The Impact of Lemelson-MIT Prize Winners’ Inventions—Appendix

Home , Douglas Engelbart, Joseph DeSimone, Leroy Hood

Measuring the Value of Invention

BENJAMIN M. MILLER, DAVID METZ, JON SCHMID, PAIGE M. RUDIN, MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL

Sponsored by the Lemelson Foundation

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA838-1

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www.rand.org Preface

For the past 25 years, the Lemelson–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Program has given an annual $500,000 prize to a mid-career inventor whose work offers a significant value to society, has improved lives and communities, and has been adopted or has a high probability of being adopted for practical use. The Lemelson-MIT Program and the Lemelson Foundation asked the RAND Corporation to provide a careful and impartial assessment of the value provided to society by the inventions of recipients of the Lemelson-MIT Prize. The main report (available at www.rand.org/t/RRA838-1) provides that assessment, considering impact in aggregate across all prize winners and impact through individual case studies of the prize winners from three particular years. This appendix provides infographics with metrics that describe the inventions and impacts of each of the winners of the Lemelson-MIT Prize. The work is intended to be of interest to groups that engage in diverse efforts to support invention and innovation, policymakers seeking guidance on the benefits of supporting invention, and the general reader. RAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was conducted in the Community Health and Environmental Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being. The program focuses on such topics as infrastructure, science and technology, community design, community health promotion, migration and population dynamics, transportation, energy, and climate and the environment, as well as other policy concerns that are influenced by the natural and built environment, technology, and community organizations and institutions that affect well-being. For more information, email [email protected].

iii Abbreviations

3D three-dimensional ADAP antibody detection by agglutination polymerase chain reaction AI artificial intelligence AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome CAPTCHA Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart CD compact disc

CO2 carbon dioxide COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 CRISPR Clustered, Regularly Interspaced, Short Palindromic Repeats DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNP-MRS dynamic nuclear polarization magnetic resonance spectroscopy DVD digital video disc GPS Global Positioning System HIV human immunodeficiency virus LCD liquid crystal display LED light-emitting diode MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NAICS North American Industry Classification System rDNA recombinant DNA SNA spherical nucleic acid TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene UV ultraviolet

iv Infographics

These infographics present metrics that describe the inventions and impacts of each of the winners of the Lemelson–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Prize, using a common format. Chapters 1 and 2 of the main report present information aggregated from these infographics. These infographics are intended for use as stand-alone documents; here, we briefly describe the layout of these infographics and the methodology behind the figures. The format of the infographics is designed to be as consistent as possible across inventors. However, because of the unique nature of each inventor’s accomplishments, the same metrics cannot always be calculated or presented for all prize winners. Figure 1 shows the general layout of the infographics, with each section labeled for clarity of discussion. The infographics are organized sequentially by year of award.

Figure 1. Layout of Infographics

THOMAS FOGARTY | Medical devices Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2000 Patent Diffusion F

Fogarty’s balloon catheter prevents No affiliation amputations and deaths by allowing Acquired A surgeons to remove blood clots B Affiliated THOMAS without requiring major surgery. This Founded FOGARTY device has affected the lives of more This figure Medical devices than 20 million patients. illustrates the diffusion of inventions by showing the number of times Featured Inventions the inventor’s patents have Associated been cited by Invention Beneficiaries Organizations others. The figure includes the top Balloon embolectomy Patients with blood clots previously faced ten citing surgery that was invasive and could result catheter, the first Edwards organizations and in amputations or death; the balloon minimally invasive Lifesciences other inventor- catheter allows clots to be safely removed affiliated surgical device through a narrow cut. companies but C The weakened portion of the blood vessel excludes self- A stent graft, inserted via was previously surgically removed; an citations. AneuRx catheter to address aortic implantable stent instead provides aneurysms structural support. Patients facing a wide variety of surgeries A wide variety of devices now have drastically improved surgical Fogarty that support minimally outcomes, as well as significantly easier Engineering, Inc.; invasive surgery related recovery periods, because of innovations Adjacent Pathways of Invention Proliferation G to blood vessels that make surgery safer, less invasive, Surgical, Inc. and more effective. 5

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories 4 Other E Obstetrics & 3 Gynecology 11% 125 5% Surgery 2 published articles Cardiac & D 10% Cardiovascular 45% 1

Systems Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other 30% Established Company Companies Company 33 5,682 Company journals Web of Science Peripheral Vascular Disease Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer citations

Section A includes the prize winner’s or prize winners’ names, pictures, and industry descriptions. For the industry descriptions, we use the six-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industry code or combination of NAICS codes that most closely correspond with their work. These are the same NAICS codes that are aggregated in Table 1.1 in the main report. In some cases, the NAICS code might be an imperfect match for prize winners’ work, as many inventors are helping develop entirely new industries.

1 Section B provides a brief overarching description of the prize winner’s or prize winners’ work and how their inventions have affected society. Section C provides a brief description of the prize winner’s or prize winners’ inventions, the beneficiaries of these inventions, and the organizations associated with these inventions. These lists do not necessarily correspond to individual patents, because an object or device that is colloquially viewed as a single invention could often have multiple patents associated with different aspects of the invention. Furthermore, these lists do not necessarily represent the entirety of a prize winner’s or prize winners’ work. In some cases, this is simply a function of space constraints; some inventors have dozens of inventions. For some inventors, we excluded Sections D and E to make space to describe additional inventions in Section C. Section C is not intended to reflect the totality of an inventor’s work; rather, it is intended to give the reader a sense of the type of inventions that the inventor has created, as well as the beneficiaries of these inventions. As discussed throughout the main report, there are many individuals, not just the inventor, involved in transforming an inventor’s idea into a widely used tool, device, process, or medication. Section D presents summary statistics about the prize winner’s or prize winners’ publications or patents. Where publication data were available, we used the Web of Science database to measure each Lemelson-MIT Prize winner’s publication output. As discussed in Chapter 1 in the main report, although this measure reflects the Lemelson-MIT Prize winners having authored or co-authored an impressive number of publications, our count of publications could still be low. In addition, not all inventors have extensive publication records. In those cases, we present summary statistics about patents. Section E presents the Web of Science categories into which the prize winner’s or prize winners’ publications are grouped. This gives a further sense of the fields affected by an inventor or inventors. In some cases, we present patent statistics instead of publication statistics in Section D, using a word cloud based on common words from the inventor’s patent abstracts. Section F illustrates the diffusion of inventions by showing the number of times that the prize winner’s or prize winners’ patents have been cited by others. The figure includes the top ten citing organizations and other inventor-affiliated companies; it excludes self-citations. The number in parentheses is the number of patents held by that organization that cite the inventor or inventors’ patent(s) as prior art. Because the focus is on the diffusion of invention, this count does not include citations by the inventor’s other patents. For this reason, companies based solely on the inventor’s own patents generally do not appear in this figure. Section G presents the pathways through which the contributions of the prize winner or prize winners were brought to market and, ultimately, to end beneficiaries. This information was gleaned from a wide variety of publicly available data sources, as no single authoritative source documents the commercial activities of all inventors. Therefore, this information might not represent the entirety of an inventor’s or inventors’ commercial activities; it is intended only to document instances of major inventions’ interactions with the public for characterization and

2 further analysis. This information is presented in aggregate in the “Pathways of Proliferation” section of Chapter 2 in the main report, available at www.rand.org/t/RRA838-1.

Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 1995

Bolander’s inventions span a range of technologies that have improved automotive safety and are featured in many cars today, including Saturn’s WILLIAM traction control system and “limp- BOLANDER home” technology used in the Cadillac Computers, Northstar system, which allows the equipment, software engine to keep running for up to 100 miles after a sudden loss of coolant.

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organization Mathematical models for automotive computers Anyone who has driven or improved vehicle safety and ridden in a car with this performance. His traction technology has benefited General Motors control system reduced car crashes, and his limp-home from both increased safety and reduced costs. technology reduced engine damage.

Patents and Citations

14 patents

72 243 citing organizations forward citations WILLIAM BOLANDER | Computers, equipment, software

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

This figure illustrates the diffusion of inventions by showing the number of times the inventor’s patents have been cited by others. The figure includes the top ten citing organizations and other inventor- affiliated companies but excludes self- citations.

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations 0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company

Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winners, 1996

Boyer and Cohen’s patented recombinant DNA technology was licensed to 468 companies, resulting in over $35 billion in sales of more HERBERT STANLEY than 2,440 new BOYER COHEN pharmaceutical products by Biotechnology 1997, when the patents expired. Featured Invention Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organizations Recombinant DNA technology gave rise to the field of genetic engineering and laid the foundation Stanford University Recombinant DNA (rDNA) for the biotechnology industry, and the University technology: a simple and opening the door to gene therapy of California effective method for selecting and the manufacturing of new drugs (technology specific genes from an and existing synthetic biomolecules licensed to organism and reproducing the at scale. Today, thousands of U.S. hundreds of firms, genetic material in practically biotechnology companies use rDNA including unlimited quantity technology to produce therapeutic Genentech, products, including insulin, human founded by Boyer) growth hormone, and the hepatitis B vaccine.

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Other 248 Microbiology published articles 28% 42% Biochemistry & Molecular 79 37,610 15% Biology journals Web of Science 9% 12% citations Genetics & Multidisciplinary Heredity Sciences HERBERT BOYER & STANLEY COHEN | Biotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company

Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 1997

Engelbart’s inventions—including the computer mouse, hypertext systems, bitmapped screen, and a window- DOUGLAS based graphical user interface—have ENGELBART been used by billions of individuals. Computers, Hypertext was a precursor to the equipment, World Wide Web. software

Featured Inventions

Inventions Beneficiaries Associated Organization The computer mouse, These inventions made hypertext systems, computers easier for people to windows, cross-file editing, use, making computers a tool groupware, and a host of that was intuitive to the SRI International other technologies that form masses and supporting the basis of interactive, networked, collaborative collaborative computing computing.

Patents and Citations

21 patents

139 289 citing organizations forward citations DOUGLAS ENGELBART | Computers, equipment, software

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company

Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 1998

Langer's discoveries advanced the field of controlled drug delivery, extending the lives of millions of people. His patents have been ROBERT licensed or sublicensed to more than LANGER 400 firms, and he is the most widely Biotechnology/ cited engineer in history. nanotechnology

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organizations A microchip that administers controlled Revolutionizes treatment for release of drugs after being illnesses ranging from Microchips Biotech implanted in the patient’s cancer to osteoporosis body Broad applications in tissue Biocant Center of Innovation engineering and the A biodegradable elastic reconstruction of tissues, and Biotechnology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Inc., polymer especially muscle tissue, bladder tissue, arteries, Massachusetts Institute of and heart valves Technology Patients with newly Gliadel, a polymer-based diagnosed high-grade chemotherapy treatment malignant glioma, for use as Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC that dissolves over time at an adjunct to surgery and brain tumor sites radiation Patients could benefit from Technology that automates increased effectiveness of a TransForm Pharmaceuticals crystallization experiments wide variety of drugs. Methods and compositions Children’s Medical Center for the treatment of open- Anyone with a compression- Corporation, Massachusetts and closed-wound spinal based spinal cord injury Institute of Technology cord injuries Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) medicines that Patients with a wide variety could instruct a patient’s of diseases, such as Zika, Moderna, Inc. own cells to produce melanoma, and others proteins to prevent, treat, or cure diseases ROBERT LANGER | Biotechnology/nanotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4

Number Number of Organizations 2 0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 1999

Mead’s inventions, such as the development of very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, enabled the CARVER creation of modern microchips, which, MEAD in turn, spurred the modern Semiconductors microelectronics industry. and devices

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization Nonvolatile, low-power field- Widely used in modern electronics, programmable gate arrays— Actel Corporation circuits that can be this invention spawned what is now a multibillion-dollar industry. configured after manufacture Touchpads, which are now a standard Touch pads for computers feature in laptops, provided a new way Synaptics for humans to interact with computers. Silicon sensors that capture Photographers; this invention is used color images without in DSLR (digital single-lens reflex) Foveon requiring color filters cameras. Self-adaptive microchips that Used by major retailers, airlines, and enable flash memory and other organizations around the globe radio-frequency identification to track the identity and location of Impinj (RFID) items and people Computer chips for hearing Improved quality of life for those who Sonic Innovations aids are hard of hearing Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

25 23% Engineering, Electrical published articles

47% Computer Science, 12% Hardware

9% Chemistry, 16 1,059 9% Multidisciplinary journals Web of Science citations Other Computer Science, AI CARVER MEAD | Semiconductors and devices

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2000

Fogarty’s balloon catheter prevents amputations and deaths by allowing surgeons to remove blood clots THOMAS without requiring major surgery. This FOGARTY device has affected the lives of more Medical devices than 20 million patients.

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organizations Balloon embolectomy Patients with blood clots previously faced catheter, the first surgery that was invasive and could result Edwards in amputations or death; the balloon Lifesciences minimally invasive catheter allows clots to be safely removed surgical device through a narrow cut. A stent graft, inserted via The weakened portion of the blood vessel was previously surgically removed; an AneuRx catheter to address aortic implantable stent instead provides aneurysms structural support. Patients facing a wide variety of surgeries A wide variety of devices now have drastically improved surgical Fogarty that support minimally outcomes, as well as significantly easier Engineering, Inc.; invasive surgery related recovery periods, because of innovations Adjacent to blood vessels that make surgery safer, less invasive, Surgical, Inc. and more effective.

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Other Obstetrics & Gynecology 11% 125 5% Surgery Cardiac & published articles 10% Cardiovascular 45% Systems

33 5,682 30% journals Web of Science Peripheral Vascular citations Disease THOMAS FOGARTY | Medical devices

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company

Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2001

Kurzweil's inventions use technology to overcome biological limitations, RAYMOND make music, and create art. KURZWEIL Computers, equipment, software

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organization The Kurzweil Reading A significant quality-of-life change Kurzweil Machine—the first machine for the blind and an advancement Educational that could read printed and in broader efforts to automate Systems, Inc. typed documents aloud pattern recognition A musical synthesizer capable of recreating the grand piano The Kurzweil synthesizer is still Kurzweil Music and other orchestral used by musicians worldwide. Systems instruments Technology users around the The first commercially globe continue to use speech Kurzweil Applied marketed large-vocabulary recognition systems to interact speech recognition system Intelligence with machines in new ways.

SynPatient, online patient Provides distance learning for Kurzweil simulation training software first responders Technologies, Inc.

Patents and Citations

97 patents

200+ 1,126 citing organizations forward citations RAYMOND KURZWEIL | Computers, equipment, software

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company

Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2002

Kamen creates machines that have improved millions of individuals’ quality of life in a wide variety of ways, such as by simplifying or DEAN KAMEN improving medical treatments and by providing new modes of personal Medical devices transportation.

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organizations A wearable, programmable Individuals with diseases such as infusion pump that delivers diabetes experience an increased small, accurate doses of quality of life through easier and AutoSyringe, Inc. medicine, such as insulin, more-accurate delivery of insulin over extended periods or other medicine. New kidney dialysis Patients can complete kidney DEKA Research & machines that are smaller dialysis at home, rather than Development Corp, and more portable having to visit a hospital. Baxter, CVS A surgical irrigation pump This invention is now widely used DEKA Research & that helps flush blood and tissue debris from the during a variety of noninvasive Development Corp, surgeries. operative site during surgery Davol Provides increased mobility to A battery-powered those who are unable to walk and DEKA Research & wheelchair that can climb allows those in wheelchairs to stairs and stand upright on Development Corp, have eye-level conversations with Mobius Mobility two wheels those not in wheelchairs Although the Segway did not achieve the goal of widespread adoption, resulting in reduced The Segway, an electric- pollution and congestion, it did enjoy a period of popularity and Segway powered form of personal prominence and continues to transportation provide mobility solutions to users in settings such as tourism and security. DEAN KAMEN | Medical devices

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2003

Hood’s inventions constitute the technological foundation of the fields of genomics and proteomics. Hood was a co-founder, investor, or advisor LEROY to more than a dozen companies that HOOD collectively provide more than 40,000 Biotechnology jobs and generate more than $30 billion in annual revenues.

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization Led to new treatments for The gas liquid phase protein patients with multiple sclerosis, sequencer, which enabled cancer, and anemia, as well as Caltech and Applied scientists to determine the an improved understanding of Biosystems chemical makeup of key several dementia-type brain proteins diseases DNA synthesizer to automate The tools developed by Hood the process of synthesizing DNA gene fragments. This constitute the technological foundation of the fields of machine strings together Caltech and Applied fragments of genes to genomics (editing and Biosystems mapping of genes) and manufacture DNA for use in proteomics (large-scale study DNA mapping and gene of proteins). cloning. This invention was The protein synthesizer, which instrumental in the synthesis of the 99-residue human allows researchers to produce Caltech and Applied large volumes of protein for immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Biosystems protease, which allowed the experimentation development of the protease inhibitor AIDS treatment A device that allows for the Enabled the Human Genome rapid automated sequencing of Project, which resulted in a Caltech and Applied DNA, increasing the speed of wide host of major scientific Biosystems DNA sequencing by 3,000 times advancements LEROY HOOD | Biotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Number Number of Organizations 1 0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company

Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2004

Holonyak’s development of the first visible-spectrum light-emitting diode (LED) helped advance groundbreaking NICK changes in the lighting industry. LEDs HOLONYAK are now ubiquitous, used in devices Semiconductors ranging from alarm clocks to traffic and devices lights.

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization LEDs are now ubiquitous, used in The first practical LED, General Electric devices ranging from alarm clocks known as the red LED to traffic lights. Research Labs These lasers are now ubiquitous, The first visible-spectrum University of Illinois at used in CD and DVD players, bar semiconductor laser code readers, and cell phones. Urbana-Champaign

Instrumental in fiber optic University of Illinois at The first quantum well communications systems, with Urbana-Champaign semiconductor laser applications in surgery, materials processing, and more Native aluminum oxide Consumers use this technology in University of Illinois at technology shorted emitter applications such as light dimmers Urbana-Champaign p-n-p-n dimmer switch and power tools.

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Multidisciplinary Sciences

504 31% Biochemistry & published articles Molecular Biology 12% Biochemical 11% Research 30 14,104 35% Methods 11% journals Web of Science Other Cell Biology citations NICK HOLONYAK | Semiconductors and devices

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2005

Norris’s sound-based inventions have ELWOOD helped develop applications ranging “WOODY” from hands-free communications to NORRIS nonlethal military devices. Audio, video, or other communications equipment Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Company A device that controls Advertisers could benefit from the direction of sound targeted acoustic advertising; American Technology also has nonlethal military emitted, focusing sound and policing applications at Corporation in only a narrow beam higher volumes A hands-free ear- mounted speaker and microphone requested The device, invented in the American Technology by the National mid-1980s, is now a popular Corporation, JABRA Aeronautics and Space cell phone headset. Corporation Administration (NASA) for astronauts Patents and Citations

89 patents

441 2,026 citing organizations forward citations ELWOOD “WOODY” NORRIS | Audio, video, or other communications equipment Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations

0 Large or Small or Start-up Combined Inoperative Other Established Company Companies Company Company

Founder Key Operating Role Advisor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2006

Fergason’s inventions made liquid crystal displays (LCDs) practical. LCDs JAMES are now ubiquitous across consumer FERGASON electronics such as televisions, Electronic computers, and mobile phones. component manufacturing

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organization Consumers around the globe The first practical use of have benefited from the use of cholesteric liquid crystals, LCDs, which are now International Liquid Crystal which are essential to ubiquitous across consumer Company LCDs electronics, such as televisions, computers, and mobile phones.

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Optics Other 19 13% Physics, published articles Multidisciplinary 13% Chemistry, 58% 8% Multidisciplinary 12 853 8% journals Web of Science Crystallography citations JAMES FERGASON | Electronic component manufacturing

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations 0 Large or Small or Start-up Combi ned Inoperative Other Establ ished Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advi sor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2007

Swager’s amplified chemical sensor has been used in more than 40 countries to detect the presence of TIMOTHY vapors from explosives, mitigating SWAGER risks to law enforcement personnel Measuring and and military servicemembers. controlling devices

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization Military and police applications An amplified chemical sensor for explosives detection, such as that uses molecular wires to use on robots that remotely Iptyx Corporation detect the presence of vapors operate in areas that could have from explosives, such as TNT hidden explosives TOTAPOL, a highly efficient Allows research labs to feasibly polarizing agent that makes use DNP-MRS, which provides dynamic nuclear polarization real-time metabolic information DyNuPol Inc. magnetic resonance about living tissue without the spectroscopy (DNP-MRS) need for a biopsy, supporting cheaper and more efficient research on various diseases A non-lithium form of energy Provides buildings and cities with storage that is safe and large-scale energy storage PolyJoule durable options Gas-sensing technology that Increases safety in industries can detect a broad range of such as refrigeration, industrial C2Sense Inc. target compounds with hygiene, oil and gas, and exceptionally high selectivity automotive The food and beverage industry A microbiological testing could benefit from reliable, faster, solution applicable to and cheaper product testing, Xibus Systems pathogens, allergens, and which also protects consumers spoilage organisms from food product safety issues. TIMOTHY SWAGER | Measuring and controlling devices

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

DeSimone’s inventions apply creative manufacturing approaches to health and consumer applications. His latest JOSEPH company, Carbon, advanced the field DESIMONE of three-dimensional (3D) printing Medical devices/ and is now valued at over $2.4 billion. nanotechnology/ industrial machinery manufacturing Featured Inventions Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization A polymer-based, fully Used for years and by 150,000 bioabsorbable, drug-eluting stent, patients worldwide; commercial Bioabsorbable which supports a blocked blood sales were discontinued in 2017, Vascular vessel after a balloon angioplasty but research on commercial Solutions and is absorbed within 18 months applications continues. PRINT (Particle Replication in Patients with pulmonary arterial Non-wetting Templates) hypertension and local post- Liquidia technology used to support nano- operative pain could benefit from Technologies enabled drug delivery. new treatment options. Enables the rapid and large-scale Carbon Digital Light Synthesis manufacturing of parts and technology, a rapid 3D printing materials with previously process that controls light and Carbon unavailable properties, with oxygen to produce end-use parts currently existing applications directly from a pool of resin ranging from shoes to automobiles A detergent that eliminates the Employees at dry cleaners are need for toxic dry cleaning solvents frequently exposed to chemicals that Micell when dissolved in liquid carbon can increase their risk of cancer; this Technologies dioxide detergent offers a safer alternative. Reduces the risk of fires in devices A nonflammable electrolyte for with traditional lithium ion batteries, Blue Current developing safer batteries which are generally safe but can Technologies catch fire if certain failures occur A device that uses a process Patients with pancreatic cancer called iontophoresis to direct Advanced benefit from tumor shrinkage while chemotherapy drugs directly to Chemotherapy experiencing fewer side effects of tumors, minimizing systemic Technologies chemotherapy. toxicity JOSEPH DESIMONE | Medical devices/nanotechnology/ industrial machinery manufacturing Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Mirkin develops novel medical applications based on nanoscience and technology innovations. He directs the International Institute for CHAD MIRKIN Nanotechnology at Northwestern Biotechnology/ University, which has supported the nanotechnology development of over 2,000 commercial products and 24 start-up companies. Featured Inventions Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organizations Provides patients with earlier A spherical nucleic acid– disease detection at the point of Nanosphere, Inc., based (SNA-based) care and supports treatment detection system for nucleic optimization and biomarker Luminex acid and protein targets discovery Patients with cancers, skin and SNA-based constructs that neurological disorders, and other allow for privileged access to Exicure, Inc. diseases with a genetic basis could cells and tissues receive new treatment options. Enables researchers to rapidly A suite of desktop prototype structures and devices nanofabrication and with improved combination of TERA-print, LLC materials discovery scalability, materials generality, instruments and resolution Rapidly manufactures 3D printed A novel approach to objects, including face shields for stereolithography based on Azul3D, Inc. health care workers battling high-area rapid printing COVID-19 Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Other Chemistry, 26% Multidisciplinary 671 34% published articles Materials Science, 14% Multidisciplinary 13% 90,639 14% 83 Nanoscience & Web of Science Nanotechnology Chemistry, Physical journals citations CHAD MIRKIN | Biotechnology/nanotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Bertozzi’s work on the chemistry of cell surfaces has helped found an entirely new field known as CAROLYN bioorthogonal chemistry. Her BERTOZZI inventions suggest new ways for Biotechnology/ treating and curing a wide variety of nanotechnology global diseases.

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization Site-specific SMARTag Patients with a wide variety of diseases technology enables the could benefit from the identification of generation of homogenous superior drugs from libraries of Redwood bioconjugates, engineered differentially designed conjugates; Bioscience Inc. to improve performance and phase 1 clinical trials are underway for ease of manufacturing. non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Patients benefit from advanced Antibody detection by detection of disease; because ADAP is agglutination PCR (ADAP), 1,000–10,000 times more sensitive which couples specific DNA than other tests, it can detect antibody Enable tags with antigens that are activity for diseases such as HIV and Biosciences used to detect the presence type 1 diabetes much sooner, allowing of antibodies in blood, for treatment at earlier stages of the saliva, or other bodily fluids disease. Platforms that overcome the Cancer patients who do not respond to long-standing technical T-cell checkpoint therapies could barriers that have delayed Palleon benefit from drugs that activate both drug development in Pharmaceuticals innate and adaptive antitumor immune targeting the Siglec- responses. Sialoglycan axis Individuals with ovarian cancer might be able to detect the disease earlier, A blood test that can detect resulting in higher survival rates InterVenn ovarian cancer earlier because existing treatments are more Biosciences effective in earlier stages of the disease. A dye, usable in a simple Patients, particularly those in poor smear test, that fluoresces countries with minimal access to health OliLux when incorporated in living care, could benefit from a tuberculosis Biosciences mycobacteria, which cause test that is quick, cheap, and has high tuberculosis accuracy. CAROLYN BERTOZZI | Biotechnology/nanotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

16 14 12 10 8 6 4

Number Number of Organizations 2 0 Large or Small or Start-up Combi ned Inoperative Other Establ ished Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advi sor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2011

Rogers’s inventions provide new ways to integrate electronics with both objects and living beings. More than JOHN 70 of Rogers’s patents are licensed— ROGERS many of these are by large consumer- Biotechnology/ facing firms. semiconductors and devices

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organization Wide-ranging applications include Stretchable electronics improved disease management for that integrate into patients with neurological disorders MC10 flexible skin sensors and helping individuals monitor their UV light exposure Supports manufacturing and other A tool for measuring settings where thin or opaque films the thickness of need to be measured, particularly Active Impulse Systems extremely thin, opaque when physically contacting the samples, such as films product is undesirable Consumers of electronic devices A foldable, bendable, could benefit from a wide array of X-Celeprint and flexible electronic new technologies enabled by display flexible electronic displays. Diverse applications, including Integrated circuits that patients with implanted medical devices no longer requiring surgery Transient Electronics Inc. are biodegradable to remove nonpermanent or malfunctioning devices Supports animal testing research An ultraminiaturized, (e.g., mice) by allowing invasive flexible optoelectronics monitoring implants that are flexible system capable of and do not require an external injection into targeted NeuroLux antenna, batteries, or fiber optic regions of the brain, cables, allowing for monitoring with wireless power without limiting movement, brain delivery and control tissue, or social behavior JOHN ROGERS | Biotechnology/semiconductors and devices

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Quake’s inventions use biotechnology to develop new approaches to STEPHEN biological measurement and provide QUAKE a new set of tools for biological Biotechnology/ automation. nanotechnology

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organization Patients with a wide variety of Microfluidic large-scale diseases could benefit from Fluidigm integration improved treatment options. Noninvasive DNA Pregnant women avoid invasive sequencing and microarray Verinata Health technologies for reproductive tests for Down syndrome and other DNA-related diseases. and genetic health Cancer patients with drug- Single-cell genomic analysis resistant tumors could benefit Quanticel technology from improved treatment Pharmaceuticals options. Applications that rely on genetic Long-read, accurate DNA sequencing benefit from Moleculo sequencing improved efficiency and accuracy. Antiviral drugs developed using CRISPR (Clustered, Patients with diseases caused Regularly Interspaced, Short by latent or persistent viral Agenovir Palindromic Repeats) that infections that have no treatment disrupt viral DNA Blood test based on next- generation sequencing of Immunocompromised patients microbial cell-free DNA that with complicated pneumonia Karius can identify and quantify infections and patients with more than 1,000 clinically endocarditis relevant pathogens

Single-cell gene expression Patients with a wide variety of and genome sequencing, as immune system issues benefit well as approaches to from potential applications, such ImmuMetrix sequence and analyze an as a noninvasive test for heart individual's immune system transplant rejection. STEPHEN QUAKE | Biotechnology/nanotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Belcher’s breakthroughs in genetic engineering have contributed to advances in two different industries: ANGELA display/optical technology and BELCHER commodity chemicals. Biotechnology

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization Biologically formed, Users of touchscreen technology nanostructured materials (i.e., benefit from brighter displays silver nanowires) used in the Cambrios with longer battery life and ten- development of electronic Technologies finger touch, at lower devices with transparent manufacturing costs. conductors A catalytic process that directly Industries dependent on crude converts natural gas into high- oil for transportation fuels or Siluria value liquid transportation fuels commodity chemicals are less Technologies or petrochemical building blocks dependent on crude oil imports. for other commodity chemicals

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Other Materials Science, 128 Multidisciplinary published articles 19%

39%

15% Chemistry, Physical 56 15,714 14% Chemistry, journals Web of Science 13% citations Multidisciplinary

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ANGELA BELCHER | Biotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Bhatia’s breakthroughs in medical and genetic engineering have the potential to reduce fatalities through SANGEETA earlier detection of disease and BHATIA bringing drugs to market faster. Biotechnology/ nanotechnology

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organization Patients benefit from earlier A noninvasive technology using identification of diseases and synthetic biomarkers to detect Glympse Bio more-rapid development of disease activity inside the body treatment. In vitro models of the liver that Could make drug development Hepregen facilitate long-term hepatic safer by reducing the need for Corporation (now metabolism and toxicity studies human or animal testing BioIVT) in a laboratory setting Targeted tissue penetrating Overcome drug delivery Impilo (now CEND delivery of nucleic acid–based barriers to benefit cancer Therapeutics) medicines patients Patients with chronic liver Implantable, off-the-shelf disease benefit from a more satellite organs as living Satellite Bio efficient, cell-based therapy therapeutics treatment. Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

161 13% published articles Multidisciplinary 11% Sciences

9% Materials Science, Multidisciplinary 70% 76 15,301 9% journals Web of Science Nanoscience & citations Nanotechnology Other SANGEETA BHATIA | Biotechnology/nanotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Whitacre’s low-cost and nontoxic salt- water battery can be used for long- term storage of energy from solar, JAY wind, and other intermittent sources. WHITACRE The technology has been deployed in Storage battery 250 locations globally. manufacturing

Featured Inventions

Invention Beneficiaries Associated Organization Sustainable, scalable, and cost-effective Provides electricity sodium-ion ("salt consumers with a safe and Aquion Energy water") batteries and reliable alternative to lithium- electricity storage ion batteries systems Provides manufacturers with Novel methods to a low-cost, lower-impact produce cobalt-free materials stream into a Scaled Ionics battery electrode critical battery component materials at scale for electric vehicles

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Electrochemistry 94 24% 35% published articles

16% Energy & Fuels

14% 38 4,058 15% journals Web of Science Chemistry, Materials Science, citations Physical Multidisciplinary JAY WHITACRE | Storage battery manufacturing

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Number Number of Organizations 0 Large or Small or Start-up Combi ned Inoperative Other Establ ished Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advi sor, Mentor, or Influencer Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner, 2016

Raskar’s inventions advanced the field of 3D imaging, with medical, manufacturing, and military RAMESH RASKAR applications. The mobile refraction Computer technology he developed is used in programming/ more than 130 countries worldwide. software publishing

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization Mobile refraction technology to Farsighted and nearsighted collect the basic measurements individuals who live in places EyeNetra required for glasses and contact without easy access to lenses that can be used anywhere optometry services Smart camera using sensors with Users are informed about advanced audio and visual activity in their home. LensBricks recognition software that can identify patterns A free, open-source technology Allow an individual to check incorporating privacy-by-design for whether they have crossed paths Path Check contact tracing using overlapped with someone who was later GPS and Bluetooth trails diagnosed positive for COVID-19 A group platform/incubator for Global participants receive co-innovation in artificial advice and feedback on using AI REDX Labs intelligence (AI) to solve real-world problems. Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Other 116 Computer Science, 42% 39% published articles Software Engineering

8% 11% 38 4,488 10% Optics journals Web of Science Multidisciplinary Computer Science, citations Sciences Artificial Intelligence RAMESH RASKAR | Computer programming/ software publishing Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Zhang’s work helped develop optogenetics and CRISPR technology, which bear immense promise for FENG developing tailored and precision ZHANG medicines that treat a wide variety of Research and diseases. development in biotechnology Featured Inventions Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization CRISPR (Clustered, Regularly Individuals with a wide range of Interspaced, Short Palindromic genetic diseases could benefit Repeats) gene editing, genetic from a variety of new drugs Editas Medicine engineering technology that has that are currently under enabled modification of almost any development. gene in human cells A new class of precision genetic Individuals with a wide range of medicines that intervene at a genetic diseases could benefit BEAM foundational level using base editors from a variety of new drugs Therapeutics that can permanently rewrite a single that are currently under letter of the human genome development. A biodiscovery platform using artificial Has the potential to improve intelligence, genome sequencing, human health and Arbor gene synthesis, and high-throughput sustainability, with applications Biotechnologies screening to accelerate the discovery across a wide range of of novel CRISPR enzymes industries

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Multidisciplinary Other Sciences 109 28% 25% published articles Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 20% Biotechnology 13% 33 38,010 & Applied 15% journals Web of Science Microbiology citations Cell Biology FENG ZHANG | Research and development in biotechnology

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Von Ahn’s reCAPTCHA technology is used by more than 6 million websites, with users solving hundreds of millions of CAPTCHAs every day. The LUIS VON information collected has been used AHN to digitize books and newspapers, Software annotate images, and build machine publishing learning datasets.

Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization A computer game developed to use the computational power of humans Anyone using online image to perform a task that computers searches benefits from ESP Game cannot (i.e., image recognition) to improved search accuracy. address the problem of creating difficult metadata (i.e., labels) Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Protects at least 4.5 million Humans Apart (CAPTCHA)—a websites from spam and abuse, verification process or program CAPTCHA while allowing valid users to (e.g., a challenge-response test) have continued access used by websites to distinguish human from machine input Similarly protects websites and users from spam and abuse; A system using CAPTCHAs to hundreds of millions of establish that a computer user is CAPTCHAs are solved every human and that can block reCAPTCHA day, and the process helps automated programs to protect digitize books and newspapers, websites from spam and abuse annotate images, and build machine learning datasets. An online language education platform that uses machine learning Millions of individuals use this algorithms to develop new free language learning system Duolingo instruction material and create to learn new languages. reliable language proficiency assessments LUIS VON AHN | Software publishing

Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

Friesen’s inventions use the air around us to produce electrical power and clean drinking water. His water CODY technology is now installed in 48 FRIESEN countries at homes, schools, hotels, and Storage battery communities from Australia to Kenya. manufacturing/ water supply and irrigation systems Featured Inventions

Associated Invention Beneficiaries Organization Low-cost, zinc-air rechargeable battery that uses oxygen from Society at large benefits from a the atmosphere to provide a renewable power source and Fluidic Energy scalable, renewable, and reduced CO2 emissions. reliable source of power High-efficiency solar technology Individuals affected by disasters, that generates energy to convert in drought-prone areas, or in Zero Mass Water water vapor from the air into areas with contaminated water or pure drinking water failed water infrastructure

Articles and Citations Web of Science Categories

Other 23 Materials Science, published articles 27% Multidisciplinary 32%

18% 11 1,047 11% Chemistry, Physical journals Web of Science 11% citations Electrochemistry Nanoscience & Nanotechnology CODY FRIESEN | Storage battery manufacturing/water supply and irrigation systems Patent Diffusion

No affiliation Acquired Affiliated Founded

Pathways of Invention Proliferation

1 Number Number of Organizations 0 Large or Small or Start-up Combi ned Inoperative Other Establ ished Company Companies Company Company Founder Key Operating Role Advi sor, Mentor, or Influencer