Ю.А. Пятниченко, Ж.И. Текова the Karachay-Balkar People: History
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Islam in the North Caucasus: a People Divided Yavus Akhmadov
Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Faculty Publications and Presentations Helms School of Government 2001 Islam in the North Caucasus: A People Divided Yavus Akhmadov Stephen R. Bowers Liberty University, [email protected] Marion T. Doss, Jr. Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Akhmadov, Yavus; Bowers, Stephen R.; and Doss, Jr., Marion T., "Islam in the North Caucasus: A People Divided" (2001). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 72. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs/72 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Helms School of Government at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 124 Religious Brotherhoods of Chechnya collapse of state authority, (2) a lack of faith in state officials, (3) economic adversity, and (4) persistent intervention by Islamic groups from abroad. The violence that came in 1999 to Dagestan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikstan was driven by these factors and the Chechen situation is subject to the same factors. Connections with Taliban and Other Outside Groups Recognition of the fact that such an important and dynamic brotherhood can, like other Islamic movements for national liberation, pose a challenge to Western society prompts legitimate questions about their relationship with Islamic organizations outside the region. While Islam did much to provide spiritual comfort to Chechen soldiers during the 1994-96 war, it has undergone dramatic changes during the decade since the collapse of the USSR. -
A Balkanist in Daghestan: Annotated Notes from the Field Victor A
A Balkanist in Daghestan: Annotated Notes from the Field Victor a. Friedman University of Chicago Introduction and Disclaimer The Republic of Daghestan has received very little attention in the West. Chenciner (1997) is the only full-length account in English based on first-hand visits mostly in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Wixman's (1980) excellent study had to be based entirely on secondary sources, and Bennigsen and Wimbush (1986:146-81 et passim), while quite useful, is basically encyclopedic and somewhat dated. Since Daghestan is still difficult to get to, potentially unstable, and only infrequently visited by Western scholars (mostly linguists), I am offering this account of my recent visit there (16-20 June 1998), modestly supplemented by some published materials. My intent is basically informative and impressionistic, and I do not attempt to give complete coverage to many topics worthy of further research. This account does, however, update some items covered in the aforementioned works and makes some observations on Daghestan with respect to language, identity, the political situation, and a comparison with the another unstable, multi-ethnic, identity construction site, i.e., Balkans, particularly Macedonia. Background Daghestan is the third most populous Republic in the Russian Federation (after Bashkortostan and Tatarstan; Osmanov 1986:24). The northern half of its current territory, consisting of the Nogai steppe and the Kizljar region settled in part by Terek Cossacks, was added in 1922, after the fall of the North Caucasian -
Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis
the national bureau of asian research nbr project report | may 2010 russia’s peacetime demographic crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications By Nicholas Eberstadt ++ The NBR Project Report provides access to current research on special topics conducted by the world’s leading experts in Asian affairs. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other NBR research associates or institutions that support NBR. The National Bureau of Asian Research is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution dedicated to informing and strengthening policy. NBR conducts advanced independent research on strategic, political, economic, globalization, health, and energy issues affecting U.S. relations with Asia. Drawing upon an extensive network of the world’s leading specialists and leveraging the latest technology, NBR bridges the academic, business, and policy arenas. The institution disseminates its research through briefings, publications, conferences, Congressional testimony, and email forums, and by collaborating with leading institutions worldwide. NBR also provides exceptional internship opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students for the purpose of attracting and training the next generation of Asia specialists. NBR was started in 1989 with a major grant from the Henry M. Jackson Foundation. Funding for NBR’s research and publications comes from foundations, corporations, individuals, the U.S. government, and from NBR itself. NBR does not conduct proprietary or classified research. The organization undertakes contract work for government and private-sector organizations only when NBR can maintain the right to publish findings from such work. To download issues of the NBR publications, please visit the NBR website http://www.nbr.org. -
Russia's Dagestan: Conflict Causes
RUSSIA’S DAGESTAN: CONFLICT CAUSES Europe Report N°192 – 3 June 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. A FRAGILE INTER-ETHNIC BALANCE.................................................................... 2 A. INTER-ETHNIC COMPETITION OVER LAND AND STATE POSITIONS...............................................2 B. THE 2007 ELECTIONS .................................................................................................................4 1. Removing inter-ethnic competition from electoral politics..................................................4 2. Electoral violence and results ...............................................................................................5 III. ISLAMISM IN DAGESTAN AND CHECHEN CONNECTIONS.............................. 6 A. CHECHEN AND DAGESTANI ISLAMISTS IN THE 1990S .................................................................6 B. THE “HUNT FOR THE WAHHABIS” SINCE 1999 ...........................................................................8 C. SHARIAT JAMAAT’S GROWING INFLUENCE .................................................................................8 D. RENEWED TENSIONS WITH CHECHNYA .....................................................................................10 IV. VIOLENCE AGAINST STATE AUTHORITIES ...................................................... -
Conflicts in the North Caucasus
Central Asian Survey, (1998), 17(3), 409-441. Conflicts in the North Caucasus SVANTE E. CORNELL* Although the conflicts that have attracted most international attention in the post- cold war era have been those of the Transcaucasus, another area of both potential and actual turmoil is the North Caucasus. The first example of serious conflicts in the area, naturally, is the war in Chechnia. However, the existence of this war, and its astonishing cruelty and devastation, has been instrumental in obscuring the other grievances that exist in the area, and that have the potential to escalate into open conflict. These can be divided into two main categories, which however spill over into one another. The first type of conflicts are those among the peoples of the region; the second type is conflicts between these peoples and Russia. Doubtlessly, the main example of the unrest in the North Caucasus has been the short but bloody war between the Ingush and the Ossetians. However, this war distinguishes itself only by being the only one of the conflicts in the region that has escalated into war. Among the other known problems, three issues call for special attention: First and perhaps most pressingly, the bid for unity of the Lezgian people in Dagestan and Azerbaijan; Second, the latent problem between the Turkic Karachai and the Circasssian peoples in the two neighbour republics of Karachaevo-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria; and thirdly the condition of the most complex of all the North Caucasian republics: Dagestan. It seems logical in this study to start with the most well-known of these issues: the war that raged in November 1992 in the Prigorodniy raion between the Ingush and the North Ossetians. -
Russia's Soft Underbelly
RUSSIA’S SOFT UNDERBELLY: THE STABILITY OF INSTABILITY IN DAGESTAN Edward W. Walker Winter 2000 Edward W. Walker is Executive Director of the Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post- Soviet Studies at UC Berkeley Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Diahanna Lynch and Laura Henry for their research assistance; Sergei Arutiunov, Victoria E. Bonnell, George W. Breslauer, M. Steven Fish, Johanna Nichols, Ronald G. Suny, and Robert Ware for their helpful suggestions on earlier drafts; and Denise Monczewski and Alexandra Patten for their copy editing and production work. Support for the publication of this working paper comes from the National Security Education Program. A color version of this map can be found on the Internet at http://www.caspian.net/peoples.gif. 1 Introduction In the first week of August 1999, some 1,000-2,000 armed militants entered into the Republic of Dagestan from the breakaway region of Chechnya (Ichkeria) in an effort to “liberate” Dagestan from Russian occupation. Apparently comprised of a mix of Chechens, Dagestanis, and Islamic militants from Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Arab world, and possibly elsewhere, the Chechen-based insurgents were nominally directed by an organization called the United Headquarters of Daghestan Mujahadin and commanded by the Chechen guerilla “field commander,” Shamil Basaev, and his ally, a mysterious Jordanian or Saudi citizen of unknown ethnic background who goes by the name “Khattab.”1 The previous year, Basaev had been a central figure in the formation of the Congress of Peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan (CPCD), the main platform of which was the unification of Chechnya and Dagestan into a single independent Islamic state. -
The North Caucasus: the Challenges of Integration (Ii), Islam, the Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency
THE NORTH CAUCASUS: THE CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATION (II), ISLAM, THE INSURGENCY AND COUNTER-INSURGENCY Europe Report N°221 – 19 October 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. THE ISLAMIC FACTOR AND ISLAMIST PROJECT .............................................. 3 A. THE SECTARIAN CONFLICT .......................................................................................................... 3 B. SALAFISM’S SPREAD AND RADICALISATION: INGUSHETIA AND KABARDINO-BALKARIA .............. 5 C. SALAFISM IN RELIGIOUSLY MIXED REPUBLICS ............................................................................ 6 D. DAGESTAN: SALAFIS, SUFIS AND DIALOGUE ................................................................................ 9 E. CHECHNYA: IDEOLOGICAL COMBAT AND ERADICATION ............................................................ 12 III. THE INSURGENCY ....................................................................................................... 13 A. THE CAUCASUS EMIRATE (IMARAT KAVKAZ) ............................................................................ 13 B. LEADERSHIP AND RECRUITMENT ............................................................................................... 14 C. TACTICS AND OPERATIONS ....................................................................................................... -
Land, Community, and the State in the North Caucasus: Kabardino-Balkaria, 1763-1991
Land, Community, and the State in the North Caucasus: Kabardino-Balkaria, 1763-1991 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ian Thomas Lanzillotti Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Professor Nicholas Breyfogle, Advisor Professor Theodora Dragostinova Professor David Hoffmann Professor Scott Levi Copyright by Ian Thomas Lanzillotti 2014 Abstract The Caucasus mountain region in southern Russia has witnessed many of post- Soviet Eurasia’s most violent inter-communal conflicts. From Abkhazia to Chechnya, the region fractured ferociously and neighboring communities took up arms against each other in the name of ethnicity and religion. In the midst of some of the worst conflict in Europe since 1945, the semiautonomous, multiethnic Kabardino-Balkar Republic in the North Caucasus remained a relative oasis of peace. This is not to say there were no tensions—there is no love lost between Kabardians, Balkars, and Russians, Kabardino- Balkaria’s principal communities. But, why did these communities, despite the agitation of ethno-political entrepreneurs, not resort to force to solve their grievances, while many neighboring ones did? What institutions and practices have facilitated this peace? What role have state officials and state structures played in, on the one hand, producing inter- communal conflict, and, on the other hand, mediating and defusing such conflict? And why has land played such a crucial rule in inter-communal relations in the region over the longue durée? More than enhancing our knowledge of a poorly-understood yet strategically important region, the questions I ask of Kabardino-Balkaria are windows on larger issues of enduring global relevance. -
No Change in the Russian Caucasus the Winter Olympics Amid a Local War
47 NO CHANGE IN THE RUSSIAN CAUCASUS THE WINTER OLYMPICS AMID A LOCAL WAR Wojciech Górecki NUMBER 47 WARSAW January 2014 NO CHANGE IN THE RUSSIAN CAUCASUS THE WINTER OLYMPICS AMID A LOCAL WAR Wojciech Górecki © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies Content editors Adam Eberhardt, Marek Menkiszak Editor Anna Łabuszewska CO-OPERATION Katarzyna Kazimierska Translation OSW CO-operation Nicholas Furnival Graphic design Para-buch PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Wojciech Górecki (painting by Alexander Novoselov, from the collection of the Akhmad Kadyrov Museum in Grozny) DTP GroupMedia MAP Wojciech Mańkowski Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-62936-39-7 Contents KEY POINTS /5 IntRODUction /8 I. THE GeoGRAPHicAL AND HistoRicAL conteXT /9 II. THE ciVIL WAR /13 1. Parties to the conflict and their aims/13 2. The Caucasus Emirate /15 2.1. Origins /15 2.2. Structures /18 2.3. Evolving tactics /20 3. Federal and local security forces /25 4. Consequences for the region /26 III. SitUAtion in THE NORTH CAUCASUS SUBJects OF THE RUssiAN FEDERAtion /29 IV. THE ROLE OF AZERBAIJAN AND GeoRGIA /49 V. CULTURAL AND ciVILisAtionAL CHANGes /53 VI. THE NORTH CAUCASUS in MoscoW’S poLicies /58 1. Strategies towards the region /58 2. Operation Sochi 2014 /63 VII. ConcLUsions AND tentAtiVE foRecAst: RUssiA WitHOUT THE CAUCASUS? /67 AppenDices /74 MAP /78 KEY POINTS • The North Caucasus remains the most volatile region in the Russian Fed- eration, and there is nothing to suggest that the situation could change over the next few years. -
The Politics of a Name : Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus
Title The Politics of a Name : Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus Author(s) Shnirelman, Victor Citation Acta Slavica Iaponica, 23, 37-73 Issue Date 2006 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/39456 Type bulletin (article) File Information ASI23_002.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Acta Slavica Iaponica, Tomus 23, pp. 37-73 The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus* Victor Shnirelman “Whatever has been fixed by a name, Henceforth is not only real, but is a Reality.” Ernst Cassirer The abrupt growth of nationalism in the very late 20th – very early 21st cen- turies manifested itself in particular in the intense discussions of ethnic names and their changes to meet the vital demands of ethnic groups or their elites.1 A search for a new identity did not escape the Northern Caucasus,2 which dem- onstrated the “magical power of words,” singled out by Pierre Bourdieu. For him, a demonstration of name is “the typically magical act through which the particular group – virtual, ignored, denied, or repressed – makes itself visible and manifests, for other groups and for itself, and attests to its existence as a group that is known and recognized...”3 Long ago, Ernst Cassirer and, after ∗ I wish to thank the Slavic Research Center of the Hokkaido University for support of this research. I would also like to express my thanks to Moshe Gammer and two anonymous reviewers for their many useful comments and suggestions on this article. 1 Donald L. -
The Observatory
Press release September 5, 2016 The Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science The Karachay-Cherkess Ministry of Culture Austrian Cultural Forum Moscow Gogova Foundation and Section A Wien, Vienna with the Federal Chancellery of Austria present the exhibition The Observatory An artistic intervention at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science Nizhny Arkhyz, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russian Federation photo by Yuri Palmin In 2016 the world marks the 55th anniversary of the first human space flight, and the Special Astrophysical Observatory in Nizhny Arkhyz is celebrating its own 50th birthday. In honor of the jubilee, the observatory is opening its doors to an international art project for the first time in history. An invitation was extended to artists from Russia and Austria to embark on a creative relationship with the observatory. Artworks created especially for the project will be exhibited in an unusual space and will allow visitors to glimpse the vast expanses of the universe through artists' eyes. Brief history of the observatory As far back as the 1930s and 1940s, the Soviet Union set itself an ambitious goal – to build the largest observatory in the world. It achieved this goal in the 1970s, when the Special Astrophysical Observatory became operational. Until about the 1990s, the observatory in Nizhny Arkhyz was the largest and one of the best-equipped observatories in the world. It remains open to this day. There are on the order of 1,000 inhabitants in the scientific village, it plays host to conferences, and new technologies for studying the universe are developed and introduced there. -
Summer 1999 [1999-08.Pdf]
Contemporary Caucasus Newsletter The Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Issue 8 Summer 1999 Weak States and Ethnic Conflict Leila Alieva In This Issue: Weak States and Ethnic he extent of foreign investment in the Caucasus, predominantly Conflict Tby U.S. and European companies, makes political stability in the Leila Alieva....................p. 1 region of considerable interest to the international community. Un- fortunately, the post-Soviet Caucasus has been characterized by per- vasive conflict, particularly ethnic conflict. This is consistent with Roads and Risks in the Petroshadow: Notes on Ecology global trends in the past decade, during which the incidence of ethnic and Environment in the Russian conflict has increased around the world as well. These conflicts gen- Caucasus erally are based on competing claims to territory during the process Serge Glushkoff.....................p. 7 of state building, particularly when two emerging states contest new external borders. This becomes especially problematic if the borders 1998—A Bad Year for Georgia? are not clearly delineated and where there are overlapping ethnic popu- Ghia Nodia.........................p. 14 lations. Ethnic conflicts can also involve different understandings of the principle of national self-determination. That conflicts over self- determination have broken out in places as disparate as Quebec and The Chechen Calamity the former Soviet Union demonstrates their universal character. Carlotta Gall.......................p. 18 Ethnic conflicts originate from the very emergence of a na- tion-state. Today, formal recognition as an independent state is sym- The Caspian Sea – Where Foreign bolically the highest status that a nation can attain. For an ethnic Policy and Business Interests group, having a state means having access to, and control over, politi- Intersect cal, economic and cultural assets.