Guerra Italo-Turca
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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation. -
Between the Local and the National: the Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Between the Local and the National: The Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty Fabio Capano Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Capano, Fabio, "Between the Local and the National: The Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianita," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5312. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5312 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Between the Local and the National: the Free Territory of Trieste, "Italianità," and the Politics of Identity from the Second World War to the Osimo Treaty Fabio Capano Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Modern Europe Joshua Arthurs, Ph.D., Co-Chair Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Co-Chair Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D. -
Foreign News: Where Is Signor X?
Da “Time”, 24 maggio 1943 Foreign News: Where is Signor X? Almost 21 years of Fascism has taught Benito Mussolini to be shrewd as well as ruthless. Last week he toughened the will of his people to fight, by appeals to their patriotism, and by propaganda which made the most of their fierce resentment of British and U.S. bombings. He also sought to reduce the small number pf Italians who might try to cut his throat by independent deals with the Allies. The military conquest of Italy may be no easy task. After the Duce finished his week's activities, political warfare against Italy looked just as difficult, and it was hard to find an alternative to Mussolini for peace or postwar negotiations. No Dorlans. The Duce began by ticking off King Vittorio Emanuele, presumably as insurance against the unlikely prospect that the sour-faced little monarch decides either to abdicate or convert his House of Savoy into a bargain basement for peace terms. Mussolini pointedly recalled a decree of May 10, 1936, which elevated him to rank jointly with the King as "first marshal of Italy." Thus the King (constitutionally Commander in Chief of all armed forces) can legally make overtures to the Allies only with the consent and participation of the Duce. Italy has six other marshals. Mussolini last week recalled five of them to active service.* Most of these men had been disgraced previously to cover up Italian defeats. Some of them have the backing of financial and industrial groups which might desert Mussolini if they could make a better deal. -
Military History of Italy During World War II from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Military history of Italy during World War II From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors. The imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime, which aspired to restore the Roman Empire in North Africa and the Mediterranean (the Mare Nostrum, or the Italian Empire), were partially met with the annexation of Albania and the Province of Ljubljana, and the occupation of British Somaliland and other territories, but ultimately collapsed after defeats in the East and North African campaigns. In July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, Italy and its colonies in May 1940 (Dodecanese islands Benito Mussolini was arrested by order of King and Tientsin concession in China are not shown) Victor Emmanuel III, provoking a civil war. Italy surrendered to the Allies at the end of the Italian Campaign. The northern half of the country was occupied by Germans with the fascists help and made a collaborationist puppet state (with more than 600,000 soldiers), while the south was governed by monarchist and liberal forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army (at its height numbering more than 50,000 men), helped by circa 350,000[1] partisans of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Imperial ambitions 1.2 Industrial strength 1.3 Economy 1.4 Military 2 Outbreak of the Second World -
The Limits of Independence
RUTH FIRST Libya The Elusive Revolution Part II: The Limits of Independence First published by Penguin Books in 1974 Republished in 2012 by the Ruth First Papers Project www.ruthfirstpapers.org.uk Part II : The Limits of Independence MEDITERRANEAN SEA / \ I \ Hummadalt AI Hamra \, Grc:al Sand Stu of Calatucia \ UAR l (EGYPT) y FEZZAN Hantj AIAifflld A \ \ I Rurrn Mur=w! e SandSta \ Total or<:or Libya r,759,ooosq. km. - -- - ---- :;....;:...- ::..:.;.- 2 Hostage to History and Geography The Ancient Greeks gave the name Libye to all North Africa west of Egypt, but for many .centuries the terms Tripoli or Barbary (after the corsairs who practised piracy in the Mediterr• anean) were used instead. It was in 1934, after the completion of the Italian conquest of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, that the two provinces were united under Italian over-rule as the colony of Libia. The independent State that was established in 1951 kept that name as the one associated with the region from ancient times. The political divisions of the former provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan corresponded with the country's natural physical barriers and differences. Geography had made the ancient affiliations of the two coastal regions dissimilar - Cyrenaica's early history was influenced by Greece and Egypt, whereas Tripolitania fell under Rome and was close to Tunisia. The Arab invasions had unifying effects on the population, as did the Turkish occupation in the sixteenth century. But the three provinces were never closely unified,and successive foreign powers, whether they controlled all of modern Libya or only parts of it, generally continued to follow the natural divisions of the country in the shape of their administrations. -
German Forces in North Africa, 9 April 1943
German Forces in North Africa 9 April 1943 Commander-in-Chief South: Feldmarshal A. Kesselring Army Group Africa: Generaloberst Jurgen von Arnim 1st Italian Army: General Giovanni Messe XX Italian Corps: 19th German Flak Division: Generalmajor G. Franz organization unknown 90th German Light Division: Generalleutnant GT.von Sponeck Divisonal Staff 155th (mot) Infantry Regiment 200th (mot) Infantry Regiment 361st (mot) Afrika Infantry Regiment Afrika (mot) Panzergrenadier Regiment Kolbeck Battalion 190th (mot) Panzerjäger Battalion 190th (mot) Artillery Regiment 580th (mot) Reconnaissance Battalion (mot) Signals Battalion 900th (mot) Pioeneer Battalion Feldersatz Battalion 638th (mot) Ambulance Platoon 566th Maintenance Platon 540th (mot) Munitions Administration Company 535th (mot) Bakery Company 517th (mot) Butcher company (mot) Divisoinal Administration Bureau (mot) Military Police Detachment 190th (mot) Field Post Office. 101st Trieste Motorized Infantry Division: 65th Motorized Infantry Regiment (2 Bns) 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment (3 Bns) 21st Motorized Artillery Regiment 1st Artillery Battalion (100mm/17 Howitzers) 2nd Artillery Battalion (100mm/17 Howitzers) 3rd Artillery Battalion (75mm/27 Guns) 4th Artillery Battalion (75mm/27 Guns) 5th Artillery Battalion (75mm/50 Guns)1 8th Bersaglieri Armored Car Battalion 21st Armored Battalion (M13 Tanks) 52nd Motorized Engineer Battalion 136th Giovani Facisti Infantry Division: 2 Infantry Battalions 1 AT Battalion/136th Artillery Regiment 14th Artillery Battalion, with 3 Batteries (65mm/17 -
The AAF in Northwest Africa
DISTRIBUTION STATEMEFNT A Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited Wings at War Series, No. 6 The AAF in Northwest Africa AN ACCOUNT OF THE TWELFTH AIR FORCE IN THE NORTHWEST AFRICAN LANDINGS AND THE BATFLE FOR TUNISIA An Interim Report Published by Headquarters, Army Air Forces Washington, D. C. Office of Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence New Imprint by the Center for Air Force History Washington- D- C- 1992 20050429 005 Wings at War COMMEMORATIVE EDITION Originally published shortly after key air campaigns, the Wings at War series captures the spirit and tone of America's World War II experience. Eyewitness accounts of Army Air Forces' aviators and details from the official histories enliven the story behind each of six important AAF operations. In coopera- tion with the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Center for Air Force History has reprinted the entire series to honor the airmen who fought so valiantly fifty years ago. ,.' Celtrfor Air Force History Washington, D.C. DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved REPORT OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, Including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. -
Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939 – 1945
Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939 – 1945 Prepared by John Wilson from contemporary documents in the library of the Civil Aviation Authority Foreword Page 1 Chapter I 1939: Civil Aviation after the outbreak of War Page 4 Chapter II Empire and Trans-Oceanic Services Page 9 Appendix B Details of Services Operated During the Period, set out year by year Page 68 Appendix C Regular Air Services in British Empire Countries other than the United Kingdom, set out year by year Page 140 Note that names of companies and places are copied as they were typed in the UK on a standard typewriter. Therefore no accented letters were available, and they have not been added into this transcript. Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939 - 1945 Foreword by John Wilson When in the 1980s I was trying to unravel the exact story surrounding a PBY aircraft called "Guba" and its wartime career in carrying airmails to and from West Africa, I came across a voluminous report [Ref.1] in the Civil Aviation Authority (C.A.A.) Library which gave me the answers to most, if not all, of my questions, and enabled me to write a short booklet [Ref.2] on the vicissitudes of trying to keep an airmail service running in wartime conditions. The information contained in the report was so comprehensive that I was able to use it to answer questions raised by other researchers, both philatelic and aeronautic, but my response to requests for "a copy" of the full document had to be negative because I was well aware of the perils of copyright law as applied at the time, and also aware of the sheer cost of reproduction (I still have the original invoice for the photocopying charges levied by the C.A.A. -
FINAL ACTS of the EXTRAORDINARY ADMINISTRATIVE RADIO CONFERENCE GENEVA, 1951 Volume III ANNEX 2 Region 1
This electronic version (PDF) was scanned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Library & Archives Service from an original paper document in the ITU Library & Archives collections. La présente version électronique (PDF) a été numérisée par le Service de la bibliothèque et des archives de l'Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) à partir d'un document papier original des collections de ce service. Esta versión electrónica (PDF) ha sido escaneada por el Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) a partir de un documento impreso original de las colecciones del Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la UIT. (ITU) ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ (PDF) ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧ ﻘ ﻼً 此电子版(PDF版本)由国际电信联盟(ITU)图书馆和档案室利用存于该处的纸质文件扫描提供。 Настоящий электронный вариант (PDF) был подготовлен в библиотечно-архивной службе Международного союза электросвязи путем сканирования исходного документа в бумажной форме из библиотечно-архивной службы МСЭ. BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L’U. I. T. ACTES FINALS TOT DE LA CONFÉRENCE ADMINISTRATIVEI EXTRAORDINAIRE DES RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS GENÈVE 1951 Volume III ANNEXE 2 Région 1 FINAL ACTS OF THE EXTRAORDINARY ADMINISTRATIVE RADIO CONFERENCE GENEVA, 1951 Volume III ANNEX 2 Region 1 ACTAS FINALES UNION DE LA INTERNATIONALE CONFERENCIA ADMINISTRATIVA EXTRAORDINARIA DE RADIOCOMUNICACIONES DES TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS GINEBRA 1951 GENÈVE Volumen III ANEXO 2 Región -
Flying Officer David Elwyn Walters Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Flying Officer David Elwyn Walters Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve 1940-46 Preface This is an attempt to tell as much as possible of the story of my father’s service in the Royal Air Force between 1940 when he enlisted and the date of his discharge after the Second World War in 1946; his journey through the ranks from enlisted man to commissioned officer and from “Blighty” to Africa, the Middle and Far East and back again. While it tries to tell of a more memorable time in his life, rather than the story of his whole life, it’s fair to say that the period of his service during the war and after was probably the most important part. Many of the details of everyday life are now forgotten, gone to the grave with those who lived through those momentous events but some of the tales are retold here, albeit with some minor unintentional changes, omissions or even additions; that all depends upon my own memory and how much of the stories my father chose to remember and some of the letters that were somehow saved. He was just an ordinary bloke from an ordinary background who found himself taking part in some of the most extraordinary times in history. He didn’t do anything to mark him out from the rest, just an ordinary bloke doing what had to be done as his part to end the madness of war and he survived. If I have to dedicate this small work to anyone then obviously it has to be first to my father and mother and then to the 125,000 other ordinary blokes, brave men every last one who answered the call and nightly flew against the Nazi evil as “The Bomber Boys”; the men of RAF Bomber Command and the 55,573 who failed to return. -
Author>Vaticana International
53A TRIPOLITANIA e CIRENAICA GUERRA ITALO TURCA unità di Ascari dall’Eritrea . Arrivarono i battaglioni Toselli , Galliano , La guerra italo-turca fu combattuta tra il 29 Settembre 1911 e il 18 Ottobre Hidalgo , e Turitto . Con loro il maresciallo Hamed Mohamed l’ascaro più 1912. Per gli Italiani i morti furono 3431 e i feriti 4220 . Per i Turchi i morti decorato dell’esercito italiano . Poi , il 27 Febbraio 1912 costituì il primo 14000 e i feriti 5370 . Nel conflitto ci fu il primo impiego militare italiano corpo dei volontari libici affidandone il comando al tenente Federico Sirolli dell’aeroplano ( 9 apparecchi ) , dell’automobile ( le FIAT tipo 2 ) e delle .Le azioni di guerriglia nei pressi di Homs , di Merbeg e di Lebda durarono motociclette ( la SIAMT ).Il 28 Settembre 1911 l’ambasciatore italiano ad mesi e , per ridurre i rifornimenti alle truppe turche , fu deciso di attaccare Istambul consegnò un ultimatum che imponeva al governo ottomano di non Misurata , porto situato all’imbocco del golfo della Sirte . Le truppe italiane , creare difficoltà all’occupazione militare italiana della Tripoltania e della trasportate via mare , il 16 Giugno sbarcarono e occuparono Bu Sceifa e Gast Cirenaica .La risposta doveva arrivare entro 24 ore .Quanto ricevuto fu Ahmed . L’8 Luglio fu conquistata Ras Zarrugh e , subito dopo , Misurata . Il ritenuto non soddisfacente e il comando del corpo di spedizione , costituito 14 Luglio il generale Vincenzo Garioni prese Sidi Ali e, proseguendo lugo la dalla 1° divisione , agli ordini del generale Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi e dalla 2° linea costiera ,si congiunse, il 16 Agosto , al generale Giulio Cesare Tassoni divisione , agli ordini del generale Ottavio Briccola,per un total di 34000 la cui brigata era sbarcata nei pressi di Zuara dove entrarono , non incontrando uomini , fu affidato al generale Carlo Caneva con Annibale Gastaldello capo resistenza Ben diverse furono le vicende in Cirenaica:una continua guerriglia. -
Quarta Sponda». Il Friuli Occidentale E La Guerra Di Libia Nel 1911
Sbarcati sulla «quarta sponda». Il Friuli Occidentale e la guerra di Libia nel 1911 di Alessandro Fadelli Parlare di guerra di Libia oggi, nel 2011, fa subito pensare al lungo e difficile conflitto fra il rais Gheddafi e i ribelli sostenuti dal mondo occidentale che per mesi ha occupato le cronache di giornali e telegiornali, causando, soprattutto in Italia, innumerevoli polemiche politiche. Ma il 2011 è anche, per una di quelle singolari coincidenze che la Storia qualche volta si diverte a proporre, l’anniversario di un’altra guerra condotta nel Paese nordafricano, quella combattuta giusto cent’anni fa dall’Italia per strappare la Libia ai Turchi e farla diventare una nostra colonia. Poiché tale conflitto è stato a lungo, come si dirà anche più avanti, snobbato dagli storici e in fin dei conti poco conosciuto, prima di addentrarci nel nostro contributo converrà fornire preliminarmente qualche rapido cenno riassuntivo sulle motivazioni che lo causarono e sul suo svolgimento1. Terra promessa o scatolone di sabbia? Nel primo decennio del Novecento, dopo i terribili disastri militari di Dogali (1887) e di Adua (1896), le mire coloniali italiane in Africa avevano subito pesanti delusioni: Tunisia, Marocco ed Egitto, paesi mediterranei sui quali avevamo tentato o solo pensato di imporre il nostro dominio, erano via via finiti in mano ad altri stati più potenti e intraprendenti, sicché ci restava solo la Libia, lontana e poco custodita provincia del traballante impero turco. Qui era da tempo iniziata una nostra penetrazione economica, avvallata e addirittura spinta dal governo già dai tempi di Crispi. Ma che bisogno c’era per l’Italia di una simile colonia? Nessuno, in realtà.