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Waste Management Strategy for the British Virgin Islands Ministry of Health & Social Development
FINAL REPORT ON WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE CHARACTERISATION STRATEGY FOR THE BRITISH J U L Y 2 0 1 9 VIRGIN ISLANDS Ref. 32-BV-2018Waste Management Strategy for the British Virgin Islands Ministry of Health & Social Development TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS..............................................................................2 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................3 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY..........................................................3 1.2 SUBJECT OF THE PRESENT REPORT..................................................3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE WASTE CHARACTERISATION................................3 2 METHODOLOGY.........................................................4 2.1 ORGANISATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WASTE CHARACTERISATION....................................................................4 2.2 LIMITATIONS AND DIFFICULTIES......................................................6 3 RESULTS...................................................................7 3.1 GRANULOMETRY.............................................................................7 3.2 GRANULOMETRY.............................................................................8 3.2.1 Overall waste composition..................................................................8 3.2.2 Development of waste composition over the years..........................11 3.2.3 Waste composition per fraction........................................................12 3.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.................................................................17 -
17C.7 Atlantic Intense Hurricanes, 1995-2003 – Characteristics Based on Best Track, Aircraft, and Ir Images
17C.7 ATLANTIC INTENSE HURRICANES, 1995-2003 – CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON BEST TRACK, AIRCRAFT, AND IR IMAGES Raymond Zehr* NOAA/NESDIS, Fort Collins, CO 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INTENSITY During the nine-year period 1995-2003, there Hurricane intensity is expressed as the have been 32 intense hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. associated maximum surface wind speed or as the Intense hurricanes are those that attain Saffir-Simpson minimum sea level pressure, which is inversely related Category 3 or higher (i.e. >100 kt wind maximum). A to the wind speed. The lowest minimum sea level distinct upturn in the frequency of intense hurricanes pressure (MSLP) is given in Table 1 along with the has occurred since 1995., with an annual average of 3.6 highest maximum surface wind speed (Vmax) in both intense hurricanes, compared with the long-term (1950- knots and standard units of m/s. It should be noted that 2000) average of 2.3. This change has been Best Track files give intensity measurements at 6-hour documented and discussed by Goldenberg, et al, intervals, which may not capture the maximum intensity. (2001). However, Tropical Prediction Center archives also Using “Best Track” data (Jarvinen and include an estimate of maximum intensity and its time of Neumann, 1979), ordered lists of various parameters occurrence. Hurricane Mitch (1998) was clearly the associated with each of the 32 intense hurricanes have most intense Atlantic hurricane since 1995 with 905 hPa been compiled. For example, the lowest minimum sea- and 155 kt, while the more typical Atlantic intense level pressure (MSLP) with each hurricane ranges from hurricane has MSLP and Vmax of about 940 hPa and 905 hPa with Mitch (1998) to 968 hPa with Erin (2001). -
Belize), and Distribution in Yucatan
University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland Institut of Zoology Ecology of the Black Catbird, Melanoptila glabrirostris, at Shipstern Nature Reserve (Belize), and distribution in Yucatan. J.Laesser Annick Morgenthaler May 2003 Master thesis supervised by Prof. Claude Mermod and Dr. Louis-Félix Bersier CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Aim and description of the study 2. Geographic setting 2.1. Yucatan peninsula 2.2. Belize 2.3. Shipstern Nature Reserve 2.3.1. History and previous studies 2.3.2. Climate 2.3.3. Geology and soils 2.3.4. Vegetation 2.3.5. Fauna 3. The Black Catbird 3.1. Taxonomy 3.2. Description 3.3. Breeding 3.4. Ecology and biology 3.5. Distribution and threats 3.6. Current protection measures FIRST PART: BIOLOGY, HABITAT AND DENSITY AT SHIPSTERN 4. Materials and methods 4.1. Census 4.1.1. Territory mapping 4.1.2. Transect point-count 4.2. Sizing and ringing 4.3. Nest survey (from hide) 5. Results 5.1. Biology 5.1.1. Morphometry 5.1.2. Nesting 5.1.3. Diet 5.1.4. Competition and predation 5.2. Habitat use and population density 5.2.1. Population density 5.2.2. Habitat use 5.2.3. Banded individuals monitoring 5.2.4. Distribution through the Reserve 6. Discussion 6.1. Biology 6.2. Habitat use and population density SECOND PART: DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS THROUGHOUT THE RANGE 7. Materials and methods 7.1. Data collection 7.2. Visit to others sites 8. Results 8.1. Data compilation 8.2. Visited places 8.2.1. Corozalito (south of Shipstern lagoon) 8.2.2. -
Verification of National Hurricane Center Forecasts of Extratropical Transition
10C.2 Verification of National Hurricane Center Forecasts of Extratropical Transition John L. Beven II NOAA/NWS/NCEP/National Hurricane Center I. Introduction become TCs in a process known as tropical transition (Davis and Bosart 2004). More A great variety of cyclonic circulations commonly, TCs leaving the tropical environment exist in the atmosphere, each with its characteristic interact with baroclinic systems in the westerlies. structure and driving energy (Beven 1997, Figure This causes the TCs to become frontal or 1). Of particular interest is the tropical cyclone extratropical cyclones with the driving energy (TC), which has a warm-core non-frontal thermal derived from air mass contrast and the strongest structure generated by diabatic heat release from winds typically more than 100 km from the center, convective activity near the center. The strongest accompanied by significantly changed winds and heaviest rains in a tropical cyclone are precipitation patterns. This process is known as typically within 100 km of the center with extratropical transition (ET). maximum sustained winds sometimes as high as 90 ms-1. There are several studies of ET which highlight the many ways a TC can interact with a baroclinic environment and the variety of resulting structures. These include the Thorncroft and Jones (2000) study of Hurricane Iris which became a powerful baroclinic cyclone with a warm-core structure, the Abraham et al. (2004) study of Hurricane Michael, and the Beven (2002) study of interrupted and failed transitions. These studies show the complexity of the process, which can pose a significant challenge to TC forecasters trying to predict ET. -
Downloaded 10/01/21 04:51 PM UTC JULY 2003 ANNUAL SUMMARY 1455
1454 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 131 ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001 JOHN L. BEVEN II, STACY R. STEWART,MILES B. LAWRENCE,LIXION A. AVILA,JAMES L. FRANKLIN, AND RICHARD J. PASCH NOAA/NWS/Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 19 July 2002, in ®nal form 9 December 2002) ABSTRACT Activity during the 2001 hurricane season was similar to that of the 2000 season. Fifteen tropical storms developed, with nine becoming hurricanes and four major hurricanes. Two tropical depressions failed to become tropical storms. Similarities to the 2000 season include overall activity much above climatological levels and most of the cyclones occurring over the open Atlantic north of 258N. The overall ``lateness'' of the season was notable, with 11 named storms, including all the hurricanes, forming after 1 September. There were no hurricane landfalls in the United States for the second year in a row. However, the season's tropical cyclones were responsible for 93 deaths, including 41 from Tropical Storm Allison in the United States, and 48 from Hurricanes Iris and Michelle in the Caribbean. 1. Overview of the 2001 season cycleÐsimultaneously exhibiting characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones (Hebert 1973). The National Hurricane Center (NHC) tracked 15 No hurricanes struck the United States during 2001. tropical cyclones (TCs) that achieved tropical storm or The season thus joins the 2000, 1990, and 1951 seasons hurricane strength in the Atlantic basin during 2001 as years in which eight or more hurricanes occurred (Table 1). Nine of these became hurricanes and four without a U.S. -
Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
FLORIDA HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS 1871-1995: An Historical Survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams '+wcCopy~~ I~BN 0-912747-08-0 Florida SeaGrant College is supported by award of the Office of Sea Grant, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,grant number NA 36RG-0070, under provisions of the NationalSea Grant College and Programs Act of 1966. This information is published by the Sea Grant Extension Program which functionsas a coinponentof the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, John T. Woeste, Dean, in conducting Cooperative Extensionwork in Agriculture, Home Economics, and Marine Sciences,State of Florida, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, U.S. Departmentof Commerce, and Boards of County Commissioners, cooperating.Printed and distributed in furtherance af the Actsof Congressof May 8 andJune 14, 1914.The Florida Sea Grant Collegeis an Equal Opportunity-AffirmativeAction employer authorizedto provide research, educational information and other servicesonly to individuals and institutions that function without regardto race,color, sex, age,handicap or nationalorigin. Coverphoto: Hank Brandli & Rob Downey LOANCOPY ONLY Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1871-1995: An Historical survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams Division of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FL 32901 Technical Paper - 71 June 1994 $5.00 Copies may be obtained from: Florida Sea Grant College Program University of Florida Building 803 P.O. Box 110409 Gainesville, FL 32611-0409 904-392-2801 II Our friend andcolleague, Fred Doehringpictured below, died on January 5, 1993, before this manuscript was completed. Until his death, Fred had spent the last 18 months painstakingly researchingdata for this book. -
5000 Year Sedimentary Record of Hurricane Strikes on the Central Coast of Belize
ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 195 (2009) 53–68 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize T.A. McCloskeyÃ, G. Keller Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Available online 14 March 2008 Abstract The central coast of Belize has been subject to hurricane strikes throughout recorded history with immense human and material cost to the Belizean people. What remains unknown is the long-term frequency of hurricane strikes and the effects such storms may have had on the ancient Maya civilization. Our sedimentary study of major hurricane strikes over the past 5000 years provides preliminary insights. We calculate that over the past 500 years major hurricanes have struck the Belize coast on average once every decade. One giant hurricane with probably particularly catastrophic consequences struck Belize sometime before AD 1500. A temporal clustering of hurricanes suggests two periods of hyperactivity between 4500 and 2500 14C yr BP, which supports a regional model of latitudinal migration of hurricane strike zones. Our preliminary hurricane data, including the extreme apparent size of the giant event, suggest that prehistoric hurricanes were capable of having exerted significant environmental stress in Maya antiquity. r 2008 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction (2001) (Fig. 1). All of these hurricanes devastated coastal towns, except for Iris (2001), which made landfall in a Hurricanes are capable of exerting tremendous societal relatively unpopulated area near Monkey River and stress. In the North Atlantic Basin, which includes the Gulf devastated the tropical forest. The immense human and of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, hurricanes have killed material costs to the Belizean people are well documented. -
Colorado State Universtiy Hurricane Forecast Team Figure 1: Colorado State Universtiy Hurricane Forecast Team
SUMMARY OF 2000 ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY AND VERIFICATION OF AUTHORS' SEASONAL ACTIVITY FORECAST A Successful Forecast of an Active Hurricane Season - But (Fortunately) Below Average Cyclone Landfall and Destruction (as of 21 November 2000) By William M. Gray,* Christopher W. Landsea**, Paul W. Mielke, Jr., Kenneth J. Berry***, and Eric Blake**** [with advice and assistance from Todd Kimberlain and William Thorson*****] * Professor of Atmospheric Science ** Meteorologist with NOAA?AOML HRD Lab., Miami, Fl. *** Professor of Statistics **** Graduate Student ***** Dept. of Atmospheric Science [David Weymiller and Thomas Milligan, Colorado State University Media Representatives (970-491- 6432) are available to answer questions about this forecast.] Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Phone Number: 970-491-8681 Colorado State Universtiy Hurricane Forecast Team Figure 1: Colorado State Universtiy Hurricane Forecast Team Front Row - left to right: John Knaff, Ken Berry, Paul Mielke, John Scheaffer, Rick Taft. Back Row - left to right: Bill Thorson, Bill Gray, and Chris Landsea. SUMMARY OF 2000 SEASONAL FORECASTS AND VERIFICATION Sequence of Forecast Updates Tropical Cyclone Seasonal 8 Dec 99 7 Apr 00 7 Jun 00 4 Aug 00 Observed Parameters (1950-90 Ave.) Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast 2000 Totals* Named Storms (NS) (9.3) 11 11 12 11 14 Named Storm Days (NSD) (46.9) 55 55 65 55 66 Hurricanes (H)(5.8) 7 7 8 7 8 Hurricane Days (HD)(23.7) 25 25 35 30 32 Intense Hurricanes (IH) (2.2) 3 3 4 3 3 Intense Hurricane Days (IHD)(4.7) 6 6 8 6 5.25 Hurricane Destruction Potential (HDP) (70.6) 85 85 100 90 85 Maximum Potential Destruction (MPD) (61.7) 70 70 75 70 78 Net Tropical Cyclone Activity (NTC)(100%) 125 125 160 130 134 *A few of the numbers may change slightly in the National Hurricane Center's final tabulation VERIFICATION OF 2000 MAJOR HURRICANE LANDFALL Forecast Probability and Climatology for last Observed 100 years (in parentheses) 1. -
Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871-1993: an Historical Survey, the Only Books Or Reports Exclu- Sively on Florida Hurricanes Were R.W
3. 2b -.I 3 Contents List of Tables, Figures, and Plates, ix Foreword, xi Preface, xiii Chapter 1. Introduction, 1 Chapter 2. Historical Discussion of Florida Hurricanes, 5 1871-1900, 6 1901-1930, 9 1931-1960, 16 1961-1990, 24 Chapter 3. Four Years and Billions of Dollars Later, 36 1991, 36 1992, 37 1993, 42 1994, 43 Chapter 4. Allison to Roxanne, 47 1995, 47 Chapter 5. Hurricane Season of 1996, 54 Appendix 1. Hurricane Preparedness, 56 Appendix 2. Glossary, 61 References, 63 Tables and Figures, 67 Plates, 129 Index of Named Hurricanes, 143 Subject Index, 144 About the Authors, 147 Tables, Figures, and Plates Tables, 67 1. Saffir/Simpson Scale, 67 2. Hurricane Classification Prior to 1972, 68 3. Number of Hurricanes, Tropical Storms, and Combined Total Storms by 10-Year Increments, 69 4. Florida Hurricanes, 1871-1996, 70 Figures, 84 l A-I. Great Miami Hurricane 2A-B. Great Lake Okeechobee Hurricane 3A-C.Great Labor Day Hurricane 4A-C. Hurricane Donna 5. Hurricane Cleo 6A-B. Hurricane Betsy 7A-C. Hurricane David 8. Hurricane Elena 9A-C. Hurricane Juan IOA-B. Hurricane Kate 1 l A-J. Hurricane Andrew 12A-C. Hurricane Albert0 13. Hurricane Beryl 14A-D. Hurricane Gordon 15A-C. Hurricane Allison 16A-F. Hurricane Erin 17A-B. Hurricane Jerry 18A-G. Hurricane Opal I9A. 1995 Hurricane Season 19B. Five 1995 Storms 20. Hurricane Josephine , Plates, X29 1. 1871-1880 2. 1881-1890 Foreword 3. 1891-1900 4. 1901-1910 5. 1911-1920 6. 1921-1930 7. 1931-1940 These days, nothing can escape the watchful, high-tech eyes of the National 8. -
Skill of Synthetic Superensemble Hurricane Forecasts for the Canadian Maritime Provinces Heather Lynn Szymczak
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 Skill of Synthetic Superensemble Hurricane Forecasts for the Canadian Maritime Provinces Heather Lynn Szymczak Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES SKILL OF SYNTHETIC SUPERENSEMBLE HURRICANE FORECASTS FOR THE CANADIAN MARITIME PROVINCES By HEATHER LYNN SZYMCZAK A Thesis submitted to the Department of Meteorology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2004 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Heather Szymczak defended on 26 October 2004. _________________________________ T.N. Krishnamurti Professor Directing Thesis _________________________________ Philip Cunningham Committee Member _________________________________ Robert Hart Committee Member Approved: ____________________________________________ Robert Ellingson, Chair, Department of Meteorology ____________________________________________ Donald Foss, Dean, College of Arts and Science The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii I would like to dedicate my work to my parents, Tom and Linda Szymczak, for their unending love and support throughout my long academic career. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my major professor, Dr. T.N. Krishnamurti, for all his ideas, support, and guidance during my time here at Florida State. I would like to thank my committee members, Drs. Philip Cunningham and Robert Hart for all of their valuable help and suggestions. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Peter Bowyer at the Canadian Hurricane Centre for his help with the Canadian Hurricane Climatology. -
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Tropical Storm and Hurricane Strikes
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2007 Spatial and temporal variability of tropical storm and hurricane strikes in the Bahamas, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles Alexa Jo Andrews Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Andrews, Alexa Jo, "Spatial and temporal variability of tropical storm and hurricane strikes in the Bahamas, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles" (2007). LSU Master's Theses. 3558. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3558 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF TROPICAL STORM AND HURRICANE STRIKES IN THE BAHAMAS, AND THE GREATER AND LESSER ANTILLES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Alexa Jo Andrews B.S., Louisiana State University, 2004 December, 2007 Table of Contents List of Tables.........................................................................................................................iii -
Belize: Hurricane Iris
BELIZE: HURRICANE IRIS 30 August 2002 This Final Report is intended for reporting on emergency appeals The Federation’s mission is to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity. It is the world’s largest humanitarian organization and its millions of volunteers are active in 178 countries. For more information: www.ifrc.org Appeal No. 33/01; Launched on: 12 October 2001 for three months for CHF 655,000 to assist 4,350 beneficiaries. Extended by four months to 31 May 2002. Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) Allocated: None IN BRIEF Appeal coverage: 100.6% Related Appeals 01.32/2001; 01.23/2002 Caribbean Summary w Hurricane Iris, a category 4 hurricane, struck the southern coast of Belize on 8 October 2001, tearing apart houses and community buildings, ripping up trees and electricity lines, and flattening standing crops across an arc of coastal plain some sixty kilometres long and thirty kilometres wide throughout Toledo district. The southern area of Stann Creek district was also affected. An airborne and ground assessment was carried out on 10 October 2001 by Federation and Belize Red Cross Society (BRCS) staff. Subsequently, a detailed village-by-village assessment of the impacted areas was carried out by BRCS personnel from the Toledo branch in Punta Gorda. Based upon assessments and coordination with different organizations, 14 villages in the Toledo district were selected for assistance by the Toledo BRCS branch, for which the Federation launched an appeal on 12 October 2001, to assist 4,800 beneficiaries for three months. Remaining areas not covered by the Toledo branch were assisted by the National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO).