Wildlife Trade Survey Report 2017

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Photo: © GIZ/Rene Roesler

Wildlife trade survey report 2017

Published by the

Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Registered offices

Bonn and Eschborn, Germany

Integrated Nature Conservation and Sustainable Resource Management in the Hin Nam No Region (GIZ-HinNamNo component) Protection and Sustainable Use of Forest Ecosystems and Biodiversity (ProFEB programme)

Chomphet Village, Thakhek District Khammouane Province T +856 51 214 175 F +856 51 214 175

As at April 2018

Photo credits

GIZ-HinNamNo/ Max Lehmann & Leonie Ebert

Text

Contributions of Max Lehmann & Leonie Ebert from Cologne University do not necessarily represent the position of GIZ.

On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

Wildlife trade survey report 2017 – Executive summary

In the frame of bachelor theses two students from Cologne University, Leonie Ebert and Max Lehmann, studied the wildlife trade in Khammouane province with special emphasis on wildlife originating from Hin Nam No NPA from 12/10 to 22/11/17. L. Ebert studied herpetofauna and M. Lehmann mammals.

All known markets as well as food stalls on roadsides suspected to sell wildlife in the vicinity of Hin Nam No NPA and highways 12 &13 to and in Thakhek were visited to attain a complete picture of the wildlife trade in the area and find out about trade routes from Hin Nam No NPA. Special emphasis was put on the markets of Langkhang and Boualapha. In total 15 places were visited: Thakhek’s Lak 2 & Lak 3 and Nabo markets, Namdik, Ban Kok, Panam, Mahaxay, Langkang, Boualapha and both Gnommalath markets. Also a supermarket in Mahaxay and 3 road side food stalls were visited. Traded wildlife was found on 10 markets, 2 food stalls and supermarket. Also door-to door trade was observed.

Herpetofauna

In total 8 frog species and 7 reptile species were found. With approx. 2600 found specimens Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Chinese edible frog) was the by far the most frequently encountered frog species, while Malayemys subtrijuga (Mekong snail-eating turtle) was the most frequently encountered reptile species (46 specimens). Other frog species found were Fejervarya limnocharis (Asian grass frog) (ca. 2000), Microhyla berdmorei (Large pygmy frog) (>> 1000), Hylarana nigrovittata (Sap-green stream frog) (ca. 600), Occidozyga martensii (Round-tongued floating frog) (ca. 500), Occidozyga lima (Green puddle frog) (ca. 70), Rana johnsi (John’s frog) (12), Odorrana morafkai (Morafkai’s frog).

Besides Malayemys subtrijuga, other reptile species found were Heosemys grandis (Giant Asian pond turtle) (3 specimen), Ptyas korros (Indochinese rat snake) (6), Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra) (3), Physignathus cocincinus (Chinese water dragon), Varanus salvator (Asian water monitor) (1), and V. nebulosus (Clouded monitor) (1). Both turtles and King Cobras are listed as “Vulnerable” by IUCN.

Mammals

Traded mammals were mainly Long-tailed giant rats (Leopoldamys sp.) (7 specimen), but among others also 3 Black giant squirrels (“Near Threatened”), a Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) (“Threatened”) and a Red-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) (“Vulnerable”) were found. Also an otter, a live leopard cat and a live juvenile macaque were encountered. 25.8% of all found mammal species are listed as at least “Near Threatened” in the IUCN Red List and are listed in Appendix 1 or 2 of CITES. According to the prime minister’s decree number 118/CCM, which regulates hunting rules and protection of wild animals in Laos, 51.6% of all found mammals are listed as endangered. Close to Hin Nam No NPA the percentage of mammals on the IUCN Red List and the CITES appendices as well as the decree 118/CCM rose to 42.9% and 57.1%, respectively.

Langkhang and Boualapha were identified as hotspot for wildlife trade with Hin Nam No NPA named as the source of the animals. It seems that for many (bigger) animals traders start to avoid the public sale and hide the animals in locked refrigerators (seen in Boualapha) or circumvent the markets entirely by selling directly to the customers. Still many animals are sold publicly, with total lacking awareness of the traders and consumers, even though warning signs are in place at many markets. Also, local people seem to prefer the meat of wild animals to that of bred animals and are willing to pay a higher prices. ບົດລາຍງານການສໍາຫຼວດການຄ້າສັດປ່າປີ 2017 - ບົດສະຫຼຼຸບຫຍ 㛉

ໃນບົດທະຍານິພົນປະລິນຍາຕີີີີຂອງນັກຮຽນສອງທ່ານ ມາຈາກມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລ ໂຄໂລນ, ທ່ານ ນາງ ແລວໂອນີີ ເອເບີີຣທ ແລະ ທ່ານ ແມັກ ເລມານ ໄດ້ສຶກສາກ່ຽວກັບການຄ້າສັດປ່າໃນແຂວງຄໍາມ່ວນ ໂດຍເນັັ້ນສະເພາະສັດປ່າທີີີ່ມາຈາກປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງ ຊາດຫີີນໜາມໜ 㛈 ເລີີີ່ມແຕ່ວັນທີີ 12/10 ຫາ 22/11/2017. ທ່ານ ນາງ ແລວໂອນີີ ເອເບີີຣທ ໄດ້ສຶກສາກ່ຽວກັບສັດເຄິີ່ງບົກ ເຄິີ່ງນໍ㛉າ ແລະ ທ່ານ ແມັກ ເລມານ ໄດ້ສຶກສາກ່ຽວກັບ ສັດລ້ຽງລູກດວ້ຍນໍ㛉ານົມທີີີ່ຄ້າຍຄືກັບມະນຸດ (ສັດຕະກຸນລິງ)

ໄດ້ມີີການໄປສໍາຫຼວດຕະຫຼາດທັງໝົດທີີີ່ຮູ້ຈັກ ລວມທັງຮ້ານຂາຍອາຫານນ້ອຍຕາມແຄມທາງທີີີ່ສົງໄສວ່າມີີາການຊືັ້-ຂາຍສັດປ່າໃນ ເຂດບ ລິເວນໃກ້ຄຽງປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດຫີີນໜາມໜ㛈 ແລະ ຕາມເສັັ້ນທາງເລກທີີ 12 ແລະ ເສັັ້ນທາງເລກທີີ 12 ແລະ ພາຍໃນ ຕົວເມືອງທ່າແຂກ ເພືີ່ອໃຫ້ໄດ້ຮູບພາບທີີີ່ສົມບູນຄົບຖວ້ນກ່ຽວກັບການຊືັ້-ຂາຍສັດປ່າພາຍໃນພືັ້ນທີີີ່ ແລະ ຫາຂ 㛉ມູນກ່ຽວກັບ ເສັັ້ນທາງການຄ້າສັດປ່າຈາກປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດຫີີນໜາມໜ 㛈. ໂດຍເນັັ້ນສະເພາະແມ່ນສັດປ່າທີີີ່ວາງຂາຍຕາມຕະຫຼາດໃນເຂດ ກຸ່ມບ້ານລັງຄັງ ແລະ ເມືອງ ບົວລະພາ ເຊິີ່ງໄດ້ມີີການໄປສໍາຫຼວດທັງໝົດມີີ 15 ບ່ອນ: ຕະຫຼາດຫຼັກສອງ ແລະ ຫຼັກສາມ, ຕະຫຼາດ ນາໂບ, ຕະຫຼາດນໍ㛉າດິກ, ບ້ານ ກອກ, ຕະຫຼາດປ່າໜາມ, ຕະຫຼາດມະຫາໄຊ, ແລະ ຮ້ານຂາຍ 3 ບ່ອນຕາມເສັັ້ນທາງ. ການຊືັ້-ຂາຍ ສັດປ່າໄດ້ມີີຢູ່ໃນຕະຫຼາດຈໍານວນ 10 ບ່ອນ ແລະ ຮ້ານຕາມເສັັ້ນທາງ 2 ບ່ອນ. ນອກຈາກນັັ້ນ ກ 㛈ຍັງໄດ້ສັງເກດເຫັນການຊືັ້-ຂາຍ ສັດປ່າແບບສົງຈາກບ້ານຜູ້ຂາຍ ຫາ ບ້ານຜູ້ຊືັ້ອີີກດວ້ຍ.

ສັດເຄິີ່ງບົກເຄິີ່ງນໍ㛉າ

ສໍາຫຼວດເຫັນສາຍພັນກົບລວມທັງໝົດ 8 ຊະນິດ ແລະ ສາຍພັນສັດເລືອຄານທັງໝົດ 7 ຊະນິດ ເຊິີ່ງມີີເຫັນປະມານ 2600 ຕົວຢ່າງຂອງກົບສາຍພັນ Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (ກົບນາ) ທີີີ່ພົບເຫັນຫຼາຍທີີີ່ສຸດ ພ້ອມຍັງພົບເຫັນສັດເລືອຄານ

ປະເພດເຕົາ Malayemys subtrijug (Mekong snail-eating turtle) ຫຼາຍອີີກ (46 ວຢ່າງ).ຕົ ສ່ວນສາຍພັນກົບ

ຊະນິດອືີ່ນໆກ 㛈ໄດ້ພົບເຊັນດຽວກັນເຊັນວ່າ: Fejervarya limnocharis (Asian grass frog) (ca. 2000), Microhyla berdmorei (Large pygmy frog) (>> 1000), Hylarana nigrovittata (Sap-green stream frog) (ca.

600), Occidozyga martensii (Round-tongued floating frog) (ca. 500), Occidozyga lima (Green puddle frog) (ca. 70), Rana johnsi (John’s frog) (12), Odorrana morafkai (Morafkai’s frog).

ນອກຈາກນັັ້ນ ເຕົາ Malayemys subtrijuga, ກ 㛈ຍັງໄດ້ພົບເຫັນຊະນິດພັນສັດເລືອຄານປະເພດອືີ່ນໆອີີກເຊັນວ່າ: ເຕົາ

Heosemys grandis (Giant Asian pond turtle) (3 ຕົວຢ່າງ), ງູສິງ Ptyas korros (Indochinese rat snake) (6 ໂຕ), ງູເຫງົາ Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra) (3 ໂຕ), ກະປອມ Physignathus cocincinus

(Chinese water dragon), ແລນ Varanus salvator (Asian water monitor) (1 ໂຕ) ແລະ ແລນ V. nebulosus (Clouded monitor) (1 ໂຕ). ທັງເຕົາ ແລະ ງູເຫົງແມ່ນຂືັ້ນໃນບັນຊີີລາຍຊືີ່ຂອງອົງການ IUCN “ສັດເກືອບຢູ

ໃນກຸ່ມສັດທີີີ່ໃກ້ສູນພັນ” ສັດທີີີ່ລ້ຽງລູກດວ້ຍນໍ㛉ານົມ

ສັດທີີີ່ລ້ຽງລູກດວ້ຍນໍ㛉ານົມທີີີ່ໄດ້ມີີການຊືັ້-ຂາຍສ່ວນໃຫ່ຍແມ່ນໄດ້ພົບເຫັນສັດຈໍາພວກ ໜູ Long-tailed giant rats ຫຼື

(Leopoldamys sp.) (ມີີ 7 ຕົວຢ່າງ), ແຕ່ວ່າສັດປະເພດອືີ່ນກ 㛈ມີີພົບເຫັນຂາດ່າງ (Black giant squirrels) 3 ໂຕ (ໄກ້

ຖືກໄພຂົມຂູ່), ລີີງລົມ 1 ໂຕ ຊືພາສາອັງກິດ Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) (“ຖືກໄພຂົມຂູ່”) ແລະ

ຂາແດງ 1 ໂຕ ຊືີ່ພາສາອັງກິດ Red-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) ຖືກວ່າເປັນສັດປະເພດ “ສັດ

ເກືອບຢູນໃນຄ່າຍສັດທີີີ່ໃກ້ສູນພັນ”. ນອກຈາກນັັ້ນ ກ 㛈ຍັງໄດ້ພົບເຫັນ ນາກນໍ㛉າ 1 ໂຕ, ເສືອແມວ leopard cat 1 ໂຕ ແລະ ລິງ

ນ້ອຍ juvenile macaque 1 ໂຕທີີຍັງມີີຊີີວິດ. 25.8%ຂອງຈໍານວນຊະນິດພັນສັດທີີີ່ລ້ຽງລູກດວ້ຍນໍ㛉ານົມໄດ້ຂືັ້ນບັນຊີີແດງ

ອົງກການ IUCN ຢ່າງໜ້ອຍຖືກວ່າເປັນສັດໃກ້ຖືກໄພຂົມຂູ່ ແລະ ຂືັ້ນບັນຊີີໃນເອກະສານຊ້ອນທ້າຍ 1 ຫຼື 2 ຂອງ CITES. ອີີງ ຕາມດໍາລັດນາຍົກລັດຖະມົນຕີີ ສະບັບເລກທີີ 118/... ເຊິີ່ງກໍານົດກົດລະບຽບການລ່າ ແລະ ການປົກປັກຮັກສາສັດປ່າໃນປະເທດ ລາວ. 51.6% ຂອງສັດລ້ຽງລູກດວ້ຍນໍ㛉ານົມທີີີ່ໄດ້ສໍາຫຼວດເຫັນທັງໝົດແມ່ນໄດ້ລະບຸໄວ້ໃນບັນຊີີສັດທີີີ່ໃກ້ສູນພັນ. ໃກ້ກັບປ່າ ສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດຫີີນໜາມໜ㛈 ເປີເຊັນຂອງສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນໍ㛉ານົມໃນບັນຊີີແດງຂອງ IUCN ແລະ ເອກະສານຊ້ອນທ້າຍຂອງ

ບັນຊີີCITES ແລະ ດໍາລັດ 118 ໄດ້ເພີີີ່ມຂືັ້ນ 42.9% ແລະ 57.1% ຕາມລໍາດັບ.

ຈຸດສຸມລັງຄັງ ແລະ ເມືອງ ບົວລະພາໄດ້ຖືກໍານົດເປັນຈຸດທີີີ່ສໍາຄັນທີີີ່ສຸດສໍາລັບການຄ້າສັດປ່າໃກ້ກັບປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດຫີີນ ໜາມໜ 㛈 ເນືີ່ອງຈາກເປັນແຫຼ່ງທີີີ່ມາຂອງສັດປ່າ ເຊິີ່ງອາດຈະມີີພ 㛈ຄ້າສັດປ່າຂະໜາດໃຫ່ຍຈໍານວນຫຼາຍ ເລີີີ່ມຕົັ້ນທີີີ່ຈະລີີກລ້ຽງການ ຂາຍໃນສະຖານທີີີ່ສາທາລະນະ ແລະ ເຊືີ່ອງສັດປ່າໄວ້ໃນຕູ້ເຢັນໄວ້ (ພົບເຫັນໃນເມືອງບົວລະພາ) ຫຼື ລີີກລ້ຽງການຂາຍໃນ ຕະຫຼາດທັັ້ງໝົດໂດຍການລັກຂາຍໃຫ້ກັບລູກຄ້າ ຫຼື ຜູ້ຊືັ້ໂດຍກົງເລີີຍ ແຕ່ວ່າຍັງມີີສັດປ່າຈໍານວນຫຼາຍວາງຂາຍຢ່າງເປີດເຜີີຍ ໂດຍ ຂາດການປູກຈິດສໍານືກໃຫ້ກັບຜູ້ຊືັ້ ແລະ ຜູ້ຂາຍສັດປ່າ ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າມີີປ້າຍສັນຍາລັກຕິດຕັັ້ງຕາມບັນດາຕະຫຼາດຕ່າງໆ. ນອກຈາກ ນັັ້ນ, ປະຊາຊົນທ້ອງຖິີ່ນອາດຈະມັກເນືັ້ອສັດປ່າຫຼາຍກວ່າສັດລ້ຽງ ແລະ ຍິນດິນທີີີ່ຈະຍອມຈ່າຍໃນລາຄາສູງ.

Contents Introduction ...... 3 Methods ...... 3 Results ...... 4 Conclusions ...... 8 Recommendations ...... 8 Annex ...... 8

Introduction In the frame of bachelor theses two students from Cologne University, Leonie Ebert and Max Lehmann, studied the wildlife trade in Khammouane province with special emphasis on wildlife originating from Hin Nam No NPA in the time during 12/10/17 and 22/11/17. Leonie Ebert studied traded herpetofauna and Max Lehmann mammals.

Methods All known markets as well as food stalls on roadsides suspected to sell wildlife in the vicinity of Hin Nam No NPA and the bigger roads (highways 12 &13) to and in Thakhek were visited to attain a complete picture of the wildlife trade in the area and find out about trade routes from Hin Nam No NPA. Special emphasis was put on the markets of Langkhang and Boualapha as they are in direct vicinity of Hin Nam No NPA. In total 15 places were visited. In Thakhek these were: Lak 2 & Lak 3 and Nabo markets. Outside Thakhek: Namdik, Ban Kok, Panam, Mahaxay, Langkang, Boualapha and both Gnommalath markets. Also a supermarket in Mahaxay and 3 road side food stalls were visited. All markets were visited several times. Not all places offered wild life to the time of visit.

Fig. 1: Map of visited markets (red), food stalls (yellow) and supermarkets (blue).

The interviews at these place were conducted by the 2 students with the help of their Lao interpreter Littideth Xaiyavongsa. The semi-structured interviews were conducted to answer the questions fixed in a previously established questionnaire (see Annex). The questionnaire contains high priority questions (1st part) and additional questions (2nd part). Sometimes the questions had to be answered referring to photos taken or information gathered ahead by the Lao interpreter, as the local traders did not trust the outsiders. Also a few household interviews were undertaken.

Results Traded wildlife was found on 10 of 11 markets, 2 of 3 street side stalls and one supermarket (in Mahaxay). Also door-to door trade was observed. The markets of Langkhang and Boualapha were in the main focus of the study as they are very close to HNN NPA.

Herpetofauna

In total 8 frog species and 7 reptile species were found in all 13 localities. With approx. 2600 found specimens Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Chinese edible frog) was the by far the most frequently encountered frog species, while Malayemys subtrijuga (Mekong snail-eating turtle) was the most frequently encountered reptile species with 46 specimens. Other frog species found are Fejervarya limnocharis (Asian grass frog) (approx. 2000 specimen), Microhyla berdmorei (Large pygmy frog) (>> 1000 specimen), Hylarana nigrovittata (Sap-green stream frog) (approx. 600 specimen), Occidozyga martensii (Round-tongued floating frog) (approx. 500 specimen), Occidozyga lima (Green puddle frog) (approx. 70 specimen), Rana johnsi (John’s frog) (12 specimen), Odorrana morafkai (Morafkai’s frog).

Tab. 1: Traded frog species in the different locations (Schuessel = bowl, Bund/Buende = packages).

Besides Malayemys subtrijuga, other reptile species found were Heosemys grandis (Giant Asian pond turtle) (3 specimen), Ptyas korros (Indochinese rat snake) (6 specimen), Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra) (3 specimen), Physignathus cocincinus (Chinese water dragon), Varanus salvator (Asian water

monitor) (1 specimen), and Varanus nebulosus (Clouded monitor) (1 specimen). Both turtles and King Cobras are listed as “Vulnerable” by IUCN, which makes their sale on markets very concerning.

Tab. 2: Traded reptile species at the surveyed locations.

Mammals

Traded mammals were mainly Long-tailed giant rats (Leopoldamys sp.) (7 specimen), but among others also 3 Black giant squirrels (“Near Threatened”), a Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) (“Threatened”) and a Red-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) (“Vulnerable”) were found. Also an otter, a live leopard cat and a live juvenile macaque were encountered. 25.8% of all found mammal species are listed as at least “near threatened” (NT) in the IUCN Red List and are listed in Appendix 1 or 2 of CITES. According to the prime minister’s decree number 118/CCM, which regulates hunting rules and protection of wild animals in Laos, 51.6% of all found mammals are listed as endangered. Close to Hin Nam No NPA the percentage of mammals on the IUCN Red List and the CITES appendices as well as the decree 118/CCM rose to 42.9% and 57.1%, respectively.

Species IUCN, Total Location and individuals CITES number Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa NT 5 Langkhang (1), Namdik (1), Lak2 (1, bones) bicolor) Lao Giant Flying Squirrel NE 6 Langkhang (1), Ban Kok (3), Mahaxay Supermarket (2 in (Biswamoyopterus laoensis) (descr. alcohol) 2013) Particolored Flying Squirrel LC 3 Namdik (Hylopetes alboniger) Pallas Squirrel (Callosciurus LC 10 Langkhang (3), Gnommalath new (2), Ban Kok (2), erythreaus) Pamam (1), foodstall 2 (1), Namdik (1), Lak3 (1) Berdmore’s Ground Squirrel LC 17 Ban Kok (5), Pamam (1), Namdik (6), Lak3 (1), Lak2 (1), (Menestes berdmorei) Nabo (3) Red-cheeked Squirrel LC 5 Pamam (1), Namdik (3), Nabo (1) (Dremomys rufigens)

Finlay’s squirrel (Callosciurus LC 1 Lak2 finlaysonii) Unknown Squirrels (Sciuridae) 5 Namdik Long-tailed Giant Rat LC 70 Langkhang (7), Boualapha (9), Gnommalath new (1), (Leopoldamys sabanus) Ban Kok (21), Namdik (31), Lak3 (2), Nabo (2) Edward’s Giant Rat LC 2 Gnommalath new (1), Nabo (1) (Leopoldamys edwardsi) Chestnut White-bellied Rat LC 1 Gnommalath new (Niviventer fulvescens) Savile-Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota LC 1 Gnommalath new savilei) Unknown Rat/Mouse (Muridae) 11 Langkhang (4), Gnommalath new (2) Kha-Nyou (Laonastes LC 3 Ban Kok aenigmamus) Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys LC 2 Ban Kok (1), Namdik (1) pruinosus) Burmese Hare (Lepus peguensis) LC 1 Gnommalath Brush-tailed Porcupine LC 1 Namdik (Atherurus macrourus) Malayan Porcupine (Hystrix LC 1 Lak3 (quills) brachyura) Red Muntjak (Muntiacus LC 1 Langkhang muntjak) Muntiacus spp. 8 Ban Kok (1), Lak3 (bones, 1), Lak2 (6, fur) Lesser Mouse Deer (Tragulus LC 1 Namdik kanchil) Unknown Deer (Cervidae) 2 Boualapha (1), Ban Kok (1) Wild boar (Sus scrofa) LC 10 Ban Kok (1), Pamam (1), Namdik (1), Lak3 (tooth, 1), Lak2 Northern Tree Shrew (Tupaia LC 3 Boualapha (1), Namdik (2) belangeri) Pangolin (Manis spp.) CR, I 2 Supermarket Mahaxay (in alcohol) Short-nosed Fruitbat LC 5 Ban Kok (Cynopterus sphinx) Unknown fruit bats 24 Namdik (9), Nabo (15) (Pteropodidae) Asian Elephant (Elephas EN, I 1 Lak3 (skin parts) maximus) Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxorus LC 4 Ban Kok (2), Namdik (2) hermaphroditus) Small-toothed Ferret Badger LC 1 Ban Kok (1) (Melogale c.f. personata) Indian Otter (Lutrogale VU, II 1 Namdik perspicillata) Leopard Cat (Prionailuris LC, II 3 Ban Kok (1, live), Lak2 (2, whole skin) bengalensis) Fishing Cat or Leopard Cat (VU, II) 2 Supermarket Mahaxay (in alcohol) (Prionailurus viverrinus or bengalensis) “little red tiger” (Asiatic Golden (NT, I) 2 Lak3 (1, jaw), Lak2 (1, parts) Cat Catopuma temminckii?) Sunbear or Asiatic Black Bear VU, I 1 Supermarket Mahaxay (in alcohol)

(Helarctos malayanus or Ursus thibetanus) Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus VU, I 2 Lak2 (1, fur) thibetanus) Small Asian Mongoose LC 2 Namdik (1), Nabo (1) (Herpestes javanicus) Red-shanked Douc Langur EN, I 1 Yarvat (dead) (Pygathrix nemaeus) Bengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus VU, I 3 Langkhang (1), Lak2 (2, paws) bengalensis) Tab. 3: Traded mammals.

Traders informed the students that most animals originated in HNN NPA.

Most encountered animals were caught in the wild (only some Hoplobatrachus rugulosus were bred) and mostly sold as food, only some snakes were immersed in alcohol as traditional medicine, some turtles were sold for ritualistic release and the juvenile macaque was intended as a pet.

Conclusions Langkhang and Boualapha were identified as hotspot for wildlife trade with Hin Nam No NPA named as the source of the animals. It seems that for many (bigger) animals traders start to avoid the public sale and hide the animals in locked refrigerators (seen in Boualapha) or circumvent the markets entirely by selling directly to the customers. Still many animals are sold publicly, with total lacking awareness of the traders and consumers, even though warning signs are in place at many markets.

Local people seem to prefer the meat of wild animals to that of bred animals and are willing to pay a higher price for it.

Recommendations The students suggest that crack-downs by the police on the markets might not solve the problem but will just force the traders to seek other channels and therefore hinder any monitoring by the authorities.

Further studies of the wildlife trade are highly recommended as it could not be described comprehensively during the short time of the survey, which also only covered one season. Recommendations for further studies include household surveys to substantiate the preference for wild life meat and also the dependence of local house holds on the wild life trade in different seasons. To successfully continue the study of wild life trade around HNN NPA the students recommended to use a local person posing as a potential buyer on markets, with subsequent questioning lead by students.

Annex Questionnanaire Evaluations on the spot and by taking notes, photos and sound recordings. Information which should be collected, nearly ordered by priorities: (1): About the species which are offered: 1. Which animal family?

2. Which species? 3. Amount of each species? 4. Are the offered animals dead or alive? 5. Are the animals offered in parts or in whole? 6. Which sex? 7. Age, juvenile or adult? 8. In how many market stalls of the market wildlife meat is offered? (ratio)

(2): Questions to be asked whenever it is possible to seller or purchaser: (I) 1. What is the price of the different animals? 2. Purposes: food, traditional medicine or pets? 3. Where were the animals captured? 4. How were the animals captured? (Traps, weapons, collecting...)

If possible: (II) 5. Are there particular species that are purchased/consumed? (Why?) 6. Is wild meat rather consumed than domesticated meat? 7. How often is wildlife meat consumed? / is wildlife meat something special or is it part of the daily diet? / To what occasion wildlife meat is consumed? 8. Are there any changes in the trade of wild animals? o Changes in prices? (Why?) o Is wildlife meat more popular? (Why?) o Are there any species that are offered less frequently than in the past? (Why?) o In which season Wildlife is offered the most? 9. Is there any knowledge whether offered species are under protection?