THE POWER SYSTEM in the EYE of the STORM the Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

THE POWER SYSTEM in the EYE of the STORM the Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize THE POWER SYSTEM IN THE EYE OF THE STORM The Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize 25years THE POWER SYSTEM IN THE EYE OF THE STORM The Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize Migara S. Jayawardena Borja Garcia Serna Jace Jeesun Han Migara S. Jayawardena is a Senior Energy Specialist in the Energy and Extractives Global Practice at the World Bank and the Task Team Leader of the Energy Resilience for Climate Adaptation Project (ERCAP) Borja Garcia Serna is a former Energy Specialist Consultant at the World Bank Jace Jeesun Han is an Energy Specialist Consultant at the World Bank TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD v MESSAGE FROM THE WORLD BANK COUNTRY DIRECTOR vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi 1. BELIZE AT HIGH RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE 1 2. INCREASED RESILIENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL 3 3. THE POWER SYSTEM IN BELIZE 5 4. VULNERABILITIES OF THE POWER SECTOR TO EXTREME WEATHER 9 Tropical Storm Alex 9 Hurricane Dean 13 Hurricane Richard 17 5. BUILDING RESILIENCE FOR ENHANCED CLIMATE ADAPTATION 23 ILLUSTRATION 1: Segmentation of the Transmission Network 24 ILLUSTRATION 2: Strengthening of Transmission Network Structures 27 ILLUSTRATION 3: Improved Vegetation Management 30 ILLUSTRATION 4: Distribution System Infrastructure Strengthening 32 ILLUSTRATION 5: Emergency Response and Recovery Planning 33 6. THE ENERGY RESILIENCE FOR CLIMATE ADAPTATION PROJECT 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 The Power System in the Eye of the Storm: The Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize iii FOREWORD Honorable Minister Frank Mena Minister of State for Ministry of Finance, Public Service, Energy & Public Utilities Belize is a country that is blessed with history and of energy infrastructure, storm surges along the beauty. It has unrivaled marine life in the Caribbean extensive coastal areas damaging electrical Sea along the longest barrier reef in the Northern equipment, electrical faults from fallen trees, and Hemisphere. Our lush tropical forests not only serve increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns causing as a habitat to an array of wild life, but also conceal volatility in hydropower availability—these are all ruins from ancient Mayan civilizations that thrived realities that we live with in Belize. While we have centuries ago. The true beauty of Belize, of course, little control over the weather and the climate, we is its people—a multi-ethnic community at a cultural do have the power to take action to better adapt cross road living in peace and harmony. A large and to such adversity. growing number of tourists visit Belize to experience these wonders, which has become a key economic I welcome this paper and its accompanying analyses driver. Bountiful resources contribute to agricultural that served as a basis for the interventions planned industries, fisheries and logging that play an impor- under the Energy Resilience for Climate Adaptation tant role in economic growth. The relatively recent Project with support from the World Bank through discovery of oil is further exemplifying the importance the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and techni- of the energy sector in Belize. These developments cal assistance from the Energy Sector Management have helped our economy grow with prosperity Assistance Program (ESMAP). The authors apply a shared among many. However, these hard earned novel approach evaluating the impact of several gains are fragile, and could easily face set-backs. past storms and hurricanes on the power system by identifying specific “events” that led to a variety of One major concern we often grapple with is infrastructure damage and electricity service disrup- extreme weather, which is likely to get worse in tions. Such an analysis lends valuable insights into the future because of climate change. As the title not only the resulting financial losses to the power of this paper indicates, Belize is often in the Eye company, but even more significantly, the broader of the Storm. Our geographical location makes economic impact due to the unserved electricity. It Belize highly susceptible to hurricanes and tropi- highlights the need to harden energy infrastructure cal storms that frequent the Caribbean. They often and strengthen the institutional capabilities so as to lead to significant damages and economic losses, enhance the resilience of the power system in order which serve as major set-backs to our development to minimize damages and service disruptions from progress. Belize’s infrastructure is particularly vul- future storms and hurricanes. The paper also illus- nerable, and the power sector is no exception. trates a set of scenarios that is particularly important High winds knocking down power lines, flooding in identifying and justifying various actions Belize The Power System in the Eye of the Storm: The Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize v Electricity Limited (BEL) plans to take in order to identify its vulnerabilities, the analytical approach improve system reliability in the face of extreme applied by the authors is certainly applicable to weather. We are grateful to the World Bank and GEF other countries facing similar concerns, both in the for helping us implement these reforms. region and globally. Therefore, I am pleased that this work is being more broadly disseminated to While the analysis in this paper was carried out inform a wider audience with interest in energy resil- specifically for the power system in Belize to help ience and climate adaption. Minister Frank Mena Minister of State for Ministry of Finance, Public Service, Energy & Public Utilities vi The Power System in the Eye of the Storm: The Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize MESSAGE FROM THE WORLD BANK COUNTRY DIRECTOR Addressing the impacts of climate change is a In response, the World Bank is assisting the development imperative. Therefore, the World Bank Government of Belize (GoB) to enhance its resil- places great importance in supporting countries ience against extreme weather by building climate that take actions in reducing the harmful impacts resilient roads and making the power system bet- of climate change. This is the case of Belize, where ter prepared and resilient to storms, hurricanes and the World Bank in recent years has strategically natural hazards. bolstered its effort to enhance resilience in order to reduce vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate This report presents an innovative approach to change and natural hazards. identify and analyze particular vulnerabilities in the power sector in Belize; and helps formulate and val- Belize is often affected by extreme weather events, idate potential solutions. Evaluating past extreme frequently facing hurricanes and tropical storms. weather events helped us better understand future The impacts of these storms can be devastating, risks and potential disruptions to electricity services. causing casualties, damaging property, and leading The World Bank team benefitted greatly from the to disruptions in services that are vital to a thriv- close collaboration with officials from Government ing economy. Steady development progress can and the national electricity utility (BEL) as well as suddenly be set back. The impact on infrastructure other partners. The financial support of the Energy services can have particular significance because of Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) its permeating role throughout the economy facili- and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) was tating productive activity and the provision of social also critical. Ultimately, the analysis helped shape services; and the substantial costs associated with the design of the Energy Resilience for Climate infrastructure damage recovery. The urgency and Adaptation project in Belize. need to address these issues is perfectly exempli- fied by Hurricane Earl that made landfall in Belize I am pleased to share this analysis which I think is on August 4, 2016. The high winds and heavy flood- very relevant for countries across the Caribbean that ing that resulted reportedly made key roads and face similar challenges, but can also be applied in bridges impassable, water services inoperable in other countries where power sectors are vulnerable directly impacted areas, and caused major disrup- to extreme weather and climate change. tions to electricity services. Sophie Sirtaine Country Director for the Caribbean The World Bank The Power System in the Eye of the Storm: The Call for Energy Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Belize vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Migara S. Jayawardena, Borja Garcia Serna and Jace Jeesun Han This paper analyzes the impact of two hurricanes and Design), Guadalupe Rosado (Superintendent, and a tropical storm that affected Belize in order Northern Operations), Rodney Baird (Superintendent, to identify some key vulnerabilities in the power Central Operations), and Khadija Usher (Trainee system to extreme weather, which is likely to be Engineer, Power Generation Planning). A number of exacerbated due to climate change. By addressing other BEL personnel also provided comments during these weaknesses, Belize can significantly enhance the various discussions and presentations around dif- its energy resilience and adaptive capacity. The ferent versions of the paper. Additional guidance was authors carried out the analyses and wrote the paper provided by officials from the GoB including Colin during the preparation of the Energy Resilience for Young (former CEO of Ministry of Energy, Science & Climate
Recommended publications
  • Waste Management Strategy for the British Virgin Islands Ministry of Health & Social Development
    FINAL REPORT ON WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE CHARACTERISATION STRATEGY FOR THE BRITISH J U L Y 2 0 1 9 VIRGIN ISLANDS Ref. 32-BV-2018Waste Management Strategy for the British Virgin Islands Ministry of Health & Social Development TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS..............................................................................2 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................3 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY..........................................................3 1.2 SUBJECT OF THE PRESENT REPORT..................................................3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE WASTE CHARACTERISATION................................3 2 METHODOLOGY.........................................................4 2.1 ORGANISATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WASTE CHARACTERISATION....................................................................4 2.2 LIMITATIONS AND DIFFICULTIES......................................................6 3 RESULTS...................................................................7 3.1 GRANULOMETRY.............................................................................7 3.2 GRANULOMETRY.............................................................................8 3.2.1 Overall waste composition..................................................................8 3.2.2 Development of waste composition over the years..........................11 3.2.3 Waste composition per fraction........................................................12 3.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • 17C.7 Atlantic Intense Hurricanes, 1995-2003 – Characteristics Based on Best Track, Aircraft, and Ir Images
    17C.7 ATLANTIC INTENSE HURRICANES, 1995-2003 – CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON BEST TRACK, AIRCRAFT, AND IR IMAGES Raymond Zehr* NOAA/NESDIS, Fort Collins, CO 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INTENSITY During the nine-year period 1995-2003, there Hurricane intensity is expressed as the have been 32 intense hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. associated maximum surface wind speed or as the Intense hurricanes are those that attain Saffir-Simpson minimum sea level pressure, which is inversely related Category 3 or higher (i.e. >100 kt wind maximum). A to the wind speed. The lowest minimum sea level distinct upturn in the frequency of intense hurricanes pressure (MSLP) is given in Table 1 along with the has occurred since 1995., with an annual average of 3.6 highest maximum surface wind speed (Vmax) in both intense hurricanes, compared with the long-term (1950- knots and standard units of m/s. It should be noted that 2000) average of 2.3. This change has been Best Track files give intensity measurements at 6-hour documented and discussed by Goldenberg, et al, intervals, which may not capture the maximum intensity. (2001). However, Tropical Prediction Center archives also Using “Best Track” data (Jarvinen and include an estimate of maximum intensity and its time of Neumann, 1979), ordered lists of various parameters occurrence. Hurricane Mitch (1998) was clearly the associated with each of the 32 intense hurricanes have most intense Atlantic hurricane since 1995 with 905 hPa been compiled. For example, the lowest minimum sea- and 155 kt, while the more typical Atlantic intense level pressure (MSLP) with each hurricane ranges from hurricane has MSLP and Vmax of about 940 hPa and 905 hPa with Mitch (1998) to 968 hPa with Erin (2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Belize), and Distribution in Yucatan
    University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland Institut of Zoology Ecology of the Black Catbird, Melanoptila glabrirostris, at Shipstern Nature Reserve (Belize), and distribution in Yucatan. J.Laesser Annick Morgenthaler May 2003 Master thesis supervised by Prof. Claude Mermod and Dr. Louis-Félix Bersier CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Aim and description of the study 2. Geographic setting 2.1. Yucatan peninsula 2.2. Belize 2.3. Shipstern Nature Reserve 2.3.1. History and previous studies 2.3.2. Climate 2.3.3. Geology and soils 2.3.4. Vegetation 2.3.5. Fauna 3. The Black Catbird 3.1. Taxonomy 3.2. Description 3.3. Breeding 3.4. Ecology and biology 3.5. Distribution and threats 3.6. Current protection measures FIRST PART: BIOLOGY, HABITAT AND DENSITY AT SHIPSTERN 4. Materials and methods 4.1. Census 4.1.1. Territory mapping 4.1.2. Transect point-count 4.2. Sizing and ringing 4.3. Nest survey (from hide) 5. Results 5.1. Biology 5.1.1. Morphometry 5.1.2. Nesting 5.1.3. Diet 5.1.4. Competition and predation 5.2. Habitat use and population density 5.2.1. Population density 5.2.2. Habitat use 5.2.3. Banded individuals monitoring 5.2.4. Distribution through the Reserve 6. Discussion 6.1. Biology 6.2. Habitat use and population density SECOND PART: DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS THROUGHOUT THE RANGE 7. Materials and methods 7.1. Data collection 7.2. Visit to others sites 8. Results 8.1. Data compilation 8.2. Visited places 8.2.1. Corozalito (south of Shipstern lagoon) 8.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Verification of National Hurricane Center Forecasts of Extratropical Transition
    10C.2 Verification of National Hurricane Center Forecasts of Extratropical Transition John L. Beven II NOAA/NWS/NCEP/National Hurricane Center I. Introduction become TCs in a process known as tropical transition (Davis and Bosart 2004). More A great variety of cyclonic circulations commonly, TCs leaving the tropical environment exist in the atmosphere, each with its characteristic interact with baroclinic systems in the westerlies. structure and driving energy (Beven 1997, Figure This causes the TCs to become frontal or 1). Of particular interest is the tropical cyclone extratropical cyclones with the driving energy (TC), which has a warm-core non-frontal thermal derived from air mass contrast and the strongest structure generated by diabatic heat release from winds typically more than 100 km from the center, convective activity near the center. The strongest accompanied by significantly changed winds and heaviest rains in a tropical cyclone are precipitation patterns. This process is known as typically within 100 km of the center with extratropical transition (ET). maximum sustained winds sometimes as high as 90 ms-1. There are several studies of ET which highlight the many ways a TC can interact with a baroclinic environment and the variety of resulting structures. These include the Thorncroft and Jones (2000) study of Hurricane Iris which became a powerful baroclinic cyclone with a warm-core structure, the Abraham et al. (2004) study of Hurricane Michael, and the Beven (2002) study of interrupted and failed transitions. These studies show the complexity of the process, which can pose a significant challenge to TC forecasters trying to predict ET.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Development in Post-Disaster Intentional Communities in Honduras
    From Tragedy to Opportunity: Long-term Development in Post-Disaster Intentional Communities in Honduras A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Ryan Chelese Alaniz IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ronald Aminzade June 2012 © Ryan Alaniz 2012 Acknowledgements Like all manuscripts of this length it took the patience, love, and encouragement of dozens of people and organizations. I would like to thank my parents for their support, numerous friends who provided feedback in informal conversations, my amazing editor and partner Jenny, my survey team, and the residents of Nueva Esperanza, La Joya, San Miguel Arcangel, Villa El Porvenir, La Roca, and especially Ciudad España and Divina for their openness in sharing their lives and experiences. Finally, I would like to thank Doug Hartmann, Pat McNamara, David Pellow, and Ross MacMillan for their generosity of time and wisdom. Most importantly I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Ron, who is an inspiration personally and professionally. I would also like to thank the following organizations and fellowship sponsors for their financial support: the University of Minnesota and the Department of Sociology, the Social Science Research Council, Fulbright, the Bilinski Foundation, the Public Entity Risk Institute, and the Diversity of Views and Experiences (DOVE) Fellowship. i Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to all those who have been displaced by a disaster and have struggled/continue to struggle to rebuild their lives. It is also dedicated to my son, Santiago. May you grow up with a desire to serve the most vulnerable.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Cyclone Effects on California
    / i' NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-~ 1s-? TROPICAL CYCLONE EFFECTS ON CALIFORNIA Salt Lake City, Utah October 1980 u.s. DEPARTMENT OF I National Oceanic and National Weather COMMERCE Atmospheric Administration I Service NOAA TECHNICAL ME~RANOA National Weather Service, Western R@(Jfon Suhseries The National Weather Service (NWS~ Western Rl!qion (WR) Sub5eries provide! an informal medium for the documentation and nUlck disseminuion of l"'eSUlts not appr-opriate. or nnt yet readY. for formal publication. The series is used to report an work in pronf"'!ss. to rie-tJ:cribe tl!1:hnical procedures and oractice'S, or to relate proqre5 s to a Hmitfd audience. The~J:e Technical ~ranc1i!l will report on investiqations rit'vot~ or'imaroi ly to rl!nionaJ and local orablems of interest mainly to personnel, "'"d • f,. nence wUl not hi! 'l!lidely distributed. Pacer<; I to Z5 are in the fanner series, ESSA Technical Hetooranda, Western Reqion Technical ~-··•nda (WRTMI· naoors 24 tn 59 are i·n the fanner series, ESSA Technical ~-rando, W.othel" Bureou Technical ~-randa (WSTMI. aeqinniM with "n. the oaoers are oa"t of the series. ltOAA Technical >4emoranda NWS. Out·of·print .....,rond1 are not listed. PanfiM ( tn 22, except for 5 {revised erlitinn), ar'l! availabll! froM tt'lt Nationm1 Weattuu• Service Wesurn Ret1inn. )cientific ~•,.,irr• Division, P.O. Box lllAA, Federal RuildiM, 125 South State Street, Salt La~• City, Utah R4147. Pacer 5 (revised •rlitinnl. and all nthei"S beqinninq ~ith 25 are available from the National rechnical Information Sel'"lice. II.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 10/01/21 04:51 PM UTC JULY 2003 ANNUAL SUMMARY 1455
    1454 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 131 ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001 JOHN L. BEVEN II, STACY R. STEWART,MILES B. LAWRENCE,LIXION A. AVILA,JAMES L. FRANKLIN, AND RICHARD J. PASCH NOAA/NWS/Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 19 July 2002, in ®nal form 9 December 2002) ABSTRACT Activity during the 2001 hurricane season was similar to that of the 2000 season. Fifteen tropical storms developed, with nine becoming hurricanes and four major hurricanes. Two tropical depressions failed to become tropical storms. Similarities to the 2000 season include overall activity much above climatological levels and most of the cyclones occurring over the open Atlantic north of 258N. The overall ``lateness'' of the season was notable, with 11 named storms, including all the hurricanes, forming after 1 September. There were no hurricane landfalls in the United States for the second year in a row. However, the season's tropical cyclones were responsible for 93 deaths, including 41 from Tropical Storm Allison in the United States, and 48 from Hurricanes Iris and Michelle in the Caribbean. 1. Overview of the 2001 season cycleÐsimultaneously exhibiting characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones (Hebert 1973). The National Hurricane Center (NHC) tracked 15 No hurricanes struck the United States during 2001. tropical cyclones (TCs) that achieved tropical storm or The season thus joins the 2000, 1990, and 1951 seasons hurricane strength in the Atlantic basin during 2001 as years in which eight or more hurricanes occurred (Table 1). Nine of these became hurricanes and four without a U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
    FLORIDA HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS 1871-1995: An Historical Survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams '+wcCopy~~ I~BN 0-912747-08-0 Florida SeaGrant College is supported by award of the Office of Sea Grant, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,grant number NA 36RG-0070, under provisions of the NationalSea Grant College and Programs Act of 1966. This information is published by the Sea Grant Extension Program which functionsas a coinponentof the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, John T. Woeste, Dean, in conducting Cooperative Extensionwork in Agriculture, Home Economics, and Marine Sciences,State of Florida, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, U.S. Departmentof Commerce, and Boards of County Commissioners, cooperating.Printed and distributed in furtherance af the Actsof Congressof May 8 andJune 14, 1914.The Florida Sea Grant Collegeis an Equal Opportunity-AffirmativeAction employer authorizedto provide research, educational information and other servicesonly to individuals and institutions that function without regardto race,color, sex, age,handicap or nationalorigin. Coverphoto: Hank Brandli & Rob Downey LOANCOPY ONLY Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1871-1995: An Historical survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams Division of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FL 32901 Technical Paper - 71 June 1994 $5.00 Copies may be obtained from: Florida Sea Grant College Program University of Florida Building 803 P.O. Box 110409 Gainesville, FL 32611-0409 904-392-2801 II Our friend andcolleague, Fred Doehringpictured below, died on January 5, 1993, before this manuscript was completed. Until his death, Fred had spent the last 18 months painstakingly researchingdata for this book.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St View 1 January 2011
    1ST VIEW 1 January 2011 Page TABLE OF CONTENTS RENEWALS – 1 January 2011 Introduction 3 Casualty Territory and Comments 4 Rates 6 Specialties Line of Business and Comments 6 Rates 8 Property Territory and Comments 9 Rates Rate Graphs 3 Capital Markets Comments 5 Workers’ Compensation Territory and Comments 5 Rates 5 1st View This thrice yearly publication delivers the very first view on current market conditions to our readers. In addition to real-time Event Reports, our clients receive our daily news brief, Willis Re Rise ’ n shinE, periodic newsletters, white papers and other reports. Willis Re Global resources, local delivery For over 00 years, Willis Re has proudly served its clients, helping them obtain better value solutions and make better reinsurance decisions. As one of the world’s premier global reinsurance brokers, with 40 locations worldwide, Willis Re provides local service with the full backing of an integrated global reinsurance broker. © Copyright 00 Willis Limited / Willis Re Inc. All rights reserved: No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the permission of Willis Limited / Willis Re Inc. Some information contained in this report may be compiled from third party sources we consider to be reliable; however, we do not guarantee and are not responsible for the accuracy of such. This report is for general guidance only, is not intended to be relied upon, and action based on or in connection with anything contained herein should not be taken without first obtaining specific advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrology, Drainage, & Flood Risk Assessment
    Proof of Evidence - ADDENDUM Hydrology, Drainage, & Flood Risk Assessment Produced by David Sawyer Rule 6 Party Peel Hall - APP/ M0655/W/17/3178530 Contents 1.0 Personal Details 2.0 Introduction 3.0 Storm Alex 3rd/4th October 2020 - Overview 4.0 Storm Christoph 18th to 20th January 2021 - Overview 5.0 Appeal Site Flooding - October 2020/January 2021 6.0 Comments and Discussion 7.0 Closing Statement Peel Hall February 2021 2 1.0 Personal Details My name is David Sawyer and I am a retired civil engineer. I was formerly employed at Warrington and Runcorn Development Corporation from 1974-1987. I have also worked for a number of major consulting engineers including: Rendel Palmer and Tritton Atkins Montgomery Watson Bullens Prior to retirement I was employed as a Project Coordinator at United Utilities I live at 4 Brathay Close Warrington WA2 9UY. Peel Hall February 2021 3 2.0 Introduction 2.1 In August 2020 the Peel Hall Rule 6 Party submitted a Proof of Evidence entitled ‘Hydrology, Drainage and Flood Risk Assessment’ together with a Proof of Evidence Summary to the Planning Inspectorate in respect of the Peel Hall public inquiry. The Proof of Evidence Summary was presented to the inquiry on 16th September 2020. 2.2 At the time of the inquiry in September 2020 the UK had suffered over 20 major storm events in the previous four years, and February 2020 was the wettest on record in the UK. The inquiry was adjourned in late September to enable further work to be carried out on highways modelling, and since then two further storm events have occurred which have greatly affected the UK in general and Warrington in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 General Background Semi-engineered buildings are often considered to be those built in an organized fashion with materials which are processed or engineered for the most part, but which include little or no formal structural engineering input during the design and construction stages. These structures along with non-engineered buildings are thought to constitute the majority of buildings typically built on an annual basis, particularly in developing countries. Even in developed countries such as the United States of America, semi-engineered residential buildings are very prevalent and often fare the worst after experiencing the effects of hurricanes. This is evidenced in the aftermath of the numerous storms that have ravaged the southern coast of the United States over the years. Hurricane Katrina was one of the strongest and most expensive storms to make landfall in the United States of America in recent history. The storm killed over 1,300 people and caused the destruction of thousands of homes in the states of Mississippi and Louisiana (FEMA April 2006). Of the buildings destroyed, the great majority was determined to be single family dwellings. Similarly, Hurricane Georges made landfall in Puerto Rico on September 21, 1998 and caused substantial damages to residential buildings. During this storm, it is reported that the majority of building losses were in \all-wood" residential buildings. The structural performance of buildings constructed of concrete and masonry, however, performed well, while those with
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of Fishing in British Honduras and Adjacent Coastal Areas
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1966 The Geography of Fishing in British Honduras and Adjacent Coastal Areas. Alan Knowlton Craig Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Craig, Alan Knowlton, "The Geography of Fishing in British Honduras and Adjacent Coastal Areas." (1966). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1117. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1117 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been „ . „ i i>i j ■ m 66—6437 microfilmed exactly as received CRAIG, Alan Knowlton, 1930— THE GEOGRAPHY OF FISHING IN BRITISH HONDURAS AND ADJACENT COASTAL AREAS. Louisiana State University, Ph.D., 1966 G eo g rap h y University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE GEOGRAPHY OP FISHING IN BRITISH HONDURAS AND ADJACENT COASTAL AREAS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State university and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Alan Knowlton Craig B.S., Louisiana State university, 1958 January, 1966 PLEASE NOTE* Map pages and Plate pages are not original copy. They tend to "curl". Filmed in the best way possible. University Microfilms, Inc. AC KNQWLEDGMENTS The extent to which the objectives of this study have been acomplished is due in large part to the faithful work of Tiburcio Badillo, fisherman and carpenter of Cay Caulker Village, British Honduras.
    [Show full text]