The Politics of a Name : Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus
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FSC National Risk Assessment
FSC National Risk Assessment for the Russian Federation DEVELOPED ACCORDING TO PROCEDURE FSC-PRO-60-002 V3-0 Version V1-0 Code FSC-NRA-RU National approval National decision body: Coordination Council, Association NRG Date: 04 June 2018 International approval FSC International Center, Performance and Standards Unit Date: 11 December 2018 International contact Name: Tatiana Diukova E-mail address: [email protected] Period of validity Date of approval: 11 December 2018 Valid until: (date of approval + 5 years) Body responsible for NRA FSC Russia, [email protected], [email protected] maintenance FSC-NRA-RU V1-0 NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 2018 – 1 of 78 – Contents Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for the Russian Federation ................................................. 3 1 Background information ........................................................................................................... 4 2 List of experts involved in risk assessment and their contact details ........................................ 6 3 National risk assessment maintenance .................................................................................... 7 4 Complaints and disputes regarding the approved National Risk Assessment ........................... 7 5 List of key stakeholders for consultation ................................................................................... 8 6 List of abbreviations and Russian transliterated terms* used ................................................... 8 7 Risk assessments -
ON the EFFECTIVE USE of PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 © 2021 Andrew Peek All Rights Reserved
ON THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 2021 Andrew Peek All rights reserved Abstract This dissertation asks a simple question: how are states most effectively conducting proxy warfare in the modern international system? It answers this question by conducting a comparative study of the sponsorship of proxy forces. It uses process tracing to examine five cases of proxy warfare and predicts that the differentiation in support for each proxy impacts their utility. In particular, it proposes that increasing the principal-agent distance between sponsors and proxies might correlate with strategic effectiveness. That is, the less directly a proxy is supported and controlled by a sponsor, the more effective the proxy becomes. Strategic effectiveness here is conceptualized as consisting of two key parts: a proxy’s operational capability and a sponsor’s plausible deniability. These should be in inverse relation to each other: the greater and more overt a sponsor’s support is to a proxy, the more capable – better armed, better trained – its proxies should be on the battlefield. However, this close support to such proxies should also make the sponsor’s influence less deniable, and thus incur strategic costs against both it and the proxy. These costs primarily consist of external balancing by rival states, the same way such states would balance against conventional aggression. Conversely, the more deniable such support is – the more indirect and less overt – the less balancing occurs. -
Second Report Submitted by the Russian Federation Pursuant to The
ACFC/SR/II(2005)003 SECOND REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 2 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (Received on 26 April 2005) MINISTRY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROVISIONS OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Report of the Russian Federation on the progress of the second cycle of monitoring in accordance with Article 25 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities MOSCOW, 2005 2 Table of contents PREAMBLE ..............................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................4 2. The legislation of the Russian Federation for the protection of national minorities rights5 3. Major lines of implementation of the law of the Russian Federation and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .............................................................15 3.1. National territorial subdivisions...................................................................................15 3.2 Public associations – national cultural autonomies and national public organizations17 3.3 National minorities in the system of federal government............................................18 3.4 Development of Ethnic Communities’ National -
The North Caucasus: the Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law
The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law Europe Report N°226 | 6 September 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Russia between Decentralisation and the Vertical of Power ....................................... 3 A. Federative Relations Today ....................................................................................... 4 B. Local Government ...................................................................................................... 6 C. Funding and budgets ................................................................................................. 6 III. Elections ........................................................................................................................... 9 A. State Duma Elections 2011 ........................................................................................ 9 B. Presidential Elections 2012 ....................................................................................... 12 -
Georgia and the European Charter for Regional And
www.ssoar.info Georgia and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Wheatley, Jonathan Arbeitspapier / working paper Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Wheatley, J. (2009). Georgia and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (ECMI Working Paper, 42). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-106961 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document -
Multiculturalism in Russia FINAL For
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SOCIАL SCIENCES INTЕRNАTIONAL ЕCONOMIC AND POLITICАL STUDIES MASTER'S THESIS MULTICULTURALISM IN RUSSIA. MUSLIM POPULATION CASE STUDY. Author Bulat Kemalov Subjеct: IEPS Academic Year: 2011/2012 Supervisor: PhDr. Emil Souleimanov Ph.D. Date Submitted: 7th May 2012 Abstract Many researchers say that the multiculturalism in Russia has emerged recently, but this term started to dеvеlop few dеcades ago. During this time period we have seen its significant change and improvement. Russian sociеty culturally is very divеrse. There are many different nаtions, culturеs, religions, and even civilizations living in Russia. The uniqueness of Russia consists in the fact that those different culturеs are its indigenous people. There is probably no other stаte in the world with such a high number of different culturеs living together relatively peacefully for centuries. Also, culturally diverse population of Russia is not composed of migrаnts as in the case of Europe or the USA. For this purpose the beginning of the thesis is dedicated to understanding of the term multiculturalism, cultural diversity, minority groups and similar. Multiculturalism developed significantly especially in the phase of last events which took place in the Wеst. The 9/11 has brought several changes. Also, the latest incidents (and the speeches of the several lеadеrs) in Europe have shown Europeans and the rest of the world that the situation in immigrаnt welcoming rеgions is not positive as before. This makes the policy of multiculturalism even more complicated in the light of present developments. The Muslims represents a significant part of the Russian population. The Muslim community consists of various еthnicities and nаtions, which are sometimes very different from each other. -
RETURN of the CIRCASSIAN WORLD: MAY the FORCE BE with YOU Written for the Return of the Circassian World Website on January 2018 by Jade Cemre Erciyes
RETURN OF THE CIRCASSIAN WORLD: MAY THE FORCE BE WITH YOU written for the return of the Circassian World Website on January 2018 by Jade Cemre Erciyes When Metin Sönmez, the renowned creator of the CircassianWorld and AbkhazWorld Websites, besides many others, asked me to write an article for the return of the CircassianWorld by the beginning of 2018, after a break of more than 4, I got very excited. There were so many things to tell about what it meant for me in the past, what it means for me today, and what it will mean for academics, researchers or journalists working on the Circassian people the moment it becomes online. It is not that easy to start writing this article from its main topic for various reasons. First of all, someone, not much knowledgeable about Circassians may be reading this piece. Besides, I do not want to just narrate a self-reflexive story or a list of key points acknowledging the value of the CircassianWorld. I decided to design this paper as a resource for researchers who may, one day, be interested in the development of the Circassian scholarship. To reflect upon this, it is important for me to start with a short introduction about the earliest works on the Circassian people and the Caucasus1. This is followed by a short review of works focusing on the diasporisation of the Circassians – or in other words, the events of the 19th Century2. This part is a response to a question that I frequently hear in the diaspora which I had been meaning to write for a long time (and I do in my forthcoming book in Turkish). -
Siposjános Angol Karacsáj.Indd
János Sipos – Ufuk Tafkul KARACHAY-BALKAR FOLKSONGS János Sipos – Ufuk Tafkul KARACHAY-BALKAR FOLKSONGS Institute for Musicology of the Research Centre for the Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – L’Harmattan Budapest, 2015 The fi eldwork lasting 10 years were supported by the Stein-Arnold Exploration Fund of the British Academy (2010), the Mellon Fellowship for Research in Turkey (2005, 2011) and the Hungarian Scientifi c Research Fund (OTKA K-42461, K-67997) The publication of the book was supported by the Hungarian Scientifi c Research Fund (OTKA PUB 113373) Photos made by: János Sipos and Ufuk Tavkul English translation by Judit Pokoly © János Sipos, 2015 © Institute for Musicology of the Research Centre for the Humanities, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2015 © L’Harmattan, 2015 ISBN 978-963-414-083-2 L'Harmattan France 5-7 rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique 75005 Paris T.: 33.1.40.46.79.20 Email: [email protected] L'Harmattan Italia SRL Via Degli Artisti 15 10124 TORINO Tél : (39) 011 817 13 88 / (39) 348 39 89 198 Email: [email protected] L’Harmattan Hungary: L’Harmattan Könyvesbolt Párbeszéd Könyvesbolt 1053 Budapest, Kossuth L. u. 14–16. 1085 Budapest, Horánszky utca 20. Tel.: 267-5979 www.konyveslap.hu [email protected] www.harmattan.hu Editor in chief: Ádám Gyenes Design: Gábor Kardos, cover design: László Kára Printed and bound by Séd Nyomda, general director: Szilvia Katona CONTENTS PREFACE . 7 INTRODUCTION . 7 IN THE WAKE OF THE EASTERN CONNECTIONS OF HUNGARIAN FOLK MUSIC . 11 Report on my fi eldwork series in researching folk music . -
Tales of the Narts: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Ossetians
IntRODUctION THE OSSETIAN EpIC “TALES OF THE NARTS” VASILY IvANOVICH ABAEV 1 w CYCLES, SubjECTS, HEROES In literary studies it is established that the epic poem passes through sev- eral stages in its formation. To begin we have an incomplete collection of stories with no connections between them, arising in various centers, at various times, for various reasons. That is the first stage in the formation of the epic. We cannot as yet name it such. But material is in the process of preparation that, given favorable conditions, begins to take on the out- lines of an epic poem. From the mass of heroes and subjects a few favorite names, events, and motifs stand out, and stories begin to crystallize around them, as centers of gravity. A few epic centers or cycles are formed. The epic enters the second stage of cycle formation. In a few instances, not all by any means, it may then attain a third stage. Cycles up to now unconnected may be, more or less artificially, united in one thematic thread, and are brought together in one consistent story, forming one epic poem. A hyper- cyclic formation, if one can use such a term, takes place. It may appear as the result of not only uniting several cycles, but as the expansion of one favorite cycle, at the expense of others less popular. This is the concluding epic phase. The transformation to this phase is frequently the result of individual creative efforts. For instance, the creation of the Iliad and the Odyssey Opposite page: A beehive tomb from the highlands of North Ossetia. -
Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-Years After the Fall of the Soviet Union
Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 11, No 2, 2012, 103-135 Copyright © ECMI 21 December 2012 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/publications/detail/issue-22012-vol-11-254/ Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-years after the Fall of the Soviet Union Lars Funch Hansen* University of Copenhagen The renewed ethnic mobilization among Circassians in the North Caucasus region in Russia that has unfolded since the latter half of the 2000s is illustrated by the establishment of new civil society organizations and a substantially increased number of internet-based initiatives. All of this reflects a new and increased form of agency and unity among the Circassians in which youth activism has played key role. It also illustrates how Circassian civil society actors and cyber-activists have not only been able to establish a counter-public sphere or develop a new space for action, but also increasingly have been able to move key issues from Circassian spheres into the wider public sphere of mainstream Russian media and politics. The upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, in particular, has functioned as a lever in this process, which has also resulted in increasing support among Circassians for calls for recognition of the nineteenth century forced expulsion of the majority of the Circassians from the Caucasus as an act of genocide. In this manner, a mega-event such as the Sochi Olympics has contributed to generating a more radical or politicized understanding or framing of the Caucasian exodus that, since the fall of the Soviet Union, has generally been known as “our national tragedy”. -
Review TRIER Edited
TOM TRIER, HEDGIV LOHM, DAVID SZAKONYI: Under Siege. Inter-Ethnic Relations in Abkhazia. xi + 159 pp., maps. London: Hurst & Company. 2010. £25. The more information provided to Western audiences about Abkhazia and its dispute with Georgia, the better, so that attitudes and policies can be predicated on facts rather than ignorance, as has regularly been the case. But not all works are necessarily (wholly) accurate in what they present to their readers. The present volume is a mixture of wheat and chaff, and the latter could easily have been winnowed out prior to publication. Abkhazia achieved de facto independence from Georgia at the end of September 1993 after a 14-month war. Though official recognition was granted by Russia on 26 August 2008, and since then by three other states, most of the international community is not (yet) prepared to acknowledge Abkhazia’s de iure status. This needed to be stated once in the Introduction; but inserting the words ‘de facto’ each time the country or one of its governmental posts is mentioned soon irritates the reader. The authors’ fieldwork was conducted in 2007, and, unfortunately, some of their statements are out of date. Though I would advise those unfamiliar with the region to look elsewhere for background to the current situation, what the authors have to say about their central concern of inter-ethnic relations is perceptive and pertinent. Recognising the achievements made by Abkhazia, despite years of international sanctions and blockade, the authors address a wide range of issues that the authorities will eventually have to tackle. And, given the multi-ethnic makeup of Abkhazia’s population, the problems facing the Abkhazians do not solely concern relations with those remaining from the pre-war Kartvelian population, who are mostly Mingrelians largely confined to the southernmost province of Gal and whom, in line with norms in Georgia, the authors style Georgians. -
Tbilisi As a Center of Crosscultural Interactions (The 19Th– Early 20Thcenturies)
Khazar Journal Of Humanities and Social Sciences Special Issue, 2018 ©Khazar University Press, 2018 DOI: 10.5782/kjhss.2018.233.252 Tbilisi as a Center of Crosscultural Interactions (The 19th– early 20thCenturies) Nino Chikovani Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia The city of Tbilisi – the capital of Georgia, during its long period of existence, has been an interesting place of meeting and interaction of different cultures. In this context, the present paper deals with one of the most interesting periods in the history of the city. From the beginning of the 19th century, when the establishment of the Russian imperial rule started in the Caucasus, Tbilisi became an official political center of the region; political and economic changes, occurring during the second half of the 19th century, significantly influenced ethnic and religious composition of Tbilisi, its cultural lifetime and mode of life in general. For centuries-long period, Tbilisi, like other big cities (how much big does not matter in this case), was not only the Georgian city in ethnic terms; but also, it represented a blend of different religious and ethnic groups. Not only in a distant past, but just a couple of decades ago, when the phenomenon of the so called ‘city yards’ (which are often called as ‘Italian yards’ and which have almost disappeared from the city landscape) still existed in Tbilisi, their residents spoke several languages fluently. Ethnically and religiously mixed families were not rare. Such type of cities, termed as Cosmo-policies by some researchers, has an ability to transform a visitor, at least temporarily, into a member of “in-group”, in our case – into Tbilisian.