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(1913-2007): OUTSTANDING VENEZUELAN ANATOMIST Lilian Cruz1, Rafael A

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(1913-2007): OUTSTANDING VENEZUELAN ANATOMIST Lilian Cruz1, Rafael A F. Montbrun, anatomist Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2020, 12 (3): 144-149 _________________________________________________________________________________ A Watch Backward FRANCISCO MONTBRUN (1913-2007): OUTSTANDING VENEZUELAN ANATOMIST Lilian Cruz1, Rafael A. Romero-Reveron2 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas. 2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ABSTRACT Desempeñó, importantes funciones administrativas, gerenciales y representativas en la Universidad Francisco Montbrun (1913-2007), an outstanding Central de Venezuela y en el gobierno nacional. anatomist, was Professor of Anatomy for 64 years at Escribió libros de anatomía y neuroanatomía, publicó the Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) from trabajos de investigación e introdujo técnicas 1937 to 2001, and founder of the “José María Vargas” quirúrgicas en Venezuela. Contribuyó de manera School of Medicine and its Human Anatomy significativa a mejorar la enseñanza y el desarrollo de Department in 1960. A renowned surgeon, he worked la anatomía y la neuroanatomía, y los estudios de at Hospital Vargas in Caracas and was a Professor of medicina en Venezuela. Durante su extensa y Surgery for 23 years at Facultad de Medicina, UCV. productiva carrera en el sector público, en la academia He mentored several generations of anatomists, y en la medicina, Montbrun recibió numerosos premios physicians, surgeons, and university professors. y reconocimientos. Fue Individuo de Número de la Montbrun was appointed honorary professor. He held Academia Nacional de Medicina y Ministro de Sanidad important management, representative and y Asistencia Social. administrative positions at the Central University of Venezuela and the Venezuelan government. He wrote Palabras Clave: anatomía humana; Universidad textbooks of anatomy and neuroanatomy, published Central de Venezuela; estudios anatómicos; educación research papers, and introduced surgical techniques in médica; cirujanos; historia Venezuela. He contributed greatly to improve the teaching and development of anatomy and neuroanatomy, and the medical studies in Venezuela. INTRODUCTION During his extensive and productive public, medical and academic career, Montbrun received multiple The study of medicine in Venezuela began on awards and acknowledgements. He was an Individual of Number of the National Academy of Medicine and October 10, 1763, at the Real y Pontificia Minister of Health. Universidad de Caracas, 42 years after the founding of the university in 1721. Venezuela Keywords: Human Anatomy; Central University was a Spanish colony. The Spanish physician, Venezuela; anatomical studies, medical education; surgeons; history Dr. Lorenzo Campins y Ballester, was the first professor of medicine. José Francisco Molina, who graduated in 1775, was the first Venezuelan RESUMEN medical doctor. The Royal and Pontifical University of Caracas became the Central Francisco Montbrun (1913-2007), destacado University of Venezuela in 1826 by decree of the anatomista, fue Profesor de Anatomía durante 64 años Liberator, Simon Bolivar, and the Caracas en la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), desde 1937 hasta 2001, y fundador de la Escuela de Medical Faculty was founded by him in 1827 Medicina “José María Vargas” y de su Cátedra de (Bruni-Celli, 1958). Anatomía Humana en 1960. Renombrado cirujano, _________________________________________________ trabajó en el Hospital Vargas de Caracas y fue Profesor de Cirugía durante 23 años en la Facultad de * Correspondencia a: Lilian Cruz. [email protected] Medicina de la UCV. Formó varias generaciones de anatomistas, médicos, cirujanos y profesores Recibido: 22 de Julio, 2020. Revisado: 7 de Agosto, 2020. universitarios. Fue designado Profesor Honorario. Aceptado: 3 de Setiembre, 2020. 144 www.anatclinar.com.ar F. Montbrun, anatomist Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2020, 12 (3): 144-149 _________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. José María Vargas started the study of employee, and Carmen Ríos Ojeda de Montbrun. anatomy and anatomic dissections at the He had three sisters and two brothers. In those Caracas Medical Faculty on 1827. He taught days, Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, was a human anatomy courses for more than twenty- town with a population of 85 000 and few five years. In 1838, he wrote “Course of buildings other than colonial-style houses. People Anatomical Lessons and Demonstrations”, the travelled mainly on foot, horse-drawn carriages, first book for the teaching and learning of human electric trams and by rail. The country´s anatomy to be printed in Venezuela. During the population was 2.3 million, 75% of them were second half of the nineteenth century, medical illiterate, 80% rural, and the agricultural studies continued in the prevailing adverse socio- production techniques were rudimentary. Oil economic conditions and hostilities until a new production had barely begun, the oil boom and period of progress began in the twentieth century concomitant improvement of economic indicators with teachers of anatomy and surgery such as were still a long way off. Francisco Montbrun, Pablo Acosta Ortiz, Luís Razetti, José Izquierdo, whose family was not wealthy, did piece work, Francisco Montbrun and others (Bruni-Celli, among other things, as a horse tamer, a skill he 1958). The aim of this paper is to present a brief had learned in his early years on the farm of his review of the contributions made by Francisco maternal grandfather, Felix Rios, and later on, as Montbrun (Fig.1) to human anatomy, surgery, a medical student, by going to patients’ houses to and medical education in Venezuela during his give injections (Cruz, 2020). long professional career. Francisco Montbrun graduated Bachelor in Philosophy in 1930 and went on to study medicine at the Central University of Venezuela. Among his professors were eminences such as Luis Razetti and José Izquierdo. Montbrun did his internship from 1934 to 1936 at the Vargas Hospital and at the Venezuelan Red Cross Hospital in Caracas. Before graduating in 1936, he was a histology instructor for two years, from 1934 to 1936. He graduated Summa Cum Laude as a Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1936. His doctoral thesis entitled "Normal knee joint mechanics-Traumatology of the meniscus of the knee" was acknowledged as the best thesis of his class. His mentor was Dr. Hernán de Las Casas, a pioneer in the field of Trauma and Orthopedic surgery in Venezuela. Soon after he got his medical degree, he became a resident surgeon at the Vargas Hospital in Caracas for three successive periods, from 1937 to 1943. Dr. Montbrun held the position of operating-theater director at the Vargas Hospital in Caracas from 1937 to 1939. He graduated as a general surgeon in 1939 (Cardozo de Abreu, 2007; Cruz, 2020; Romero-Reverón 2014). Post-graduate medical training In March 1939, Francisco Montbrun obtained a scholarship from the Venezuelan Ministry of Education to study surgery, gynecology and anatomy in Paris, France. He learned surgery Figure 1- Francisco Montbrun (1913-2007). under the guidance of professors Jean Braine and Judet. He studied gynecology at the Broca Hospital with Professor Moucquot and did anatomy studies and anatomical research with HISTORY Professor Henry Rouviere in the department of Anatomy at the University of Paris. He trained in Childhood and education anatomical drawing with Professor of Fine Arts Francisco Antonio de Jesús Montbrun Ríos was Armand Moreau, who made the drawings for the born at Caracas, December 27, 1913, to “Treatise of Human Anatomy” by Dr. Rouviere. Domingo Montbrun Betancourt, a Bank Because of the Second World War, Francisco 145 www.anatclinar.com.ar F. Montbrun, anatomist Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2020, 12 (3): 144-149 _________________________________________________________________________________ Montbrun left France for the United States of and to Full Professor in 1955. In October 1953 he America. Under the auspices of the Rockefeller was named Chief of the Faculty of Descriptive Foundation, he went to the Yale University and Topographical Human Anatomy. Simulta- Department of Anatomy, to learn and teach neously, he was Director of the Anatomical general anatomy, neuroanatomy, and neuro- Institute of the Central University of Venezuela physiology, under the direction of Dr. Edgar during two periods: 1944-1948 and 1955-1959. Allen, from October 1939 to May 1940. At Yale As a founder of the "José María Vargas" School he took a neuroanatomy specialization course of Medicine and its Human Anatomy Department, given by Dr. Ralph G. Meader. Montbrun Dr. Francisco Montbrun taught the first class of attended courses in emergency surgery and war human anatomy on November 17, 1960. It was surgery at the Graduate Hospital of Philadelphia, the inaugural lecture of the new school. He was University of Pennsylvania, from March to August Chief of the Faculty of Human Anatomy and 1944, partly supported by a Lilly Foundation Chief of the Department of Morphological Fellowship. Subsequently, he learned several Sciences from 1960 to 1976 at the Vargas surgical techniques at the Rawson Hospital and School. He continued teaching anatomy until his the Clinical Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina in retirement in 2001. In summary, his Human 1947 (Cardozo de Abreu, 2007; Cruz, 2020; Anatomy professorship at the Central University Romero-Reverón, 2014). of Venezuela is divided in two time lapses:
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