科学与现代化 Science & Modernization (季度简报 内部交流 未经许可 不得转载)

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科学与现代化 Science & Modernization (季度简报 内部交流 未经许可 不得转载) 2008 3 036 全球化与中国的国际现代化互动 于维栋 亚洲国家联合会:亚洲区域合作的理性选择 何传启 科学与现代化 Science & Modernization (季度简报 内部交流 未经许可 不得转载) 2016 年第 1 期(总第 066 期) 2016 年 03 月 主办单位:中国科学院中国现代化研究中心 合作单位:北京大学世界现代化进程研究中心 北京同响时代现代化管理咨询中心 主 编:于维栋 执行编委:李存富 编 委(按姓氏笔画排列): 于维栋 马 诚 方竹兰 任玉岭 刘细文 刘洪海 朱庆芳 许 平 何传启 何鸣鸿 吴述尧 张 凤 李存富 李志刚 李泊溪 李晓西 杨宜勇 杨重光 邹力行 邹兆辰 陈 丹 陈永申 陈争平 胡志坚 郭传杰 曾 澜 董正华 谢文蕙 裘元伦 潘教峰 靳 京 本期责任编辑:朱文瑜 本期印数 1100 份 电子版:http://www.modernization.ac.cn 电子邮箱:[email protected] 联系电话:010-62539187 传真:010-62539103 通讯地址:北京中关村北四环西路 33 号 726 室,100190 《科学与现代化》的宗旨: 推动中国现代化的理论与战略研究,推介世界现代化研究的最新进展和重要成 果,促进我国科技与现代化的良性互动,服务我国现代化建设的国家利益。 编者的话 现代化是 18 世纪以来的一个世界现象,是人类文明的一种前沿变化和国际 竞争。现代化科学是关于现代化现象的一门交叉科学,是关于世界前沿和国家发 达的一门科学;它包括现代化的一般理论、现代化史、分段现代化、分层现代化、 领域现代化、部门现代化和现代化政策等。 在中国,现代化是国家目标,是全国人民的共同期盼,是中华民族复兴的战 略选择,是中国梦的终极目标。现代化研究和现代化科学,可以为中国现代化提 供一种科学基础。研究现代化规律、创新现代化理论、促进现代化建设,是我们 的历史责任。 为了促进现代化科学的研究与实践,我们从 2002 年开始编辑印发《科学与 现代化》简报,迄今已印发 66 期。《科学与现代化》是一个公益和共享的学术交 流平台,免费赠送全国 1000 多个单位和学者参考。《科学与现代化》不收取版面 费,也不支付稿费,所登载的文章为内部交流,文责自负,文内观点不代表编辑 部意见。 十六世纪以来,世界科技先后发生了五次革命,动态监测科技革命的最新进 展,识别和抓住新科技革命的历史机遇,关系中国的前途和命运。根据中国科学 院的部署,从 2011 年开始,中国现代化研究中心开展了“第六次科技革命的预 测研究”及动态监测。本期简报收录的是 2015 年对自然人、网络人、仿生人和 再生人四个方面的世界科技进展的动态监测,仅供专家学者参考。 中国科学院中国现代化研究中心从 1998 年开始,全力从事现代化研究。在 1999 年—2015 年期间,完成学术著作:44 部。其中,中文著作 38 部,英文著 作 4 部,俄文著作 2 部。 《中国现代化报告》系列:18 部,包括中文、英文、俄文版。 《第二次现代化丛书》系列: 10 部,包括中文、英文版。 《中国现代化研究论坛丛书》系列: 14 部。 目 录 Contents 引 言 P1 Introduction 引言 .................................................................. (1) 2015 年科技革命的进展概要 ......................................... 叶青(2) 科技革命与东方复兴 .............................................. 何传启(4) 第一部分 与自然人相关的科技进展 P13 Section One (一)信息转换与意念控制 ............................................ (13) 放进文件夹:科学家计划将人脑上传到电脑 ............................... (13) 光学字符识别技术:让电脑像人一样阅读 ................................. (14) 黑客帝国成真:MIT 找到联通电脑人脑方法 ............................... (18) 人脑控制计算机获突破:或助脑瘫患者独立 ............................... (20) 上海交大成功实现人脑意念遥控蟑螂行动 ................................. (22) 意念解锁?科学家研发脑电波解锁智能手机 ............................... (23) 心理学家最新研究发现意识并没有思想强大 ............................... (24) 专家建议把人类价值“植入”机器人:防范人工智能 ........................ (26) (二)人脑与记忆 .................................................... (27) 大脑是如何记住东西的? 科学家首次揭示记忆过程 ........................ (27) 复制人类大脑全球竞赛如火如荼:绘制千亿神经元 .......................... (29) 科学而非魔术:“读脑术”或许很快就能实现 ............................. (30) 科学家把微型电路注入大脑 检测大脑活动 ................................ (32) 科学家连接老鼠大脑 同步思想创造“活体计算机” ........................ (33) 科学家利用脑波识别出讲话内容 ......................................... (35) 科学家将蛔虫大脑上传机器人:未来或可上传人脑 .......................... (36) 我们的记忆都去哪了:窥探大脑归档系统海马体 ........................... (37) 英科学家通过实验证明遗忘记忆可以被找回 ............................... (40) 失去记忆不用怕 美国麻省理工研究有突破 ................................ (41) 记忆也能重组?日本科学家成功将小鼠记忆合二为一 ....................... (43) 科学家成功给小鼠植入记忆 可用于人类 .................................. (44) 科学家用光照恢复失忆小鼠记忆 ......................................... (45) 科学家发现大脑记忆数学方程式 或可篡改记忆 ............................ (47) (三)人造生命与再生医学 ............................................ (49) “人造生命”或将成现实:创造人工合成有机物 ........................... (49) 科学家培育出可用于移植的动物前肢 ..................................... (50) 合成生物膜能像活细胞一样生长 ......................................... (53) 美科学家培育出近乎完整人脑:类似 5 周胎儿 ............................. (54) 英国基因疗法治愈一岁患血癌女婴:系全球首例 ........................... (55) 最新发现 返老还童不是梦 衰老或可中止逆转 ............................. (56) 科学家揭示人类衰老驱动力 ............................................. (58) 第二部分 与网络人相关的科技进展 P59 Section Two 未来人类或生存在电脑中 整个宇宙只是电脑模拟 .......................... (59) 生命的意义是什么? 谷歌机器人的答案:为了永生 ........................ (60) 爱丁堡大学的激光 Li-Fi 传输速度可突破 100G 每秒 ........................ (62) 量子光学硬盘突破性进展 存储时间提高 100 倍 ............................ (63) 英国研发高速无线 5G 网络:比 4G 技术快 6.5 万倍 ......................... (65) 量子计算机破晓:计算速度提升 1 亿倍 ................................... (65) 科学家预测计算机未来可用数据传输人类个性 ............................. (67) 第三部分 与仿生人相关的科技进展 P69 Section Three (一)仿生技术 ...................................................... (69) 新突破:美专家培育出微型人脑 有望治疗脑部疾病 ........................ (69) 科学家试管培育人工微型心脏 有微室能搏动可测药物 ...................... (69) 日本研究制成人工肝脏 功能相当于人体肝脏 .............................. (71) 世界首例移植仿生假肢 由大脑控制假肢运动 .............................. (72) 专家研发首个有感觉假腿 使用者:感觉又有脚了 .......................... (74) 美国科罗拉多州一女子安装人造眼球成功 ................................. (74) 美科学家研发人造皮肤:可感知压力轻重 ................................. (75) 美研究人员在实验室制作出第一块能收缩的人类肌肉 ....................... (76) 新技术可加速牙齿自然修复 牙医或告别用钻的日子 ........................ (77) (二)智能仿生人 .................................................... (79) 谷歌要打造一个"机器人军团" ........................................... (79) 机器人“变身”骨科主刀医生 医生只需动动鼠标 .......................... (80) 机器人设计师开发出有表情有眼神的机器人 ............................... (84) 女机器人出演日本核灾难电影《再见》女主角 ............................. (85) 日本东芝研发艺伎机器人:可陪客户交谈唱歌 ............................. (86) 新加坡研发新型社交机器人:有自己性格和情绪 ........................... (87) 最像人的机器人,没有之一 ............................................. (89) 以假乱真:日本 3DCG 完美虚拟少女亮相 .................................. (90) 单身福音?性爱机器人不久之后有望推出 ................................. (90) 像人一样进化:科学家为机器人设计自然选择 ............................. (91) (三)人工智能 ...................................................... (93) 2015 年人工智能领域十大事件 .......................................... (93) 2015 人工智能重大突破 ................................................ (98) 人工智能的崛起:智商测试得分超过四岁儿童 ............................ (105) 人工智能或将取代人类直觉:数据背后隐藏规律 .......................... (108) 人工智能终于能像人类一样学习 ........................................ (110) 日本将投巨资扶持人工智能研究 或代替人类工作 ......................... (117) 人工智能不是造人脑 .................................................. (118) 人工智能,路向何方? ................................................ (122) 类脑:人工智能的终极目标? .......................................... (125) 第四部分 与再生人相关的科技进展 P130 Section Four 俄建立灭绝动物克隆实验室:望使猛犸象再生 ............................ (130) 法国人造精子获得专利:卵细胞买账吗? ................................ (131) 科技大佬痴迷长生不老术:投巨资研究死亡治愈 .......................... (132) 科学家利用 DNA 折纸术创造动态纳米机器工具箱 .......................... (138) 中国修改人类胚胎 DNA 引热议:婴儿可被设计 ............................ (140) 基因的“游戏”:科学家实现人类胚胎基因改造 .......................... (144) 英国通过立法:首个三父母婴儿或明年诞生 .............................. (146) 第五部分 综合报道 P149 Section Five 2015 年十大科学突破 ................................................. (149) 2015 年十大科技成就出炉 ............................................. (150) 2015 年人工智能取得的重大突破 ....................................... (158) 2015 年世界科技发展回顾 ............................................. (163) 《自然》杂志公布 2015 年度十大人物 ................................... (179) 专家预测 8 种行业未来 20 年将被机器人取代 ............................. (180) 引言 科学与现代化 2016 年第 1 期 Introduction Science & Modernization No.1, 2016 引 言 十六世纪以来,世界科技先后发生了五次革命:近代物理学诞生、蒸汽机与 机械革命、电力与运输革命、相对论和量子论革命、电子和信息革命。目前,第 五次科技革命已近尾声,第六次科技革命的来临进入倒计时。动态监测科技革命 的最新进展,识别和抓住新科技革命的历史机遇,关系中国的前途和命运。 2011 年,根据中国科学院的部署,中国现代化研究中心开展了“第六次科 技革命的预测研究”,完成和出版《第六次科技革命的战略机遇》(第一版)。2012 年以来,中国现代化研究中心对第六次科技革命进行动态监测,2012 年动态监 测结果发表在《第六次科技革命的战略机遇》(第二版)中。 我们预测:第六次科技革命有可能是一次“新生物学和再生革命”,将主要 发生在生命科技、信息科技和纳米科技的交叉结合部,将涉及 5 个学科(整合和 创生生物学、思维和神经生物学、生命和再生工程、信息仿生工程和纳米仿生工 程等)和 5 项技术(信息转换器技术、人格信息包技术、仿生技术、创生技术和 再生技术等),人类将获得 4 种生存形式:自然人、网络人、仿生人和再生人。 2015 年我们对自然人、网络人、仿生人和再生人四个方面的世界科技进展 进行了动态监测,发现许多科技进展与我们预测的方向基本一致。 信息转换与意念控制、人脑与记忆、再生医学和合成生命、网络人、仿生技 术、智能仿生人、人工智能、干细胞与再生人等领域,2015 年都涌现了一批重 大科技进展;第六次科技革命的前兆,越来越清晰。 何传启研究员在在第十二届中国科学家论坛的特邀报告“科技革命与东方复 兴”,系统分析科技革命与大国兴衰的关系,指出抓住新科技革命的机遇就可能 实现伟大复兴,错失机遇就可能沦为他人附庸,中国复兴走到十字路口。 现将部分进展汇编成《第六次科技革命动态监测 2015》,供大家参考。 本课题研究获得中国科学院发展规划局的资助,特此鸣谢。 1 引言 科学与现代化 2016 年第 1 期 Introduction Science & Modernization No.1, 2016 2015 年第六次科技革命的进展概要 叶青 中国科学院中国现代化研究中心 2015 年科技进展与我们预测的第六次科技革命的方向基本一致。如果分别 从自然人、网络人、仿生人和再生人四个方面来看,动态监测结果大致如下: 首先,与自然人相关的科技进展包括:信息转换与意念控制、人脑与记忆、 人造生命与再生医学三个部分。相关科技进展为:科学家计划将人脑上传到电脑、 让电脑像人一样阅读、MIT 找到联通电脑人脑方法、人脑控制计算机获突破、上 海交大成功实现人脑意念遥控蟑螂行动、科学家研发脑电波解锁智能手机、专家 建议把人类价值“植入”机器人以防范人工智能;科学家首次揭示记忆过程、绘 制千亿神经元、“读脑术”或许很快就能实现、科学家把微型电路注入大脑检测 大脑活动、科学家连接老鼠大脑同步思想创造“活体计算机”、科学家利用脑波 识别出讲话内容、科学家将蛔虫大脑上传机器人、窥探大脑归档系统海马体、英 科学家通过实验证明遗忘记忆可以被找回、失去记忆不用怕美国麻省理工研究有 突破、日本科学家成功将小鼠记忆合二为一、科学家用光照恢复失忆小鼠记忆、 科学家发现大脑记忆数学方程式;“人造生命”或将成现实、科学家培育出可用 于移植的动物前肢、合成生物膜能像活细胞一样生长、美科学家培育出类似 5 周 胎儿近乎完整人脑、全球首例基因疗法治愈一岁患血癌女婴、衰老或可中止逆转、 科学家揭示人类衰老驱动力等。 其次,与网络人相关的科技进展包括:未来人类或生存在电脑中、谷歌机器 人或可实现人的永生、爱丁堡大学的激光 Li-Fi 传输速度可突破 100G 每秒、量 子光学硬盘存储时间提高 100 倍、英国研发高速无线 5G 网络、量子计算机计算 速度提升 1 亿倍、科学家预测计算机未来可用数据传输人类个性等。 其三,与仿生人相关的科技进展包括仿生技术、智能仿生人和人工智能三个 部分,相关科技进展为:美专家培育出微型人脑有望治疗脑部疾病、科学家试管 培育人工微型心脏、日本研究制成人工肝脏、世界首例由大脑控制假肢运动的仿 2 引言 科学与现代化 2016 年第 1 期 Introduction Science & Modernization No.1, 2016 生假肢移植成功、专家研发首个有感觉假腿、美国科罗拉多州一女子安装人造眼 球成功、美科学家研发人造皮肤、美研究人员在实验室制作出第一块能收缩的人 类肌肉、新技术可加速牙齿自然修复牙医或告别用钻的日子;谷歌要打造一个“机 器人军团”、 机器人“变身”骨科主刀医生、机器人设计师开发出有表情有眼神 的机器人、女机器人出演日本核灾难电影《再见》女主角、日本东芝研发艺伎机 器人可陪客户交谈唱歌、新加坡研发新型社交机器人、最像人的机器人、日本 3DCG 完美虚拟少女亮相、性爱机器人不久之后有望推出、科学家为机器人设计 自然选择使之像人一样进化;人工智能的崛起:智商测试得分超过四岁儿童、人 工智能或将取代人类直觉、人工智能终于能像人类一样学习、日本将投巨资扶持 人工智能研究或代替人类工作、人工智能不是造人脑、类脑:人工智能的终极目 标?人工智能,路向何方?等。 其四,与再生人相关的科技进展包括:俄建立灭绝动物克隆实验室:望使猛 犸象再生、法国人造精子获得专利、科技大佬投巨资研究死亡治愈、科学家利用 DNA 折纸术创造动态纳米机器工具箱、中国修改人类胚胎 DNA、科学家实现人 类胚胎基因改造、英国通过立法首个三父母婴儿或明年诞生等 7 类科技进展。 最后,关于各种科技进展的综合报道有:2015 年十大科学突破、2015 年十 大科技成就出炉、2015 年人工智能取得的重大突破、2015 年世界科技发展回顾、 《自然》杂志公布 2015 年度十大人物、专家预测 8 种行业未来 20 年将被机器人 取代等 6 类报道。 我们认为,2015 年代表性工作包括: (1)让电脑像人一样阅读:光学字符识别技术; (2)科学家首次揭示记忆过程:大脑如何记住东西; (3)量子计算机破晓:计算速度提升 1 亿倍; (4)像人一样进化:科学家为机器人设计自然选择; (5)法国人造精子获得专利等。 3 引言 科学与现代化 2016 年第 1 期 Introduction Science & Modernization No.1, 2016 科技革命与东方复兴 何传启 中国科学院中国现代化研究中心 16 世纪以来,每个世纪都有科技革命,每个世纪都有大国兴衰;有些大国兴 衰与科技革命没有关系,有些大国兴衰与科技革命直接相关。21 世纪将发生两 次新的科技革命,将出现新的大国兴衰。抓住机遇就可能实现伟大复兴,错失机 遇就可能沦为他人附庸,中国复兴走到十字路口。 一、科技革命与大国兴衰 1-1 什么是科技革命 科技革命是 16 世纪以来现代科技发展的一种表现形式。现代科技的发展, 既有渐进性变化,也有爆发性突变。渐变是科技进步,突变是科技革命。
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