1969: Unix
Dennis Ritchie Bill Joy (1941 2011) Ken Thompson (1954 ) (1943 )
1 / 30 1971: Intel 4004
Federico Faggin (Vicenza, 1941 )
Federico Faggin Olivetti Laboratorio Elettronica, 1961 http://www.intel4004.com/faggin_career.htm
2 / 30 "Toward a Study of Future Urban HighCapacity Telecommunications Systems" Paul Baran, The Institute for the Future, Palo Alto, ARPA Report 1721, 1971
Source: www.iftf.org 3 / 30 1972: Alan Kay's Dynabook
A "personal computer for children of all ages", a portable "educational device", similar to modern laptops
Source: Kay A.C. (1972), A Personal Computer for Children of all Ages, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center 4 / 30 1972: Hubert Dreyfus critique to Artificial Intelligence
Hubert Dreyfus
Dreyfus challenged the 4 main assumptions of AI researches: the biological assumption (the brain processes information in discrete operations by way of some biological equivalent of on/off switches); the psychological assumption (the mind can be viewed as a device operating on bits of information according to formal rules); the epistemological assumption (all knowledge can be formalized); the ontological assumption (the world consists of independent facts that can be represented by independent symbols)
Source: Dreyfus H. (1972), What computers can't do, MIT Press. 5 / 30 1973: Internet (TCP/IP)
Robert E.Kahn Vinton G.Cerf (New Haven, 1943 ) (New York, 1938 )
6 / 30 Internet
172.17.112.33
74.125.232.112 172.17.113.141 74.125.51.217 Firewall Firewall PROVIDER's USER's 192.168.200.1 172.17.7.193 LAN LAN 192.168.2.1
93.186.128.89
172.17.6.113 OFFICE LAN
USER's
LAN
7 / 30 1975: Homebrew Computer Club, Menlo Park
Lee Felsenstein Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak (1945) (19552011) (1950)
1981: Osborne I 1976: Apple I (1,795 $) (666.66 $)
8 / 30 1975: Microsoft
1976: Apple
Bill Gates (1955)
Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak (19552011) (1950)
1976: Apple I 1st Personal Computer?
9 / 30 1975: First Woman PhD in Computer Science at MIT
Irene Greif
1984: coined the term itself "Computer Supported Cooperative Work" (CSCW) Director of Collaborative User Experience at IBM Watson Research Center. In the Woman in Technology International Hall of Fame (WITI) and in 2008: Women Entrepreneurs in Science and Technology Leadership Award
10 / 30 1976: Joseph Weizenbaum
Joseph Weizenbaum (19232008)
"The key question is the control of the time. We would need more time to take some decisions. The rhythm of the computers and of the telecommunication systems is not the rhythm of time which is needed to take meaningful decisions" J.Weizenbaum, Namur Award Lecture, Namur, 11 January 1991
Source: Weizenbaum J., "Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment To Calculation", Freeman, 1976 11 / 30 1976: Joseph Weizenbaum
Joseph Weizenbaum (19232008)
Weizenbaum's 3 Moral Laws of the Information Society
1. Human functions that require judgement, respect, understanding, caring and love ought not to be substituted by computers
2. Applications which have irreversible and not entirely foreseeable side effects, that do not meet pressing human needs, ought not to be undertaken without very careful forethought.
3. Information Technology is a matter of human choice and responsibility
Source: Weizenbaum J., "Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment To Calculation", Freeman, 1976 12 / 30 Policy Vacuum about Computers
13 / 30 1978: A new branch of Applied Ethics
Walter Maner
"Computers generate wholly new ethics problems that would not have existed if computers had not been invented ... there should be a new branch of applied ethics ... decided to name the proposed new field Computer Ethics ... a new field that studies ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology"
Walter Maner, 1978
Source: Maner, W. (1980), Starter Kit in Computer Ethics, Hyde Park, NY: Helvetia Press and the National Information and Resource Center for Teaching Philosophy. 14 / 30 1979: Hans Jonas
Hans Jonas (19031993)
"Human survival depends on our efforts to care for our planet and its future"
Hans Jonas, 1979
Source: Hans Jonas, Chicago University Press; New edition edition (1 Oct 1985) 15 / 30 The Evolution of Computing
1963: 1st mouse Douglas Engelbart, Bill English 1981: April, Xerox Star 8010 (16,595 $) 1st Commercial WIMP "Personal Computer"
1973: 1st WIMP Window, Icon, Menu e Pointing Computer Xerox PARC "Alto" 1981: August 12, PC IBM (1,565 $) MSDOS 1.0
16 / 30 1981: Xerox Star IBM PC
17 / 30 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti_M24 18 / 30 The "1984" Macintosh Ad
22 January 1984: The halftime of the 1984 Super Bowl featured a 45 second ad that would be declared in 1995 the best ad of the last 50 years. The commercial, directed by Ridley Scott (The Duelist 1978, Alien, 1979, and Blade Runner, 1982) for the Apple Corporation, announced the imminent arrival of the Macintosh computer. The ad cost $1.6 million to produce, and Apple Corporation paid $500,000 for the oneminute time slot in which it ran. 1984: January, It ran only once. Apple MacIntosh (2,495 $)
19 / 30 1984: The Utopia Project
Kristen Nygaard (19262002)
Participatory Design in Scandinavia
1990 Norbert Wiener Award by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) "... for his pioneering work in Norway to develop 'Participatory Design' which seeks the direct involvement of workers in the development of the computerbased tools they use"
Source: Bødker, S., Ehn, P., Kammersgaard, J., Kyng, M., & Sundblad, Y. (1987). A Utopian experience: Computers and democracy: A Scandinavian challenge (pp. 251–278). Aldershot, 20 / 30 Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
21 / 30 1985: Computers and War "Software engineering is often treated as a branch of computer science. This is akin to regarding chemical engineering as a branch of chemistry. We need both chemists and chemical engineers but they are very different. Chemists are scientists, chemical engineers are engineers. David Parnas Software engineering and computer science have the same relationship."
"... Software is released for use, not when it is known to be correct, but when the rate of discovering new errors slows down to one that management considers acceptable. ... Because of the extreme demands on the system and our inability to test it, we will never be able to believe, with any confidence, that we have succeeded." David L. Parnas, , 1985 Source: Parnas L.D. "Why the SDI software system will be untrustworthy", American Scientist, 73:5, SeptOct 1985, 432440 22 / 30 1985: Computers and War
David Parnas 1984, SDI, Strategic Defense Initiative
"... an example of social, ethical and professional responsibility in refusing ... the work of the (SDI) panel ... in his concern with public education ... for the public interest..."
Terry Winograd, 1987 CPSR President, Presents "1987Norbert Wiener Award" to David Parnas
Source: Communications of the ACM, December 1985 (Vol. 28, No. 12) 23 / 30 1985: What is Computer Ethics?
James Moor
"A typical problem in Computer Ethics arises because there is a policy vacuum about how computer technology should be used. Computers provide us with new capabilities and these in turn give us new choices for action. Often, either no policies for conduct in these situations exist or existing policies seem inadequate. A central task of Computer Ethics is to determine what we should do in such cases, that is, formulate policies to guide our actions …"
James Moor, 1985 Source: Moor, J. (1985) “What Is Computer Ethics?” Metaphilosophy, 16(4): 26675. 24 / 30 1985: Free Software (GNU Manifesto)
Free Software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, Richard M. Stallman (New York, USA, 1953 ) copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.
Source: www.fsf.org http://boycottnovell.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/03/richardstallmanyoung.png 25 / 30 1985: Computers as SocioTechnical Systems
Deborah Johnson
"Recognition that technology is not just artifacts, but rather artifacts embedded in social practices and infused with social meaning, is essential to understanding the connection between Ethics and IT"
Deborah Johnson, 1985 2015: Weizenbaum Award "... for her lifelong contributions to information and computer ethics"
Source: Johnson, D. (1985), Computer Ethics, First Edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall; 26 / 30 1988: Internet Worm
Robert Morris (Massachussets, USA, 1965)
27 / 30 1988: The Limits of Software Engineering
"... Software Engineering, of course, presents itself as another worthy cause, but that is eyewash: if you carefully read its literature and analyse what its devotees actually do, you will discover that Software Engineering has accepted as its charter Edsger W. Dijkstra 'How to program if you cannot' " (19302002) Edsger W. Dijkstra (1988) "On the cruelty of really teaching computing science"
Source: E.W.Dijkstra, "Notes On Structured Programming", Tech.University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands,1972 28 / 30 1989: The World Wide Web
Tim Berners Lee Robert Cailliau
BernersLee and Cailliau on March 13 2009, at CERN's WWW@20 celebration "When it comes to professionalism, it makes sense to talk about being professional in Information Technology. Standards are vital so that IT professionals can provide systems that last."
Tim Berners Lee
Source: public.web.cern.ch, Tim BernersLee. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from BrainyQuote.com 29 / 30 World Wide Web
www.cani.it www.cani.it
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