DOCSLIB.ORG

Report on the Exchange and Summary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report on the Exchange and Summary European Judicial Training Network Exchange Programme for Judicial Authorities REPORT ON THE EXCHANGE AND SUMMARY Instructions: 1. The report must be sent to the EJTN ([email protected]) within one month after the exchange. 2. Please use the template below to write your report (recommended length: 4 pages). 3. Please write in English or French. Should this not be possible, the report can be written in another language but the summary must be in English or French. 4. Please read the guidelines for drafting the report (in Annex). Feel free to add any other relevant information in your report. 5. The summary shall contain a synthesis of the most important information of the report. 6. Please note that NO NAMES, neither yours nor the ones of the persons you met during your exchange, should appear in the report in order to ensure anonymity1. Initials can be used when necessary. Identification of the participant Name: First name: Nationality: AUSTRIA Country of exchange: DENMARK Publication For dissemination purposes and as information for future participants in the Programme please take note that, unless you indicate otherwise, EJTN may publish your report in its website. In this case the report will remain anonymous and your name and surname will not appear. To this aim, please do not mention any names in the reports. Initials can be used instead. Please tick this box if you do not wish for your report to be published For completion by EJTN staff only Publication reference: 1 To that purpose, the first page of this report will be taken out before any possible publication Réseau Européen de Formation Judiciaire/European Judicial Training Network (aisbl) Rue du Luxembourg 16B, B-1000 Bruxelles; Tel: +32 2 280 22 42; Fax: + 32 2 280 22 36; E-mail: [email protected] With the support of the European Union For completion by EJTN staff only Publication reference: Identification of the participant Nationality: AUSTRIA Functions: JUDGE Length of service: 4 years Identification of the exchange Hosting jurisdiction/institution: Glostrup district court City: GLOSTRUP Country: DENMARK Dates of the exchange: 21/10/2013 - 1/11/2013 Type of exchange: one to one exchange group exchange general exchange specialized exchange (please specify : ) REPORT 1. Programme of the exchange: The programme started on Monday, 21st of October at 10.00 a.m. at the Glostrup district court. A group of 6 judges from the Netherlands, Italy, Romania, Poland and Austria was warmly welcomed by the president of the district court, L.L., the head of the secretariat M.A. and deputy judge D.A. We were given a presentation of the programme for the next two weeks. The programme consisted of different types of activities. Whereas on the one hand side we were shown different hearings in civil, criminal, bailiff and probate cases, we visited on the other hand side various institutions in the Copenhagen area, such as the Danish Court Administration Office, the High Court of Eastern Denmark, the General Prosecutor's Office, the Danish Parliament and the Supreme Court. We also visited a very special and unique institution, namely the Appeals Permission Board. The visit at the above - mentioned institution always included a guided tour and a presentation of the tasks of the institution by internals and closed with a general discussion and comparison between the different member states' system. At the Danish Parliament (Folketinget) there was the possibility of a European Judicial Training Network With the support of the European Union Exchange Programme for Judicial Authorities discussion with two members of parliament about the legal affairs committee and the present situation in Denmark and present developments (e.g. gang - crime related laws). II. The hosting institution: We were glad to be hosted by a very well organised team from the district court of Glostrup. The district court of Glostrup has jurisdiction over approximately 396.000 inhabitants within the dense inhabited greater Copenhagen area with about 690 inh./km². At the Glostrup district court there are about 38 judges. 19 judges out of this number are appointed judges and the rest of them are so - called "deputy judges". Deputy judges are judges, that are hired by the presidents of the district courts. Their salary is lower than those of the appointed judges but they work under the same constitutional protection of judges as well. Although there is no regulation about that, it is usual, that you can only became an appointed judge, when you have fulfilled a nine - months training and evaluation at the High Court, passed a hearing at the Judicial Appointments Council and when you are no younger than 40 years old. Therefore the established posts for appointed judges are stated by law and can not be transferred or changed by the administration of the courts. The Glostrup district court annualy deals with about 13.600 criminal cases, 4.400,-- civil cases, 29.000 bailiff cases an 3.700 probate court cases on average. The Glostrup district court is one of the 24 district courts of Denmark. The district courts are the courts of first instance. Every case starts at this level, even big criminal cases with a jury. In the court system there are two High Courts that build the Courts of second instance, namely the Eastern High Court and the Western High Court. At the top of the court system there is the Danish Supreme Court. There are also two specialised courts: the Maritime and Commercial Court and the Land Registration Court. Besides the courts there are also other institutions that secure a balanced and well functioning court system: - the Appeals Permission Board - the Judicial Appointments Council - the External Review Board - the Danisch Court Administration Denmark itself has about 5,8 mill. inhabitants. There are about 360 appointed judges. Besides the appointed judges there are numerous deputy judges, approximately 500 - 600. This number varies throughout a year. The wages of the judges are when compared with the average earnings, quite high. The public has a very high trust in the court system. This is a result of a very transparent public adminstration and a very transparent court system. The media have special rights to receive judgements and informations about proceedings. In every court rooum there are special places for the media. It is indeed usual, that a judge both deals with civil and criminal cases. Some judges deal with family cases, bailiff cases or probate cases too. Usually an average week of a judge consists of two days of hearings in civil cases and two days of hearings in criminal cases. One day per week the judges have a day off to work out the written decisions and prepare for the hearings. It is very common that judges have side - jobs as well. As there are no administrative courts, there are several special boards, where a judge has to be the chairman. The board that controls this activities is the External Review Board. The Glostrup district court depends on the budget of the Danish Court Administration Office, that is fully independent from the ministry of Justice. The Danish Court Administration Office and the General Prosecutors' Office put very much effort in getting the best graduates from university in order to have the best legal trained persons as judges. With good marks at university and good personal requirements it is European Judicial Training Network With the support of the European Union Exchange Programme for Judicial Authorities quite simple to become a deputy very quickly. Then there continues a stage of a training period of about three years, that closes with a test. The better the evalution of the test (that you can't fail) the more likely you once will become an appointed judge. III. The law of the host country: Denmark already shows some influence of case - law systems. It is not very common like in central European countries, that in the regulations every detail is stipulated precisely. Therefore it is without any doubt very necessery to know similar rulings in a specific area of law. What struck me most was the length of civil proceedings that are indeed kept very short. Since summer 2013 there is the possibility to summon parties by phone calls to court. I was also particularly interested in the possibility to hold hearings via telephone - conferences, e.g. the first hearings in civil cases. This is a very fast an speedy way of starting a case. One more fact of the law of the host country that interested me was the law about the court structure. In 2007 the court systems was restructured. The number of courts very cut and there was put an empasis on more efficiency. One part of this was the centralised Land Registration Court that was put on the country side to put a balance of job offers between the city area of Copenhagen and the countryside. This Court works very fast an deals with registration of real estate and cars. Applications for registration can be sent electronically and very easily, there are hardly any formal criterias. The applications are treated within some days. IV: The comparative law aspect in your exchange: In my opinion there were a lot of interesting inputs I could experience in Denmark. The main difference between Austria and Denmark was, in my point of view, the role a judge plays in a court room. While a judge in Austria leads a process, asks questions and shows a very active role in the hearings, a judge in Denmark really "hears" a case and takes over a more passive role. This is in fact a very good understanding in favour of being unbiased and not to help one party through asking the right questions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COVID-19 Booklet Collection of Newsletters
    COVID-19 booklet Collection of newsletters Last updated 1 May 2020 Table of contents News General COVID-19: The Danish Epidemic Act 6 3 April 2020 | Martin André Dittmer, Thomas Edelgaard Christensen Temporary compensation scheme for self-employed and freelancers 15 25 March 2020 | Christoffer Fode, Erik Molin Temporary compensation scheme for companies’ overhead expenses 18 25 March 2020 | Christoffer Fode, Erik Molin COVID-19: The Government and the Danish Parliament launch extensive bailout package 22 19 March 2020 | Martin André Dittmer, Thomas Edelgaard Christensen COVID-19: Compensation scheme for exposed undertakings and business owners 24 18 March 2020 | Martin André Dittmer, Christian Alsøe Labour & Employment Practical guide to compensation of wages and salaries 26 30 April 2020 | Jacob Sand, Sabine Brandhøj Overgaard COVID-19: Specific measures for handling the reduced need for manpower 34 16 March 2020 | Jacob Sand The coronavirus and concerns relating to employees 36 9 March 2020 | Tue Goldschmieding, Jacob Sand Banking & Finance Far reaching COVID-19 measures for businesses in Germany 40 30 March 2020 | Lotte Eskesen, Claus Jespersen, Hanne Jespersen Hansen, Alexander Maierski Liquidity and other measures in Denmark, across Europe and beyond 43 24 March 2020 | Michael Steen Jensen, Tobias Linde, Mikkel Fritsch, Morten Nybom Bethe, Bo Holse, Morten Hans Jakobsen Temporary rules concerning businesses under supervision of the Danish Financial Supervisory 46 Authority 19 March 2020 | Michael Steen Jensen, Morten Nybom Bethe,
    [Show full text]
  • When Crisis Politics Sowed Doubts About the Tripartition of Power
    Djøf's Corona Task Force When crisis politics sowed doubts about the tripartition of power What corona teaches us about the rule of law in a time of crisis Brief 2 Thinking beyond 2 // Brief 2: When crisis politics sowed doubts about the tripartition of power Corona as a magnifying glass for the tripartition of power Was there uncertainty in Denmark about who partially shut down the courts in the first wave? And what does that mean for the tripartition of power? The days surrounding the closure of Denmark on March 11, 2020, were marked by the precarious state in which the corona crisis had plunged the whole of Europe. The Danish Government had a clear message: If the chains of infection were to be broken and society’s most vulnerable were to be protected, action had to be taken quickly. And things moved quickly thereafter. Laws were changed and new, extensive legislation was introduced to protect us from the virus. Weeklong hearings, where all of the details of a bill are usually scrutinized, were settled in a few hours without the usual consultation process. Red-eyed ministers and MPs were on TV morning, noon and night, explaining the new rules that had been adopted after yet another marathon session. All ten of the political parties in the Danish Parliament – and society in general – supported this “crisis policy of necessity”. And surveys have found unprecedented confidence in the population that the decision-makers made the best and most nec- essary decisions for the country. All of the phases of the legislative work were formally complied with and special legislation was given an expiration date.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in Denmark Status 2014-15 a Summary
    HUMAN RIGHTS IN DENMARK HUMAN RIGHTS IN DENMARK Status 2014-15 A SUMMARY STATUS 2014-15 A SUMMARY 2014-15 STATUS IMR_Status_UK_Omslag14_02_.indd 1 13/05/15 17.06 HUMAN RIGHTS IN DENMARK Status 2014-15 A SUMMARY IMR_Status2014_UK_01.indd 1 13/05/15 17.04 HUMAN RIGHTS IN DENMARK STATUS 2014-15 A SUMMARY Organisation: Jonas Christoffersen (Director), Louise Holck, Christoffer Badse, Anja Møller Pedersen, Lucienne Josephine Lokjær Jorgensen and Helle Schaumann ISBN: 978-87-93241-08-4 EAN: 9788793241084 © 2015 The Danish Institute for Human Rights Denmark’s National Human Rights Institution Wilders Plads 8K DK-1403 Copenhagen Phone +45 3269 8888 www.menneskeret.dk English translation: Steven Sampson Layout: Hedda Bank Printing: Rosendahls A/S Publications from the Danish Institute for Human Rights may be freely quoted as long as the sources is clearly acknowledged. We aim to ensure that our publications are as accessible as possible. We use a large font, short lines, few hyphenations, ragged margins and strong contrasts. IMR_Status2014_UK_01.indd 2 13/05/15 17.04 CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 1 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RIGHTS 5 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 7 3 ASYLUM 10 4 CHILDREN 13 5 DATA PROTECTION 16 6 ETHNIC ORIGIN 19 7 FAMILY LIFE 22 8 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL 25 9 DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY 28 10 DISABILITY 32 11 GENDER 35 12 USE OF FORCE 39 13 HUMAN TRAFFICKING 41 14 RELIGION 43 15 FAIR TRIAL 46 16 THE RIGHT TO HOUSING 49 17 CITIZENSHIP 52 18 EDUCATION 55 19 EXPULSION AND EXTRADITION 57 20 ARMED CONFLICT 60 21 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 62 22 THE ELDERLY 65 3 IMR_Status2014_UK_01.indd 3 13/05/15 17.04 HUMAN RIGHTS IN DENMARK FOREWORD When we in Denmark compare ourselves with initiatives that have an immediate impact on many other countries, we can conclude that developments in the respective sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents 9 March 2021
    Danish contribution to the 2021 Rule of Law Report Date: Table of contents 9 March 2021 I. Justice System .......................................................................................................5 A. Independence ...................................................................................................5 1. Appointment and selection of judges, prosecutors and court presidents .....5 2. Irremovability of judges; including transfers, dismissal and retirement regime of judges, court presidents and prosecutors .........................................5 3. Promotion of judges and prosecutors ...........................................................6 4. Allocation of cases in courts ........................................................................6 5. Independence (including composition and nomination of its members), and powers of the body tasked with safeguarding the independence of the judiciary (e.g. Council for the Judiciary) ........................................................................6 6. Accountability of judges and prosecutors, including disciplinary regime and bodies and ethical rules, judicial immunity and criminal liability of judges. ..6 7. Remuneration/bonuses for judges and prosecutors ......................................8 8. Independence/autonomy of the prosecution service ....................................9 9. Independence of the Bar (chamber/association of lawyers) and of lawyers 9 10. Significant developments capable of affecting the perception that the general public has of the
    [Show full text]
  • Precedential United States Court Of
    PRECEDENTIAL UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________ No. 16-3912 ___________ VICTORIA VOOYS, JOSEPH GERACE d/b/a CANE BAY BEACH BAR v. MARIA BENTLEY; CB3, INC.; WARREN MOSLER; CHRIS HANLEY; CHRISMOS CANE BAY, LLC Warren Mosler; Chris Hanley; Chrismos Cane Bay, LLC, Petitioners __________ ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS (V.I. S. Ct. Civ. No. 2015-0046) (V.I. Super. Ct. Civ. No. 2005-00368) ___________ Argued December 12, 2017 before Merits Panel Argued En Banc February 21, 2018 ___________ Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, MCKEE, AMBRO, CHAGARES, JORDAN, HARDIMAN, GREENAWAY, JR., VANASKIE, SHWARTZ, KRAUSE, RESTREPO, BIBAS, and SCIRICA,* Circuit Judges. (Filed: August 21, 2018) * Participating as a member of the En Banc Court Pursuant to 3rd Cir. I.O.P. 9.6.4. Lee J. Rohn, Esq. Rhea R. Lawrence, Esq. [ARGUED] Lee J. Rohn & Associates, LLC 1101 King Street Christiansted, VI 00820 Counsel for Plaintiffs-Respondents Stephen L. Braga, Esq. Laura Cooley (Third Year Law Student) [ARGUED] Tanner Russo (Third Year Law Student) [ARGUED] Alaric Smith (Third Year Law Student) Cole A. Wogoman (Third Year Law Student) University of Virginia School of Law Appellate Litigation Clinic 580 Massie Road Charlottesville, VA 22903-1789 Counsel for Defendants-Petitioners Dwyer Arce, Esq. [ARGUED] Kutak Rock 1650 Farnam Street The Omaha Building Omaha, NE 68102 Edward L. Barry, Esq. Law Offices of Edward L. Barry 2120 Company Street Christiansted, VI 00820 John-Russell B. Pate, Esq. The Pate Law Firm P.O. Box 890 St. Thomas, VI 00804 Counsel for Amicus Curiae Virgin Islands Bar Association Andrew C.
    [Show full text]
  • (OHCHR) Palais Des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Schweiz Mr
    Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights WILDERS PLADS 8K (OHCHR) DK-1403 COPENHAGEN K Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 PHONE +45 3269 8888 CELL +45 9132 5775 Schweiz [email protected] HUMANRIGHTS.DK Mr Stefano Sensi, [email protected] Copy to [email protected] DOC. NO. 17/028 13-2 JUDICIAL COUNCILS IN DENMARK AND GREENLAN D 16 JANUARY 2018 The Danish Institute for Human Rights (DIHR) has received a questionnaire from the UN Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers by email on 18 December 2017. The Special Rapporteur has requested information on national judicial council and/or other national organs or mechanisms in charge of selection, appointing, promoting, transferring, suspending or removing of judges. Based on the contributions, the Special Rapporteur will compile a report on the topic to be presented to the Human Rights Council in June 2018. As DIHR is appointed as national human rights institution (NHRI) in Greenland, which is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, the information below includes information on appointment of judges in Greenland in addition to the information concerning judicial appointments in Denmark. The Faroe Islands are also a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. However, DIHR is not appointed as national human rights institution for the Faroe Islands. For this reason, DIHR has not provided information on judicial appointment in the Faroe Islands. Overview of the judicial system In order to provide an overview of the interrelation between the Danish and Greenlandic judicial systems, a brief overview of the organisational and administrative structure is provided below.1 The judicial systems in Denmark and Greenland are governed by separate legal frameworks, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Regionalization in Denmark in the Light of Political Transformations in Europe
    InteRnAtIonAL ConFeRenCe «PolitICAL tRAnSFormatIonS In MoDeRn eURoPe» REGIONALIZATION IN DENMARK IN THE LIGHT OF POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPE (EXEMPLIFIED BY CHANGES IN THE LEGAL STATUS OF AUTONOMIES IN GREENLAND AND THE FAROE ISLANDS) Inna A. Rakitskaya* DOI 10.24833/2073-8420-2017-1-42-22-30 Introduction. Of all Nordic countries, only Denmark and Finland have their own national-territorial autonomies. In other Nordic countries, there are non-territorial national autonomies of the Sami people, who are entitled to form their own representa- tive bodies (the Sametings). The southern part of Denmark on the border with Germany (in the Northern Hol- stein) is home to German-speaking minority, the existence of which can be attributed to a national-cultural autonomy. However, it is not entitled to form its own parlia- ment (contrary to the Greenlandic and Faroe people) but enjoys guaranteed represen- tation in the Danish Parliament – the Folketing. In order to guarantee the rights of the German-speaking national minorities Denmark has become the member of the Coun- cil of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities since February 1, 1998, and the member of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1992 since January 1, 2001. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the article is formed by gen- eral scientific and special methods of investigation into legal phenomena such as sys- tematic and structural analysis, the synthesis of social and legal studies, formal logical and comparative legal methods. The results of the research: The analysis of the legal status of Greenland and the Faroe Islands leads to the conclusion that the two Danish autonomies are to a very large extent independent in their relations with the central authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Register of Quality Activities
    ENCJ Working Group Quality Management Appendix to the Report on Quality Management in the Judiciary - Register of Quality Activities European Network of Councils for the Judiciary (ENCJ) ENCJ Working Group on Quality Management Register of Quality Activities (Appendix to the Final Report) Budapest, May 2008 1 ENCJ Working Group Quality Management Appendix to the Report on Quality Management in the Judiciary - Register of Quality Activities Register of Quality Activities Appendix to the Report ENCJ Working Group Quality Management 2 ENCJ Working Group Quality Management Appendix to the Report on Quality Management in the Judiciary - Register of Quality Activities Table of Contents 1. MISSION, VISION AND STRATEGY.............................................................................................................. 4 2. TOTAL QUALITY SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 5 3. LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 7 4. COMPLAINTS PROCEDURE ......................................................................................................................... 8 5. PEER REVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... 10 6. PROCESSING TIMES AND WORKING PROCEDURES ................................................................................... 11 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Nykredit Bank A/S (Incorporated As a Public Limited Company in Denmark with CVR No
    Base Prospectus dated 14 May 2019 Nykredit Realkredit A/S (incorporated as a public limited company in Denmark with CVR no. 12719280) Nykredit Bank A/S (incorporated as a public limited company in Denmark with CVR no. 10519608) €10,000,000,000 Euro Medium Term Note Programme Under the Euro Medium Term Note Programme described in this Base Prospectus (the “Programme”) and subject to compliance with all relevant laws, regulations and directives, each of Nykredit Realkredit A/S (“Nykredit Realkredit”) and Nykredit Bank A/S (“Nykredit Bank”) (together the “Issuers” and each an “Issuer”) may from time to time issue notes (the “Notes”). The aggregate nominal amount of Notes outstanding will not at any time exceed €10,000,000,000 (or the equivalent in other currencies). Under the Programme, Notes issued by (a) Nykredit Realkredit and Nykredit Bank may be dated and unsubordinated (“Unsubordinated Notes”), and (b) Nykredit Realkredit may be (i) dated and with a ranking as described in Condition 4(b) (Status of the Notes – Senior Non-Preferred Notes) in “Terms and Conditions of the Notes” (“Senior Non-Preferred Notes”), (ii) dated, subordinated and, on issue, constituting Tier 2 Capital (as defined in the Condition 2 (Definitions) in “Terms and Conditions of the Notes”) (“Subordinated Notes”) or (iii) dated or undated subordinated contingent capital and, on issue, constituting Tier 2 Capital (“Contingent Capital Notes”) as indicated in the relevant Final Terms or Pricing Supplement (each as defined below), as applicable. An application may be made to Nasdaq Copenhagen A/S for Notes issued under the Programme (other than Exempt Notes (as defined below)) to be listed on the official list of Nasdaq Copenhagen A/S and to be admitted to trading on Nasdaq Copenhagen A/S’s regulated market.
    [Show full text]
  • 1576447490005.Pdf
    Credits Special Thanks Written By: Jacob Klünder Edited By: Dixie Cochran (Chapter 1), Jacob Klün- To my Beta readers — assume any mistakes and gram- der, Maiken Klünder matical errors are because I did not listen to them: Anne Christine Tvilum Erichsen, Dixie Cochran, Jakob Søgaard, John Bishop, Jonas Mose, Petra Ann, Rasmus Nicolaj West, and Shannon Barritt To Lars Rune Jørgensen, who created the cover art for this book. You can see more of his work at http://larsrune.deviantart.com/ This book is dedicated to my first Vampire: The Mas- querade group: Thomas, Søren and Bjarne. The days in my parents’ basement are not forgotten. And finally, as always, a special thanks to my wife Maiken Klünder, who is always available for alpha- reading, inspiration and ideas-sparring. 2 INTRODUCTION Introduction 5 Chapter One: Denmark by Night 7 Chapter Two: Copenhagen by Night (coming) 43 Chapter Three: Children of the Kingdom (coming) XX Denmark by Night 3 4 INTRODUCTION Introduction “Danskjävler!” — Doctor Stig Helmer, Riget (The Kingdom) Greetings, dear reader. So, the book got divided into Denmark by Night, My name is Jacob Klünder and in addition to being Copenhagen by Night and Children of the Kingdom a Dane, I have been a Vampire player for over 20 (Storyteller Characters). The other chapters will be years. In that time, I have been fortunate enough to added to the book when they are finished. contribute to a few World of Darkness books. I have In writing this book, I had to strike a balance be- also always wondered about my own country in the tween getting enough information and not making it World of Darkness.
    [Show full text]
  • Rights Issue Underwriting Agreement
    EXECUTION VERSION 1 MARCH 2021 TRYG A/S and MORGAN STANLEY & CO. INTERNATIONAL PLC and DANSKE BANK A/S and CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS EUROPE AG and HSBC CONTINENTAL EUROPE and NORDEA DANMARK UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT 99 Bishopsgate London EC2M 3XF United Kingdom Tel: +44.20.7710.1000 www.lw.com EU-DOCS\30541428.17 CONTENTS Clause Page 1. INTERPRETATION ............................................................................................................... 2 2. CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 14 3. APPOINTMENTS, APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION AND ALLOCATION ............ 15 4. APPROVAL, RELEASE AND DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS ...................................... 17 5. EXCLUDED TERRITORIES SHAREHOLDERS ............................................................ 19 6. UNDERWRITING OBLIGATIONS ................................................................................... 20 7. THE UNDERWRITERS’ CAPACITY ................................................................................ 22 8. FEES, COMMISSIONS AND EXPENSES ......................................................................... 23 9. TAXES .................................................................................................................................... 24 10. ANNOUNCEMENTS, COMMITMENTS AND LOCK-UP ............................................. 26 11. REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND UNDERTAKINGS .................................. 29 12. INDEMNIFICATION OF THE UNDERWRITERS
    [Show full text]
  • One-Minute Guide to Danish Law
    ONE-MINUTE GUIDE TO DANISH LAW Danish law – overview Danish and Nordic law share several common denominators with continental European legal systems. Nevertheless, the legal systems of the Nordic countries have evolved with their own distinctiveness. Danish law has many common law traits. The Nordic countries are, however, significantly different from Common Law countries. It is commonly held that – despite strong ties to continental legal systems – Denmark and its fellow Nordic countries make up a legal family of their own. The Parliament – passing legislation The Parliament (“Folketinget”) sits in a single chamber. It consists of 179 elected members, two of whom are elected from the Faroe Islands, and two from Greenland. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, unless an election is called earlier. Legislative bills must be presented and accepted three times in the same Parliamentary year. Sources of law Major sources of law in Denmark include the Constitutional Act, statutory legislation, regulatory statutes, precedent, and customary law. The recognition of tradition of culture (“forholdets natur”) is somewhat disputed, though it does bear significantly on Danish law in a variety of contexts. In addition, Statements of the Parliamentary Ombudsman are of particular relevance in the area of administrative law. Statutory legislation has primacy over other written legal sources, save for the Constitutional Act. Under the authority of the Constitutional Act, European Community commitments, or national statutory laws, the administration may issue regulations, typically in the form of “bekendtgørelser”, “cirkulærer”, and “vejledninger”. Danish law is characterized by extensive bodies of systematic and written law. Private law is dominated by a range of individual statutory acts and, in some areas, by unwritten law guided mainly by precedent and custom.
    [Show full text]