Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-60632-2

Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-60632-2 — A/AS Level Geography for AQA Student Book Ann Bowen , Andy Day , Victoria Ellis , Paul Hunt , Rebecca Kitchen , Claire Kyndt , Garrett Nagle , Alan Parkinson , Nicola Walshe , Helen Young ,

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index More Information Index

1002 area 144, 146 temperature 18, 305–6; Bankside Open Spaces Trust tourism 305, 307; (BOST) 439–41 Aberystwyth 66, 93 vegetation 116 baobab trees 224, 225, 227 abiotic 204 anthropogenic 19 Barefoot College 531 ablation 4, 110, 119 Anti-Slavery International 280 barrier dam 105 ablation zone 110, 119 appendices 558 barrier islands 83, 84 abortion 442, 465 appropriate technology 503 barrier reefs 246 abrasion 50, 124 Aqaba 249 bars 83 acacia trees 43, 224, 227 aquaculture 423 basal sliding 108, 121, 122 accumulation 110, 119 aquifers 30, 416, 477, 486, 490, 499 basalt lava 163, 164, 165 accuracy 552–3 aquitard 489 basaltic eruption 154 ACFOR scale 64 Arabian Plate 162 base fl ow 8 acid rain 12, 17, 26, 162, 198–9, Aragon 500 Basildon 360–1 519–20 Aral Sea 494, 495 ‘basket of eggs’ 128 adaption 167 arboreal 231 Battersea Power Station 365 Advance the Line 95 arches 72, 80, 88 bays 79 adventure tourism 332 Arctic 4, 113, 114, 116, 207, 282, 534 beach features 81, 82 aeolian processes 49–50, 64 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge beach system 68–9 aeroponics 423–4 (ANWR) 144, 146 beaches 81, 98 afforestation 20 Arctic Ocean resources 476 bedding planes 86 Africa, population 462, 463, 535 Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Beddington Zero Energy Development African plate 162 (AONB) 63 (BedZED) 401–2 ageing populations 284, 445, 464, arêtes 125–6, 137 Bedford Park 359 466, 471 aridisols 41 Beginish Island 343 aggregates 423 aridity, causes 44–5 Beijing 385–7, 406 agricultural productivity 461 aridity index 44, 60 Belinda, Mount 154 agricultural regions, global 413 arresting factors 209, 210, 212 Ben Avon 129 agriculture 20, 114–15, 219, 411 arroyos 51, 57 benefi ciation 485 agrochemicals 423, 411 arsenic 104, 547, 564 Benioff zone 171 aim 567–8 artesian water 39, 41, 51 bergschrund 125 air conditioning 398 asbestos health risks 340 berms 71, 81, 82 air pollution 384, 406, 431, 436, 458 ash dieback 219–20 Berwick-upon-Tweed 36 Alaska 117, 119, 135, 143, 145–6 Association of South-East Asian Nations Bhola cyclone 104 albedo 21, 109, 110, 112–13, 382 (ASEAN) 280, 281, 287 Bhutan, population 407 Aleutian Islands 162 asteroid impact 18 bias, secondary sources 551 algae 246 asthenosphere 159, 160 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 437 algal bloom 19, 217, 246, 258, 395 asylum seeker 446 bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals 471 alluvial fans 54, 135 asymptomatic infections 434 biocapacity 397, 455, 456 alluvial soils 413 Atacama 52–3 biodiversity: alpine environments 112–13 Atacama Desert 44, 45, 46, 501, 527 fl ora and fauna 38; alpine landscape 124 Atacama trench 162 decline 198, 200, 201; Alps 112, 126 Athlete’s Village 336, 340 hotspots 200, 233; altitude 112 atmosphere 3, 12 Madagascar 234–5; Amazon Basin 24, 228, 231 atmospheric carbon dioxide 17, 21 Red Sea 249 Amazon rainforest 32–3, 197, 200 atolls 92, 246, 247 Biodiversity 2020 202 Amerindians 231 attrition 77 Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) 202 Amnesty International 279 Australian indigenous people 303 Biodiversity and Climate Change 217 anaerobic conditions 27 Australian rainfall 567 Biodiversity Frameworks 202 Andes 4, 44, 45, 53, 87 avalanches 173, 178 biofuels 518, 535 andesitic lavas 163, 164, 165 aye-aye 235 biogeochemical systems 26 Angola 437, 505, 506 biological age 425 animals under threat 202, 203 backwash 71, 72 biological manipulation 259 anomaly 554, 571 bahadas 54 biological weathering 48, 74, Antarctic Ocean 114 Bangalore: 75, 77 Antarctic Treaty 307, 308, 309–10 e-waste 392, 393; biomass 13, 206, 239, 518 Antarctica: inequality 380–2; biomes 209, 221, 223, 228 as global common 304–11; e-waste 392, 394; biosphere 12 ice cover 112; growth 380–2; biota 74, 423 ice sheets 91; inequalities 81–2; biotechnology 412, 423 mineral resources 307–8; Samskruti Hoysala development biotic 204 protected zone 10, 11; 403–4; birds 43, 212, 231 protection organisations 306, 308, technology industry 403 birth rate, UK 442 309, 310; Bangladesh 92, 103–5, 189, 445, 500 Black Sea 19 sunlight 113–14; banks 190, 263, 273, 282, 300–1 blackwater 498

590

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-60632-2 — A/AS Level Geography for AQA Student Book Ann Bowen , Andy Day , Victoria Ellis , Paul Hunt , Rebecca Kitchen , Claire Kyndt , Garrett Nagle , Alan Parkinson , Nicola Walshe , Helen Young ,

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index More Information Index

Blasket Islands 343–8 duration 15; Chinese medicines 254 block disintegration 47 exchange imbalance 18; Chinese River dolphin 254 blockfi elds 142 fast 14, 15–16, 26; Chi-square test 139, 574, blow holes 79 human additions 19–21; 575, 576 bogs 24, 217, 218, 237 long-term 26, 27; chloropleth maps 566 Bondhus glacier 148 marine 25; cholera 175, 181, 193, 431 border controls 286 slow 14, 15, 16–17, 26; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease boreal zone 419 and water cycle 31, 32 (COPD) 432 borewells 490, 491, 492 carbon dioxide: cirques 125, 126, 132, 137, 138 Boundary Dam 532 and Antarctic 18; cities: BP’s operations 509, 510 atmospheric 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 26; branding 332; Brahmaputra river 103, 512 long-term 26, 27; characteristics 377; braided streams 135 from permafrost 143; green spaces in 439; brain drain 449 from respiration 16; liveability 399, 400; brand image 332 in sea 23, 24; sustainable 375, 376, 398–9 branding 276 storing 30; City Challenge 363 Brazil 295, 418, 535 from volcanoes 166 civil war 458 brown earth soils 239, 240 carbonation 26, 75 clasts 131 brownfi eld sites 374 carbonic acid 12, 22, 27 cliffs 79, 88 building human capacity 503 Carboniferous period 27 climate: buildings, tall 369 Cardiff Bay 362 18,000 years ago 118; Burkino Faso 224, 414 Caribbean 182, 190, 302 change 21, 60, 217, 218; buttes 57, 58 Caribbean Plate 191, 192 semi-arid 414–15; buttress roots 230, 231 caribou 116, 143–4, 145, 146 types, global 414; Bwlch 137 carnivores 204, 205, 206, 225, 226 world 222 Carpenters Estate 333, 335–6, 338–42 climatic climax 238 cacti 42 Carr vegetation 237, 256 climatic climax vegetation 85, 209, Cadair Idris 137 carrier bags 393 210, 236 Cairngorms 129 carrying capacity 446, 455, 457 closed systems 2, 68 calcium bicarbonate 17 cartographic skills 564–7 closure dams 98 calcium carbonate 13, 17, 20, cash crops 412 Club of Rome 459–60 26, 246 caste system 381 coal 12, 13, 17, 27, 482, 540 caldera 165 Catalonia 500 coal ash, use of 521 California 422, 486, 487 cataracts 461 coal producers 480 call centres 381 catchment area 2–3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 34–7 coal reserves 480, 540 calving (glaciers) 108, 119 catchment schemes 493–494 coal trade, global 479–80 camels 43 cattle grazing 226, 235 coal-fi red power stations 387, 479, 521, Canada 112, 113, 117 cattle rearing 415 534, 540 Canadian First Nation Peoples 303 caulifl ory 230 coastal: canalise 388 causal sequence 89 adaptation strategies 92; cancers 427, 432, 435–7, 461 caves 72, 79, 80, 88 deposition 81, 83; Cancun (Mexico) Agreement 29 cavitation 77 erosion 77, 79–80, 96–7; canopy layer 215, 230 cement production 20 features over time 90; capital investment 411 census data 349, 551 fl ood risk 97–9; carbon: Central Business District (CBD) 325, 359, management 93–6, 101–2; budget 23, 25, 28; 361, 383 mitigation strategies 92; burial 16, 17, 30, 480 cereal crops 410 realignment 99; capture and storage (CCS) 16, CFCs 461 systems 67, 68–9, 70, 74 532–3; Chad 410, 414 coastlines 88, 95–9, 100 compounds 12; Chalara fungus 219–21 Coca-Cola 499–500 emissions 29–30, 398; chalk cliffs 13, 89 cocoa 271 fl ux 25; channel fl ow 7 coffee: monoxide 18, 519 ‘Chaparral’ 416 consumption 296, 297; ‘neutral’ 16; charities 176, 178, 436, 503 footprint 499 offsetting 20; chemical pollution 395 industry 294–8; pump 25; chemical weathering 17, 26, 48, 74, production 295, 296, 298 reserves 201, 204, 213–14; 75, 77 cold environments: reservoirs 13, 16, 17, 30, 31, 482, 552; chemotherapy 437 characteristics 112–18; sequestration 16, 17, 30, 31, 482, 532; Chernobyl 513, 519 causes of 118; sink 14, 16, 24, 31, 33; Chile 52–3 global 117; sources 14, 23; China: human habitats 144–5; stores 12, 14; carbon dioxide emissions 30; human impact 143–4, 145–6; sub-cycles 15–16, 23; energy sources 535 vegetation adaptation 116 trading scheme 540 exports 283; collisional plate boundaries 162, 169, carbon cycle: industrial heartland 371; 170, 177 budget 23–8; Paracel claim 280–1; combustion 16, 20 changes to 17–21; power stations 479; common land 304–11, 345 distribution 12–17; Walmart in 269, 270; common market 288

591

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index MoreA/AS Information Level Geography for AQA

communications technology 274–6 customs union 288 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) 424, communicative (infectious) Cwm Amarch 137 425, 426 diseases 425 Cwm Idwal 125, 138 disaster hotspot 189 commuter towns 361 cwms 125, 126, 132, 137, 138 disaster-induced displacement 447 compound spit 83 disaster-response curve 157–8 compression (time-space Dakar Rally 62 disasters 155 convergence) 271–2, 318, 321 Dalmation coast 88 discharge from rivers 8–10 compression waves 173 dams 253–5, 493–5, 496, 532 discontinuous permafrost 140 compressional fl ow 122 Dartmoor National Park 244–5 discordant coast 79 concordant coast 79 Darwin, Charles 246 disease: condensation 4 data: chronic obstructive pulmonary ‘confi dence levels’ 573, 575 collection 349–50, 546, 546, 548–53 (COPD) 432; coniferous woodland 237, 242 interpreting 544; degenerative 431; conservation cropping 421 presentation 560; diarrhoea 375, 431, 432; conservative plate boundaries 162, processing 554; heart 427, 432; 170, 191 safeguards 552; malaria 180, 427, 432–4, 452, 461, 504; constructive plate boundaries 160, 161, sources 549–52 respiratory 427, 431, 432; 169, 170 death rates, global 429 tuberculosis (TB) 375, 427; constructive (fl at) waves 71 Death Valley 45, 46, 57, 58 vector borne 461; containerisation 274, 286 decay pathway 214 water-borne 375, 394 continental crust 160, 162, 169 decentralisation 371–2, 381–2 distance delay 273 continental drift 87, 233 deciduous forest 205, 214–15, 240 diurnal 45 continental shelves 27, 114 decomposition 16, 17, 27, 214 Doha Agreement 29, 286 continentality 44 Deepwater Horizon oil platform 510 dolomite 12, 17 continuous permafrost 140 defl ation 50, 55 dolphins 254, 510 contraception 442, 452 deforestation 19, 59, 232 dominants 209, 210, 238 control measures 548 ‘deglobalisation’ 282 Don Valley 362 convection column 185 degradation of land/soil 458 Dorset Heathlands 251–2 Conventions on Biological degree of variation 569 dot maps 567 Diversity 202 deindustrialisation 335, 370–1 ‘double burden of malnutrition’ 410 convergent plate boundary 162 ‘demographic dividend’ 284, 445–6 drainage basin 2–3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 48 cooperative 411 demographic transition model drainage diversion 494 COP 21 29, 520 (DTM) 442–6 Drang-Drung glacier 107 Copenhagen Accord 540 dengue fever 431 Drax power station 515 Copiapo river 53 denuded mountains 191 drip tips 230 copper: Department for International Development ‘drivers’ in ecosystems 215–16 mines 485, 527–8, 525; (DFID) 437 drumlins 127–8, 136 ore 484, 523–6; dependency ratio 445, 449, 466, drumstick tree 403 production 526; 469, 471 ‘Durban Vision’ 235 reserves 525, 528; depletion curves 477 duricrust 54, 224 trade 523–8; deposition 78 dust devils 49 uses 526 depth of the food defi cit 410 dykes 98 coral bleaching 22 dereliction 361, 396 dynamic 94 coral reefs 198, 245–50, 280 desalination 490, 494, 500, 502 dynamic equilibrium 17, 95 core, Earth’s 159 desert: dynamism 694 Coriolis force 180 animals 42, 43; corporate social responsibility 292–3 fl oods 54; Earth layers 159 corporate sponsors 332 landforms 54–8; ‘Earth Summit’ 29 correlation 571 pavement 55; earthquake-proof buildings 176 corries 125, 126, 132, 137, 138 plants 41–3; earthquakes: corrosion/abrasion 76, 77 soils 41; aftershocks 177; Council Tax 352 systems 39; body waves 172; counter-urbanisation 322, 359–61 winds 49–50 causes 69; County Planning Reports 349 desertifi cation 39, 59–60, 62, 226 damage 174–5; creep, surface 50 deserts 38–40, 41, 45, 61 deep-focus 172; crevasses 121, 122, 125 destructive plate boundaries 161, 162, drills 176; Crib Goch 137 170, 171 epicentre 172; critical value 573 destructive (steep) waves 71, 72 fatalities 175; cropland productivity 209 Detroit 326–7, 396 foci 171, 172; crowdsourcing 193 development data 278 from fracking 156; crust, Earth’s 159, 160 developmentalism 277 global distribution 170; cryogenic tankers 483 Devensian epoch 129, 136 Haiti 175, 176; cryohydration 115 diabetes 427 hazards 172–6; cryosphere 3, 4, 12 diarrhoea 375, 431, 432 hypocentre 171, 172; cultivable land 461 Dickens’s London 329 intraplate 171; cultivation, shifting 232, 418 diesel emissions 436, 519 Kashmir 175, 177; culverts 388, 390 digestion 16 measuring 174; curraghs 345 direct drivers 215, 217 Nepal 153, 177–9;

592

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index More Information Index

relief efforts 178; environmental degradation 154 fi sh deaths 217, 395 shallow focus 162, 169, 172; Environmental Impact Assessment fi sh farms 149, 423, 424 in the UK 171–2 (EIA) 478–9 fi sh stock damage 520 earth’s magnetic fi eld 159 ephemeral 42, 51 fi shing 35, 304, 423 earthworms 212, 214, 239 epicentre 172, 177 fjords 88, 126 Easter Island 459 epidemiological transition 431 Flåm railway 149 eco-city 398–9 epiphytes 197, 230 Flamborough Head 101, 102 ecological footprints 397–8, 455, 456, equilibrium 67–8, 69, 95 fl ash fl ooding 10, 51, 52, 53 457, 471 equilibrium budget 94 fl ood protection 92, 97–8, 183 ecology of fantasy 330 equilibrium, ecosystems 204, 206 fl ooding 36, 46, 180, 194, 195 economic: ergs (sand sea) 55 fl ooding risk 388 action and inaction 379, 380; erosion 39, 77, 107 fl ora 223 exhaustion 476; erosional landforms 125–7 fl oriculture 499 globalisation 264; erratics 129 fl ow of: migrants 446; eskers 118, 134–5, 136 capital, global 265, 266; unions 288, 303 ethical dimension 552 labour 265, 267; Economist Intelligence Unit 399 Ethiopia 294, 450, 496 products and services 268; ecosystems: ethnocentricity 277 remittances 267; in Britain 236–44; EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) 30, resources 475, 477–9 changing 215–19; 521 fl uvial landforms 124 equilibrium in 204, 206; Eurasian Plate 161, 162, 168, 171, 177 fl uvioglacial landforms 133–5 fl ora and fauna in 38; Europe, population growth 463, 469 fl uvioglacial material 132 local scale 250, 256–60; European Union 287, 288, 448, 488 fl ux 2, 23 processes 204–7; eustatic change 86, 87, 88 fog in deserts 46–7 structure 206 eutrophication 217, 258, 395 fold mountains 169 ecotourism 348 evaluation of investigation 554, 557–8 food: edgelands 321 evaporation 4 chains 204, 205; educating girls 452 evapotranspiration 7, 8 consumption 410; effusive eruptions 154, 168 Everest, Mount 177, 178 defi cit 410; Egypt 51, 248, 421 ex situ 129, 142 insecurity 415; El Niño 31, 501 exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 304 production 409–10; electric vehicles 386 exfoliation 48, 75 security 409, 423–4; electricity interconnectors 515, 516 exogenous factors 51, 319, 322 waste 424; Ellis Island 328 exponential growth 408 webs 205, 225, 232, 243, 261 eluviation 419 export processing zones (EPZs) 276 Food and Agricultural Organization embargoes 479, 507 exports, products and services 268 (FAO) 417 emigration 284 extensional fl ow 122 foodstuffs from forests 233 emissions sensing 386 externality 351 forced labour 279–80 emissions trading 521 extinction 234, 254 Fordism 276 enabling technologies 273 extraction skills 560 forest clearance 18, 20, 33, 209, 226, 235 endemic species 233, 235, 310 ExxonMobil 508 forest exploitation 517 endogenous factors 319, 322 forest fi res 31 endorheic water 48, 51 falling limb 9 forests and carbon dioxide 16 energy: fallout pathway 214 forests, deciduous 205, 214–15, 240 conservation 516; family planning information 465 fortress developments 376 consumption, UK 505, 513; famine in Ireland 344, 346 fossil fuel burning 20, 28, 198 demand 504; Farakka barrage 500 fossil organic deposits 12, 15 futures 530–6; farming systems 209, 411, 412, 415, 424 fracking 156, 514, 536 gap 483, 512–14, 516; fast carbon cycle 14, 15–16, 26 fracking licence areas 515 geothermal 539–40; fauna 223, 225–6, 231 free markets 273, 277 insecurity 504; Federal Emergency Management Agency free trade 287, 288 mix 480, 504–5; (FEMA) 187 freehold 317 political factors 507; feedback loops 17, 457–8, 200 freeze-thaw weathering 48, 75, 115, 125, production, UK 513; ferralsols 418–19 142 recovery 517; fertilisers, artifi cial 20 freshwater 3 security 504, 508; fertility levels, reducing 467 frictional effect of distance 273 sources 504; fertility rate 407, 452 fringing reefs 246, 247, 248 trade, global 505–8; fetch 70, 73 frost heave 115, 141 transnational companies 508 fi ctional places 318, 332 frost shattering 48, 123, 125 Energy Saving Opportunity Scheme fi eldwork 64, 139, 350–1, 544 fuel poverty 533 (ESOS) 516 fi nancial crisis (2008) 288, 301 fuelwood 505, 517, 531 engine emissions, health fi nancial sector 273 Fukushima 519 implications 519 fi re-proof buildings 188 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 30 fi rewood, health issues 517 G8 summits 368 enterprise zones (EZs) 362 fi rn 108–9, 119, 132 G20 London Summit 301 Environment Agency 9, 93, 95, 96, fi rn (equilibrium) line 111, 119, 121 gabions 96 194, 195 fi rstspace 327 Gaeltacht areas 343

593

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index MoreA/AS Information Level Geography for AQA

Ganges river 103, 500 grazing cattle 226, 235, 260 Hold the Line 95, 101 gas: grazing, farming 418, 419 Holderness coast 95, 101–2 exploration 145–6, 282; Great Blasket Island 343, 344–8 Holkham Estate 63–4 liquefi ed natural (LNG) green infrastructure 438–41 Holme Park quarry 237–8 486–7, 532; Green Revolution 423 ‘home’ 321 reserves 483, 541; green roof 383, 389 homes, second 323, 324 supplies, suspended 483; greenfi eld sites 359 homogenisation 325 trade, global 482–4 greenhouse effect, ‘enhanced’ horizons, soil 115, 229, 239, 417 Gazprom 282, 483, 509 458, 520 hot deserts 38–40, 41, 45, 61 gemeinschaft 320 greenhouse gases 21, 30 hotspot activity 162 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Greenland 91, 110, 112, 407 hotspot volcanoes 165, 166 (GATT) 277, 282 Greenpeace 145, 311, 536 housing 350, 378, 401–2 genetic modifi cation 412, 423, 530 grey water 404, 498 Human Development gentrifi cation 362, 376 gross primary production Index (HDI) 190, 566 geoglyph 327 (GPP) 206 Humber ports 102 geological timescales 118 ground deformation 166 Humboldt Current 45 geomorphology 38 ground (fi eld) layer 215 humidity, relative 185, 228 geopolitics 485–9 groundwater aquifers 416 humus 16, 24, 204 geothermal energy 539–42 groundwater fl ow 7 hunting and gathering 231 gesellschaft 320 grouse 243, 244 hunting, illegal 227 GIS (Geographical Information growing season 215 Hurricane Amelia 180 Systems) 548, 552, 553, 554 groynes 78, 96 Hurricane Flora 191 glacial period 117–18 Gulf of Aden 162 Hurricane Jeanne 191 glaciated plateau 136–7 Gulf of Mexico 510–11 Hurricane Katrina 181 glaciers: Gulf stream 110, 114, 239 hurricane relief effort 182–3 breaches 137; gullies 421 Hurricane Sandy 97, 181–3, budgets 119; 184, 446 cold- and warm-based 121; habitat loss 200 hurricane season 191 deposition fi eldwork 139; haboob 50 Hverfjall volcano 165 deposits 132–3; Hadley Cells 44 hybrid green energy 404 dynamic equilibrium 110–11; Haiti 190–3 hydration 48 energy balance 109; Haiti earthquake 175, 176 hydraulic action 77, 80 environments 113; half-life, radioactive waste 522 hydraulic fracturing (fracking) 156, erosion 111, 124–5; halophytes 42, 84, 85 514, 536 Himalayan 490; halosere 86, 210 hydrocarbons 17, 21, 27, 28 inputs 108, 119; hamada 55 hydroelectric power (HEP) 150, 253, landforms 123, 127–30, 132, 134; hanging valleys 126, 137, 149 504, 535, 539 meltwater 110, 133; hard engineering 96–7, 101 hydrogen sulphide 169 movement 121, 122, 125; Hardanger Bridge 150–1 hydrographs 8, 9, 388 outputs 119; hardpan layer 419, 420 hydrology 2, 6 systems107–111, 119; hardwoods 228, 235 hydroponics 423 till 76, 127; Hawaiian volcanoes 163, 164, hydropower 505 transporting material 129; 165, 166 hydrosere 210, 237 troughs 111, 126, 137 Haytor 244–5 hydrosphere 3, 12 glaciomarine sediments 124 Hazard Management Cycle 158–9 hyperglobalists 312, 313 global commons 304–11, 345 hazards 154, 156, 157–9 hyper-reality 330 Global Early Warning System for Wildland headlands 72, 79 hypothesis 545, 554 Fires (Global EWS) 187 health 187, 424, 438–41 global governance 263, 300–3 healthcare 428 Ice Ages 4, 86, 111, 112, 136 global hectares (gha) 397 ‘healthy ageing’ 425 ice caps 4, 147 global marketing 268–71 healthy life expectancy (HALE) ice core measurements 117 global systems 263, 277–9, 280 424, 425 ice lenses 115, 116, 141 global temperatures 17, 21, 22, 28, heart disease 427, 432 ice sheets 87, 91, 112, 117 112, 164 heat loss, deserts 45 ice wedges 141 globalisation 262–77, 312–13 heath, lowland 250, 251–2 ice-albedo feedback 110 glocalisation 268, 269 Heathlands, Dorset 251–2 icebergs 119 glossary 600–12 heather 251, 252 Iceland 135, 165 Gobi desert 48 heather moorland 237, 239, 242–4, ilmenite mining 235 Goblin Valley 56 250–2 immigration, benefi t of 470 gold 301, 485 herbivores 204, 205, 206, 209 impermeable 7, 11, 388 Golden Rice 412 herbs 210 in situ 142 granite 86, 122, 160 high pressure systems 70, 71 income per capita 445 granular disintegration 47 high rise fl ats 378 India 265, 407, 479–80, 499 graphical techniques 560–3 high-energy coast 73 India Rivers Interlinking Project 512 graphs use of 560–2 high-level waste (HLW) 522 Indian Plate 162, 177 grazing animals 225, 227, Himalayas 162, 490, 500 Indian subcontinent movement 161 243, 244 HIV/AIDS 427, 452 indirect drivers 216, 217

594

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index More Information Index

Indonesia 31, 197, 418 kames 133–4 London Underground 359 Industrial Revolution 17, 21, 355 Kariba, Lake 535 longshore bar 71 infant mortality 428, 430 Kashmir 107 longshore drift (littoral movement) 69, 77, infectious illnesses 427, 428 Kashmir earthquake 175, 177 78, 83 inferential relational techniques 571–4 Kathmandu 153, 177, 178 long-term carbon cycle 26, 27 inferential statistic 554, 573 Katse dam 494 longwave radiation 21, 109, 382 infi ltration capacity 6 Kelly’s Directories 349 Los Angeles 325 infl uenza 431 Kenya 415, 499 love waves 173 informal settlement 375 kettle holes and lakes 134 low pressure systems 70, 71 infrared radiation 109 keyhole surgery 437 low-energy coast 73 Inishvickillane 343, 347 Kibera 375 lower quartile (LQ) 569 inner city problems 361–2 Kilauea volcano 165, 166 lowland heath 250, 251–2 insects 18, 212, 231 Kilimanjaro, Mt 109 lung cancer 435–7 inselbergs 57 King’s Cross station 318 insider 317 KOF Index of Globalisation 263–4 Maasai 453 insolation 39, 45 Koka Reservoir 496 Mackenzie pingo 141–2 insulation, home 516 krill 306 mackerel fi shing 343, 345 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Kyoto Protocol 29, 520 Madagascan periwinkle 233, 234 (ICZM) 99, 104–5 Madagascar 233–6 interglacial carbon dioxide 17 labour force, female 282 Madrid Protocol 508 interglacial period 117 lag time 9, 388 magma 160, 161, 162 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate lagoons 83, 246, 247 magma chamber 166 Change (IPCC) 29, 91, 306, 446 lahars (mudfl ows) 162, 165, 167 malaria 180, 427, 432–4, 452, 461, 496 intermediate goods and services 283, 284 land cover, UK 241, 242 Malawi, diseases 472 internal deformation 121 land use change 201, 218 Maldives 92, 458 International Atomic Energy Agency landfi ll sites 392–3 Malham Cove 548 (IAEA) 508 landlocked 286 Mali 414, 415 International Coffee Agreements (ICAs) 294 landslides 76, 173, 180 malnutrition 410 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 303, Langeled gas pipeline 507 Malthusian theory 459–60 310 Las Vegas 332 managed re-alignment 95 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 263, latent heat 4, 110, 180 managed retreat 99 273, 282, 301–2 latitude 112 Manaus, climate 228 International Whaling Commission latosol soils 221, 224, 228, 229 Manchester 330, 363–4, 372 (IWC) 307, 308, 310 lava 163, 164, 165 mangroves 97, 98, 103, 105, 510 internet 275–6, 360 Lea Valley 331 mantle 27, 87, 159–60 inter-quartile range (IQR) 568 leaching 201, 239, 419 manufacturing 370, 371 intertidal habitat 99 lee side 127 maps 101, 103, 104, 349, 564, 566 intertidal zone 73, 79, 80, 86 Lee’s model of migration 447–8 Marden, River 390–1 intertropical convergence zone lemurs 233, 234, 235 marginal 59, 461 (ITCZ) 46, 179 Leopold matrix 478 Mariana Islands 281 intervening obstacles 447 Lesotho 494 marine: interviews 350, 549, 550 levees 98 biological cycle 25; interwar estates 378 liberalisation 291–2 calcifi cation 22; intracratonic basin 523 Libya 534 carbon cycle 25; intraplate 163 lichens 116, 138, 210, 212 ecosystems 245–5; invasive species 259 life expectancy 407, 424–5, 428, parks 310; invertebrates 231 429, 463 processes 15 investment in infrastructure 285 lightning 186 marine protected areas (MPAs) 250, 308, IPAT equation 455 limestone 12, 17, 26 309, 310 Iran 507, 534 liminal 321 marram grass 63 Ireland 264, 343–8 ‘Limits to Growth, The’ 459–60 Masoala National Park 235 irrigation 422, 486–7, 498 line of best fi t 571 mass movement 75–6 island arcs 162, 168 line source/store 94 maternal mortality 428 Island of the Quern 343 liquefi ed natural gas (LNG) Matterhorn 126 isoline maps 567 482–3, 516 Mauna Loa Observatory 520 isostatic change 86–7 lithifi cation 13, 17 Mauritania 407, 414 isostatic depression 123–4 lithosere 12, 210–11, 237 McDonald’s 145, 264, 265 isotonic change 88 lithosphere 3, 12, 13, 14, 159, 169 McMurdo Dry Valley 116 Israel, water recycling 497 litter layer 204, 213–14 mean 568 living wage 380 measure of centrality 568 Jakriborb 374–5 lobster fi shing 343, 345 measure of dispersion 568 Japan, hunting whales 310 location, choice for investigation 547 mechanical weathering 47, 74–5, 77, Japanese earthquake (2011) 176 logging 201, 213 115, 123 Japanese islands 162, 168 London 315, 329, 337, 364, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 193 jet engine 286 383, 440 media places 318 jet stream 182 London, BedZED 401–2 median 591 Joint Typhoon Warning System 181 London Docklands 338, 361, medication use 434, 471 Jostedalsbreen ice cap 147 362, 396 medicines from plants 233

595

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index MoreA/AS Information Level Geography for AQA

Mediterranean Basin 416, 417 Nairobi 375 Nubian plate 162 Mediterranean climates 415–16 Namib Desert 47, 49, 57, 408 nuclear energy 519, 522 Mediterranean Sea 416 Namib Sand Sea 62 nuclear reactors, Britain’s 513, 514 megacities 366–7, 565 Namibia, population 407–8 nuclear waste 522 memory 438 Nano car 292, 293 nuclear weapons non-proliferation mesas 57, 58 Nant Ffrancon valley 137 treaty 508 metallurgical 485 Nasser, Lake 497 nuclear weapons 522 methane: National Historic Park 347 nuclear-free zone 541 release to atmosphere 21, 24, National Hurricane Centre 181 nuée ardente 162, 164 30, 282; National Nature Reserve (NNR) 63 null hypothesis 545, 571, 572 from digestion 16; National Parks 62, 142, 147, 227, 235, nunataks 136, 137 electricity generation 392–3; 244–5, 250 nutrient cycling 213–15, 231 hydrates 17, 27; natural decrease and increase 441 nutrient storage 213–14 liquid 483; natural gas sources 28 production 12; natural population change 370 oak trees 215, 238, 239 methodology 545–6, 556 nature reserves 235, 257 oases 51 ‘Metro-Land’ 359 Nazca Plate 162 occupational 436 ‘metropolitan village’ 320 negative feedback cycle (loop) 69, 95, 457 Occupy Movement 317, 318–19 Mexico 265, 279, 444 negative multiplier effect 364 ocean-atmosphere exchange 14, 18, 23, Microsoft model 276 Nenets 144, 281–2 24–5 mid ocean ridges 87, 161, 169 neoliberalism 277 oceanic crust 160, 161, 162, 171 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 161–2, 194 neo-Malthusian theories 459 oceanic ridges 160 Middle East, migration to 279 Nepal 437, 517 oceans 12, 13, 22, 25, 45, 208, 458 Migneint area 136, 137 Nepal earthquake 177–9 offshore bars 83 migrants 279, 280, 448 Nepalese workers 279–80 offshore breakwaters 97 migration 265, 275, 284, 446–50, 463, net primary production (NPP) 206–8, 225, offshore currents 77 466, 467 231, 239 Ogallala aquifer 490 Millennium Development Goals net replacement rate 454 Ogoni region, Nigeria 511, 512 (MDGs) 104, 301, 303, 533 Nevada del Ruiz 165 oil: millionaire city 366 névé 108–9, 119 contaminated land 511; mine waste management 529 New East Manchester (NEM) 363–4 demand 476, 482; mineral deposits 484 New Towns Act 360, 361 exploration 145–6, 282; mineral extraction 257–8 New Zealand 332, 538–42 ‘gushers’ 20; mineral nutrient cycling 213–15, 231 Newham 338–9, 340, 342 leaks 508, 510–12; mineral-rich countries 485 newly industrialised countries (NICs) 283 pollution 282, 510; mines, land reclamation from 529 Niger 414, 415, 424 price fl uctuations 285, 534; mining 235, 502 Nigeria 511 producers 481; misfi t stream 137 Nike model 276 reserves 28, 285; Mississippi River 89 Nile Delta 58 spills 145, 508, 510–12; mitigation (volcanoes) 167 Nile River 5, 51 trade, global 480–2 mobility 437 nitrogen oxide 519, 520 oil palm plantations 20, 518 mode 568 nivation 125 oil-shale reserves 508 Modifi ed Mercali Intensity Scale No Active Intervention 95, 102 Olympic and Paralympic Games 333, 338 (MMI) 174 nomadic cultivation 413, 415 Olympic Park 339 Moment Magnitude scale (Mw) 174 nomadism 226, 282 ‘one-child policy’ 443 monoculture 198, 201, 412 non-communicative illnesses 425, onion-skin weathering 48, 75 Monsanto 198, 530 426, 427 Ontake, Mount 168–9 Montagu Island 154 non-governmental organisations open systems 2, 5, 39 Montreal Protocol 460–1 (NGOs) 176, 183, 301, 308–9, Ordinance Survey (OS) maps 349 Monument Valley 57, 58 437, 503 ore mineral 484–5, 536–7, 522–9, 528–9 moon 72–3 non-organic 12 organic 12 moorland preservation 244 non-proliferation treaty 508 Organisation for Economic Co-operation moraine terrace 149 Norfolk 63–4, 133 and Development (OECD) 274 moraines 124, 125, 129–30, 132 Norfolk Broads 256–60 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting ‘moratorium’ on whaling 310 normal distribution 569 Countries (OPEC) 480–1 morbidity 425, 428, 431 North American Plate 161, 162, 168, orientation 139 morphological 43 191, 192 oscillatory wave 70 mortality 428, 431 North Atlantic Drift 110, 114, 239 osmosis inhibition 422 mosquitos 432, 433–4 North Atlantic Ocean 114 osmosis, reverse 490, 494 mosses 116, 138, 210, 212 North Korean migrants 280 outsider 317 mountain sickness 431 North Sea oil and gas 474–5, 513 outsourcing 276, 369, 381 MOX (mixed oxide) 522 northward shift, climate 217, 218 outwash plains 135 mudfl ats 83, 85, 98, 181 Norway: over cultivation 226, 227 mudfl ows 53, 76 energy mix 504, 505; over-abstraction 422 Muele Tailpond dam 494 glaciated environment 120, 147–51; overcrowding 375, 431 multi-hazardous environments lakes 520; overfi shing 249, 306 189–93 landscape 123, 124; overgrazing 62, 226, 227, 423 Myanmar people 447 tourism 148–9 overland fl ow 7

596

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index More Information Index

overpopulation 454 Plinian eruptions 163, 168 productivity 206–9 oxidation 48, 75 plucking 124, 126, 127 profi le, soil 416, 417 oxygen depletion 395 plutonium 519, 522 Prudhoe Bay oilfi eld 145 ozone 460, 519 pluvial fl ooding 195 psammosere 84–5, 210 ozone layer 460–1 poaching 227 public space 317 podsols 239, 418, 419, 420 public transport 398 Pacifi c Plate 162, 166, 168 point source/store 94 puffi ns 202, 203, 212, 344 paleoclimatic 112 Polar Code 307 pull and push factors 359, 447 Paracel archipelago 280 polar environments 112 pyramid, trophic 205, 206 parent material 416, 417 polar ice 4, 17 pyramid-shaped peak 126 Paris conference 29 political globalisation 265 pyroclastic fl ows 162, 164, 165 Park response model 157–8 political unions 303 Parys Mountain, ores 525 pollutants in air 187, 384, 385 Qatar 279–80 pastureland productivity 209 pollutants in water 392, 499 qualitative data 549, 550 pathogen pollution 395 pollution, air 384, 406, 431, 436, 458 quantitative data 549, 550 patterned ground 141 pollution, chemical 395 quarry, limestone 237–8 peat 16, 24, 243, 344, 345 pollution of farms and fi sheries 511 quarrying 77 peat soils 252, 256 pollution from pathogens 395 Quaternary period 117, 118 pediments 58 pollution, sea (heavy metals) 547 questionnaires 350, 351, 549, pedosphere 12 pollution, thermal 395 550, 553 per capita 445 pollution, water 104, 249, 282, 394–6, 471, perceive and perception 315 492, 512, 527 ‘race to the bottom’ 294 periglacial areas 113, 117, 139–40 polyps 246 Racetrack Playa 57, 58 periglacial landforms 141–3 population: radiation (heat loss) 45 permafrost 31, 113, 115, 139–40, 143, 282 change 441–50, 470; radioactive half-life 519 permeable 7, 389, 390 density 407, 408; radioactive material 522 Peru 501–3 in desert areas 61; radiotherapy 437 Petra 57 distribution 407; railway development 273–4, 359 Philippines 164, 166, 167, 168, 183 growth 217, 408, 409, 459; rain shadow 44, 45 photographs 349 predictions 460–71; rainfed 415 photographs, use of 550–1 pressures 60; rainforest burning 197 photosynthesis 15, 16, 25, 32, 116 pyramids 469, 471; rainwater harvesting 404, 494, 499 photovoltaic (PV) cells 518, 536 optimum 454; Ramanujan IT City 291, 292 phreatic 42, 168 managing 465–7; range 568, 570 phreatophytes 42 and resources 454–5, 457, 459; rare earth element (REE) 536 physical exhaustion 476 youthful 468 rare earth metal (REM) 536 physical weathering 47, 74–5, 77, Population, Resources and Pollution (PRP) rare earths 536, 537 115, 123 model 457–8 raw data 558, 560 phytoplankton 25 pore spaces in soil 423 Rayleigh waves 173 pilot study 553 porphyry deposits 523, 527 rebranding 330, 331, 332 Pinatubo, Mount 164, 166, 167 Port-au-Prince 176, 190, 192 recycling methods 393–4 pingos 116, 141–2 Portmeirion 318 Red Sea 162, 247–9 pioneers 210 positive feedback cycle (loop) 69, 95, 457 redevelopment 331 place: post-industrial cities 325 reed beds 257 defi nition 316; potable water 486 re-exporting 295 and health 438–41; potatoes, growing 413 reforestation 20 perception and manipulation 329, poverty 337, 378–9, 444, 502 refugees 446 330, 331; power stations 387, 481, 540, 556, 562–3 reg 55 sense of 327–8; precipitation 6, 40, 45–6, 383–4 regeneration 315, 330 study 349–51 predators 225, 226 regime 34 placeless 321 preparedness 158, 167 regolith 39, 41, 49 plagioclimax community 209, 210 pressure charts 565 regulating global systems 300–3 plagioclimax vegetation 224, 242–4 pressure groups 535–6 reindeer 282 plagiosere 212 pressure melting point 121 relative humidity 185, 228 plankton 25, 26 primary: reliability 552–3 plantations 20 consumers (herbivores) 204, 205, relict features 41, 42, 43, 88 plants: 206, 209; religious fundamentalism 274 drought-resistant 416; data 549; remittance payments 273, 449 and fi re 186–7, 414; energy 504; renaming 330 fl owering 198; forest 458; report writing 555–8 insectivorous 252; hazard 162; reptiles in deserts 43 parasitic 230 producers 204; research question 544–5, 546 Plasmodium parasites 432, 433 succession 209, 210–12, 237 reserve, minerals 475 plate boundaries 160, 161, 162, 169, 170, primates 231 reservoirs 10, 489, 491, 496, 497, 535 171, 191 Priority Investment Program (PIP) 104 residential areas 351 plate tectonics 159–62 prisere 210, 237 resource 474, 476 playas 48, 57 private space 317 resource peak 477 Pleistocene era 112, 117 process sequence 89 resource security 486

597

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index MoreA/AS Information Level Geography for AQA

respiration 16 Scottish referendum 303 Sierra Leone 436 respiratory diseases 427, 432 scouring 125 Sierra Nevada Mountains 111 response, rivers 6 scree 58, 125 signifi cance test 571, 573 retired people 360 sea ice 21, 22, 110, 112 silicate weathering 27 retirement age 466 sea level change 86–7, 90–2, silting 181, 194 revetments 78, 96 95, 257 Sima power plant 150 rhyolitic lavas 163, 164, 165 sea pollution (heavy metals) 527 Singapore 264, 286, 369 rias 88 sea walls 97, 98 sink 94 ribbon lakes 126–7, 137 seafl oor spreading 161 Sites of Special Scientifi c Interest rice growing 413 seamount 166 (SSSI) 63, 257 Richter scale 174 secondary: sketch map, annotated 547 ridge pull and push 161 consumers 204, 205, 206, skin cancer 461 ridges, beach 82 225, 226; Skype 273, 275 rift valleys 162, 247 data 549; slab pull and push 161 ‘right to buy’ scheme 341 energy 504; slash-and-burn farming 184, 234 rills 421 hazards 162; slow carbon cycle 14, 15, 16–17, 26 riparian 35 succession 209, 212–13 slugs 212 rising limb 9 secondspace 327 slumping 69, 76, 95 risk 548 security 274, 376 slums 375, 381, 403 rivers 11, 388, 389–91, 394, 489, 491 sedentary cultivation 413 smog 384, 385 road construction 200 sediment: smoking 435–6, 437 road space rationing 385, 386 budget 47, 68–9, 94; snout of glaciers 119, 130 ‘Roaring Forties’ 540, 541 littoral cells 68–9, 81, 93–4, 95; Snowdon, Mt 137 roche moutonnées 124, 127 movement 39, 50; Snowdonia 125, 136–9, 142, 237, 324 rock armour (rip-rap) 96, 101 sink 69, 81 social cleansing 340 rock breakdown 47–9 sedimentary rocks 13, 27, 86 social globalisation 264 rock characteristics 86 seismic activity 166 socio-economic disruption 154 rock fl our 124, 135, 148 seismic hazards 169–79 soft engineering 97, 98, 99 rock pillars (hoodoos) 56 seismic waves 172–3 soil: rockfall 75 seismometers 171, 172 biota 423; rocks, carbon-based 12 Sellafi eld 522 as carbon sink 24; Rocky Mountains 112 semi-arid climates 414–15 compaction 423; rodents, burrowing 225 semi-nomadic Nenets 281 creep 76, 143; Ross Sea 309, 310 sensible heat 109, 110 degradation 420–1; Rough fi re 189 Seoul 325–6 erosion 418, 421; RSPB 252 sequestration 16, 17, 30, 31, forming processes 115–16; runoff 7, 8, 52, 100, 388 482, 552 geomorphic system 114–16; rural places 319–21, 322–4 seracs 122 horizons 115, 229, 239, 417; rural-to-urban migration 370, 381 seral communities 209, 210 liquefaction 173–4; Russia 113, 282, 306, 483–4, 534 seral stages 209, 210, 237 mineral nutrient recycling 213–14; seres 209–10 moisture budget 228; sabkhas 48, 57 service sector, UK 372–3 rainforest 214, 228–33; Saffi r-Simpson scale 180 settlement location 374 savanna 224; saguaro cactus 42 sewage 388, 395 structure deterioration 423 Sahara desert 38 sewage systems 395, 396 solar: Saharan sand 47 sewage treatment 497 cookers 531; Sahel 414–15, 416, 444, 458 shale gas 28, 156 energy 518; ‘sailing stones’ 57, 58 ‘shale revolution’ 514 engineers 531; salinisation 224, 226, 420, 422–3 shales 12 lighting 531; salt marsh 83, 84, 85 Shard 364 panels 536; salt weathering 48 Sharm-el-Sheikh 249 power 387; saltation 49–50, 64, 78 sheep 344, 346 radiation 21, 33, 39 saltwater 3 sheet fl ooding, deserts 54 solifl uction 142–3 saltwater intrusion 422 Sheffi eld 517 Somalian Plate 162 sampling 553 shell deformities 22 Somerset Levels 194, 195 San Andreas Fault 162 Shell in Nigeria 511–12 Soufrière Hills 165 San Joaquin Valley 422 Shell, compensation 512 source, sediment 94 sand banks 77 shield volcanoes 165 South America 535 sand dunes 50, 56–7, 62, 63–4, 84–5, 98 shifting cultivation 232, 418 South American plate 162 sand movement 49–50 shockwaves 172–3 South China Sea confl ict 280–1 sand seas 62 shopping centres 329–30, 339 Southern Ocean 114, 306, 308–9 sandur 135 shoreline barriers 98 Southwark 439–41 satellite technology 274, 275 Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs) 94 Spain 500 saturated 5 shoreline states 95 spatial maps 566–7 savanna 224–7, 415 shortwave radiation 382 spatial proximity 368 scatter graphs 571 shrub layer 215 spatial sequence 89 schistosomiasis 431 shrubs, invasive 252 Spearman’s rank correlation Scottish Highlands 237, 240 Sidney Island spit 82 test 175, 571–3

598

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index More Information Index

Special Economic Zone (SEZ) 291, 381 Swansea Bay 532, 533 transit countries 448 species, endemic 233, 235, 310 swash 71, 72 translatory wave 70 species, invasive 259 Sweden 374–5, 444 transnational corporations (TNCs) 145, species, over-exploited 306 synoptic charts 565 263, 275, 290–1, 294, 412, 509 species under threat 61, 202, 203 Syria, population 443 Trans-Pacifi c Partnership (TPP) 289 spits 69, 78, 82, 83, 102 transpiration 6–7 sporadic permafrost 140 tailings 485 transport costs 285–6 Spurn Point 101, 102 talik 140, 142 transport infrastructure 359, 365 stack 80 Tanzania 410, 451–3 transport, sustainable 374 standard deviation 569–70 tariffs 287, 381 transverse waves 173 statistical techniques 568–76 tarns 125 tree of Ténéré 42, 43 steel-making works 522 Tata group 291–3 trees 7, 187, 230 steroids 432 Taupo Volcanic Zone 539, 540, 541 trenches 168 stock resources 474–6 Tearfund 178 trophic level 204, 205, 206 Stockholm 398 technology industry 380 tropical rainforest: Storbreen glacier 120 tectonic activity 87, 161 Amazon 32–3, 197, 200; store 94 telephone calls, international 275 carbon cycle 32–3; storm beaches 81, 82 tellurium 536–7 carbon sink 24; storm refuge 105 temperate deciduous forest 236, clearing 31, 32; storm surges 71, 73, 97, 104, 180–1, 238, 239 destruction 232–3, 234; 182, 183 temperate zone 419 habitat 200; stoss side 127 temperatures, global 17, 22, 28, 112 human activity 231–3; stoves, fuel-effi cient 531 temporal sequence 89, 90 mineral nutrient cycle 214–15; Stratford 333–6, 338–40 tephra 162, 164, 165, 169 productivity 207, 208; stratovolcanoes 154, 168 terracettes 143 soils 214, 228–33; Stromboli 154, 155 terrestrial 14 structure 230 structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) 302 tertiary industry 372 tropical storms 179–84 stumps 80 tetrapods 96 truncated spurs 126 subaerial weathering 74, 77, 80 Texas Instruments 274–5 tsunamis 97, 162, 174 sub-canopy 215 Thames, river 9 tuberculosis (TB) 375, 427 sub-climax vegetation 209 Thar Desert 44, 49 tundra 12, 16, 17, 21, 24, 204 subducting 162 thermal expansion and fracture 47–8 tundra vegetation 115, 237 subduction offshore 173 thermal pollution 395 Turkey 534 subduction zones 27, 160, 164 thermohaline system 114 turtle doves 203 subglacial bedforms 127–8, 136 thermokarst 143 Tweed river catchment 34–7 sublimation 4, 110 thirdspace 328 Typhoon Haiyan 183–4 subsere 210, 212 thorns, desert plants 42 Typhoon Phanfone 169 suburb 359 Three Gorges Dam 253–5 suburbanisation 359 throughfl ow (interfl ow) 7 Uganda 468–9 suburbanised village 323, 324 tidal barrages 532, 533 UK as a hazardous environment 194–5 succession 209, 212 tidal power-generators 73 UK, future population 469–71 succulents 42 tides 72–3 ultraviolet B radiation 460–1 Sudan 458 till 132, 133 Uluru 327 Sugar Loaf Mountain 57 till plains 130 UNCLOS (Convention on the Law of the sulphur dioxide 166, 519, 520, 527 tillage 421 Sea) 280 superfreighters 274 tiltmeters 166 unconsolidated sediment 173 Superstorm Sandy 97, 181–3, 184, 446 ‘time-space compression/ underground service 333, 335 supervolcano 541 convergence’ 271–2, 318, 321 under-nutrition 410 surface creep 64 tobacco 435–6, 437 underpopulation 454 surface runoff 7 Toˉ hoku earthquake 87 unemployed population 362 surface waves 173 Tokyo 354, 366, 367, 369 UNEP (United Nations Environment surface-to-air missiles 280 tombolos 82, 83 Programme) 304, 308, 511, 512 Surtsey 210–12 topography 416 UNESCO World Heritage Site 178 surveys 350, 351, 550 topophilia 318 United Nations 104, 262, 263, 282, 283, Survival International 282 tourism 244, 249, 257, 258, 332 302–3 suspension bridge 150–1 toxins release to environment 392 upper quartile (UQ) 569 sustainable 374 traction 78 uranium 508, 519, 522 sustainable cities 375, 376, 398–9 trade bans 507 urban: sustainable development goals trade fl ows 478 agglomeration 366; (SDGs) 438, 533 trading blocs 30, 273, 287, 288 areas, changing 324–6; sustainable energy issues 517–19 Trafford Centre 330 canyon winds 384; sustainable fi shing 423 tragedy of commons 304–5 characteristics 374–5; sustainable housing 401–2 Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) 145, climate 382–4; sustainable living 404 146, 506 drainage 387–91; sustainable resource development 477–8 transboundary aquifers 500 dwellers, growth of 357–8; sustainable urban drainage systems transboundary rivers 500 forms 373–7; (SuDS) 388–9, 390 transform plate 162, 170, 191 heat island (UHI) effect 382–3, 546;

599

Edited by Alan Parkinson Index MoreA/AS Information Level Geography for AQA

urban: (continued) water: physical (mechanical) 47–8, 74–5, 77, and peri-urban horticulture availability 486–7; 115, 123; (UPH) 412, 424; balance 5, 8; salt 48; places 319–21; budget 5; silicate 27; population, global 356–7; collection 493; subaerial 74, 77, 80 regeneration 333, 335, 338–9, 362; confl icts 499–500; whale Sanctuary 310 resurgence 361–5; consumption 488, 496 whaling 306–7, 310 water cycle 388–9 cycle 2–8, 31, 388–9; WHO 410, 424–5, 431, 437 Urban Development Corporations demand, reducing 498; wildfi res 18, 184–9 (UDC) 362 footprint 499; wildlife reserves 235 urbanisation 20, 355–8, 375, futures 529–30; wind: 378–82 plan, Peru 502; in cities 384; urban-rural continuum 320 pollution 394–6, 471, 512, 527; in deserts 49–50; urban-to-urban migration 380 quantity and quality 388, 490; energy 517–18 USA 30, 332 recycling 497, 498; erosion 49; U-shaped glacial valleys 111, 126 scarcity 491, 493, 501; farms, offshore 515; security 486–503; power 540; Valentin’s classifi cation 89–90 shortages 458, 500; prevailing 70 variation, degree of 569 sources 51, 489–90; Windermere, Lake 127 vector borne diseases 461 states 4; Wisconsin glaciation 130 vegetation 18,000 years ago 118 stores 3, 5, 6, 7; women’s status 356, 452 vegetation, adaptations 224, 230 stress 486, 487, 492, 493, 501; workers, benefi ts for 276 ‘vegetation breezes’ 33 supply schemes 495–6; workers’ rights 289 vehicle emissions 537 systems, human intervention 491–2; working from home 360 vehicle quota 385–6 table 5, 421, 423, 477, 500; ‘workplace pension’ 446 ventifacts 55 transfer 494, 500; World Bank 190, 263, 273, Veolia Energy Recovery Facility 517 treatment 489, 503; 282, 300–1 Vietnam 294, 295 unclean 458; world cities 368–9 villages 319, 323 uses 489, 491; World Trade Organization (WTO) 273, virga 46 vulnerability 493 277, 288 virtual water 499 water-borne diseases 394 viticulture 416 waterlogging 421–2 xerophytic plants 42, 209, 224 volatile organic compounds watershed 5 xerosere 210 (VOCs) 519 wave characteristics 71 volcanic activity 18, 23 wave refraction 72, 80 Yamal megaproject 282 volcanic ash 164, 165 wave-cut notch 75, 79, 80 Yangtze River 253, 254 volcanic eruption 163, 167, 210 wave-cut platforms 79, 80, 88 yardangs 55 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 168 waves 70 yellow fever 437 volcanoes, global distribution 164 weapon improvement 274 Yellowstone 165, 168 volcanic hazards 162–9 weather maps 565 youthful populations 465 volcanoes at plate boundaries 165 weather monitoring station 543 Yukon 144 Vuntut Gwitchin community 144–5 weathering: biological 48, 74, 75, 77; Zambia 535 wadis 51, 57 chemical 17, 26, 48, 74, 75, 77; zero-sum game 493 ‘walkability’ 374, 375, 398 coastal 74; zeugen 56 Wallerstein, Immanuel 277–9 in deserts 39; zonal soils 221, 222, 416–17 Walmart 269–71 exfoliation 48, 75; zooplankton 25 waste 392–4, 424 freeze-thaw 48, 75, 115, 125, 126, 142; zooxanthellae 246

600