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Earthcomm Pages and Page Ranges in Bold Type in This Index Indicate Major Discussions of the Topic. Pages and Page Ranges Follow Index Index Pages and page ranges in bold type Air masses Anemometers in this index indicate major discussions classification of, 525–526, investigation of, 780–781, 780i of the topic. Pages and page ranges 526i, 622 use of, 529 followed by i indicate illustrations or definition of, 525 Angle of repose figures; those followed by t indicate investigation of, 522–524, definition of, 401 tables; and those followed by 523i, 524t and mass movement, 401, 401i g indicate graphs. movement of, 526 Animals, Deepwater Horizon spill and tornado formation, 552–553, casualties, 774–775 A 552i, 553i Antarctica Abrasion Air pollution climate change and, 666–667 definition of, 471 clouds and, 630 craton formation in, 871 glacial, 457–459 effects of, 943 ice sheets of, 454, 643–644, wind, 471 Air pressure 682–687, 683i–684i Absolute age, definition of, 927 See also Cyclones Antarctic Bottom Water, Absolute zero, definition of, 91 definition of, 529 characteristics of, 586, 596–597, Absorption, of radiation in in hurricanes, 562–563, 565 596t, 597g, 664–665, 665i atmosphere, 98–101 investigation of, 512–513, Antarctic Circumpolar Current Absorption spectrum, definition 513i, 560 characteristics of, 666–667 of, 92 measurement of, 529 investigation of, 661–663, Abyssal hills, definition of, 589 and wind formation, 513–514, 662i, 663i Abyssal plain, definition of, 589 514i, 516–520, 516i–520i Anthracite coal, formation and Acceleration, definition of, 46 Alabama, geologic maps of, 317i properties of, 301, 743–745 Accretion Alaska Anthropogenic effects See also Continental accretion glaciers of, 449 See also Climate change; Pollution; definition of, 58 petroleum production in, 759 Water supplies and uses in early Earth formation, Redoubt Volcano, 132 acid rain, 770–773, 770i 58–59, 886 Albedo carbon cycle and global warming, Acid rain characteristics of, 99–100 768–769, 768i, 769g damage from, 219, 770–772 definition of, 99 definition of, 769 definition of, 219 Algae, characteristics of, 983 mining and ecosystems, 807–808 formation of, 744, 846 Alluvial fans oil spills, 766t, 767g, 772–775, investigation of, 764–765, 765i characteristics of, 438 773i–775i Acids definition of, 438 Anticlines, definition of, 327, 353 definition of, 770 Alps, plate boundaries and, 180 Apalachicola River, drainage of, 391 pH and acid rain, 770–772, 770i Altitude, and air movement, 516 Aphelion, definition of, 657 Adaptation Aluminum, deposits of, 791i, Appalachian Mountains and evolution, 949 796, 847 and climate change, 667 and mass extinctions, 970–972 Alvarez, Luis, on Mesozoic mass coal deposits of, 745 Aerosols, characteristics of, 630 extinction, 972–973, 973i drainage from, 391 Africa, ancient rock of, 869–871 Amino acids, in chemosynthesis geology of, 192, 348, 348i, Age, geologic hypothesis, 894–895 873–875, 873i, 874i determination of, 924–929, 977 Ammonites, as index fossils, 338 AQUA satellite of rock in United States, 344i Amphiboles, in igneous rock, 288, Deepwater Horizon image, 775i Aggregates, definition of, 278 290–291, 291t mission description, 629 Agriculture Amphibolite, characteristics of, 306t Aquatic ecosystems, characteristics and climate change, 705, 709 Andesitic lava, characteristics of, 211, of, 961 growing season, 611, 615t 869, 888 Aqueducts, definition of, 818 water pollution by, 392, 836–849, Andes Mountains (Argentina), Aquicludes 836i–839i geology of, 176, 180 characteristics of, 817 water use, 828–830 definition of, 817 R39 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_Index.indd R39 7/15/11 1:45:55 PM EarthComm Aquifers careers involving, 127, 265, 361, Australia and base flow, 422–423 503, 631, 717, 855, 985 ancient rock of, 869, 887 characteristics of, 817 and climate change, 702–705, 703i Shark Bay stromatolites, 906, 906i definition of, 423, 817 Coriolis effect on, 515, 515i, Avulsion, definition of, 425 Archean Eon, in geologic time scale, 516–520 Axial precession 922t, 925 definition of, 14 and climate, 657–659, 657i, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, early Earth, 93, 886–888, 894, 658g, 708 in petroleum debate, 759 914–917, 915i, 917i, 976 definition of, 48, 658 Arêtes, definition of, 459 and hydrosphere, 508, 886–888 and seasons, 48, 48i, 657–659, Arid regions, characteristics of, interactions with other systems, 782–783 474–475, 474i–475i 508, 741–742, 883–888, Axial tilt (obliquity) Arizona 913–917, 980–981 and climate, 655–659, 655i, 657i, Glen Canyon Dam, 817i investigation of, 215–217, 216i, 708, 782–783 Meteor Crater, 3, 71 216t, 217i, 512–513, 513i, definition of, 48, 656 Ascension, measurement of, 26–27 670–672, 671g, 671t, 700– investigation of, 653–654, Asclepius, characteristics of, 72t, 73 701, 881–882, 909–912, 653i–654i Ash 910t, 911i–912i and seasons, 48, 48i, 655–659, from coal, 745 oxygen in, 886, 890, 914–917 655i, 657i, 782–783, 962 volcanic See Volcanic ash ozone in, 100–101, 100i, 916 Asteroid belt, definition of, 75 and paleoclimates, 643–646, B Asteroids 883–888 Background extinction, definition of, characteristics of, 75–77, 76t, 119 pressure and wind circulation, 971, 977 definition of, 38 513–514, 514i Bacteria investigation of, 71–73, 72t–73t remote sensing and, 629–630 comparison of, 898–899, 899i and mass exti,nctions 972–973, 973i science connections, 982 cyanobacteria, 898–899, 899i, near-Earth, 3, 49, 75–77, 76t solar radiation in, 98–101, 98i, 904–906, 904i, 906i, 915– orbits of, 49, 49i, 75–76, 76t, 79–80 100i, 101g, 102i, 103i, 917, 915i, 917i, 976 science connections, 124 673–674, 673i, 674i Banded iron formations Asthenosphere of Sun, 98 characteristics of, 914–917, characteristics of, 140, 140i volcanic activity and, 218–220, 915i–917i, 976 definition of, 140, 688 218i definition of, 914 in postglacial rebound, 688 Atmospheric circulation investigation of, 909–912, 910t, Astronomers, definition of, 12 air masses and movement, 911i–912i Astronomical unit (AU) 525–528, 526i–528i, 561, 564 Barberton Supergroup, characteristics calculations with, 10 air pressure and wind, 513–517, of, 870 definition of, 10, 12 514i–517i Barrier islands, definition of, 489 Astronomy and El Niño conditions, 605–607, Basal slip See also National Aeronautics and 606i definition of, 456 Space Administration (NASA); high-altitude winds, 518–520, and glacier movement, 456–457, Solar system; Universe 518i–520i 457i and electromagnetic spectrum, investigation of, 512–513, 513i, Basalt 86–87, 87t, 88–92 560 characteristics of, 156, 156i, 278, measurement in, 12–16, 24–27, Atomic structure 291, 291t 32–33, 35 models of, 359–360 definition of, 168 Atchafalaya River, and Mississippi of water, 375 in Earth’s early history, 868–871, flow, 425 Atoms 888 Atlantic Ocean, water masses of, and chemical structure, 279–280, flood, 876–877 596–597, 596t, 597g 280i and magnetic striping, 168–170, Atmosphere definition of, 279 168i See also Global winds structure of, 359–360, 359i–360i metamorphism of, 306t, 868 carbon cycle and, 768–769, AURA satellite, mission description, Basaltic lava, characteristics of, 877, 768i, 769g 629–630 888 carbon dioxide in, 673–677, Auroras Base flow, definition of, 423 673i–675i, 676g, 741–742, characteristics of, 102–103, 103i Base level, definition of, 696 884–888 definition of, 102 R40 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_Index.indd R40 7/15/11 1:45:55 PM Index Basement and climate change, 702–705, 703i Canadian Shield, characteristics of, and continental accretion, 873 and geologic time dating, 924–926 347–348, 348i definition of, 873 interactions with other systems, Cape Cod (Massachusetts), glacial of North America, 867, 867i 741–742, 913–917, 980–981 origin of, 646, 695, 696i Bases investigation of, 700–701, Capture theory, of Moon formation, definition of, 770 966–969, 968i, 969i 60 pH and acid rain, 770–772, 770i mass extinctions and, 970–973, Carbon, properties of, 902 Basins (ocean), closed, 379 970i, 971i, 973i Carbonation, and gas volumes, 883 Batholiths, definition of, 179, 319 science connections, 982 Carbon cycle Bauxite, deposits of, 796 and volcanic activity, 210–212 characteristics of, 674–675, 675i Beaches, characteristics of, 488–489, Biostratigraphy definition of, 675, 768 489i definition of, 337 fossil fuels and, 768–769, 768i, Bed load, definition of, 435 principles of, 337–338 769g Bedrock Bituminous coal, formation and Carbon dioxide definition of, 299, 401 properties of, 301, 743–745 in carbon cycle, 674–675, 709, glacial action on, 457–459, Black body, definition of, 90 768–769, 768i, 769g 457i–459i Blackbody radiation, properties of, and climate change, 70, 219–220, and soil formation, 444 90–91 667, 673–677, 673i–675i, of United States, 342–346, Blueshift, characteristics of, 92 676g, 702–704, 709, 768– 344i, 345i Body fossils, definition of, 937 769, 768i, 769g Bergschrund, definition of, 459 Bohr, Niels, atomic model of, 360 in early Earth atmosphere, 886–888 Bering Strait, sea levels and land Boston (Massachusetts), topographic and global climate, 675–677, 676g bridge, 695, 709 map of, 699 investigation of, 670–672, 671g, Beta Pictoris, solar system formation Brazil, craton formation in, 871 671t in, 39 Breaking waves, characteristics of, 484 and paleoclimate study, 645 Bias Brightness, of stars, 106–109, 108g, and volcanic terup ions, 219–220, definition of, 937 109t 667, 884–885 in fossil record, 937 Brooks, definition of, 414 Carbonic acid, and acid rain, Big bang theory 771–772 definition of, 32 C Carbon monoxide, in early Earth principles and evidence of, Calcite atmosphere, 886 32–34, 34i in limestone, 300, 437 Carnivores, in ecosystem Bingham Canyon Copper Mine, properties of, 276t, 282i, 284
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