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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan Datum December 2013 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan Datum december 2013 Pagina 1 van 80 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan | december 2013 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Consulaire Zaken en Migratiebeleid Afdeling Migratie en Asiel Redacteur(en): DCM/MA Pagina 2 van 80 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan | december 2013 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 Inleiding 5 1 Landeninformatie..................................................................................... 6 1.1 Basisgegevens.............................................................................................6 1.1.1 Land en volk ...............................................................................................6 1.1.2 Staatsinrichting............................................................................................8 1.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen ..............................................................................10 1.3 Afghaanse veiligheidsorganisaties .................................................................14 1.3.1 Afghan National Army (ANA) ........................................................................14 1.3.2 Afghan National Police (ANP)........................................................................16 1.3.3 Veiligheidsdienst National Directorate for Security (NDS) .................................. 18 1.3.4 (Gedwongen) rekrutering en ronseling...........................................................19 1.4 Internationale militaire presentie en transitie ..................................................20 1.5 Machtsfactoren ..........................................................................................21 1.5.1 Formele en/of informele machthebbers ..........................................................22 1.5.2 Macht oude (mujahedin) facties/politieke partijen............................................23 1.5.3 Taliban.....................................................................................................23 1.5.4 Hezb-i-Islami / Hekmatyar Factie (HIG) .........................................................25 1.6 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................25 1.6.1 Bescherming tegen geweld ..........................................................................27 1.6.2 Doelwitten ................................................................................................27 1.6.3 Burgerslachtoffers ......................................................................................29 1.6.4 Regionale veiligheidssituatie.........................................................................30 2 Mensenrechten........................................................................................37 2.1 Juridische context ......................................................................................37 2.2 Toezicht ...................................................................................................37 2.3 Naleving en schendingen.............................................................................39 2.4 Positie van specifieke groepen......................................................................54 2.4.1 Politieke opposanten en mensenrechtenactivisten............................................54 2.4.2 Etnische groepen .......................................................................................55 2.4.3 Journalisten ..............................................................................................58 2.4.4 Vrouwen...................................................................................................59 2.4.5 Niet-moslims.............................................................................................64 2.4.6 (Ex) communisten......................................................................................64 2.4.7 Homoseksuelen .........................................................................................65 2.4.8 Minderjarigen ............................................................................................65 2.4.9 Personen die met buitenlandse organisaties en buitenlandse troepen worden geassocieerd .............................................................................................67 3 Migratie ..................................................................................................68 3.1 Migratiestromen......................................................................................... 68 3.1.1 Binnenlandse ontheemden...........................................................................68 3.1.2 Opvang in de regio.....................................................................................68 3.1.2.1 Iran .........................................................................................................68 3.1.2.2 Pakistan ...................................................................................................69 Pagina 3 van 80 3.2 Terugkeer vanuit Nederland.........................................................................69 3.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties.....................................................69 3.4 Standpunt UNHCR......................................................................................70 4 Literatuur ...............................................................................................71 Pagina 4 van 80 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan | december 2013 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Afghanistan beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Afghanistan en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Afghaanse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in Afghanistan. Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van juli 2012 tot en met november 2013. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging in Afghanistan aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. Indien bij bepaalde passages wordt verwezen naar voorgaande ambtsberichten, kan ervan worden uitgegaan dat de in deze berichten beschreven situatie nog steeds van toepassing is. In hoofdstuk één wordt ingegaan op recente politieke ontwikkelingen en de veiligheidssituatie. Deze beschrijving wordt voorafgegaan door een beknopt overzicht van de basisgegevens van Afghanistan wat betreft de geografie en de bevolking van Afghanistan. In hoofdstuk twee wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Afghanistan geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties en internationale verdragen waarbij Afghanistan partij is, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen, waaronder minderjarigen belicht. In hoofdstuk drie is de aandacht vooral gericht op migratiestromen, opvang in de regio en opvang van binnenlandse ontheemden. Pagina 5 van 80 1 Landeninformatie 1.1 Basisgegevens 1.1.1 Land en volk Afghanistan is opgedeeld in 34 provincies.1 De bevolkingsomvang wordt geschat tussen de 26,5 miljoen2 en 31,1 miljoen inwoners.3 De vijf grootste steden van het land zijn Kaboel (de hoofdstad), Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif en Jalalabad. Het Afghaanse Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek schat het inwoneraantal van Kaboel op 3.2 miljoen, van Kandahar op 491.000 en van Herat op 436.000. Mazar-i-Sharif heeft ongeveer 368.000 inwoners.4 Betrouwbare cijfers ontbreken echter. De bevolking van Afghanistan bestaat uit een aantal etnische groepen, met als grootste groep de Pashtuns (42%, dit is inclusief de Kuchi’s). Andere belangrijke bevolkingsgroepen zijn de Tadzjieken (27%), de Hazara’s (ongeveer 9%), de Oezbeken (ongeveer 9%), de Aimak (4%), de Turkmenen (3%) en de Baloch (2%).5 Daarnaast zijn er nog vele kleinere etnische groepen, waaronder de Noeristani’s.6 In Kaboel wonen veel Pashtuns, ook Tadzjieken zijn in de hoofdstad ruim vertegenwoordigd. Sinds 30 jaar trekken veel Hazara’s naar Kaboel. De andere etnische groepen, waaronder Baloch en Oezbeken zijn ook in de hoofdstad aanwezig.7 De bevolking van Herat bestaat overwegend uit Tadzjieken, gevolgd door een kleine groep Pashtuns en nog kleinere groepen Hazara’s, Oezbeken en Turkmenen. De bevolking van Kandahar is overwegend Pashtun en die van Mazar-i- Sharif vooral Tadzjiek8. In Afghanistan worden meer dan 30 talen gesproken, waarvan het aan het Perzisch verwante Dari en het Pashtu de belangrijkste en officiële talen zijn. Deze talen worden respectievelijk gesproken door 50 en 35% van de bevolking. De Turkse talen (vooral Oezbeeks en
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