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Dania. Zarys Systemu Ustrojowego 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 1 2017-02-03 11:19:55 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 2 2017-02-03 11:20:32 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 3 2017-02-03 11:20:32 Publikacja dofi nansowana przez Uniwersytet Jagielloński ze środków Wydziału Prawa i Administracji oraz Katedry Prawa Ustrojowego Porównawczego Recenzent prof. zw. dr hab. Stanisław Sagan Projekt okładki Jadwiga Burek © Copyright by Marian Grzybowski & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2017 All rights reserved Niniejszy utwór ani żaden jego fragment nie może być reprodukowany, przetwarzany i rozpowszechniany w jakikolwiek sposób za pomocą urządzeń elektronicznych, mechanicznych, kopiujących, nagrywających i innych oraz nie może być przechowywany w żadnym systemie informatycznym bez uprzedniej pisemnej zgody Wydawcy. ISBN 978-83-233-4184-0 ISBN 978-83-233-9540-9 (e-book) www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 12-663-23-80, 12-663-23-82, tel./fax 12-663-23-83 Dystrybucja: tel. 12-631-01-97, tel./fax 12-631-01-98 tel. kom. 506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA, nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 4 2017-02-03 11:20:32 SPIS TREŚCI Rozdział 1: Państwo, ludność, gospodarka ........................................................................... 7 1.1. Terytorium i warunki naturalne .............................................................................. 7 1.2. Ludność ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Gospodarka ................................................................................................................ 13 Rozdział 2: Ewolucja systemu ustrojowego Królestwa Danii ............................................. 17 2.1. Początki państwa duńskiego. Dania w średniowieczu.......................................... 17 2.2. Dania w XV–XVI stuleciu ........................................................................................ 22 2.3. Dania w XVII–XIX wieku – od przedednia wojny północnej do wojen napoleońskich ............................................................................................................ 27 2.4. Od traktatu w Kilonii do 1940 r. .............................................................................. 34 2.5. Dania w czasie II wojny światowej i w okresie powojennym (1945‒2015) ........ 48 Rozdział 3: Struktura społeczna – podziały polityczne – system partyjny ....................... 69 3.1. Rozwój gospodarczy a ewolucja struktury społecznej i zawodowej ................... 69 3.2. Duński system partyjny na przełomie XX i XXI stulecia: tendencje rozwojowe 91 Rozdział 4: Prawo i system wyborczy. Formy demokracji bezpośredniej ........................ 99 4.1. Konstytucyjne zasady prawa wyborczego .............................................................. 99 4.2. Podział na okręgi, przebieg wyborów oraz alokacja mandatów .......................... 104 4.3. Specyfi ka duńskiego systemu wyborczego i jej konsekwencje. Ustawowa regulacja procesu wyborczego ................................................................................. 107 4.4. Proces selekcji kandydatów i kampania wyborcza ................................................ 111 4.5. Rezultaty wyborów parlamentarnych w Danii na początku XXI stulecia ......... 114 4.6. Formy demokracji bezpośredniej ............................................................................ 116 Rozdział 5: Folketing – parlament Królestwa Danii ............................................................ 119 5.1. Pozycja ustrojowa Folketingu: wyznaczniki prawne (konstytucyjne) ................ 119 5.2. Stanowienie ustaw ..................................................................................................... 122 5.3. Funkcja kontrolna Folketingu.................................................................................. 125 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 5 2017-02-03 11:20:32 6 5.4. Status deputowanych ................................................................................................. 128 5.5. Organy Folketingu ..................................................................................................... 130 5.6. Zasady działania Folketingu .................................................................................... 136 5.7. Tryb stanowienia ustaw przez Folketing – zagadnienia proceduralne ............... 138 5.8. Postępowania szczególne w Folketingu: stanowienie budżetu, zmiany w konstytucji .............................................................................................................. 143 5.9. Aparat pomocniczy Folketingu ............................................................................... 145 Rozdział 6: Pozycja ustrojowa i kompetencje monarchy .................................................... 147 6.1. Duńskie tradycje monarchiczne .............................................................................. 147 6.2. Pozycja ustrojowa i uprawnienia królowej (króla) Danii ..................................... 151 Rozdział 7: Rząd i administracja rządowa ............................................................................ 155 7.1. Ewolucja pozycji ustrojowej rządu (Rady Państwowej) w Królestwie Danii ..... 155 7.2. Tworzenie rządu i pozycja polityczno-ustrojowa członków rządu w świetle ustawy zasadniczej z 5 czerwca 1953 r. ................................................. 157 7.3. Zasady funkcjonowania rządu Królestwa Danii. Odpowiedzialność rządu i jego członków .......................................................................................................... 159 Rozdział 8: Władza sądownicza ............................................................................................. 165 8.1. Konstytucyjne ramy i zasady funkcjonowania sądów w Królestwie Danii ........ 165 8.2. System sądów w Królestwie Danii ........................................................................... 167 Rozdział 9: Wolności i prawa jednostki ................................................................................ 173 9.1. Konstytucyjny system wolności i praw jednostki .................................................. 173 9.2. Instytucjonalne i proceduralne gwarancje ochrony wolności i praw jednostki 176 Rozdział 10: Podział administracyjny. Władza lokalna i regionalna ................................. 179 10.1. Podział administracyjny Królestwa Danii .............................................................. 179 10.2. Organy samorządu i administracji w gminach oraz w regionach ....................... 181 Rozdział 11: Grenlandia i Wyspy Owcze .............................................................................. 187 11.1. Związki Grenlandii z Danią i jej status prawnoustrojowy (do 2009 r.) .............. 187 11.2. Ustrój Grenlandii po uzyskaniu autonomii ........................................................... 190 11.3. Wyspy Owcze (Færøerne, Føyorar) ........................................................................ 196 Uwagi końcowe ......................................................................................................................... 199 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 203 Literatura ................................................................................................................................... 207 Spis tabel .................................................................................................................................... 213 Spis rycin i schematów ............................................................................................................. 213 Skorowidz przedmiotowy ........................................................................................................ 215 Indeks osób ............................................................................................................................... 221 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 6 2017-02-03 11:20:32 ROZDZIAŁ 1 PAŃSTWO, LUDNOŚĆ, GOSPODARKA 1.1. TERYTORIUM I WARUNKI NATURALNE Królestwo Danii (Kongeriget Danmark) należy do grupy państw nordyckich. Po- łożone na Półwyspie Jutlandzkim oraz otaczających go wyspach1 zajmuje obszar 43 069 km2. Od zachodu Danię oblewa Morze Północne, od północnego wschodu – wody cieśniny Skagerrak. Cieśniny Kattegat i Sund oddzielają terytorium tego kraju od Królestwa Szwecji (most łączy lotnisko Kastrup w Kopenhadze ze szwedz- kim Malmö i terytorium szwedzkiego okręgu Skania). Wschodnie wybrzeża Pół- wyspu Jutlandzkiego oraz wysp duńskich (w tym Fionii i Zelandii) są położone nad Bałtykiem. Wyspa Bornholm stanowi najbardziej wysunięty na wschód okręg, bliższy wybrzeżom Szwecji i Polski niż stołecznej Kopenhadze. Na Półwyspie Jut- landzkim Królestwo Danii graniczy z Niemcami; granica ta (o długości 67,6 km) jest jego jedyną lądową granicą. Państwo ma ścisłe związki z morzem dzięki położe- niu geografi cznemu, tradycjom oraz ekonomii. Prawie połowę terytorium stanowią wyspy. Z Królestwem Danii powiązane są dwa terytoria korzystające z szerokiej autono- mii: Wyspy Owcze (Færøerne) oraz Grenlandia (Grønland), największa obszarowo wyspa świata2. Oba terytoria mają reprezentację (po dwóch deputowanych) w duń- skim parlamencie – Folketingu. Cechuje je nadto wspólnota polityki obronnej, syste- mu monetarno-bankowego oraz kierunków polityki zagranicznej (przy rosnących aspiracjach niepodległościowych).
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