Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark Glossary, Abbreviations and Appendices

Alyxia buxifolia

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 1

Glossary and Abbreviations

A and Tasmanian South East (TSE). Macquarie Island is included within the Subantarctic Islands (SAI) Adventitious: describing parts of organisms that Bioregion arise in unusual or irregular positions such as roots growing from a leaf Bioturbation: disturbance and displacement of sediments by living things Adventive: dispersal upon introduction, such as an escape from cultivation Blanket moor: buttongrass moorland that is not restricted to valley flats but also occupies mountains Aeolian: (sediment deposited after) having been slopes, ridges and plateaus; common in cool-wet carried by the wind climates mainly where soils are shallow and peaty on Alluvium: silt, sand, mud etc deposited by flowing infertile substrates such as Precambrian quartzite and water such as rivers when they flood Ordovician conglomerate from sea level to 1000 m Alpine: the parts of the mountain above the tree- Block fields: a continuous spread of rock fragments line but below permanent snow (of boulder dimensions) which mantle the surface of Alpine vegetation: vegetation of alpine areas in high mountain slopes or plateaux which trees are excluded by lack of summer Bog: an area of wet, acidic peat soil dominated by warmth, frost or exposure to strong winds Sphagnum moss or other characteristic graminoid, Anaerobic: biological processes that occur without herb or shrub species oxygen Bolster heath: or cushion heath. Communities Argillaceous substrate: rich in clay minerals dominated by cushion plants (shrub with closely packed leaves forming a raised “cushion-like” mat Ash: an informal subgroup within the genus surface) eucalyptus; in Tasmania members of this group Brackish: a term applied to any water which exhibits include Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. obliqua, salinity intermediate between seawater and fresh E. pauciflora, E. regnans and E. sieberi. water B Bryophytes: in Bryophyta, a division of the plant Back swamps: a marshy area or depression Kingdom comprising liverworts, mosses and occurring in the flood plain, outside the river channel hornworts; non-vascular, simple plants Base rock: or basement rock; bedrock; Buttongrass moorland: vegetation ranging from unweathered rock below the soil; the complex of sedgeland to graminoid-shrubland in which metamorphic and igneous rocks that underlies the Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus usually occurs sedimentary deposits with more than 10% cover and Restionaceae species Biome: an ecosystem or habitat grouped or defined are often common; also includes communities (e.g. according to the life form of the dominant plants ‘alkaline pans’) in which Gymnoschoenus is absent and climatic zone but which occur close to vegetation with Gymnoschoenus; buttongrass moorland is most Bioregion: a large area of land defined to contain common on nutrient poor soils in cool, wet climates areas of similar environmental, physical and climatic conditions, with boundaries located to emphasize C disjunctions in biodiversity. The nine mainland Cainozoic: or Cenozoic: the latest era of geologic Tasmanian Bioregions and their accepted time, extending from the beginning of the Tertiary abbreviations are King (KIN), Furneaux (FUR), period (approximately 65 million years ago) to the Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Ben Lomond present (BEL), Tasmanian West (TWE), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Central Calcareous: rich in calcium carbonate Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR)

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 1

Calcarenites: limestone or dolomite rock with a Conglomerate: coarse-grained sedimentary rock coarse texture due to small sand, coral or shell with individual grains/rocks larger than 2 mm in fragments diameter; water–worn fragments of rocks or pebbles cemented together by another mineral substance Callidendrous: rainforest with an open understorey, rich in fern species and usually tall in lowland Connate: fusion of similar parts of a plant e.g. paired situations but shorter in montane situations leaves at a node, the base of which has become fused to completely encircle the stem Cambrian: a period in the Palaeozoic era of geological time, approximately 590-505 million years Consolidated sand: tightly packed sand that has ago become coherent or firm; forming a solid mass Canopy: the stratum (or layer) formed collectively Coppicing: ability to grow new adventitious shoots by the crowns of adjacent trees or shrubs. It may be from the base of the trunk; usually developing after continuous or discontinuous. The canopy refers to damage to the trunk (e.g. fire or cutting) the dominant stratum. Copse: a little patch; a small woodland Carboniferous: a period of geological time between Crevice: deep fissure in the surface; a long narrow approximately 360 and 286 million years ago, named crack for the thick deposits of coal found in rocks of this age Crown: the totality of the plant's aboveground parts, including stems, leaves, and reproductive structures CARSAG: Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative Scientific Advisory Group, Cryptogam: non-vascular plant, in particular lichen established following the Tasmanian Regional Forest and moss Agreement Cryptogamic crust: layer of cryptogams that grows Climatic effect: the response (of living organisms) to on substrate surfaces, forming a biotic layer climate change (i.e. temperature and precipitation), Culm: the stem bearing leaves or inflorescences which is usually measured seasonally or annually particularly in grasses and sedges Climax vegetation: the final and stable vegetation type in the development of an ecosystem; the result D of succession and in equilibrium with the Depauperate: usually lower species diversity present environment than in similar environments due to various environmental and historic factors Co-dominant (taxon): where two or more taxa contribute equally to the cover of the dominant Devonian: A period of geological time extending stratum from approximately 395-345 million years ago Cold air drainage: where air in relatively high areas Dieback: The progressive death of a tree or shrub, cools faster at night and, being heavier, flows down- usually branch by branch that may be due to any slope into valleys or depressions where it then number of causes, such as drought, salinity, insect or collects fungal attack Colluvial: deposits of weathered material (loose Dominant stratum: the tallest native structural layer sediments) transported by gravity down slopes with a solid crown cover of >5% (i.e. excludes emergent native trees or shrubs where their solid Community (ecological): a collection or association crown cover is < 5%). Also excludes a canopy of of plant species within a designated geographical exotic species, where these occur as the tallest unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, structural layer distinguishable from neighbouring patches of different vegetation types Dominant taxon: the taxon that contributes proportionately the most cover to the dominant Complex: a group of vegetation communities that stratum occur in intimate association, where it is difficult to discriminate particular components at the given scale DPIWE: Department of Primary Industries, Water of mapping and Environment (now DPIPWE)

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 2

DPIPWE: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Exotic vegetation: (exotic plant species) vegetation Water and Environment (formerly DPIWE); a that is not native vegetation (i.e. does not occur department of the Tasmanian government public naturally in an area without direct or indirect human service intervention)

Dry (forest): mainly dominated by eucalypts, with an F understorey generally dominated by hard-leaved Facies: a local type or variant of community that is shrubs, and/or a ground layer dominated by bracken, related to other types or variants, and are not grasses or graminoids considered different enough to be described as a E separate ecological vegetation community Ecological vegetation community: the entity used in FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation the vegetation mapping classification and Fen: mesophytic or eutrophic wetland where water characterised by floristic and structural features that and nutrients inflow from the surrounding catchment are more or less consistent across its range. It may (minerotrophic); dominated by graminoids; neutral be abbreviated to vegetation community or to alkaline wetland community Fernland: Fern-dominated vegetation including Ecotone: a transitional zone or region separating vegetation dominated by Pteridium esculentum two vegetation communities Fire disclimax: vegetation community that does not Edaphic: pertaining to the soil, especially with reach a climax stage due to disturbance by fire respect to its influence on organisms Fjaeldmark: vegetation community represented by Edge effects: the ecological changes that occur at isolated mats, cushions, or other prostrate forms of the boundaries of a community or ecosystem; these dwarf plants on very exposed stony (almost soil-less) can often be measured as a ratio of “edge” or sites at the highest altitudes boundary relative to its “core” or area. As the edge to area ratio becomes larger, the likelihood of Floret: the reduced flower of a grass together with negative consequences of the edge effect becomes the palea or lemma higher, mainly due to the higher fluctuations in Floristic: the complete identifying and listing of the climate (e.g. moisture loss, temperature, wind, etc) plant species that occurs in a particular community Emergent: trees or shrubs with a combined solid or region crown cover of less than 5%, growing above the Fluvial deposits: sediments deposited by running general canopy water and its erosive activity Endemic: a species having a natural distribution that Foliose: leaf-like growth is confined to a particular geographical area e.g. a King Island endemic is native only to King Island Forbs: herbaceous dicotyledons; all herbaceous plants except grasses Epicormic buds: buds arising from a dormant bud on old wood, especially following injury to the plant Forest: vegetation where there is a canopy of trees above that bud with greater than 20% solid crown cover, or the potential to reach 20% solid crown cover at maturity Epiphytic: a plant that grows on another plant without being parasitic FPA: Forest Practices Authority Ephemeral: short-lived or transient FPP: Forest Practices Plan, previously Timber Harvesting Plan Estuarine: pertaining to the mouth of a river where it broadens into the sea and where the fresh G (river/stream) water meets the ebb and flow of the Gallery rainforest: closed rainforest to 20 m tall, tides – leading to a mixing of saline and fresh water occurring in the riparian zone with periodic flooding Eutrophic: of an environment (usually water) with Gap phase replacement: a successional term for high nutrient concentrations, and often excessive tree regeneration in rainforests. When a tree falls biological production down, a gap in the canopy is created. This gap allows

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 3 sunlight to directly reach the forest floor. Tree Holocene: recent geological time extending from seedlings then germinate in this sunlight and grow up approximately 10 000 years ago to the present day to fill the gap in the canopy Hummock: a low mound, knoll or hill Generic: referring to all members of a genus Hydrology: the study of water movement and Genetic variants: variation of alleles (genes) within a storage in soil and landforms; its composition and gene pool – therefore variation in the expression of properties trait characteristics (e.g. colour variations) I Geographic cline: a gradual change in character over IBRA: Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for the range of a species (with a change in geography) Australia Geophytes: plants which have underground storage Implicate: rainforest which is usually short in stature organs that lie entirely beneath the surface of the with an uneven canopy that is not distinctly soil and are therefore protected from cold or dry air separated from the tangled understorey of woody (e.g. corm, tuber, bulb or rhizome) shrubs and climbers below Glacial refuge: an area or habitat that has been Indigenous: occurring naturally without direct or protected from great changes in the environment indirect human intervention such as climate (ice age), so that a relict population has continued to exist. In this case, plants from a Inselberg: a steep-sided hill of solid rock (e.g. pre-glacial climate granite) – a steep ridge or eroded mountain on an otherwise flat plain Glaucous: surface of plant having a waxy greyish- blue surface e.g. leaves of some juvenile eucalypts Insolated slopes: a slope which receives high amounts of sunshine Gnamma pits: hollow weathered pits in rock, usually granite, where soil can build up and plants establish. Interstadial: a short phase of warmer climate during The deeper the pit and soil, the larger the plants can the course of a major glacial stage that is not warm grow or long enough to be deemed an interglacial stage

Graminoid: flowering plant that is grass-like in J appearance; a term that encompasses sedges, JANIS: Joint Australian New Zealand National Forest rushes, tassel rushes and some lilies and irises Policy Statement Implementation Sub Committee Granodorite: a course grained acid igneous rock 20- Jurassic: middle period of the Mesozoic era of 40% quartz, typically light in colour geological time, approximately 195-135 million years Grassland: vegetation in which the most common ago. Also known as the Age of Dinosaurs plants species are from the family Poaceae, often co- occurring with forbs, sedges and other graminoids L Lateritic sediments: comprised of a variety of coloured soils (e.g. red, brown and yellow) – due to the presence of iron and aluminium oxides or H hydroxides Halophyte: a plant adapted to living in highly saline soil and/or accumulating a high concentration of salt Leaf anthocyanin: a red photosynthetic compound found in the cell vacuole; acts as an antioxidant to Hard pan: a layer of strongly cemented material increase resistance to UV damage occurring in unconsolidated sediments, often found a short distance below the surface Legume: a plant which bears a dry dehiscent fruit (pod) containing one or more seeds (Fabaceae) Heath: a shrub with small leathery leaves usually less Lentic: pertaining to still waters such as ponds, lakes, than 2 m in height characteristic of heathland and moorland or swamps Heathland: vegetation with a woody shrub cover of Lithosere: a stage in succession on rock greater than 30%, and usually less than 2 m in height Littoral: region lying along a shore characterised by heath plants; see also shrubland

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 4

Lotic: pertaining to flowing water such as rivers and Modified landscape: an area where the vegetation streams cover is almost completely different to what occurred there prior to European settlement Lunette: a term referring to an asymmetrical crescent ridge (half-moon shape) of aeolian origin Modified non-forest vegetation: vegetation where on the leeward side of certain Australian lakes and the cover of exotic species exceeds 50% of the swamps dominant stratum

M Modified understorey: native understorey has been cleared and/or replaced with exotic species and Macroalgae: multicellular algae e.g. kelp evidence of native species regeneration sparse or Macroclimate: the climate of a large area or region absent Mallee: plants with stems arising from lignotubers at Monoculture: the cultivation of a crop of a single the base of the plant (partially or wholly species in successive years underground) forming a small bushy tree or shrub; Montane: occurring in or related to mountainous refers especially to eucalypts areas – especially below the treeline, having a cool, Mapping units: all the mapping categories used in moist climate the TASVEG data set, most of which are ecological Moorland: a region of treeless vegetation that is vegetation communities found in wet exposed conditions where the soil Marsh: a lowland area of soft, wet soil, characterised water can seep laterally. It has an acid peaty soil and by sedges, grasses and rushes permanently waterlogged subsoil Marsupial lawn: a native grassy herbfield grazed very Moraine: rock debris that is transported and closely to the ground by marsupials or, in some deposited by glacial ice action cases, by rabbits Myrtaceous: belonging to a large and important Mat heath: heath less than 15 cm tall found on most order of trees and shrubs (Myrtaceae) Tasmanian mountains N Mesic: habitat characterised by a moderate amount Nala: a soil association on Flinders Island with deep of moisture gritty sands and well developed B horizon Mesophyllous: a plant inhabiting moist environments Native (vegetation): all plant species that are and characterised by large soft leaves indigenous to Tasmania Metamorphosed: rocks altered in their mineralogy, Native (understorey): an understorey dominated by texture and internal structure owing to external native species or with the potential to be dominated sources of heat, pressure or chemical structure - by native species created by heat and pressure such that the minerals, fabric, colour are changed, but not the composition. Native vegetation remnant: the native vegetation Usually caused by deep burial within the earth’s remaining from the 'original' forest or non-forest crust vegetation in a landscape after land clearance/alteration. A native vegetation remnant Metasediments: metamorphosed sedimentary rocks can be of any size or condition, but excludes Mire: small muddy marsh, including any peat- modified forest, modified non-forest or paddock forming wetland trees Mixed forest: wet eucalypt forest with an Neighbourhood patches: vegetation patches with no understorey of rainforest species more than 12.5 m separation between their Modified forest: where a native tree canopy is perimeters present, but the understory has been cleared and/or NFI: National Forest Inventory replaced with exotic species and is without evidence NFPS: National Forest Policy Statement of regeneration by native species that would return a native understorey in the medium term (i.e. 10-50 N.P: National Park years)

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 5

Niche: the place and role occupied by an organism Peat: organic soil formed from the partial decay of within its environment, determined by its nutritional plant material in cool, wet, anaerobic and/or acid requirements, habit etc. environments Non vascular: having no vessels or ducts to contain Perennial: plant that flowers more than once and or transport water and nutrients e.g. algae, lichens, has a life cycle of more than two years fungi and mosses Permian: last period of the Palaeozoic era of Non-forest vegetation: native treeless vegetation, or geological time; approximately 286-245 million years where trees are present they form a canopy of less ago. Time of the first great mass extinction with 95% than 5% solid crown cover (without the potential to of species disappearing reach 5% solid crown cover). Permo-Triassic: the Permian system and the Triassic NVIS: National Vegetation Information System system considered together

O Petibela soil: a soil association on Flinders Island with sodic properties (containing the element Obligate seeder: a plant that can only reproduce via Sodium), poorly–drained and high salinity seed Phyllodes: a flattened petiole resembling and Old growth: forest with mature dominant trees and performing the functions of a leaf e.g. possessed by in which the effects of recent disturbance are many Acacia species negligible Phyllodinous: having phyllodes Oligotrophic peaty soils: wet soils comprised of peat with low levels of nutrients and productivity Physiographic: pertaining to the origin and evolution of landforms, in particular the character and Open woodland: woodland at the lower end of its distribution of slope and elevation defined cover range; see also Woodland Phytogeography: the study of the geographic Ordovician: the second earliest period of the distribution of plants Paleozoic era (after the Cambrian), from approximately 505-438 million years ago Phytophthora: a soil-based Chromista disease of plants, Phytophthora cinnamomi infects plant roots Outwash plains: the distinct fans formed from fluvial and kills some native species glacial material (released from glacial melt). Formed from gravels, sands and clays PI: Photographic Interpretation - the process of mapping vegetation from aerial photographs on the P basis of characteristic colour and texture in the Paddock trees: a tree, or copse of trees, around image; also known as vegetation signature. which the other components of a native vegetation Plantation: a forest established by the planting of community have been removed. Paddock trees may seedlings or cuttings of trees selected for their wood occur as isolated trees (e.g. a single tree in a producing properties and managed intensively for paddock or widely spaced trees throughout a the purposes of future timber harvesting. (Note: paddock, etc.), as small copses of trees (e.g. group of excludes native trees planted for the purpose of trees on a rocky patch of paddock) or as a narrow forest restoration, ornamental plantings and native linear strip (e.g. roadside strips, etc.). Although wind breaks). Native vegetation remnants and paddock trees usually occur in farmed paddocks, paddock trees occurring within a plantation should they can also be found along road reserves, in be mapped separately. cemeteries, parks and urban areas. Plateau: an elevated or highland area of Parabolic dune: a type of curved U-shaped sand comparatively flat land that has an abrupt descent to dune with a crest pointing downwind. The elongated lower land on at least one side arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while Pleistocene: geologic period beginning the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward approximately 1.6 million years ago and ending with the melting of the large continental glaciers approximately 11 500 years ago. Also known as the Ice Age

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 6

Podsol: soil type of cool temperate, moist or humid Riparian vegetation: plants growing by and climates, typically develops under heath vegetation associated with rivers, creeks, wetlands or other to form an organic mat over a strongly developed watercourses grey leached layer Rosette: an arrangement of leaves that radiate in a Precambrian: see Cambrian cluster or whorl, usually close to the ground Projective foliage cover: also known as foliage Ruderal species: robust, sturdy or vigorous plants; projective cover (FPC); Percentage foliage cover can be weedy growing in disturbed sites (e.g. (PFC); foliar cover; percentage of ground area roadsides) occupied by the vertical projection of foliage and Runnels: an alternative term for the linear other aerial parts of the plant; this takes into account depression (swale) which lies between parallel ridges small gaps in the canopy and vegetation layering; see (bars) on a shoreline beach or on a river floodplain also solid crown cover Rushland: vegetation in which the most common Prostrate: lying flat on the ground plants are species from the families Juncaceae or Pteridophyta: ferns and allied plants, i.e. all vascular Restionaceae plants that reproduce with spores rather than seeds S Pyrogenic: very flammable or plants that are fire Sagg: a sedge, typically Lomandra longifolia promoting Scattered trees: see Emergent R Schist: a fine to medium grained metamorphic rock RAC: Resource Assessment Commission with roughly parallel orientation of micaceous Rainforest: is defined for Tasmania as any forest or minerals (layers); it can therefore be split into thin scrub vegetation with a canopy dominated by plates rainforest species Scleromorphic: vegetation having characteristics of Rainforest species: Any species typical of rainforest leathery and/or hard leaves with a thick waxy which in Tasmania include the Angiosperm genera, outerlayer of protective skin and a large amount of Anodopetalum, Atherosperma, Eucryphia, fibrous tissue Nothofagus, and Gymnospermae genera Athrotaxis, Scree: an accumulation of rock fragments (e.g. Lagarostrobos and Phyllocladus boulders) at the base of a cliff, or a sheet of coarse Regenerating, regeneration (native): vegetation rock debris on a mountain slope naturally recolonising an area previously disturbed or Scrub: taller shrubland vegetation, usually between removed of its original vegetation 2 to 5 m in height and greater than 30% shrub Regrowth: young plants produced from the cover, see also shrubland regenerating process, particularly those resulting Sedgeland: vegetation in which Cyperaceae species from natural regeneration are most common Remnant: see also Native vegetation remnant Sedimentary: rocks formed by the accumulation of Restoration planting (native): native vegetation sediment (any solid that has settled out of planted on an area previously disturbed or removed suspension in a liquid) of its original vegetation Senescence: the condition of old age especially RFA: Regional Forest Agreement: an agreement applied to plants (or plant parts) but also lakes between the Commonwealth and State Seral stage: a stage of succession of plant governments about the long-term management and colonisation, which is transitional. Without further use of forests in a region disturbance, the seral stage will give way to another Rhizome: a root like horizontal stem, growing plant community that represents a further stage of partially or wholly underground; can form “new” succession leading to a vegetation climax plants by producing roots from the stem nodes Serpentinite: a rock composed primarily of the mineral Serpentine

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 7

Shrub: Woody plant usually less than 5 (8) m tall; Swale: a linear depression in the landscape, often often with multiple-stems formed by wind erosion or by the build up of ridges that is seasonally wet or marshy Shrubland: vegetation in which shrubs dominate with a cover of more than 30% solid crown cover Swamp: seasonally flooded lowland with more and usually less than 5 m tall; including both woody plants than a marsh and better drainage than heathland and scrub vegetation a bog Siliceous: contains silica or silicon dioxide Sward of grass: an area covered by grass Silviculture: the management of forests for timber Synecology: the branch of ecology that examines production whole communities and the interactions of the organisms within them Skeletal: barely in existence; poorly developed (e.g. skeletal soil is stony, shallow soil that is poorly T developed) Talus pediment: a plain of eroded bedrock Soak: an area thoroughly wet or saturated; usually a developed from talus between mountain and basal depression in sand or soil where rainwater collects areas; a mass of rock fragments at the base of a cliff Solid crown cover: the fraction of an area that is Talus slope: a slope produced by the gravitational covered by the vertical projection of the erosion of a cliff or other steep slope circumference of the crown onto the ground, with Tarn: cirque. A small lake found in mountainous the area within the circumference being treated as regions usually originating from glacial erosion having 100% cover. Terrestrial: term used to describe anything Stand age: the age of a group of trees within a originating on the land as distinct from water forest Tertiary: the first geological time period of the State Forest: the terminology ‘State Forest’ is no Cainozoic Era, beginning approximately 65 million longer in use within the Tasmanian Government. It years and lasting to approximately 1.6 million years has been replaced by the general term ‘forest’. before the present; includes the formation of high Stochastic disturbance: random disturbance, mountains, the dominance of mammals on land, and exhibiting variability due to random events rather angiosperms superseding gymnosperms as dominant than by an identifiable cause plants Stratum: a layer of rock or soil that is distinguishable Thamnic: rainforest of intermediate height with a from the surrounding rock; each layer is generally distinct layer of shrubs in the understorey one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon THP: Timber Harvesting Plan now called Forest another Practices Plan Subalpine: describing the region, climate, and Tombolo: a type of sandy or shingly coastal spit that vegetation just below the tree line that is covered extends outward from the shore, linking an island to with snow for part of the year the mainland Sub-dominant (taxon): a taxon that contributes Tor: a pile of rock slabs or slabs standing on end; a proportionately less cover to the dominant stratum rocky outcrop than the dominant taxon/taxa Tree: living or dead, standing or fallen perennial Succession: describes the sequence of natural woody plant, taller than 5 m in height, or with the gradual change in species composition in a potential to reach > 5 m at maturity. Normally with community, the final result of which (without only one main trunkbut sometimes including species disturbance) is the development of a stable climax in which a few trunks may arise from a common community lignotuber; see also mallee Succulent: a fleshy plant that stores excess water in Triassic: the first period in the Mesozoic era of its tissues so that it is able to survive in hot dry geological time; approximately 250–190 million years conditions ago

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 8

Tufa: porous limestone formed from calcium carbonate deposits created by evaporation around springs or from a lake surface Tussock: tuft or clump, usually of a perennial grass TVMP: Tasmanian Vegetation Mapping Program (now TVMMP) TVMMP: Tasmanian Vegetation Monitoring and Mapping Program, the unit within DPIPWE responsible for TASVEG mapping (formerly TVMP)

U Umbrageous: shady, usually cool. As used here – the trees that provide shade by a spreading dense crown Understorey: the shorter plants that do not form part of the forest canopy or the ground layer V Vegetation patch: area of vegetation with generally uniform floristic structure and assemblage

W Wet (forest): dominated by eucalypts, with an understorey generally dominated by soft-leaved or broad-leaved shrubs, or tall tea-trees or paperbarks Wetland: an area of land that is periodically flooded and contains aquatic herbs, sedges and/or rushes WHA: Tasmanian World Heritage Area Windrows: vegetation wind pruned into rows; long piles of composting material, including forestry slash by-product in areas cleared for plantation or sowing grass Windthrows: shallow-rooted trees that are blown over, creating a gap in the canopy Woodland: vegetation where there is a canopy of trees with between 5% and 20% solid crown cover, or the potential to reach a solid crown cover of between 5% and 20% at maturity

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 9

Appendix 1: Characteristics of some forest and woodland definitions. From Brown (2005)

Potential Minimum Program Vegetation type Tree form Cover* height area

Forest Single stem >5 m >30% (pfc) Unspecified

10-30% Woodland Single stem >5 m Unspecified (pfc) Specht (1970) Open woodland Single stem >5 m <10% (pfc) Unspecified

Multi- Scrub 2-8 m Unspecified stemmed

FAO Forest Unspecified 5 m >10% (scc) 0.5 ha

FORWOOD Forest Unspecified 20 m Unspecified Unspecified

NFPS Forest and woodland Unspecified 5 m 30% (pfc) Unspecified

Forest Single stem 5 m 30% (pfc) Unspecified RAC 10-30% Woodland Single stem 5 m Unspecified (pfc)

NFI/State of Forest and woodland Single stem 2 m 20% (scc) Unspecified Forest

Tas RFA Forest and woodland Single stem 8 m >5% (scc) 3 ha

Forest (non-mallee) Unspecified <10 m >50% (scc) Unspecified NVIS Woodland (non- 20-50% Unspecified <3 m Unspecified mallee) (scc)

TASVEG Forest and woodland Single stem >5 m >5% (scc) 1-3 ha

FT PI maps Forest Unspecified >8 m >5% (scc) 3 ha

FPA Forest Unspecified >5 m Unspecified Unspecified

* pfc = projective foliage cover; scc = solid crown cover

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 10

Appendix 2: Table of equivalence - TASVEG forest ecological vegetation communities and RFA forest communities

TASVEG/RFA Non-eucalypt forest community equivalence

RFA TASVEG RFA community title TASVEG community title code code

BS Banksia serrata woodland NBS Banksia serrata woodland

ME Melaleuca ericifolia forest NME Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest

BF Acacia melanoxylon on flats NAF Acacia melanoxylon swamp forest

SI Acacia dealbata forest NAD Acacia dealbata forest

BR Acacia melanoxylon on rises NAR Acacia melanoxylon forest on rises

Notelaea ligustrina and/or NP SBR Included within Broadleaf scrub Pomaderris apetala forest

AV Allocasuarina verticillata forest NAV Allocasuarina verticillata forest

CR Callitris rhomboidea forest NCR Callitris rhomboidea forest

Leptospermum lanigerum– Leptospermum lanigerum–Melaleuca squarrosa L NLM Melaleuca squarrosa swamp forest swamp forest

PL Plantation FPL Plantations for silviculture

No equivalent RFA Code NAL Allocasuarina littoralis forest

Leptospermum scoparium–Acacia mucronata No equivalent RFA Code NLA forest (may have been included in RFA L)

Leptospermum forest (may have been included No equivalent RFA Code NLE in RFA L)

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 11

Appendix 2 (continued): Table of equivalence between TASVEG forest ecological vegetation communities and RFA forest communities TASVEG/RFA Rainforest community equivalence

RFA TASVEG RFA community title TASVEG community title code code

Athrotaxis selaginoides–Nothofagus gunnii short F King billy pine with deciduous beech RKF rainforest

X King billy pine RKP Athrotaxis selaginoides rainforest

PP Pencil pine RPP Athrotaxis cupressoides rainforest

H Huon Pine RHP Lagarostrobos franklinii rainforest and scrub

RMT Nothofagus–Atherosperma rainforest

M+ Tall rainforest RCO Coastal rainforest

RMU Nothofagus rainforest undifferentiated

RMS Nothofagus–Phyllocladus short rainforest

M- Short rainforest RCO Coastal rainforest

RMU Nothofagus rainforest undifferentiated

Pencil pine with deciduous beech PD RPF Athrotaxis cupressoides–Nothofagus gunnii short rainforest

Highland low rainforest and scrub(may have No equivalent RFA Code RSH been included in RFA M-)

Nothofagus–Leptospermum short rainforest No equivalent RFA Code RML (may have been included in RFA L or M-)

Athrotaxis cupressoides open woodland (may No equivalent RFA Code RPW have been included in RFA PP)

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 12

Appendix 2 (continued): Table of equivalence between TASVEG forest ecological vegetation communities and RFA forest communities TASVEG/RFA Wet eucalypt forest community equivalence

RFA TASVEG RFA community title TASVEG community title code code

WGK E. globulus King Island forest King Island E. globulus–E. KG DKW King Island eucalypt woodland brookeriana– E. viminalis forest WBR E. brookeriana wet forest

BA E. brookeriana wet forest WBR E. brookeriana wet forest

WNU E. nitida wet forest (undifferentiated)

NT E. nitida wet forest WNL E. nitida forest over Leptospermum

WNR E. nitida over rainforest

SU E. subcrenulata forest WSU E. subcrenulata forest and woodland

WOU E. obliqua wet forest (undifferentiated)

WOB E. obliqua forest with broad-leaf shrubs OT E. obliqua wet forest WOL E. obliqua forest over Leptospermum

WOR E. obliqua forest over rainforest

VW E. viminalis wet forest on basalt WVI E. viminalis wet forest

WDU E. delegatensis wet forest (undifferentiated)

WDB E. delegatensis forest with broad-leaf shrubs

DT E. delegatensis tall forest WDL E. delegatensis forest over Leptospermum

WDR E. delegatensis forest over rainforest

WDA E. dalrympleana forest

WRE E. regnans forest R E. regnans forest WGL E. globulus wet forest

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 13

Appendix 2 (continued): Table of equivalence between TASVEG forest ecological vegetation communities and RFA forest communities TASVEG/RFA Dry eucalypt forest community equivalence

TASVEG RFAcode RFA community title TASVEG community title code

E. amygdalina coastal forest and AC Coastal E. amygdalina dry sclerophyll forest DAC woodland

E. amygdalina forest and woodland on AD E. amygdalina on dolerite DAD dolerite

AM E. amygdalina forest on mudstone DAM E. amygdalina forest on mudstone

Inland E. amygdalina/E. viminalis/ E. amygdalina inland forest and AIC DAZ E. pauciflora forest on Cainozoic deposits woodland on Cainozoic deposits

E. amygdalina forest and woodland on AS E. amygdalina on sandstone DAS sandstone

E. pulchella–E. globulus–E. viminalis grassy P DPU E. pulchella forest and woodland shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

E. delegatensis dry forest and DDE woodland

D E. delegatensis dry forest E. dalrympleana–E. pauciflora forest DDP and woodland

WDA E. dalrympleana forest

MO E. morrisbyi forest DMO E. morrisbyi forest and woodland

N E. nitida dry forest DNI E. nitida dry forest and woodland

O E. obliqua dry forest DOB E. obliqua dry forest

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 14

Appendix 2 (continued): Table of equivalence between TASVEG forest ecological vegetation communities and RFA forest communities TASVEG/RFA Dry eucalypt forest community equivalence (continued)

TASVEG RFAcode RFA community title TASVEG community title code

DPD E. pauciflora forest and woodland on dolerite

E. dalrympleana–E. pauciflora forest and PJ E. pauciflora on Jurassic dolerite DDP woodland

DMW Midlands woodland complex

E. pauciflora forest and woodland not on PS E. pauciflora on other substrates DPO dolerite

RI E. risdonii forest DRI E. risdonii forest and woodland

RO E. rodwayi forest DRO E. rodwayi forest and woodland

SG E. sieberi forest on granite DSG E. sieberi forest and woodland on granite

TD E. tenuiramis forest on dolerite DTD E. tenuiramis forest and woodland on dolerite

E. tenuiramis forest and woodland on TI Inland E. tenuiramis forest DTO sediments

E. sieberi forest on other SO DSO E. sieberi forest and woodland not on granite substrates

DVG E. viminalis grassy forest and woodland V E. viminalis grassy forest DMW Midlands woodland complex

VF Furneaux E. viminalis forest DVF E. viminalis Furneaux forest and woodland

T E. tenuiramis forest on granite DTG E. tenuiramis forest and woodland on granite

NF Furneaux E. nitida forest DNF E. nitida Furneaux forest

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 15

Appendix 2 (continued): Table of equivalence between TASVEG forest ecological vegetation communities and RFA forest communities TASVEG/RFA Dry eucalypt forest community equivalence (continued)

RFAcode RFA community title TASVEG code TASVEG community title

DCO E. coccifera forest and woodland C E. coccifera forest DGW E. gunnii woodland

E. viminalis and/or E. globulus coastal E. viminalis–E. globulus coastal forest G DVC shrubby forest and woodland

DOV E. ovata forest and woodland

OV Shrubby E. ovata–E. viminalis forest DOW E. ovata heathy woodland

DMW Midlands woodland complex

E. viminalis–E. ovata–E. amygdalina– E. E. amygdalina–E. obliqua damp DSC DSC obliqua damp sclerophyll forest sclerophyll forest

GG Grassy E. globulus forest DGL E. globulus dry forest and woodland

No equivalent RFA Code DCR E. cordata forest

No equivalent RFA Code DBA E. barberi forest and woodland

No equivalent RFA Code DPE E. perriniana forest and woodland

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark (revised – October 2017) 16