, Ganguya and other Siba "sites are very coarse, made of clay mixed with sand and gravel. Only a smaIl portion of Siba pottery is painted and these are quite different from their countetparts uncovered throughout northwest and central China, because the pigments on Siba painted pottery, which are usually red or black, are so thick that they appear in strong relief Moreover, the patterns of Siba painted pottery are much simpler and lack variation. On the unpainted ceramics, which account for the largest proportion of the whole collection, impressed 3 Jidong Yang, "8iba: Bronze Age Culture of the Gansu Corridor" Sino-Platonic Papers, 86 (October, 1998) decorations in N and Z patterns and wedge (cuneiform) shapes are most popular. It is also reported that there are significant differences in size and quality between the pottery used in daily life and that buried with the dead. During the late period of Siba culture, the pottery industry seems to have declined because its typological diversity is noticeably reduced (An 1959: 8-16;Li 1993: 81-105). Based on the typological and stylistic analyses of painted pottery, Chinese archaeologists have long discussed the origins and successors of Siba culture. A representative opinion is that presented by Van Wenming (1978: 71-74) who argues that the painted pottery of the Central Plain spread westward to eastern Gansu around 5000 BCE, to central Gansu in about 4000 BCE and finally to the oases along the Gansu Corridor during the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE, with Siba as the last step in such a long historical and cultural course.

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