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2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 1 2017-02-03 11:19:55 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 2 2017-02-03 11:20:32 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 3 2017-02-03 11:20:32 Publikacja dofi nansowana przez Uniwersytet Jagielloński ze środków Wydziału Prawa i Administracji oraz Katedry Prawa Ustrojowego Porównawczego Recenzent prof. zw. dr hab. Stanisław Sagan Projekt okładki Jadwiga Burek © Copyright by Marian Grzybowski & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2017 All rights reserved Niniejszy utwór ani żaden jego fragment nie może być reprodukowany, przetwarzany i rozpowszechniany w jakikolwiek sposób za pomocą urządzeń elektronicznych, mechanicznych, kopiujących, nagrywających i innych oraz nie może być przechowywany w żadnym systemie informatycznym bez uprzedniej pisemnej zgody Wydawcy. ISBN 978-83-233-4184-0 ISBN 978-83-233-9540-9 (e-book) www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 12-663-23-80, 12-663-23-82, tel./fax 12-663-23-83 Dystrybucja: tel. 12-631-01-97, tel./fax 12-631-01-98 tel. kom. 506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA, nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 4 2017-02-03 11:20:32 SPIS TREŚCI Rozdział 1: Państwo, ludność, gospodarka ........................................................................... 7 1.1. Terytorium i warunki naturalne .............................................................................. 7 1.2. Ludność ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Gospodarka ................................................................................................................ 13 Rozdział 2: Ewolucja systemu ustrojowego Królestwa Danii ............................................. 17 2.1. Początki państwa duńskiego. Dania w średniowieczu.......................................... 17 2.2. Dania w XV–XVI stuleciu ........................................................................................ 22 2.3. Dania w XVII–XIX wieku – od przedednia wojny północnej do wojen napoleońskich ............................................................................................................ 27 2.4. Od traktatu w Kilonii do 1940 r. .............................................................................. 34 2.5. Dania w czasie II wojny światowej i w okresie powojennym (1945‒2015) ........ 48 Rozdział 3: Struktura społeczna – podziały polityczne – system partyjny ....................... 69 3.1. Rozwój gospodarczy a ewolucja struktury społecznej i zawodowej ................... 69 3.2. Duński system partyjny na przełomie XX i XXI stulecia: tendencje rozwojowe 91 Rozdział 4: Prawo i system wyborczy. Formy demokracji bezpośredniej ........................ 99 4.1. Konstytucyjne zasady prawa wyborczego .............................................................. 99 4.2. Podział na okręgi, przebieg wyborów oraz alokacja mandatów .......................... 104 4.3. Specyfi ka duńskiego systemu wyborczego i jej konsekwencje. Ustawowa regulacja procesu wyborczego ................................................................................. 107 4.4. Proces selekcji kandydatów i kampania wyborcza ................................................ 111 4.5. Rezultaty wyborów parlamentarnych w Danii na początku XXI stulecia ......... 114 4.6. Formy demokracji bezpośredniej ............................................................................ 116 Rozdział 5: Folketing – parlament Królestwa Danii ............................................................ 119 5.1. Pozycja ustrojowa Folketingu: wyznaczniki prawne (konstytucyjne) ................ 119 5.2. Stanowienie ustaw ..................................................................................................... 122 5.3. Funkcja kontrolna Folketingu.................................................................................. 125 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 5 2017-02-03 11:20:32 6 5.4. Status deputowanych ................................................................................................. 128 5.5. Organy Folketingu ..................................................................................................... 130 5.6. Zasady działania Folketingu .................................................................................... 136 5.7. Tryb stanowienia ustaw przez Folketing – zagadnienia proceduralne ............... 138 5.8. Postępowania szczególne w Folketingu: stanowienie budżetu, zmiany w konstytucji .............................................................................................................. 143 5.9. Aparat pomocniczy Folketingu ............................................................................... 145 Rozdział 6: Pozycja ustrojowa i kompetencje monarchy .................................................... 147 6.1. Duńskie tradycje monarchiczne .............................................................................. 147 6.2. Pozycja ustrojowa i uprawnienia królowej (króla) Danii ..................................... 151 Rozdział 7: Rząd i administracja rządowa ............................................................................ 155 7.1. Ewolucja pozycji ustrojowej rządu (Rady Państwowej) w Królestwie Danii ..... 155 7.2. Tworzenie rządu i pozycja polityczno-ustrojowa członków rządu w świetle ustawy zasadniczej z 5 czerwca 1953 r. ................................................. 157 7.3. Zasady funkcjonowania rządu Królestwa Danii. Odpowiedzialność rządu i jego członków .......................................................................................................... 159 Rozdział 8: Władza sądownicza ............................................................................................. 165 8.1. Konstytucyjne ramy i zasady funkcjonowania sądów w Królestwie Danii ........ 165 8.2. System sądów w Królestwie Danii ........................................................................... 167 Rozdział 9: Wolności i prawa jednostki ................................................................................ 173 9.1. Konstytucyjny system wolności i praw jednostki .................................................. 173 9.2. Instytucjonalne i proceduralne gwarancje ochrony wolności i praw jednostki 176 Rozdział 10: Podział administracyjny. Władza lokalna i regionalna ................................. 179 10.1. Podział administracyjny Królestwa Danii .............................................................. 179 10.2. Organy samorządu i administracji w gminach oraz w regionach ....................... 181 Rozdział 11: Grenlandia i Wyspy Owcze .............................................................................. 187 11.1. Związki Grenlandii z Danią i jej status prawnoustrojowy (do 2009 r.) .............. 187 11.2. Ustrój Grenlandii po uzyskaniu autonomii ........................................................... 190 11.3. Wyspy Owcze (Færøerne, Føyorar) ........................................................................ 196 Uwagi końcowe ......................................................................................................................... 199 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 203 Literatura ................................................................................................................................... 207 Spis tabel .................................................................................................................................... 213 Spis rycin i schematów ............................................................................................................. 213 Skorowidz przedmiotowy ........................................................................................................ 215 Indeks osób ............................................................................................................................... 221 2-łamanie Grzyobowski.indd 6 2017-02-03 11:20:32 ROZDZIAŁ 1 PAŃSTWO, LUDNOŚĆ, GOSPODARKA 1.1. TERYTORIUM I WARUNKI NATURALNE Królestwo Danii (Kongeriget Danmark) należy do grupy państw nordyckich. Po- łożone na Półwyspie Jutlandzkim oraz otaczających go wyspach1 zajmuje obszar 43 069 km2. Od zachodu Danię oblewa Morze Północne, od północnego wschodu – wody cieśniny Skagerrak. Cieśniny Kattegat i Sund oddzielają terytorium tego kraju od Królestwa Szwecji (most łączy lotnisko Kastrup w Kopenhadze ze szwedz- kim Malmö i terytorium szwedzkiego okręgu Skania). Wschodnie wybrzeża Pół- wyspu Jutlandzkiego oraz wysp duńskich (w tym Fionii i Zelandii) są położone nad Bałtykiem. Wyspa Bornholm stanowi najbardziej wysunięty na wschód okręg, bliższy wybrzeżom Szwecji i Polski niż stołecznej Kopenhadze. Na Półwyspie Jut- landzkim Królestwo Danii graniczy z Niemcami; granica ta (o długości 67,6 km) jest jego jedyną lądową granicą. Państwo ma ścisłe związki z morzem dzięki położe- niu geografi cznemu, tradycjom oraz ekonomii. Prawie połowę terytorium stanowią wyspy. Z Królestwem Danii powiązane są dwa terytoria korzystające z szerokiej autono- mii: Wyspy Owcze (Færøerne) oraz Grenlandia (Grønland), największa obszarowo wyspa świata2. Oba terytoria mają reprezentację (po dwóch deputowanych) w duń- skim parlamencie – Folketingu. Cechuje je nadto wspólnota polityki obronnej, syste- mu monetarno-bankowego oraz kierunków polityki zagranicznej (przy rosnących aspiracjach niepodległościowych).
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    Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights WILDERS PLADS 8K (OHCHR) DK-1403 COPENHAGEN K Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 PHONE +45 3269 8888 CELL +45 9132 5775 Schweiz [email protected] HUMANRIGHTS.DK Mr Stefano Sensi, [email protected] Copy to [email protected] DOC. NO. 17/028 13-2 JUDICIAL COUNCILS IN DENMARK AND GREENLAN D 16 JANUARY 2018 The Danish Institute for Human Rights (DIHR) has received a questionnaire from the UN Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers by email on 18 December 2017. The Special Rapporteur has requested information on national judicial council and/or other national organs or mechanisms in charge of selection, appointing, promoting, transferring, suspending or removing of judges. Based on the contributions, the Special Rapporteur will compile a report on the topic to be presented to the Human Rights Council in June 2018. As DIHR is appointed as national human rights institution (NHRI) in Greenland, which is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, the information below includes information on appointment of judges in Greenland in addition to the information concerning judicial appointments in Denmark. The Faroe Islands are also a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. However, DIHR is not appointed as national human rights institution for the Faroe Islands. For this reason, DIHR has not provided information on judicial appointment in the Faroe Islands. Overview of the judicial system In order to provide an overview of the interrelation between the Danish and Greenlandic judicial systems, a brief overview of the organisational and administrative structure is provided below.1 The judicial systems in Denmark and Greenland are governed by separate legal frameworks, i.e.
  • Confidential: for Review Only

    Confidential: for Review Only

    BMJ Confidential: For Review Only Does the stress of politics kill? An observational study comparing premature mortality of elected leaders to runner-ups in national elections of 8 countries Journal: BMJ Manuscript ID BMJ.2015.029691 Article Type: Christmas BMJ Journal: BMJ Date Submitted by the Author: 02-Oct-2015 Complete List of Authors: Abola, Matthew; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Olenski, Andrew; Harvard Medical School, Health Care Policy Jena, Anupam; Harvard Medical School, Health Care Policy Keywords: premature mortality, politics https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/bmj Page 1 of 46 BMJ 1 2 3 Does the stress of politics kill? An observational study comparing accelerated 4 5 6 mortality of elected leaders to runners-up in national elections of 17 countries 7 8 Confidential: For Review Only 9 10 1 2 3 11 Andrew R. Olenski, B.A., Matthew V. Abola, B.A., , Anupam B. Jena, M.D, Ph.D. 12 13 14 15 1 Research assistant, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 16 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Email: [email protected] . 17 18 2 19 Medical student, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2109 Adelbert 20 Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106. Phone: 216-286-4923; Email: [email protected]. 21 22 3 Associate Professor, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 23 24 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115; Tel: 617-432-8322; Department of Medicine, 25 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and National Bureau of Economic 26 Research, Cambridge, MA. Email: [email protected]. 27 28 29 30 31 Corresponding author from which reprints should be requested: 32 33 Anupam Jena, M.D., Ph.D.